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Effects of a WHO-guided digital health intervention for depression in Syrian refugees in Lebanon: A randomized controlled trial [1]
['Pim Cuijpers', 'Department Of Clinical', 'Neuro', 'Developmental Psychology', 'Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute', 'Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam', 'The Netherlands', 'Babeş-Bolyai University', 'International Institute For Psychotherapy', 'Cluj-Napoca']
Date: 2022-07
In this study, we found that a guided, digital intervention was effective in reducing depression in displaced people in Lebanon. The guided WHO Step-by-Step intervention we examined should be made available to communities of displaced people that have digital access.
We conducted a single-blind, 2-arm pragmatic randomized clinical trial, comparing guided Step-by-Step with enhanced care as usual (ECAU) among displaced Syrians suffering from depression and impaired functioning in Lebanon. Primary outcomes were depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) and impaired functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule-12, WHODAS) at posttreatment. Secondary outcomes included subjective well-being, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and self-described problems. A total of 569 displaced people from Syria with depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) and impaired functioning (WHODAS > 16) were randomized to Step-by-Step (N = 283; lost to follow-up: N = 167) or ECAU (N = 286; lost to follow-up: 133). Participants were considered to be lost to follow-up when they did not fill in the outcome measures at posttest or follow-up. Recruitment started on December 9, 2019 and was completed on July 9, 2020. The last follow-up assessments were collected in December 2020. The study team had access to the online platform, where they could see treatment arm assignment for each participant. All questionnaires were completed by participants online. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses showed intervention effects on depression (standardized mean differences [SMDs]: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.26; 0.70; p < 0.001), impaired functioning (SMD: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.14; 0.56; p < 0.001), post-traumatic stress (SMD: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16; 0.56; p < 0.001), anxiety (SMD: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.24; 0.68; p < 0.001), subjective well-being (SMD: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26; 0.68; p < 0.001), and self-identified personal problems (SMD: 0.49; 95% CI 0.28; 0.70; p < 0.001). Significant effects on all outcomes were maintained at 3 months follow-up. During the trial, one serious adverse event occurred, unrelated to the intervention. The main limitation of the current trial is the high dropout rate.
Most displaced people with mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries do not receive effective care, and their access to care has deteriorated during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Digital mental health interventions are scalable when digital access is adequate, and they can be safely delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined whether a new WHO-guided digital mental health intervention, Step-by-Step, in which participants were supported by a nonspecialist helper, was effective in reducing depression among displaced people in Lebanon.
Funding: This study was funded by the Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC, managed by Elrha;
https://www.elrha.org ) (resources mobilized by MvO). The study used an open source research infrastructure developed by Freie Universität Berlin as part of STRENGTHS project (funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Societal Challenges; agreement 733337;
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020 ) (resources mobilized by CK). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data Availability: The anonymised data are available at the DANS data repository (
https://dans.knaw.nl/en/ ) at the following url:
https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-zey-hjpk and can be acquired through the data management committee of the Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam at:
[email protected] .
Copyright: © 2022 Cuijpers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
A new WHO digital mental health intervention, “Step-by-Step,” based on behavioral activation to treat depression, can be delivered with guidance from nonspecialist helpers [ 15 ]. The current study examines the effects of guided “Step-by-Step,” compared to enhanced care as usual (ECAU) in displaced Syrians in Lebanon.
Lebanon currently seeks to strengthen its mental health services. The National Mental Health Programme aims to scale up mental health care [ 12 ], but there have been limited resources, and there are recent challenges offering care safely during the pandemic and the political and economic crisis. One strategy to scale up services involves digital interventions, as research from high-income countries suggests that mobile apps can be effective [ 13 ]. Digital interventions can be either unguided or guided by a trained nonspecialist helper who supports participants in their use of self-help materials. While unguided interventions are less effective, guided self-help interventions are no less effective than face-to-face treatments [ 14 ]. Thus far, no studies on guided digital mental health interventions have been conducted in populations of displaced people in low- and middle-income countries.
