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Overnight News Digest: Science Saturday, 5/3/25 [1]

['This Content Is Not Subject To Review Daily Kos Staff Prior To Publication.']

Date: 2025-05-03

Welcome to the Overnight News Digest with a crew consisting of founder Magnifico, regular editors side pocket, maggiejean, Chitown Kev, eeff, Magnifico, annetteboardman, Besame, jck, and JeremyBloom. Alumni editors include (but not limited to) Interceptor 7, Man Oh Man (RIP), wader, Neon Vincent, palantir, Patriot Daily News Clearinghouse (RIP), ek hornbeck (RIP), rfall, ScottyUrb, Doctor RJ, BentLiberal, Oke (RIP) and jlms qkw. OND is a regular community feature on Daily Kos, consisting of news stories from around the world, sometimes coupled with a daily theme, original research or commentary. Editors of OND impart their own presentation styles and content choices, typically publishing each day near 12:00 AM Eastern Time. Please feel free to share your articles and stories in the comments. I don’t know how many of these science editions we’ve got left. The shutdown of science funding by the federal government will have an effect on the amount of science news.

After 53 Years, a Failed Soviet Venus Spacecraft Is Crashing Back to Earth

Kosmos 482, a failed Soviet Venus probe, is expected to make an uncontrolled reentry in mid-May after orbiting Earth for 53 years. Gizmodo reports: The lander module from an old Soviet spacecraft is expected to reenter Earth's atmosphere during the second week of May, according to Marco Langbroek, a satellite tracker based in Leiden, the Netherlands. "As this is a lander that was designed to survive passage through the Venus atmosphere, it is possible that it will survive reentry through the Earth atmosphere intact, and impact intact," Langbroek wrote in a blog update. "The risks involved are not particularly high, but not zero." Kosmos 482 launched on March 31, 1972 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan. The mission was an attempt by the Soviet space program to reach Venus, but it failed to gain enough velocity to enter a transfer trajectory toward the scorching-hot planet. A malfunction resulted in an engine burn that wasn't sufficient to reach Venus' orbit and left the spacecraft in an elliptical Earth orbit, according to NASA. The spacecraft broke apart into four different pieces, with two of the smaller fragments reentering over Ashburton, New Zealand, two days after launch. Meanwhile, two remaining pieces, believed to be the payload and the detached upper-stage engine unit, entered a higher orbit measuring 130 by 6,089 miles (210 by 9,800 kilometers). The failed mission consisted of a carrier bus and a lander probe, which together form a spherical pressure vessel weighing more than 1,000 pounds (495 kilograms). Considering its mass, "risks are similar to that of a meteorite impact," Langbroek wrote. As of now, it's hard to determine exactly when the spacecraft will reenter. Langbroek estimates that the reentry will take place on May 10, but a more precise date will get clearer as the reentry date nears.

Chemical In Plastics Linked To 350,000 Heart Disease Deaths

An anonymous reader quotes a report from The Hill: Daily exposure to certain chemicals used to manufacture household plastics may be connected to more than 356,000 cardiovascular-related deaths in 2018 alone, a new analysis has found. These chemicals, called phthalates, are present in products around the world but have particular popularity in the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific -- regions that collectively bore about 75 percent of the global death total, according to the research, published on Tuesday in the Lancet eBioMedicine. Phthalates, often used in personal care products, children's toys and food packaging and processing materials, are known to disrupt hormone function and have been linked to birth defects, infertility, learning disabilities and neurological disorders. The NYU Langone Health team focused in the analysis on a kind of phthalate called di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which is used to make items like food containers and medical equipment softer and more flexible. Scientists have already shown that exposure to DEHP can trigger an overactive immune response in the heart's arteries, which over time can be linked to increased risk of heart attack or stroke. In the new analysis, the researchers estimated that DEHP exposure played a role in 356,238 global deaths in 2018, or nearly 13.5 percent of heart disease mortality among men and women ages 55 through 64. [...] These findings are in line with the team's previous research, which in 2021 determined that phthalates were connected to more than 50,000 premature deaths each year among older Americans -- most of whom succumbed to heart conditions. But this latest analysis is likely the first global estimate of cardiovascular mortality resulting from exposure to these environmental contaminants [...]. In a separate report from the New York Times, author Nina Agrawal highlights some of the caveats with the data. First of all, the study relies heavily on statistical modeling and assumptions, drawing from prior research that may include biases and confounding factors like diet or socioeconomic status. It also uses U.S.-based risk estimates that may not generalize globally and focuses only on one type of phthalate (DEHP). Additionally, as Agrawal points out, this is an observational study, showing correlation rather than causation. As such, more direct, long-term research is needed to clarify the true health impact of phthalate exposure.

