Subj : The Weekly ARRL Letter
To   : All
From : Sean Dennis
Date : Fri May 01 2020 09:05 am

  The ARRL Letter
  April 30, 2020

    * Emergency Ventilator Designed and Constructed by Hams Going to FDA
    * ARISS Experiments with School Contacts Using "Multipoint
      Telebridge" Approach
    * Resolving Sunspot Number Confusion
    * ARRL Podcasts Schedule
    * The K7RA Solar Update
    * Just Ahead in Radiosport
    * Radio Amateur Finds Another "Zombie Satellite"
    * Frequency Measuring Test Results Posted
    * Hams in India Provide Communication Assistance during COVID-19
      Pandemic
    * Garmin Seeks FCC Ruling or Waiver to Obtain Certification for Part
      95/Part 25 Device
    * RSGB Aims to Promote Health and Well-Being within the Amateur Radio
      Community
    * Announcements
    * Getting It Right
    * Upcoming ARRL Section, State, and Division Conventions

    -------------------------------------------------------------------

  COVID-19 Impact & News

  Find the latest news and information on the impact of the coronavirus
  pandemic to ARRL members and our global amateur radio community.

    -------------------------------------------------------------------

  Emergency Ventilator Designed and Constructed by Hams Going to FDA

  Radio amateurs have succeeded in providing a complete, working
  ventilator system to University of Florida researchers who are in the
  process of applying to the Food and Drug ministration for an
  Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). A successful submission would blaze
  the way for volunteers and manufacturers around the world to create
  low-cost, highly functional Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or
  anesthesia-care ventilators that offer many of the features of modern

                                     Airway components of the emergency
                                     ventilator. [Photo courtesy of
                                     Gordon Gibby, KX4Z]

  ventilators at a fraction of the typical cost. Dr. Gordon Gibby, KX4Z,
  who is associated with the project, said efforts to further improve the
  device are ongoing.

  "We made a stunning improvement in accuracy of the system and measuring
  volumes last night at about 1 AM," he told ARRL. "Accuracy of that
  particular alarm measurement went from about 300%, down to about 10%.
  The FDA submission is being readied, but we keep making engineering
  improvements."

  Gibby credited some of the primary volunteers. "Bob Benedict, KD8CGH,
  has provided incredible volunteer testing, now exceeding 1.6 million
  cycles on one crucial valve and 300,000 on another. Jack Purdum, W8TEE,
  is the main 'code-cleaner' for one of multiple teams building software,
  following the initial lead of Marcelo Varanda, VA3MVV. Ashhar Farhan,
  VU2ESE, not only created the ventilator controller schematic but the
  printed circuit board layout that will be part of an expected
  University of Florida submission." Farhan was among the founding code
  writers of what we now know as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).

  Other hams worked on mechanical designs for flow measurements and
  retooled potential manufacturing capabilities otherwise used to produce
  transceivers. In another example of ham radio ingenuity, Marc
  Winzenried, WA9ZCO, modified a readily available lawn sprinkler to
  serve as a durable expiratory valve. This development enabled the
  ventilator to go more than 1 million breaths before significant valve
  issues developed, and the part can be replaced for less than $15.

  The ventilator controller circuit
  board, designed by Michael
  Stapleton, WD4LHT. [Courtesy of
  Gordon Gibby, KX4Z]

  The completed prototype in Florida was built using typical tools by a
  radio amateur, and assembled boards provided by LifeMech, a
  manufacturer working with the project. Farhan crafted an extendable
  menu structure for the Arduino Nano-based controller, and gas-flow
  measurements are made every few milliseconds by an I2C-based
  differential pressure transducer that can measure down to tiny PSI
  fractions, allowing the design to accurately track patient-induced
  variations in the volume of delivered gasses.

  "Using Wenzenried's expiratory valve, electronic on-off control at the
  rate of 30 Hz allows modulation of the valve to set the continuous
  airway pressure used to keep the patient's lung alveoli open against
  virus-induced water-logging of the connective tissue," Gibby explained.

