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Extreme events and gender-based violence: a mixed-methods systematic review [1]
['Kim Robin Van Daalen', 'K.R.Vandaalen Gmail.Com', 'Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit', 'University Of Cambridge', 'Cambridge', 'Sarah Savić Kallesøe', 'Department Of Public Health', 'Primary Care', 'School Of Clinical Medicine', 'Centre For Infectious Disease Genomics']
Date: 2023-01
Peer-reviewed
Anastario et al (2009) 29 Anastario M
Shehab N
Lawry L Increased gender-based violence among women internally displaced in Mississippi 2 years post-Hurricane Katrina. Quantitative, cross-sectional study and a verbally administered randomised questionnaire 2006 and 2007 Mississippi, USA Hurricane Katrina (2005) Physical and sexual gender-based violence, classified as intimate partner violence or sexual violence People who were internally displaced due to Hurricane Katrina and living in Federal Emergency Management Agency travel trailer parks since the 2005, Gulf Coast hurricane season; mean age 42·7 years Partner or ex-partner; no specified perpetrator 106 women in 2006 and 314 women in 2007
Fagen et al (2011) 30 Fagen JL
Sorensen W
Anderson PB Why not the University of New Orleans? Social disorganization and sexual violence among internally displaced women of Hurricane Katrina. Quantitative, cross-sectional study measuring point prevalence twice Spring 2005 (first cross-section) and spring 2006, (second cross-section) USA Hurricane Katrina (2005) Sexual violence, defined as being taken advantage of sexually, forced sexual touching, unwanted sexual intercourse, experiencing sexual assault or sexual harassment, and other known correlates of sexual violence Undergraduate students at the University of New Orleans in the spring semester before Hurricane Katrina (2005) and the spring semester following Hurricane Katrina (2006) that were part of the CORE Alcohol and Drug Survey; age not reported No specific perpetrators reported 237 female students in 2005 and 215 female students in 2006
Harville et al (2011) 31 Harville EW
Taylor CA
Tesfai H
Xu Xiong
Buekens P Experience of Hurricane Katrina and reported intimate partner violence. Quantitative, cross-sectional study using the Conflicts Tactics Scales-2 March, 2006, and May, 2007 USA Hurricane Katrina (2005) Intimate partner violence; four included scales measuring negotiation behaviours (eg, suggesting a compromise); psychologically aggressive behaviours (eg, shouting and yelling); physical assault (eg, punching and kicking); and sexual coercion (eg, insisting on sex and sex without a condom) Post-partum women affected by Hurricane Katrina who were admitted to Tulane Lakeside Hospital, Metairie, LA, or Women's Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA, for childbirth between March, 2006, and May, 2007; age >18 years Intimate partner or ex-partner 123 post-partum women completed the Conflicts Tactics Scales-2
Picardo et al (2010) 32 Picardo CW
Burton S
Naponick J Physically and sexually violent experiences of reproductive-aged women displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Quantitative, cross-sectional study Not reported Louisiana, USA Hurricane Katrina (2005) Physical (eg, being hit or threatened verbally) and sexual (eg, forced to have sex) abuse English-speaking women of a reproductive age displaced by Hurricane Katrina residing in Louisiana Federal Emergency Management Agency housing; aged 19–49 years Spouse, partner, or another person 66 women
Schumacher et al (2010) 33 Schumacher JA
Coffey SF
Norris FH
Tracy M
Clements K
Galea S Intimate partner violence and Hurricane Katrina: predictors and associated mental health outcomes. Quantitative, cross-sectional study measuring point prevalence twice Data collected Feb 24–July 31, 2007 (6 months before and after Hurricane Katrina) USA Hurricane Katrina (2005) Interpersonal violence referring broadly to physical aggression and threats of physical aggression as well as a wide range of psychologically abusive or controlling behaviours perpetrated against a current or former intimate partner Married or cohabitating adults living in 23 southernmost counties of Mississippi at the time of Hurricane Katrina; age >18 years Intimate partner or ex-partner 251 women, 194 men
Thornton and Voigt (2007) 34 Thornton WE
Voigt L Disaster rape: vulnerability of women to sexual assaults during Hurricane Katrina. Qualitative, using content analysis of more than 2500 newspaper articles 2005 USA Hurricane Katrina (2005) Sexual assault (not further defined) Articles were on crime during and following Hurricane Katrina (including mass media reports, daily journals of law enforcement, and victim advocate narratives); age not applicable Not specified Not applicable (as content analysis of newspaper articles)
Temple et al (2011) 35 Temple JR
van den Berg P
Thomas JF
Northcutt J
Thomas C
Freeman Jr, DH Teen dating violence and substance use following a natural disaster: does evacuation status matter?. Quantitative, cross-sectional study March, 2009 USA Hurricane Ike (2008) Teen dating violence, defined as sexual or physical violence towards a dating partner (ie, both perpetration and victimisation) Primarily low-income high-school students who returned to Galveston island post-storm and attended Galveston's only public high school; age >14 years Dating partner 584 girls, 464 boys