A vast molecular cloud, long invisible, is discovered near solar system

An international team of scientists led by a Rutgers University-New Brunswick astrophysicist has discovered a potentially star-forming cloud that is one of the largest single structures in the sky and among the closest to the sun and Earth ever to be detected. The vast ball of hydrogen, long invisible to scientists, was revealed by looking for its main constituent -- molecular hydrogen. The finding marks the first time a molecular cloud has been detected with light emitted in the far-ultraviolet realm of the electromagnetic spectrum and opens the way to further explorations using the approach. The scientists have named the molecular hydrogen cloud "Eos," after the Greek goddess of mythology who is the personification of dawn. Their discovery is outlined in a study published in Nature Astronomy.

New look at galactic region surrounding our solar system: Lyman-alpha emissions

The NASA New Horizons spacecraft's extensive observations of Lyman-alpha emissions have resulted in the first-ever map from the galaxy at this important ultraviolet wavelength, providing a new look at the galactic region surrounding our solar system. The findings are described in a new study authored by the SwRI-led New Horizons team. "Understanding the Lyman-alpha background helps shed light on nearby galactic structures and processes," said SwRI's Dr. Randy Gladstone, the study's lead investigator and first author of the publication. "This research suggests that hot interstellar gas bubbles like the one our solar system is embedded within may actually be regions of enhanced hydrogen gas emissions at a wavelength called Lyman alpha." Lyman-alpha is a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light emitted and scattered by hydrogen atoms. It is especially useful to astronomers studying distant stars, galaxies and the interstellar medium, as it can help detect the composition, temperature and movement of these distant objects.

New research shatters long-held beliefs about asteroid Vesta

For decades, scientists believed Vesta, one of the largest objects in our solar system's asteroid belt, wasn't just an asteroid. They concluded that Vesta has a crust, mantle and core -- fundamental properties of a planet. Astronomers studied it for clues to how early planets grew, and what Earth might have looked like in its infancy. Now, Michigan State University has contributed to research that flips this notion on its head. A team led by the NASA Jet Propulsion Lab or JPL published a paper in Nature Astronomy revealing Vesta's interior structure is more uniform than previously thought. These findings startled researchers who, until then, assumed Vesta was a protoplanet that never grew to a full planet.