  "Perhaps the most surprising development was the addition of the
  ability to sense patient effort to take a breath and immediately switch
  to assisting the patient with that breath, known as 'assist-control'
  ventilation," Gibby said. "This is expected to allow far lighter
  sedation of patients -- potentially even no sedation." Read more.
  ARISS Experiments with School Contacts Using "Multipoint Telebridge"
  Approach

  Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) is hoping to
  adopt a concept it's calling the "multipoint telebridge contact via
  amateur radio" that will allow stay-at-home students to take part in
  amateur radio contacts with members of the space station crew. Its
  initial success on an April 30 contact with youngsters in Northern
  Virginia should provide some impetus for the initiative.

  ARISS has used telebridge stations in the past to enable contacts at
  times when the ISS orbit does not pass overhead to permit a direct
  radio contact with the school or other location. In a conventional
  ARISS telebridge contact, an amateur station ground station in a
  favorable location for an ISS pass on the scheduled day makes the
  contact and handles two-way audio between the station and the contact
  site. ARISS said its new multipoint telebridge approach permits
  simultaneous reception by families, school faculty, and the public.

  "During the last several weeks, efforts to contain the spread of the
  COVID-19 virus have resulted in massive school closures worldwide,"
  ARISS said this week in a news release. "In addition, the stay-at-home
  policies invoked by authorities initially shut down opportunities for
  ARISS school contacts for the near future."

  The April 30 event involved 5-to-10-year old pupils. Fred Kemmerer,
  AB1OC, in Hollis, New Hampshire, who served as the telebridge ground
  station, linked with a ISS crew member via radio. Homebound students
  and their teacher were able to take part individually via the
  telebridge network. Under the teacher's direction, each at-home student
  was to take a turn to ask the astronaut one question on a prepared
  list, although unrelated technical issues aboard the ISS curtailed the
  contact.

  "This approach is a huge pivot for ARISS, but we feel it is a great
  strategic move," said ARISS-International Chair Frank Bauer, KA3HDO.
  "In these times of isolation due to the virus, these ARISS connections
  provide a fantastic psychological boost to students, families,
  educators, and the public. And they continue our longstanding efforts
  to inspire, engage, and educate students in STEAM [science, technology,
  engineering, the arts, and mathematics] subjects and encourage them to
  pursue STEAM careers." -- Thanks to ARISS

  Resolving Sunspot Number Confusion

  Recently, well-known contester and DXer Frank Donovan, W3LPL, reviewed
  NOAA's official updated solar cycle prediction. Noted propagation
  authority Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA, followed up.

  In his discussion, Donovan commented that the International Sunspot
  Number is typically about one-third lower than the Space Weather
  Prediction Center (SWPC) sunspot number. There's a good reason for this
  discrepancy, and it should be resolved in the near future. Let's look
  at how we got into this confusing situation, and what the solution is.

  The Space Weather Prediction Center.

  We have sunspot records back to Solar Cycle 1 (and even earlier). The
  official sunspot number originally came out of Zurich, but now
  originates from the Royal Observatory of Belgium. In 1848, Rudolf Wolf
  devised the equation for the sunspot number. It involves the number of
  sunspot groups, the total number of individual spots in all the groups,
  and a variable scale factor. We were happy with this until 2011, when
  the first of four workshops were held to review the sunspot data due to
  concerns that the scale factor may have been skewing the data. The
  result of the four workshops was an entirely new sunspot record.

  The biggest difference is the scale factor of 0.6 that had been used
  and is no longer considered valid, based on corroborating data. This
  change raised the revised (Version 2.0) data over the former (Version
  1.0) data by 1/0.6. The Royal Observatory of Belgium started reporting
  Version 2.0 sunspot numbers on July 1, 2015. Keep in mind that the V2.0
  record all the way back to Cycle 1 changed, too). Now, if we go to the
  Table of Recent Solar Indices (Preliminary) of Observed Monthly Mean
  Values' in the data tab, we'll see the following SWPC predictions.
  Columns 1 and 2 are the year and month. Columns 3, 4, and 5 are the
  monthly mean sunspot numbers per Space Weather Operations (with the
  SWPC), per the Royal Observatory of Belgium (RI is also known as the
  International Sunspot Number), and the ratio between the two. Columns 6
  and 7 are the smoothed sunspot numbers per SWO and per the Royal
  Observatory of Belgium (RI). Note that the [IMG]smoothed sunspot
  numbers are 6 months behind the monthly mean sunspot numbers. That's
  because of how the smoothed sunspot number is determined.

