Title: Preparing Butters, Jams, Jellies, and Marmalades (1 of 2)
Categories: Canning, Information
Yield: 1 guide
Sweet spreads are a class of foods with many textures, flavors, and
colors. They all consist of fruits preserved mostly by means of sugar
and they are thickened or jellied to some extent. Fruit jelly is a
semi-solid mixture of fruit juice and sugar that is clear and firm
enough to hold its shape. Other spreads are made from crushed or ground
fruit.
Jam also will hold its shape, but it is less firm than jelly. Jam is
made from crushed or chopped fruits and sugar. Jams made from a mixture
of fruits are usually called conserves, especially when they include
citrus fruits, nuts, raisins, or coconut. Preserves are made of small,
whole fruits or uniform-size pieces of fruits in a clear thick, slightly
jellied syrup. Marmalades are soft fruit jellies with small pieces of
fruit or citrus peel evenly suspended in a transparent jelly. Fruit
butters are made from fruit pulp cooked with sugar until thickened to a
spreadable consistency.
INGREDIENTS
For proper texture, jellied fruit products require the correct
combination of fruit, pectin, acid, and sugar. The fruit gives each
spread its unique flavor and color. It also supplies the water to
dissolve the rest of the necessary ingredients and furnishes some or all
of the pectin and acid. Good-quality, flavorful fruits make the best
jellied products.
Pectins are substances in fruits that form a gel if they are in the
right combination with acid and sugar. All fruits contain some pectin.
Apples, crab apples, gooseberries, and some plums and grapes usually
contain enough natural pectin to form a gel. Other fruits, such as
strawberries, cherries, and blueberries, contain little pectin and must
be combined with other fruits high in pectin or with commercial pectin
products to obtain gels. Because fully ripened fruit has less pectin,
one-fourth of the fruit used in making jellies without added pectin
should be underripe.
Caution: Commercially frozen and canned juices may be low in natural
pectins and make soft textured spreads.
The proper level of acidity is critical to gel formation. If there is
too little acid, the gel will never set; if there is too much acid, the
gel will lose liquid (weep). For fruits low in acid, add lemon juice or
other acid ingredients as directed. Commercial pectin products contain
acids which help to ensure gelling.
Sugar serves as a preserving agent, contributes flavor, and aids in
gelling. Cane and beet sugar are the usual sources of sugar for jelly or
jam. Corn syrup and honey may be used to replace part of the sugar in
recipes, but too much will mask the fruit flavor and alter the gel
structure. Use tested recipes for replacing sugar with honey and corn
syrup. Do not try to reduce the amount of sugar in traditional recipes.
Too little sugar prevents gelling and may allow yeasts and molds to
grow.
JAM AND JELLIES WITH REDUCED SUGAR
Jellies and jams that contain modified pectin, gelatin, or gums may be
made with noncaloric sweeteners. Jams with less sugar than usual also
may be made with concentrated fruit pulp, which contains less liquid and
less sugar.
Two types of modified pectin are available for home use. One gels with
one-third less sugar. The other is a low-methoxyl pectin which requires
a source of calcium for gelling. To prevent spoilage, jars of these
products must be processed longer in a boiling-water canner. Recipes and
processing times provided with each modified pectin product must be
followed carefully. The proportions of acids and fruits should not be
altered, as spoilage may result.
Acceptably gelled refrigerator fruit spreads also may be made with
gelatin and sugar substitutes. Such products spoil at room temperature,
must be refrigerated, and should be eaten within 1 month.
PREVENTING SPOILAGE
Even though sugar helps preserve jellies and jams, molds can grow on the
surface of these products. Research now indicates that the mold which
people usually scrape off the surface of jellies may not be as harmless
as it seems. Mycotoxins have been found in some jars of jelly having
surface mold growth. Mycotoxins are known to cause cancer in animals;
their effects on humans are still being researched.
Because of possible mold contamination, paraffin or wax seals are no
longer recommended for any sweet spread, including jellies. To prevent
growth of molds and loss of good flavor or color, fill products hot into
sterile Mason jars, leaving 1/4-inch headspace, seal with self-sealing
lids, and process 5 minutes in a boiling-water canner Correct process
time at higher elevations by adding 1 additional minute per 1,000 ft
above sea level. If unsterile jars are used, the filled jars should be
processed 10 minutes. Use of sterile jars is preferred, especially when
fruits are low in pectin, since the added 5-minute process time may
cause weak gels.
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* USDA Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 539 (rev. 1994)
* Meal-Master format courtesy of Karen Mintzias