Evidence of Controversial Planet 9 Uncovered In Sky Surveys Taken 23 Years Apart

Astronomers may have found the best candidate yet for the elusive Planet Nine: a mysterious object in infrared sky surveys taken 23 years apart that appears to be more massive than Neptune and about 700 times farther from the sun than Earth. Space.com reports: [A] team led by astronomer Terry Long Phan of the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan has delved into the archives of two far-infrared all-sky surveys in search of Planet Nine -- and incredibly, they have found something that could possibly be Planet Nine. The Infrared Astronomy Satellite, IRAS, launched in 1983 and surveyed the universe for almost a year before being decommissioned. Then, in 2006, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched AKARI, another infrared astronomy satellite that was active between 2006 and 2011. Phan's team were looking for objects that appeared in IRAS's database, then appeared to have moved by the time AKARI took a look. The amount of movement on the sky would be tiny -- about three arcminutes per year at a distance of approximately 700 astronomical units (AU). One arcminute is 1/60 of an angular degree. But there's an extra motion that Phan's team had to account for. As the Earth orbits the sun, our view of the position of very distant objects changes slightly in an effect called parallax. It is the same phenomenon as when you hold your index finger up to your face, close one eye and look at your finger, and then switch eyes -- your finger appears to move as a result of you looking at it from a slightly different position. Planet Nine would appear to move on the sky because of parallax as Earth moves around the sun. On any particular day, it might seem to be in one position, then six months later when Earth is on the other side of the sun, it would shift to another position, perhaps by 10 to 15 arcminutes -- then, six months after that, it would seem to shift back to its original position. To remove the effects of parallax, Phan's team searched for Planet Nine on the same date every year in the AKARI data, because on any given date it would appear in the same place, with zero parallax shift, every year. They then also scrutinized each candidate object that their search threw up on an hourly basis. If a candidate is a fast-moving, nearby object, then its motion would be detectable from hour to hour, and could therefore be ruled out. This careful search led Phan's team to a single object, a tiny dot in the infrared data. It appears in one position in IRAS's 1983 image, though it was not in that position when AKARI looked. However, there is an object seen by AKARI in a position 47.4 arcminutes away that isn't there in the IRAS imagery, and it is within the range that Planet Nine could have traveled in the intervening time. In other words, this object has moved a little further along its orbit around the sun in the 23 or more years between IRAS and AKARI. The knowledge of its motion in that intervening time is not sufficient to be able to extrapolate the object's full orbit, therefore it's not yet possible to say for certain whether this is Planet Nine. First, astronomers need to recover it in more up-to-date imagery. [...] Based on the candidate object's brightness in the IRAS and AKARI images, Phan estimates that the object, if it really is Planet Nine, must be more massive than Neptune. This came as a surprise, because he and his team were searching for a super-Earth-size body. Previous surveys by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have ruled out any Jupiter-size planets out to 256,000 AU, and any Saturn-size planets out to 10,000 AU, but a smaller Neptune or Uranus-size world could still have gone undetected. Phan told Space.com that he had searched for his candidate in the WISE data, "but no convincing counterpart was found because it has moved since the 2006 position," and without knowing its orbit more accurately, we can't say where it has moved to. "Once we know the position of the candidate, a longer exposure with the current large optical telescopes can detect it," Phan told Space.com. "However, the follow-up observations with optical telescopes still need to cover about three square degrees because Planet Nine would have moved from the position where AKARI detected it in 2006. This is doable with a camera that has a large field of view, such as the Dark Energy Camera, which has a field of view of three square degrees on the Blanco four-meter telescope [in Chile]."

Scientists observe how blobs form crystals and discover a new crystal type

Crystals -- from sugar and table salt to snowflakes and diamonds -- don't always grow in a straightforward way. New York University researchers have captured this journey from amorphous blob to orderly structures in a new study published in Nature Communications. In exploring how crystals form, the researchers also came across an unusual, rod-shaped crystal that hadn't been identified before, naming it "Zangenite" for the NYU graduate student who discovered it. Crystals are solid materials made up of particles that arrange themselves in repeating patterns. This process of self-assembly -- "orchestrating order from chaos," as the researchers describe it -- was once thought to follow a predictable, classic pattern of growth. But instead of always forming building block by building block, scientists are learning that crystals can grow through more complex pathways.

One of Earth's ancient volcanic mysteries solved

Geologists led by the University of Maryland and the University of Hawai'i finally connected the dots between one of the largest volcanic eruptions in Earth's history and its source deep beneath the Pacific Ocean. In a paper published in the journal Nature on April 30, 2025, the team revealed that the same underwater hotspot created both a chain of underwater volcanoes in the southern Pacific region and the massive Ontong-Java Plateau, the largest volcanic platform on Earth. "Up until now, we've had this extremely disconnected picture of the Pacific and its volcanoes," said the study's corresponding author Val Finlayson, an assistant research scientist in UMD's Department of Geology. "But for the first time, we're able to make a clear connection between the younger southern and older western Pacific volcanic systems. It's a discovery that gives us a more complete history of how the Pacific Ocean basin has evolved over millions of years to become what it is today."