  So, the discrepancy that W3LPL talked about is between the SWO values
  and the RI values; the SWO group never applied the 0.6 scale factor to
  its sunspot count, and thus the SWO values are essentially the Royal
  Observatory of Belgium Version 2.0 data. The RI values reported by SWO
  are the Royal Observatory of Belgium Version 1.0 data. In the graph,
  the V1.0 data is in blue and the V2.0 data is in orange. The SWO data
  (in gray) indeed follows the V2.0 data, and the RI data, in yellow,
  follows the V1.0 data.

  To resolve this discrepancy going forward, SWO plans to change RI to
  V2.0 data at solar minimum, when the V1.0 data should be equal, or
  extremely close, to the V2.0 data. So, the SWO data, for all intents
  and purposes, will be equal to the RI data. That should resolve the
  confusion with sunspot numbers, except for the fact that our old
  sunspot numbers, to which our propagation predictions were correlated,
  now are deemed incorrect. -- Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA
  ARRL Podcasts Schedule

  The latest episode of the On the Air podcast (Episode 4) focuses how to
  create a family emergency communications plan and includes an interview
  with Dino Papas, KL0S, about attaching coaxial connectors with crimping
  tools.

  The latest episode of the Eclectic Tech podcast (Episode 6) includes an
  interview with ARRL Assistant Laboratory Manager Bob Allison, WB1GCM,
  about key clicks and a discussion with NCJ editor Scott Wright, K0MD,
  about artificial intelligence software and amateur radio.

  The On the Air and Eclectic Tech podcasts are sponsored by Icom. Both
  podcasts are available on iTunes (iOS) and Stitcher (Android) as well
  as on Blubrry -- On the Air | Eclectic Tech.

    -------------------------------------------------------------------


  The K7RA Solar Update

  Tad Cook, K7RA, Seattle, reports: Several sunspots put in appearances
  this week. Sunspot numbers on April 25 - 29 were 11, 14, 12, 0, and 24,
  for a weekly average of 8.7. Average daily solar flux barely moved --
  from 69 to 69.2.

  Geomagnetic activity remains quiet, with average daily planetary A
  index declining from 7.3 to 5.6.

  Predicted solar flux is 70 on April 30 - May 6; 69 on May 7 - 16; 70 on
  May 17 - 31; 69 on June 1 - 12, and 70 on June 13.

  Predicted planetary A index is 8 on April 30 - May 2; 5 on May 3 - 17;
  10 and 8 on May 18 - 19; 5 on May 20 - 23; 8 on May 24 - 27; 5 on May
  28 - 31; 12 on June 1, and 5 on June 2 - 13.

  Sunspot numbers for April 23 - 29 were 0, 0, 11, 14, 12, 0, and 24, for
  a mean of 8.7. The 10.7-centimeter flux was 68.7, 69.7, 68.9, 69.2, 69,
  69, and 69.9, for a mean of 69.2. Estimated planetary A indices were 4,
  8, 5, 6, 7, 6, and 3, with a mean of 5.6. Middle latitude A index was
  4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, and 4, with a mean of 5.1.

  A comprehensive K7RA Solar Update is posted Fridays on the ARRL
  website. For more information concerning radio propagation, visit the
  ARRL Technical Information Service, read "What the Numbers Mean...,"
  and check out K9LA's Propagation Page.

  A propagation bulletin archive is available. Monthly charts offer
  propagation projections between the US and a dozen DX locations.

  Share your reports and observations.
  Just Ahead in Radiosport
    * May 1 -- AGCW QRP/QRP Party (CW)
    * May 2 -- RCC Cup (CW, phone)
    * May 2 -- Microwave Spring Sprint (CW, phone)
    * May 2 -- FISTS Spring Slow Speed Sprint (CW)
    * May 2 - 3 -- 7th Call Area QSO Party (CW, phone)
    * May 2 - 3 -- Indiana QSO Party (CW, phone)
    * May 2 - 3 -- Delaware QSO Party (CW, phone)
    * May 2 - 3 -- New England QSO Party (CW, phone)
    * May 2 - 3 -- Araucaria World Wide VHF Contest (CW, phone)
    * May 2 - 3 -- 10-10 International Spring Contest (CW)
    * May 2 - 3 -- SBMS 2.3 GHz and Up Contest (CW, phone)
    * May 2 - 3 -- ARI International DX Contest (CW, phone, digital)
    * May 4 -- RSGB 80-Meter Club Championship, SSB
    * May 4 - 5 -- MIE 33 Contest (CW, phone)
    * May 5 -- ARS Spartan Sprint (CW)
    * May 7 -- NRAU 10-Meter Activity Contest (CW, phone)
    * May 7 -- SKCC Sprint Europe (CW)