Westhoff et al (2008) 36 Westhoff WW
Lopez GE
Zapata LB
Corvin JAW
Allen P
Mcdermott RJ Reproductive health education and services needs of internally displaced persons and refugees following disaster. Quantitative, cross-sectional study using a semi-structured interview Not reported Belize Hurricane Mitch (1998) Gender-based violence, defined as sexual violence (eg, forced to have sex against their will and trading sex for food, protection, or other survival necessities) and domestic violence (ie, did their partner or husband hit them) Refugees and internally displaced people from banana farm workstations or health clinics in Southern Belize were included; mean age 28·8 (SD 10·6) years Husband, friend, family member (eg, father), or other internally displaced person 202 refugees and internally displaced people
Bermudez et al (2019) 37 Bermudez LG
Stark L
Bennouna C
et al. Converging drivers of interpersonal violence: findings from a qualitative study in post-hurricane Haiti. Qualitative, using transcripts obtained with a photo-elicitation approach over the course of three sessions per person (in-depth interviews) October and November, 2017 Southwestern Haiti Hurricane Matthew (2016) Violence against women and violence against children (not further defined) Data from the Transforming Households: Reducing Incidence of Violence in Emergencies project taking place in Côteaux in the Sud department in southwestern Haiti; ages 13–17 years and 25–66 years Not clearly reported 34 comprising of eight adult women, ten adult men, eight adolescent women, and eight adolescent men
Rezwana et al (2020) 38 Rezwana N
Pain R Gender-based violence before, during and after cyclones: slow violence and layered disasters. Qualitative case study with grounded theory approach using in-depth interviews, ethnographic observation, and group discussions 3-month study period in 2016 (following cyclone Roanu) Bangladesh Cyclone Roanu (2016) Gender-based violence, defined as any act that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women; including threats of such coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life Women survivors of gender-based violence and eight men (including two perpetrators of gender-based violence) in the Barguna region (ie, coastal Bangladesh) hit by the cyclone in 2016; age range of the women 17–50 years Spouses, family members, strangers, and acquaintances 29 women survivors of gender-based violence and eight men for context
Nguyen (2018) 3 Nguyen HT Gendered vulnerabilities in times of natural disasters: male-to-female violence in the Philippines in the aftermath of super typhoon Haiyan. Qualitative, using in-depth interviews April, 2014, to May, 2015 Philippines Typhoon Haiyan (also known as Super Typhoon Yolanda) 2013 Violence against women and girls, including domestic violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and incest Sexually abused women and girls, representatives of the community-based and non-governmental organisations, members of international non-governmental organisations and government officials—mostly from the provinces most affected by Typhoon Haiyan; age not reported Family members, acquaintances husbands, partners, strangers, uniformed officials Total 42 including 21 survivors of sexual assault (9 women and 12 girls)
Nguyen and Rydström (2018) 39 Nguyen H
Rydström H Climate disaster, gender, and violence: men's infliction of harm upon women in the Philippines and Vietnam. Qualitative, using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions 2015 Philippines and Vietnam Typhoon Haiyan (also known as Super Typhoon Yolanda) 2013, and Typhoon Nari (also known as Storm Number 11) 2013 Intimate partner violence (eg, beating women) From the Philippines, women who had been subjected to intimate partner violence, activists and scholars of the local universities, and representatives of civil society organisations and governmental agencies, age not reported; from Vietnam, long Lanh men and women and local officials, ages 20–65 years Partner or ex-partner 42 from the Philippines and 147 from Vietnam
Tanyag (2018) 8 Tanyag M Resilience, female altruism, and bodily autonomy: disaster-induced displacement in post-Haiyan Philippines. Qualitative, using in-depth interviews January to April, 2015, and April to May, 2016 Philippines Typhoon Haiyan (also as known as Super Typhoon Yolanda) 2013 Sexual and gender-based violence (not further defined) Informants on the effect of internal displacement post-disaster on women and girls, representing five government agencies, a women's political party, national commission on human rights, nine international humanitarian and development non-governmental organisations, three international organisations, and seven local non-governmental organisations; age not reported Not reported 26 (19 women and 7 men)
Houghton et al (2010) 40 Houghton R
Wilson T
Smith W
