Somewhere in my papers (ok, saved PDFs) I have the background
  stuff for this. [I study neuroscience as a hobby; I find
  learning/memory/self-control/working memory to be a subject I'm
  continually fascinated by]

  I find the double-loop learning model as the easiest to grasp.
  Training adjusts the "assume".[1]dbl-loop

References

  Visible links
  1. http://icopiedyou.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/dbl-loop.gif