Although depression and other common mental disorders are a leading cause of disability [ 9 ], the vast majority of displaced people do not receive treatment. This is especially true in low- and middle-income countries where only 1 in 27 people with depression are likely to receive evidence-based treatment [ 10 ] and where less than 1 per 1,000 displaced people seeks help from health services for common mental disorders [ 11 ].
During war, people often face multiple threats to life, loss of family, sexual and physical abuse, and lack of shelter or nutrition [ 4 , 5 ]. After fleeing for safety, displaced people experience continuing difficulties, including unmet basic needs, language barriers, uncertainty about the future, social isolation, and discrimination [ 4 , 6 ]. As a result, they are at risk of mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress [ 7 ]. It has been estimated that 22% of displaced, war-affected Syrians in Lebanon suffer from moderate to severe depressive symptoms [ 8 ].
In 2022, an estimated 82 million people were forcibly displaced due to war, conflict, or persecution, including 21 million refugees [ 1 ]. The greatest contemporary crisis related to displaced people has been caused by the war in Syria, involving almost 6 million refugees [ 2 ]. Lebanon, with a total population of close to 7 million, currently hosts about 1.5 million displaced Syrians. Concurrently, Lebanon faces multiple other emergencies, including a collapsing economy, severe political turmoil, an explosion of neglected ammonium nitrate destroying large parts of the capital Beirut, and the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [ 3 ].
Methods
Design This single-blind, 2-arm pragmatic randomized clinical trial examined the effects of a digital health intervention for depression compared with ECAU in displaced Syrians in Lebanon. The study was conducted together with an identical study in Lebanese citizens, which is reported elsewhere [16]. Ethical approval was received from the WHO Ethical Review Committee (ERC.0002797) and Saint-Joseph’s University, Beirut (CEHDF862). It was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03720769). The trial protocol, an open pilot trial, and a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) have been published [17–19]. This study is reported as per the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guideline (S1 Checklist).
Procedures We included participants meeting the following criteria: (1) Syrian displaced people; (2) above 18 years of age; (3) residing in Lebanon; (4) who understood and spoke Arabic or English; (5) had access to an internet-connected device; (6) had moderate or severe depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] ≥ 10) [20]l and (7) experienced functional impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule-12 (WHODAS > 16)) [21]. Participants at imminent risk of suicide (based on a question on serious thoughts or a plan to end one’s life in the past month) were excluded. They received an on-screen message explaining that they may need additional mental health support. A national suicide hotline (phone number) was installed by a local NGO in Lebanon, which provides 24-hour support and referral to specialized care. People who respond “yes” to the PHQ question on suicide were informed about this 24-hour service, along with a list of mhGAP Interventions Guide trained primary health care facilities and were encouraged to seek help. Recruitment of participants took place through advertising for the research project on several social media platforms, by posting and boosting posts on the official social media pages of the National Mental Health Programme on Facebook and Instagram. Additionally, outreach methods took place with the network of NGOs and UN agencies taking part in a mental health and psychosocial support taskforce whereby meetings were held in different regions with the Syrian community to introduce the project, followed by WhatsApp broadcasts that were sent by the organizations to their Syrian beneficiaries. Interested participants could access the web version or download the mobile app, where information was given about the intervention and the study, including an animated video explaining key points. After completing informed consent and the baseline self-screening instruments, participants who met inclusion criteria were asked to complete additional baseline questionnaires. Informed consent was obtained through the online platform. Participants had to agree to 8 statements (e.g., I declare that I have read and understood the study information) by clicking the corresponding tick boxes. Otherwise, they were not able to proceed to the completion of the baseline questionnaires and to the intervention. As remuneration for completing all the questionnaires, users received $20 phone credit. Recruitment started on December 9, 2019 and was completed on July 9, 2020. The last follow-up assessments were collected in December 2020. Participants were randomized to the intervention or ECAU, using a permuted block randomization with 1:1 allocation ratio within blocks of random length between 2 and 8. The randomization was handled by an algorithm for permuted block randomization that was built into the app and not accessible to the research team. The algorithm generated a random sequence of blocks with varying length. In each block, the number of seats for both groups was even, and the order was fully random. The study team (i.e., coordinator and e-helpers) had access to the online platform, where they could see treatment arm assignment for each participant. However, as all questionnaires were completed by participants online, the fact that the study team was not blinded to treatment arm assignment did not have any effect on participants’ responses.
