Interpreting For Park Visitors by William J. Lewis
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LOC SB482.A4L48
1980
Chapter 9
Communication Theory
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* Fabun, Don. Communications: The transfer of Meaning. Beverly
Hills: Glencoe Press, 1968. A concise, stimulating view of
communication, written in a lively style and well illustrated.
* Haney, William V. Communication and Organizational Behavior, 3d.
ed. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1973 Clearly
explains some of the major reasons for breakdowns in human
communication. Gives specific suggestions for avoiding these
breakdowns.
* Johnson, Kenneth G., Mark C. Liebig, Gene Minor, and John J.
Senatore, Nothing Never Happens, teacher's ed. Beverly Hills:
Glencoe Press, 1974. A collection of exercises which promotes
self-discovery. Includes thought-provoking articles. Excellent
for group training.
* Johnson, Wendell. People in Quandries. N.Y.: Harper and Row,
1946. A classic. Although a few of the examples are out of date,
this is the best treatment of the relationship between language and
behavior I know of.
* Lee, Irving J. Handling Barriers in Communication. San
Francisco: International Society for General Semantics, 1968. A
series of presentations used in training people to overcome
communication barriers. Excellent for training purposes.
* Postman, Neil and Charles Wingarter. Teaching as a Subversive
Activity. N.Y. Publishing Co., 1969. Interpretation can be
thought of as a specialized form of teaching. This is my favorite
book on teaching.
* Rogers, Carl R. On Begoming a Person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1961. Developing one's self is essential to good interpretation.
This book, more than any other I know, can be helpful with this.
* Verdeber, Rudolph F. The Challenge of Effective Speaking. 3d ed.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1976 An outstanding
overview of the speaking process.
Resources Prepared For Interpreters
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* Alderson, William T. and Shirley Payne Low. Interpretation of
Historic Sites. Nashville: American Assoc. for State and Local
History, 1976. The best book I know of on the subject. A must for
all interpreters of historic sites.
* Beechel, Jacque. Interpretation for Handicapped Persons: A
Handbook for Outdoor Recreational Personel. Seattle: National Park
Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Cooperative Park Studies Unit,
College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, 1975. Many
helpful suggestions on an important subject.
* Bernard, Nelson T., Jr. (compiler). One Step Beyond.
Southwestern Region, U.S. Forest Service, n. d. A good, brief
discussion of the interpretive walk. Contains some excellent
suggestions on involving children that would work just as well for
adults.
* Harrison, Anne. Interpreting the River Resource. Wahsington
D.C.: U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
* Knudsen, George J. Nature Hike Themes. Madison: Wisconsin Dept.
of Natural Resources, 1976. If you need help thinking of possible
themes for your nature walk, this booklet is a goldmine of ideas.
* Lewis, William J. the Fine Art of Interpretive Critiquing.
Washington D.C.: National Park Service, Division of Interpretation,
1975. A series of four videotapes showing excerpts from actual
interpretive activities at Independence National Park and
Yellowstone National Park together with critiques of the excerpts.
* National Park Service, Division of Interpretation. A Personal
Training Program for Interpreters. Washington D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1976. Designed for use with or without
an accompanying set of videotapes, this manual is especially
helpful in the development of skills which lead to /involvement/ in
interpretation.
* National Park Service. Training Methods Manual: A Training Guide
for Supervisors and other Instructors to Enable Them to Increase
the Effectiveness of all National Park Service Training Activities,
rev. ed. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 1967. Designed
for supervisors and instructors, this manual can be just as helpful
to the trainee.
* Sharpe, Grant. Interpreting the Environment. N.Y.: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1976. An excellent overview of the field of
interpretation. Highly recommended.
* Stephenson, Lee and Nancy Strader. Energy Workbook for Parks.
Arlington, Va.: Park Project on Energy Interpretation, National
Recreation and Park Assoc., 1977. Develops six energy themes and
gives many exercises interpreters can use when interpreting energy.
* Tilden, Freeman. Interpreting Our Heritage, 3d. ed. Chapel Hill:
The University of North Carolina Press, 1977. A classic! This
book has influenced interpretation more during the last two decades
than any other single source.
* Van Matre, Steve. Acclimatization: A Sensory and Conceptual
Approach to Ecological Involvement. Martinsville, Ind.: American
Camping Assoc., 1972.
* Van Matre, Steve. Acclimatizing: A Personal and Reflective
Approach to A Natural Relationship. Martinsville, Ind.: American
Camping Assoc., 1974 Van Matre shows more clearly than any other
person I know how to develop concepts, ideas, and philosophy from
one's experiences. His inductive, experiential approach is
outstanding. Especially helpful are the many suggested activities.
Additional Resources
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Resources which combine the philosophy of interpretation, the
art of interpretation, excellent communicative style, and
thought-stirring points of view:
* Brown, Dee A. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History
of the American West. N.Y.: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1970.
* Brown, William E. Islands of Hope. Parks and Recreation in
Environmental Crisis. Washington, D.C.: National Recreation and
Park Assoc., 1971.
* Carrighar, Sally. One Day at Teton Marsh. N.Y.: Ballantine
Books, 1947.
* Clark, Kenneth. Civilization: A Personal View. N.Y.: Harper &
Row, Publishers, 1969.
* Dillard, Annie. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. N.Y.: Harper's
Magazine Press, 1974.
* Dubos, Rene. So Human an Animal. N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons,
1968.
* Eiseley, Loren. The Immense Journey. N.Y.: Vintage Books, 1957.
* Everhart, William C. The National Park Service. N.Y.: Praeger
Publishers, 1972.
* Fabun, Don. The Dynamics of Change. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1967.
* Frings, Hubert and Mable. Animal Communication. Waltham, Mass.:
Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1964.
* Leopold, Aldo. A Sand County Almnanac. N.Y.: Oxford Univ.
Press, 1949.
* Lewis, Meriwether. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. The 1814
edition, unabridged, 3 vols. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co.,
1961.
* Lindbergh, A. M. Gift from the Sea. N.Y.: Vintage, 1965.
* Sarett, Lew. Covenant with Earth: A Selection from the Poetry of
Lew Sarett. Gainesville, Fla.: Univ. of Fla. Press, 1956.
* Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher.
N.Y.: Bantam Books, Inc., 1971.
* Toffler, Alvin. Future Shock. N.Y.: Random House, 1970.
