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Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center [1]

['Christoph Nedopil Wang', 'Var Molongui_Authorship_Front_Params', 'Byline_Prefix', 'Byline_Suffix', 'Byline_Separator', 'Byline_Last_Separator', 'Byline_Link_Title', 'View All Posts By', 'Byline_Dom_Tree', 'Var Addbylinemodifiers Function']

Date: 2023-06

In March 2022, the number of countries that have joined the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with China is 148*. Accordingly,

149 countries including China are part of the BRI* according to www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn, 149 countries had signed MoUs including Palestine, which is not an independent country under the United Nations.

The countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) are spread across all continents:

44 countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa

35 BRI countries are in Europe & Central Asia

25 BRI countries are in East Asia & Pacific (including China)

21 BRI countries are in Latin America & Caribbean

18 BRI countries in Middle East & North Africa

6 countries are in South East Asia

The BRI also works with 18 countries of the European Union (EU) and 9 countries of the G20.

*For some countries that are listed as having signed an MoU for the BRI, the availability of independent information is limited and partly contradictory . For example, Austria, Niger and Russian Federation have not published a confirmation of signing a full MoU for bilateral cooperation under the BRI or even denied it. Some countries’ MoUs have potentially also expired due to their initial duration of 5 years. Some of these countries are listed as “unclear” in the following map of countries of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – by December 2022, 144 to 148 countries had signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoU) with China to cooperate under the BRI framework

The trade and investment relationship of each BRI country with China is highly specific. More information about some BRI country can be found in the “BRI countries” briefs provided on this website, or on request.

Table of countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

The following table provides an overview of the countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The field income group is according to the World Bank categorization. The * denotes that we could not find independent information about the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding to become an official “country of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Country Region IncomeGroup Afghanistan South Asia Low income Albania Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Algeria Middle East & North Africa Upper middle income Angola Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Antigua and Barbuda Latin America & Caribbean High income Argentina Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Armenia Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Austria* Europe & Central Asia High income Azerbaijan Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Bahrain Middle East & North Africa High income Bangladesh South Asia Lower middle income Barbados Latin America & Caribbean High income Belarus Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Benin Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Bolivia Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Botswana Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income Brunei Darussalam East Asia & Pacific High income Bulgaria Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Burundi Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Cabo Verde Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Cambodia East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Cameroon Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Central African Republic Sub-Saharan Africa Low Income Chad Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Chile Latin America & Caribbean High income China East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Comoros Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Congo, Dem. Rep. Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Congo, Rep.* Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Cook Islands East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Costa Rica Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Côte d'Ivoire Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Croatia Europe & Central Asia High income Cuba Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Cyprus Europe & Central Asia High income Czech Republic Europe & Central Asia High income Djibouti Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Dominica Latin America & Caribbean Low income Dominican Republic Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Ecuador Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Egypt, Arab Rep. Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income El Salvador Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Equatorial Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income Eritrea Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Estonia Europe & Central Asia High income Ethiopia Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Fiji East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Gabon Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income Gambia, The Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Georgia Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Ghana Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Greece Europe & Central Asia High income Grenada Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Guinea-Bissau Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Guyana Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Hungary Europe & Central Asia High income Indonesia East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Iran, Islamic Rep. Middle East & North Africa Upper middle income Iraq Middle East & North Africa Upper middle income Italy Europe & Central Asia High income Jamaica Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Kazakhstan Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Kenya Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Kiribati East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Korea, Rep. East Asia & Pacific High income Kuwait Middle East & North Africa High income Kyrgyz Republic Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Lao PDR East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Latvia Europe & Central Asia High income Lebanon Middle East & North Africa Upper middle income Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Liberia Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Libya Middle East & North Africa Upper middle income Lithuania Europe & Central Asia High income Luxembourg Europe & Central Asia High income Madagascar Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Malaysia East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Maldives South Asia Upper middle income Mali Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Malta Middle East & North Africa High income Mauritania Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Micronesia, Fed. Sts. East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Moldova Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Mongolia East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Montenegro Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Morocco Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Mozambique Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Myanmar East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income Nepal South Asia Low income New Zealand East Asia & Pacific High income Nicaragua Latin America & Caribbean Lower middle income Niger* Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Niue East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income North Macedonia Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Oman Middle East & North Africa High income Pakistan South Asia Lower middle income Panama Latin America & Caribbean High income Papua New Guinea East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Peru Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Philippines East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Poland Europe & Central Asia High income Portugal Europe & Central Asia High income Qatar Middle East & North Africa High income Romania Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Russian Federation* Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Samoa East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Saudi Arabia Middle East & North Africa High income Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Serbia Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Seychelles Sub-Saharan Africa High income Sierra Leone Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Singapore East Asia & Pacific High income Slovak Republic Europe & Central Asia High income Slovenia Europe & Central Asia High income Solomon Islands East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Somalia Sub-Saharan Africa Low income South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Upper middle income South Sudan Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Sri Lanka South Asia Lower middle income Sudan Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Suriname Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Syrian Arab Republic Middle East & North Africa Low income Tajikistan Europe & Central Asia Low income Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Thailand East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Timor-Leste East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Togo Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Tonga East Asia & Pacific Upper middle income Trinidad and Tobago Latin America & Caribbean High income Tunisia Middle East & North Africa Lower middle income Turkey Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Turkmenistan Europe & Central Asia Upper middle income Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Ukraine Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income United Arab Emirates Middle East & North Africa High income Uruguay Latin America & Caribbean High income Uzbekistan Europe & Central Asia Lower middle income Vanuatu East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Venezuela, RB Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Yemen, Rep. Middle East & North Africa Low income Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa Lower middle income Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa Low income

Update and contact

The data for the BRI countries and years of signature of the BRI MoU are based on a number of official, news and web sources. Please contact us ([email protected]) if you have any questions or suggestions.

Recommended citation:

Nedopil, Christoph (2023): “Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative”; Shanghai, Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University, www.greenfdc.org

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[1] Url: https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/#:~:text=The%20countries%20of%20the%20Belt,Asia%20%26%20Pacific%20(including%20China)

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