Study arms Intervention. Step-by-Step is a 5-session intervention, designed to treat depression through an internet-connected device [15]. It provides psychoeducation and training in behavioral activation through an illustrated narrative, with additional therapeutic techniques such as stress management, a gratitude exercise, positive self-talk, strengthening social support, and relapse prevention. Step-by-Step includes 5 story sessions that are illustrated and audio recorded. Each session is divided into 3 smaller parts, which take altogether 20 minutes on average to read. Every session unlocks after 4 days of completing the previous session. This is to give enough time for the participant to practice the skills and exercises that they learned in the previous session. Users are recommended to complete 1 session (with all its 3 parts) every week. The program is thus meant to be completed over a period of 5 weeks to 8 weeks, accounting for delays. More information is in a paper about the development of the intervention [15]. The narrative was adapted to the local context, considering gender, linguistic, and cultural nuances among displaced Syrians [22]. It has a female and male version, each with 2 versions, 1 for married people with children and 1 for unmarried people. Participants can also choose the appearance of the character, broadly reflecting the main cultural groups in Lebanon (Lebanese, Syrians, and Palestinians). The intervention was provided as a hybrid app for iOS, Android, and web browsers using technical infrastructure developed by the Freie Universität Berlin [23]. Users who accessed the intervention received email or phone-based notifications, covering reminders of assessments due or upcoming, new sessions available, and gratitude for study participation. They could opt out of notifications any time. Users of the intervention were supported by trained nonspecialists (“e-helpers”) who offered weekly phone or message-based contact with users to provide support (max. 15 minutes per week). E-helpers had a background in psychology or health, but had no previous experience in delivering mental health care. While the content of the intervention was delivered through the app, the e-helpers were trained to provide technical and emotional support to strengthen users’ motivation, to assess and refer participants at high risk of suicide, child abuse, or gender-based violence, and to support participants in acute distress, using preset protocols. E-helpers passed a competency test after the training to be involved in the trial. A treatment fidelity checklist was used, and 5% of the guidance calls and messages were rated. Training was delivered over 5 days with ongoing weekly group supervision—and, on demand, individual meetings—being provided by one local clinical psychologist. Participants were considered inactive if they did not use the app for more than 3 weeks and did not respond to the e-helper reminders for 3 consecutive weeks. They then received an email informing them that the helpers would stop contacting them. Those who proactively conveyed that they would like to stop were also considered dropped out. The relevant e-helper then asked them if they want their data to be removed from the study and shared an exit survey with them by email to inquire about reasons for quitting. ECAU. ECAU consisted of basic psychoeducation and referral to evidence-based care. Psychoeducation on depression and anxiety was delivered through the app or website. The text for the psychoeducational messages was taken from the first session of Step-by-Step to ensure identical information. After the psychoeducation, users received a list of primary health care facilities with nonspecialized staff trained in evidence-based mental health care [24].
Outcomes Primary outcomes were depressive symptoms measured by the PHQ-9 [20] and functional impairment measured by the WHODAS-12 2.0 [21] at posttreatment. The PHQ-9 is a 9-item instrument measuring severity of depression, with a cutoff score of ≥10 indicating moderate or severe depression, which has also been validated in Lebanon [25]. The WHODAS was used to measure functional impairment, as it provides a generic assessment of health and disability across 6 domains (cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation). Secondary outcomes included subjective well-being, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress assessed by the 5-item WHO-5 Wellbeing Index [26]; the 7-item GAD-7 [27]; and the 8-item PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-5) [28], respectively. The Psychological Outcomes Profile (PSYCHLOPS) instrument was used to identify and rate self-described problems [29]. Satisfaction with the intervention was measured with the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-3), a measure of client satisfaction with mental health services [30]. A more extensive description of the measures can be found in the protocol paper [17]. Outcomes were measured at baseline, posttreatment (8 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3 months posttreatment).
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https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004025
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