x A new Jurassic multituberculate mammal from Portugal, Cambelodon torreensis, displays a rare non-sequential posteroanterior tooth replacement pattern, expanding knowledge of early mammalian dental evolution. doi.org/g9g5js — Science X / Phys.org (@sciencex.bsky.social) 2025-05-01T10:32:37-04:00

Giant croclike carnivore fossils found in the Caribbean

Imagine a crocodile built like a greyhound -- that's a sebecid. Standing tall, with some species reaching 20 feet in length, they dominated South American landscapes after the extinction of dinosaurs until about 11 million years ago. Or at least, that's what paleontologists thought, until they began finding strange, fossilized teeth in the Caribbean. "The first question that we had when these teeth were found in the Dominican Republic and on other islands in the Caribbean was: What are they?" said Jonathan Bloch, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. This initial confusion was warranted. Three decades ago, researchers uncovered two roughly 18 million-year-old teeth in Cuba. With a tapered shape and small, sharp serrations specialized for tearing into meat, it unmistakenly belonged to a predator at the top of the food chain. But for the longest time, scientists didn't think such large, land-based predators ever existed in the Caribbean. The mystery deepened when another tooth turned up in Puerto Rico, this one 29 million years old. The teeth alone weren't enough to identify a specific animal, and the matter went unresolved.

Ptero firma: Footprints pinpoint when ancient flying reptiles conquered the ground

Fossils of footprints over 160 million years old have helped palaeontologists at the University of Leicester to narrow down when pterosaurs adapted to live on the ground. These awe-inspiring flying reptiles of the Mesozoic era are often imagined soaring over the heads of dinosaurs. But new research shows that some of these ancient creatures were just as comfortable walking on the ground. In a groundbreaking new study published today in Current Biology (1 May), scientists at the University of Leicester have successfully linked fossilised footprints to the types of pterosaurs that produced them. By using 3D modelling, detailed analysis, and comparisons with pterosaur skeletons, the team has shown that at least three different types of tracks match up with distinct groups of pterosaurs.

Rhythmically trained sea lion returns for an encore -- and performs as well as humans

Animal research on biomusicality, which looks at whether different species are capable of behaving in ways that show they recognize aspects of music, including rhythm and beat, remains a tantalizing field at the intersection of biology and psychology. Now, the highly trained California sea lion at UC Santa Cruz who achieved global fame for her ability to bob her head to a beat is finally back: starring in a new study that shows her rhythm is just as precise -- if not better -- than humans. Ronan first shimmied onto the world stage in 2013, when researchers at the university's Long Marine Laboratory reported that, not only could she bob her head to a beat, but adjust her nods to tempos and music she hadn't heard before. In this new study, to be published on May 1 in the Nature journal Scientific Reports, Ronan's research team showed that her synchronization was as good or better than humans -- and that her consistency in performing the beat-keeping task was better than that of humans. To best match Ronan's way of responding to a beat, a head bob, researchers asked 10 UC Santa Cruz undergraduates to move their preferred arm in a fluid, up-and-down motion to the beat of a percussive metronome. Three tempos were played -- at 112, 120, and 128 beats per minute -- with Ronan not previously exposed to 112 and 128 bpms. x A California sea lion has demonstrated rhythmic precision and consistency in beat synchronization tasks, performing at a level comparable to or exceeding that of humans across multiple tempos. doi.org/g9g5kh — Science X / Phys.org (@sciencex.bsky.social) 2025-05-01T11:32:45-04:00

Rainfall triggers extreme humid heat in tropics and subtropics

Scientists believe they have found a way to improve warning systems for vulnerable communities threatened by humid heatwaves, which are on the rise due to climate change and can be damaging and even fatal to human health. The team, from the University of Leeds and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology has provided the first ever analysis of how patterns of recent rainfall can interact with dry or moist land conditions to influence the risk of extreme humid heat in the global tropics and subtropics. The study, which is published today in the journal Nature Communications, offers new insight which could lead to the development of early warning systems for vulnerable communities in those regions.

