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Supply, Underground Injection, and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide [1]

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Date: 2015-10-02 15:24:51-04:00

EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) collects key information regarding the supply, underground injection, and geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the United States. Greenhouse gas (GHG) data from these activities are reported under the following GHGRP subparts:

Suppliers of CO 2 (subpart PP) covers facilities that capture CO 2 from industrial sources and processes or extract it from natural CO 2 -bearing formations for supply into the economy. It also covers facilities that capture and maintain custody of a CO 2 stream in order to sequester or otherwise inject it underground. Capture refers to the initial separation and removal of CO 2 from a manufacturing process or any other process (see 40 CFR Part 98 Subpart PP).

(subpart PP) covers facilities that capture CO from industrial sources and processes or extract it from natural CO -bearing formations for supply into the economy. It also covers facilities that capture and maintain custody of a CO stream in order to sequester or otherwise inject it underground. Capture refers to the initial separation and removal of CO from a manufacturing process or any other process (see 40 CFR Part 98 Subpart PP). Underground injection of CO 2 (subpart UU) covers facilities not reporting under subpart RR that inject CO 2 underground for the enhanced recovery of oil and natural gas, acid gas injection/disposal, carbon storage research and development (R&D), or for any other purpose other than geologic sequestration (see 40 CFR Part 98 Subpart UU).

(subpart UU) covers facilities not reporting under subpart RR that inject CO underground for the enhanced recovery of oil and natural gas, acid gas injection/disposal, carbon storage research and development (R&D), or for any other purpose other than geologic sequestration (see 40 CFR Part 98 Subpart UU). Geologic sequestration of CO 2 (subpart RR) provides a mechanism for facilities to monitor and report to EPA amounts of CO 2 sequestered. Facilities must submit and receive approval for a monitoring, reporting and verification plan (MRV plan) before they can report data under subpart RR. EPA MRV plan decisions can be found on the subpart RR page. Once the plan is approved, facilities report basic information on CO 2 received for injection, data related to the amounts of CO 2 sequestered, and annual monitoring activities (see 40 CFR Part 98 Subpart RR). Note that any subpart RR decision pertains only to subpart RR, and does not in any way replace, remove, or affect Underground Injection Control (UIC) permitting obligations.

GHGRP, 2022a Reporting Facilities Supply of CO 2 (Subpart PP)b Number of suppliers of CO 2 captured (industrial sources) 117 Number of suppliers of CO 2 produced (natural sources) 13 Underground Injection of CO 2 (Subpart UU) Number of facilities reporting CO 2 received for enhanced oil and gas recoveryc 57 Number of facilities reporting CO 2 received for acid gas injection/disposal, and other purposes 27 Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 (Subpart RR) Number of facilities reporting geologic sequestration of CO 2 13 a As of August 18, 2023

b The GHGRP also collects data from importers and exporters of carbon dioxide. These data are not provided in the table but these reporters can be identified through FLIGHT.

c Does not include facilities that conduct enhanced oil and gas recovery and that also report geologic sequestration of CO 2 under Subpart RR.

GHGRP, 2022a Amount (MMT)b Supply of CO 2 c (Subpart PP) 46.7 CO 2 captured (industrial sources) 18.1 CO 2 produced (natural sources) 28.7 Primary End Uses of Captured and Produced CO 2 (Subpart PP) Enhanced oil and gas recovery 36.7 Food and Beverage 5.0 Otherd 5.0 Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 (Subpart RR) CO 2 sequestered in the reporting year (2022) 7.95 a As of August 18, 2023

b Million Metric Tons

c The GHGRP also collects data from importers and exporters of carbon dioxide. These data are not provided in the table but these reporters can be identified through FLIGHT.

d Includes cleaning and solvent use, fumigants and herbicides, transportation and storage of explosives, fire-fighting equipment, industrial and municipal water/wastewater treatment, pulp and paper, metal fabrication, greenhouse plant growth, geologic sequestration, and unknown (which may include enhanced oil and gas recovery).

GHGRP, Cumulative Over All Reporting Yearsa Amount (MMT)b Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 (cumulative CO 2 sequestered by all subpart RR facilities over all reporting years of GHGRP 46.75 a As of August 18, 2023

b Million Metric Tons

Capture and Supply of CO 2

Ethanol, natural gas, and ammonia production are among the top three industrial facility types that capture CO 2 for supply into the economy.

In 20221, most of the CO 2 captured from industrial processes (59 percent) and nearly all of the CO 2 produced from natural sources (92 percent) was used for enhanced oil and gas recovery. Food and beverage manufacturing is the second most common end use, followed by other end uses such as pulp and paper manufacturing, fire-fighting equipment, and metal fabrication.

1 As of 8/18/2023.

Totals may not sum due to independent rounding.

* Includes cleaning and solvent use, fumigants and herbicides, transportation and storage of explosives, fire-fighting equipment, industrial and municipal water/wastewater treatment, pulp and paper, metal fabrication, greenhouse plant growth, geologic sequestration, and unknown (which may include enhanced oil and gas recovery).

Note that some CO 2 suppliers reported the primary end use for captured or produced CO 2 as "unknown." It is believed that the quantities reported by CO 2 suppliers as "unknown" account for the difference between CO 2 received for enhanced oil and gas recovery and CO 2 supplied for enhanced oil and gas recovery.

Underground Injection of CO 2

After CO 2 is captured or produced, it can be compressed and transported to a site where it is injected underground. Some facilities both capture or produce CO 2 and inject it underground onsite.

The primary use of carbon dioxide is for enhanced oil and gas recovery. Enhanced oil and gas recovery helps to mobilize oil and gas in underground hydrocarbon reservoirs, thereby increasing production. While most CO 2 captured or produced is supplied to facilities that conduct enhanced oil and gas recovery, a smaller portion is injected underground for other purposes.

Geologic Sequestration of CO 2

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[1] Url: https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/supply-underground-injection-and-geologic-sequestration-carbon-dioxide

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