  See the ARRL Contest Calendar for more information. For in-depth
  reporting on amateur radio contesting, subscribe to The ARRL Contest
  Update via your ARRL member profile email preferences.

  Radio Amateur Finds Another "Zombie Satellite"

  British Columbia radio amateur Scott Tilley, VE7TIL, has found another
  "zombie satellite," as he calls them. This time, he tracked and
  identified radio signals from the experimental UHF military
  communication satellite LES-5. Tilley says he found the satellite in
  what he called a geostationary "graveyard" orbit after noting a
  modulated carrier on 236.7487 MHz.

  "Most zombie satellites are satellites that are no longer under human
  control, or have failed to some degree," Tilley told National Public
  Radio (NPR) earlier this month. It's not clear whether LES-5 is still
  capable of receiving commands.

  LES-5 was built by MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and launched in 1967 as
  part of the military's Tactical Satellite Communication Program. It was
  supposed to shut down in 1972, but it continues to operate as long as
  its solar panels are facing the sun.

  What intrigued Tilley about LES-5 was that it might be the oldest
  functioning geostationary satellite in space. After British Columbia
  went on lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Tilley found himself
  with a lot of free time for such a search. He located LES-5 on March
  24.

  LES-5 under construction.

  From his home in Roberts Creek, British Columbia, Tilley, an amateur
  astronomer, routinely scans the skies for radio signals from classified
  objects orbiting Earth. Since he started, he's located dozens of secret
  or unlisted satellites.

  In 2018, while hunting for an undisclosed US government spacecraft lost
  in a launch mishap, he spotted the signature of IMAGE (Imager for
  Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration), a NASA spacecraft believed
  to have died in December 2005. The discovery delighted space
  scientists. NASA and another ham in the UK confirmed his finding.
  Launched in 2000 on a mission to monitor space weather, IMAGE mapped
  plasma patterns around Earth.
  Frequency Measuring Test Results Posted

  The results of the spring 2020 Frequency Measuring Test (FMT),
  conducted on April 24, have been posted. Coming in at the top of the
  list for stations entering readings of both the 40-meter and 80-meter
  frequencies was Steve Cerwin, WA5FRF. His average error rate was
  0.004902 parts per million (ppm). The Top 10 looked like this, with
  average error rates in ppm. Bill De Carle, VE2IQ, has posted a ranked
  list of participants who submitted readings for both frequencies.

  +-----------------------------------------------------+
  |1.          |WA5FRF             |0.004902            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |2.          |WA2IKL             |0.005584            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |3.          |N7WS               |0.005636            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |4.          |N9CIF              |0.006999            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |5.          |NJ0U               |0.007051            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |6.          |N8OBJ              |0.007655            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |7.          |AD5MT              |0.008415            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |8.          |KB3UMD             |0.008415            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |9.          |WB6RJH             |0.008492            |
  |------------+-------------------+--------------------|
  |10          |AB4RS              |0.009174            |
  +-----------------------------------------------------+

  Today's FMTs are conducted completely online, with no manual
  log-checking or intervention. Connie Marshall, K5CM, provides Bruce
  Horn, WA7BNM, with the precise actual frequencies, participating
  individuals submit their measurements, and machines handle the rest.
  Ninety-eight radio amateurs took part in the April 2020 FMT. The next
  FMT will take place in November.

  Taking part in the FMT does not require special laboratory equipment.
  Modern HF transceivers can measure frequency quite accurately, and
  SDR-based receivers and available software can enable precise frequency
  measurements. Today's FMT leaders are able to accurately measure beyond
  the number of decimal places (out to five) that a typical transceiver
  will display, however.