Climate change increases the risk of simultaneous wildfires

Climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in many regions of the world. This is due partly to specific weather conditions -- known as fire weather -- that facilitate the spread of wildfires. Researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) and Australian colleagues have found that fire weather seasons are increasingly overlapping between eastern Australia and western North America. The research team examined the causes of this shift and its implications for cross-border cooperation between fire services in Canada, the US, and Australia. The research was published in Earth's Future. The west coast of North America and the east coast of Australia have been repeatedly hit hard by wildfires. For example, the January 2025 wildfire disaster in Los Angeles destroyed over 10,000 buildings and claimed 29 lives, according to media reports. The east coast of Australia was hit by one of the country's most devastating bushfires between September 2019 and March 2020: more than 12 million hectares of forest and bushland burned. Firefighters from Canada, the US, and Australia have supported each other during these disasters and many others. The international team of scientists set out to examine how the timing of fire weather seasons in the two regions is changing as a result of climate change. The researchers used the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI), a meteorological index used worldwide to estimate fire risk. It takes into account rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. They used it to identify fire weather days -- days with a high risk of wildfires. Based on observational data, the researchers found that the fire weather days -- and thus the risk of wildfires -- have been increasingly overlapping since 1979.

Oceans are heating faster in two bands stretching around globe

The world's oceans are heating faster in two bands stretching around the globe, one in the southern hemisphere and one in the north, according to new research led by climate scientist Dr Kevin Trenberth. In both hemispheres, the areas are near 40 degrees latitude. The first band at 40 to 45 degrees south is heating at the world's fastest pace, with the effect especially pronounced around New Zealand, Tasmania, and Atlantic waters east of Argentina. The second band is around 40 degrees north, with the biggest effects in waters east of the United States in the North Atlantic and east of Japan in the North Pacific.

x Species numbers do not increase evenly from local to continental scales; a new theory explains the three-phase pattern of species distribution, aiding biodiversity estimation and conservation efforts. doi.org/g9g4vb — Science X / Phys.org (@sciencex.bsky.social) 2025-05-01T00:32:37-04:00

Left or right arm? New research reveals why vaccination site matters for immune response

Sydney scientists have revealed why receiving a booster vaccine in the same arm as your first dose can generate a more effective immune response more quickly. The study, led by the Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kirby Institute at UNSW Sydney and published in the journal Cell, offers new insight that could help improve future vaccination strategies. The researchers found that when a vaccine is administered, specialised immune cells called macrophages became 'primed' inside lymph nodes. These macrophages then direct the positioning of memory B cells to more effectively respond to the booster when given in the same arm. The findings, made in mice and validated in human participants, provide evidence to refine vaccination approaches and offer a promising new approach for enhancing vaccine effectiveness.

Bacteria's mysterious viruses can fan flames of antibiotic damage

Your gut microbiome teems with bacteria-eating viruses that have longed baffled scientists. Using a new mouse model that can eliminate and revive these virus communities, Virginia Tech biologists discovered that the viruses can exacerbate collateral damage from antibiotics. Some things just go together in your belly: peanut butter and jelly, salt and pepper, bacteria and bacteria-eating viruses. For the bacterial species that inhabit your gut, there's a frenzy of viruses called bacteriophages that naturally infect them. Although they co-evolved with bacteria, phages get far less glory. They're harder to classify and so deeply entangled with the bacteria they target that scientists struggle to understand what functions they serve.

x Human skin wounds heal nearly three times slower than those of other primates, likely due to differences in hair follicle stem cell activity and the evolutionary loss of fur. doi.org/pj77 — Science X / Phys.org (@sciencex.bsky.social) 2025-05-01T09:02:30-04:00

Seasonal changes affect alcohol tolerance and your waistline

Nagoya University researchers in Japan have found that drug effectiveness, alcohol tolerance, and carbohydrate metabolism change with the seasons. Their findings are based on a comprehensive seasonal gene expression map, which investigated over 54,000 genes in 80 tissues in monkeys across one year. The study has implications for drug prescription and precision medicine. To cope with dynamic seasonal changes in the environment, animals, including humans, have evolved a biological clock that is calibrated to the seasons. Physiology and behavior, including hormone secretion, metabolism, sleep, immune function, and reproduction, change depending on the season. To understand the nature of these changes, a research group led by Professor Takashi Yoshimura of Nagoya University's Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM) turned to rhesus monkeys, a primate closely related to humans. Their analysis, reported in Nature Communications, identified multiple "seasonally variable genes" from a comprehensive gene expression map of more than 54,000 genes expressed in 80 tissues.

