From the Apple IIe Technical Reference Manual, pages 37-39:
Secondary Inputs and Outputs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In addition to the primary I/O devices - the keyboard and display - there are
several secondary input and output devices in the Apple IIe. These devices are
the speaker (output)
cassette input and output
annunciator output
strobe output
switch inputs
analog (hand-control) inputs.
These devices are similiar in operation to the soft switches described in the
previous section: you control them by reading or writing to dedicated memory
locations. Action takes place any time your program reads or writes to one of
these locations; information written is ignored.
Important!
Some of these devices toggle - change state - each time they are
accessed. If you write using an indexed store operation, the Apple IIe's
microprocessor activates the address bus twice during successive clock
cycles, causing a device that toggles each time it is addressed to end up
back in its original state. For this reason, you should read, rather than
write, to such devices.
The Speaker
~~~~~~~~~~~
The Apple IIe has a small speaker mounted toward the front of the bottom plate.
The speaker is connected to a soft switch that toggles; it has two states, off
and on, and it changes from one to the other each time it is accessed. (At low
frequencies, less than 400 Hz or so, the speaker clicks only on every other
access.)
If you switch the speaker once, it emits a click; to make longer sounds, you
access the speaker repeatedly. You should always use a read operation to
toggle the speaker. If you write to this soft switch, it switches twice in
rapid succession. The resulting pulse is so short that the speaker doesn't
have time to respond; it doesn't make a sound.
The soft switch for the speaker uses memory location 49200 (hexadecimal $C030).
From Integer BASIC, use the complementary address -16336. You can make various
tones and buzzes with the speaker by using combinations of timing loops in your
program. There is also a routine in the built-in firmware to make a beep
through the speaker. The routine is called BELL1.
(Electrical specifications of the speaker curcuit appear in Chapter 7. BELL1
is described in Appendix B.)
Cassette Input and Output
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There are two miniature phone jacks on the back panel of the Apple IIe. You
can use a pair of standard cables with miniature phone plugs to connect an
ordinary cassette tape recorder to the Apple IIe and save programs and data on
audio cassettes.
The phone jack marked with a picture of an arrow pointing towards a cassette is
the output jack. It is connected to a toggled soft switch, like the speaker
switch described above. The signal at the phone jack switches from zero to 25
millivolts or from 25 millivolts to zero each time you access the soft switch.
(Detalied electrical specifications for the cassette input and output are given
in Chapter 7.)
If you connect a cable from this jack to the microphone input of a cassette
tape recorder and switch the recorder to record mode, the signal changes you
produce by accessing this soft switch will be recorded on the tape. The
cassette output switch uses memory location 49184 (hexadecimal $C020;
complementary value -16352). Like the speaker, the output will toggle twice if
you write to it, so you should only use read operations to control the cassette
output.
The standard method for writing computer data on audio tapes uses tones with
two different pitches to represent the binary states zero and one. To store
data, you convert the data into a stream of bits and convert the bits into the
appropriate tones. To save you the trouble of actually programming the tones,
and to ensure consistency among all Apple II cassette tapes, there is a
built-in routine called WRITE for producing cassette data output. (WRITE is
described in Appendix B.)
The phone jack marked with a picture of an arrow coming from a cassette is the
input jack. It accepts a cable from the cassette recorder's earphone jack.
The signal from the cassette is 1 volt (peak-to-peak) audio. Each time the
instantaneous value of this audio signal changes from positive to negative, or
vice-versa, the state of the cassette input curcuit changes from zero to one or
vice-versa. You can read the state of this curcuit at memory location 49248
(hexadecimal $C060, or complementary decimal -16288).
When you read this location, you get a byte, but only the high-order bit
(bit 7) is valid. If you are programming in machine language, this is the sign
bit, so you can perform a Branch Plus or Branch Minus immediately after reading
this byte. BASIC is too slow to keep up with the audio tones used for data
recording on tape, but you don't need to write the program: there is a built-in
routine called READ for reading data from a cassette. (READ is described in
Appendix B.)