  Some information on how to measure the frequency of a carrier is
  available on Marshall's website, as well as in past articles in QST.
  Visit the FMT-Nuts discussion group on groups.io. Read more.

  Hams in India Provide Communication Assistance during COVID-19 Pandemic

  According to a report in The New Indian Express, amateur radio
  operators in Kerala have joined the fight against COVID-19. The
  newspaper said the district administration has enlisted radio amateurs
  to improve important communication between departments and offices.
  Over 20 hams, organized into teams, are involved. Radio Amateur Society
  of Ananthapuri President Dr. Zakheer Hussain, VU3OOH, said using ham
  radio during the time of crisis would help coordinate crucial
  communication.

  "We have assigned our teams at the district medical office and taluk
  [administrative subdivision] offices," Hussain told the paper. "We have
  a team at the district administration, which is the center of all
  action." He said help lines now in operation receive many calls,
  including distress calls. "If anyone is in need of emergency medical
  care, we immediately inform the respective taluk office and the
  ambulance desk, so that help reaches in time," he said.

  The Times of India reports that a radio amateur in West Bengal drove 98
  kilometers (61 miles) to deliver medicine to an elderly resident of
  Rahara. "We have been providing assistance to people ever since the
  lockdown was announced," said Raju Biswas, VU2JFA, the secretary of the
  West Bengal Radio Club.

  The Telegraph newspaper in India reported an anecdote regarding a
  homeless woman who showed up when Swaraj Ghosh, VU3URP, was
  distributing food for people on the streets. He contacted Biswas, who,
  in turn, got in touch with radio amateurs in the woman's hometown. They
  were able to contact her father, who had been looking for her.
  Garmin Seeks FCC Ruling or Waiver to Obtain Certification for Part
  95/Part 25 Device

  The FCC is seeking public comment on an April 24 request by Garmin
  International for a declaratory ruling or a rules waiver to obtain
  equipment certification for a handheld unit that combines a low-power,
  terrestrial Part 95 Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS) transmitter and a
  Part 25 emergency satellite communication module in the same device.
  Section 95.2761(c) precludes combining MURS transmitting capabilities
  in equipment that is also capable of transmitting in another service,
  with the exception of Part 15 unlicensed services.

  Garmin's proposed product is a handheld unit that will include two
  transmitters: a low-power MURS transmitter for short-range terrestrial
  communication, and a previously certified Part 25 module that will
  allow emergency communication via the Iridium satellite system under a
  blanket license held by Iridium. End users would have to subscribe to
  the Iridium service.

  Garmin argues that the purpose of the original equipment authorization
  restriction was "to prevent consumer confusion with other terrestrial
  services that either had different licensing regimes or were for
  different types of communications" and that it is inappropriate in this
  case. Garmin asserts that a waiver would serve the public interest
  because "the certified Part 25 module in the MURS unit would allow
  emergency communications to the outside world at the push of a button."
  The FCC seeks comment on the waiver request.

  Comments are due by May 28, with reply comments due by June 13.
  Interested parties may file short comments via the FCC's Electronic
  Comment Filing Service (Express). Visit the FCC's "How to Comment on
  FCC Proceedings" page for information on filing extended comments.
  RSGB Aims to Promote Health and Well-Being within the Amateur Radio
  Community

  The Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) has launched a major campaign
  -- "Get on the air to care" (GOTA2C) -- in association with the UK
  National Health Service (NHS) to help promote health and well-being
  within the amateur radio community during the COVID-19 pandemic.

  "Now, more than ever, we need to optimize all modes of communication to
  help reduce loneliness and isolation within communities," said Paul
  Devlin, of the NHS England Emergency Care Improvement Support Team.
  "Amateur radio provides a wonderful, unprecedented opportunity to help
  make this a reality." The RSGB is urging radio amateurs in the UK and
  around the globe to get on the air to chat and "support each other
  across the airwaves."

  Radio amateurs can "get on the air to care" with a simple handheld
  transceiver.

  RSGB General Manager Steve Thomas, M1ACB, said, "We want this campaign
  to inspire even more to get involved and also to use #GOTA2C when they
  share photos, videos, and news of what they're doing on social media."