The all-female Korean Haenyeo divers show genetic adaptions to cold water diving

The Haenyeo, a group of all-female divers from the Korean island of Jeju, are renowned for their ability to dive in frigid waters without the aid of breathing equipment -- even while pregnant. A study publishing on May 2 in the Cell Press journal Cell Reports shows that the divers' remarkable abilities are due to both training and genetic adaptation, including gene variants associated with cold tolerance and decreased blood pressure. The divers also showed pronounced bradycardia, or slowing of the heart rate, when they dived, but this trait is likely due to a lifetime of training, not genetics. "The Haenyeo are amazing, and their incredible ability is written in their genes," says geneticist Melissa Ilardo of the University of Utah. "The fact that women are diving through their pregnancy, which is a really tough thing to do, has actually influenced an entire island's people." The Haenyeo, or "women of the sea," dive year-round in social collectives to harvest food for their communities. They begin training at around age ten and continue for their whole lives. Inspired by the Haenyeo's remarkable diving abilities, the researchers wanted to know whether they have distinguishable physiological traits that help them cope with the strain of diving, and if so, whether these traits are due to genetic adaptation or training.

x Remember when you first learned about genetics at school? All those fascinating examples of human traits that are each apparently determined by just a single gene? Time to check in on some of your favourites to see how they’re doing. 🧬🧵🧪 1/n — Simon Fisher (@profsimonfisher.bsky.social) 2025-05-02T14:50:34.651Z

Landmark experiment sheds new light on the origins of consciousness

An experiment seven years in the making has uncovered new insights into the nature of consciousness and challenges two prominent, competing scientific theories: Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT). The findings were published today in Nature and mark a pivotal moment in the goal to understand the elusive origins consciousness. IIT suggests that consciousness emerges when information inside a system (like the brain) is highly connected and unified, for as long as the information is consciously perceived, acting as a single whole. On the other hand, GNWT suggests a network of brain areas will spotlight important pieces of information in the brain -- bringing it to the forefront of our minds -- broadcasting it widely the moment it enters consciousness, and this produces conscious experience. The two competing theories were tested against one another in 2019 in a collaborative experiment involving 256 human subjects, and the findings were just released. "Adversarial collaboration fits within the Allen Institute's mission of team science, open science and big science, in service of one of the biggest, and most long-standing, intellectual challenges of humanity: the Mind-Body Problem," said Christof Koch, Ph.D., meritorious investigator at the Allen Institute. "Unravelling this mystery is the passion of my entire life."

Children's reading and writing develop better when they are trained in handwriting

Today, it is common for children's classrooms to have digital resources to be used as tools for certain learning processes. For example, there are computer programs geared towards children who are learning to read and write. Since the exercises that they propose are to be done on computer, the students press keys and buttons, and do away with pencil and paper. To measure the impact of these typing-based methods, a UPV/EHU study made a comparison to analyse the effects of manual and keyboard training on children's skills. "As children write less and less by hand, we wanted to explore the impact of this on alphabetic and orthographic skills. In other words, we wanted to see whether the ability to learn letters and to assimilate and remember word structure develops differently through manual training or the use of keyboards. We concluded that the children who used their hands obtained the best results," explained researcher Joana Acha. To reach this conclusion, an experiment was conducted with 5 to 6-year-olds. This age was chosen because it is the most favourable moment in their development. This is in fact when they begin to acquire the ability to read and write. So 50 children with basic reading comprehension were taught 9 letters of the Georgian and Armenian alphabets, as well as 16 pseudowords invented by the researchers by combining the letters. "The aim was to use letters and words that were completely new to the children to make sure they were learning from scratch. In fact, the studies carried out so far used the alphabets in the children's culture, so it is not so easy to find out the extent to which they did not know the symbols presented," said Acha.

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