  Devlin said that GB1NHS, the UK's National Health Service ham station,
  gives the NHS "the ability to reach communities anywhere in the world,
  regardless of geographic location or connection to domestic power
  supplies, land lines, cell phone, or internet services. It will be on
  the air as part of this campaign, so listen out for it!"

  ARRL has been promoting its "Stay Safe and Stay on The Air" initiative
  in some of its media outlets, using the hashtag #StayOnTheAir, as a way
  to counter online fatigue and social isolation. Read more. -- Thanks to
  Heather Parsons, RSGB Communications Manager
  Announcements
    * The 2020 Central States VHF Society (CSVHFS) conference, set for
      July, has been put off until next year -- July 30 - 31, 2021. The
      conference hotel is not yet ready to accept 2021 reservations.
    * Contest University (CTU), a staple of Dayton Hamvention week, will
      take place online this year through the Zoom video platform, and
      all sessions will be free. Visit the CTU website to register. Live
      CTU sessions via Zoom will get under way on Thursday, May 14, 1245
      UTC, and will be recorded and archived. -- Thanks to CTU Chair Tim
      Duffy, K3LR
    * The ARRL New England Division Convention, hosted by the Northeast
      HamXposition at its new location in Marlborough, Massachusetts, has
      been postponed until November 6 - 8 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
      The show had been scheduled for July.
    * Icom has announced that delivery of its new IC-705 HF - 430 MHz
      all-mode 10 W transceiver, scheduled for release last month, has
      been pushed back to later this year because the coronavirus
      pandemic has delayed the delivery of some components.
    * The Vienna International Center in Austria has authorized the call
      sign 4U2STAYHOME for use by the UN Amateur Radio Contest DX Club,
      4U1A, to promote amateur radio goodwill and over-the-air social
      networking. QSL cards go to UA3DX. Contacts with 4U2STAYHOME count
      for both CMA and SHA awards. -- Thanks to The Daily DX

  Getting It Right

  The news brief "Welsh Radio Amateur Heard Titanic Distress Call, But
  Authorities Did Not Believe Him" in the April 23 edition of The ARRL
  Letter repeated a myth regarding the now-obsolete CQD distress signal.
  It was not an acronym for "come quickly, distress."
  Upcoming ARRL Section, State, and Division Conventions

    -------------------------------------------------------------------

  Note: Many conventions and hamfests have been canceled or postponed due
  to the coronavirus pandemic. Check the calendar of canceled events on
  the ARRL website.

    -------------------------------------------------------------------

    * May 9 -- MicroHAMS Digital Conference 2020 (Virtual Event)
    * June 12 - 13 -- Ham-Com, Plano, Texas
    * June 20 -- Tennessee State Convention, Knoxville, Tennessee

  Find conventions and hamfests in your area.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  ARRL -- Your One-Stop Resource for
  Amateur Radio News and Information.

  .

  .
    * Join or Renew Today! ARRL membership includes QST, amateur radio's
      most popular and informative journal, and On the Air, a new
      bimonthly magazine for beginner hams. ARRL members can choose which
      magazine to receive in print, and can view the digital editions of
      both magazines online.
    * Listen to ARRL Audio News, available every Friday.

  Subscribe to...
    * NCJ -- National Contest Journal. Published bimonthly, features
      articles by top contesters, letters, hints, statistics, scores, NA
      Sprint, and QSO parties.
    * QEX  -- A Forum for Communications Experimenters. Published
      bimonthly, features technical articles, construction projects,
      columns, and other items of interest to radio amateurs and
      communications professionals.

  Free of charge to ARRL members...
    * Subscribe to the ARES E-Letter (monthly public service and
      emergency communications news), the ARRL Contest Update (biweekly
      contest newsletter), Division and Section news alerts -- and much
      more!
    * Find ARRL on Facebook! Follow us on Twitter and Instagram!
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  The ARRL Letter is published Thursdays, 50 times each year. ARRL members
  and registered guests may subscribe at no cost or unsubscribe by editing
  their profile.

  Copyright (c) 2020 American Radio Relay League, Incorporated. Use and
  distribution of this publication, or any portion thereof, is permitted for
  non-commercial or educational purposes, with attribution. All other
  purposes require written permission.


--- SendMsg/2

--- Squish/386 v1.11
* Origin: Outpost BBS * Limestone, TN, USA (1:18/200)