Johnston D Domestic violence reporting ‘if there was a dire emergency, we never would have been able to get in there’: domestic violence reporting and disasters. Mixed methods: qualitative, in-depth interviews and quantitative, cross-sectional August, 2008 New Zealand Snowstorm (2006) Domestic violence, defined as a broad range of controlling behaviours, commonly of a physical, sexual, or psychological nature that typically involves fear, intimidation, and emotional deprivation Qualitative interviews with agencies and individuals post-event; data including descriptive statistics from the Women's Refuge database and case file summaries; age not reported Not specifically reported—partners mentioned Seven qualitative interviews; quantitative not reported
Asadullah et al (2020) 41 Asadullah MN
Islam KMM
Wahhaj Z Child marriage, climate vulnerability and natural disasters in coastal Bangladesh. Mixed methods: qualitative, individual open-ended interviews and focus group discussions with women victims; quantitative, cross-sectional survey using structured household interviews Qualitative, May and June, 2016, and quantitative, the 2014 Women's Life Choices and Attitudes Survey Bangladesh: qualitative, eight villages in four southern-western coastal districts and quantitative, four south-western coastal districts and 60 districts Cyclone and storm surge and flood Child marriage, not explicitly defined but mentioned as an arranged marriage before age 18 years The qualitative data were obtained from four coastal districts of Bangladesh; these districts are mostly vulnerable to salinity intrusion, cyclone and storm surge and tidal waters; age range 17–45 years; the quantitative data were from the 2014, Women's Life Choices and Attitudes Survey; age not reported Family members In-depth interviews with 75 women married before age 18 years and eight focus group discussions with three women and two men respondents; quantitative data from 353 women exposed to extreme weather and 5919 controls
Forthergill (1999) 42 Fothergill A An exploratory study of woman battering in the Grand Forks flood disaster: implications for community responses and policies. Qualitative, in-depth interviews 1997–98 USA North Dakota flood (1997) Domestic violence; women battering (not further defined) Women living in Grand Forks (ND, USA) and East Grand Forks (MN, USA) were sampled in the research; the study covered two case studies from the sampled participants; age not reported for the overall sample; the two cases were in their early forties Intimate partner or ex-partner 40 women (of which 20 were interviewed twice); the study details interviews with two women reporting domestic violence
Azad et al (2013) 43 Azad AK
Hossain KM
Nasreen M Flood-induced vulnerabilities and problems encountered by women in northern Bangladesh. Mixed methods: qualitative, interviews, observation (both participatory and non-participatory), and focus group discussions; quantitative, cross-sectional using field survey tools Done in 2011 assessing the experiences of women affected by floods in the past 5 years Northern Bangladesh Floods Domestic violence and sexual violence, general violence, and harassment against women; harassment was defined as violence of mental, physical, or sexual dimensions (eg, mental torture, verbal abuse, physical abuse, beatings from the husband, and sexual violence); note, the study was not specifically assessing gender-based violence The study area is Sirajganj District, which is prone to severe floods. On the basis of the severity of floods over the past 5 years, the present study included women from four sub-districts (known as upazilasii); age not reported Not specifically reported; some women mentioned their husband Quantitative, 185 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted among women affected by floods; qualitative, five focus group discussions with eight to 12 participants and five key informant interviews (eg, with non-governmental organisations)
Frasier et al (2004) 44 Frasier PY
Belton L
Hooten E
et al. Disaster down East: using participatory action research to explore intimate partner violence in eastern North Carolina. Quantitative, cross-sectional survey with 83 questions addressing health and experience with the flood September, 1999 USA Floods following Hurricane Floyd (1999) Intimate partner violence, physical intimate partner violence, eg, pushed, slapped, kicked, or otherwise physically hurt; verbal intimate partner violence, yelled at, put down, yelled at in public, or made to feel bad about themselves; threaten intimate partner violence; threaten to physically hurt Women employed at work sites identified through the North Carolina Manufacturing Directory meeting the following criteria: (1) blue-collar workplaces with >50 permanent employees, (2) at least 50% women, (3) no wellness programme, (4) no participation in a previous Health Works for Women project, and (5) no immediate plans for plant closure; age >18 years Intimate partner or ex-partner 785 women were included in the baseline study
Madhuri (2016) 45 Madhuri The impact of flooding in Bihar, India on women: a qualitative study. Qualitative, using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews Not reported India Floods Eve-teasing (ie, public sexual harassment) and verbal, physical, and sexual harassment and domestic violence Women and girl survivors in flood-affected areas of the Purnia and Katihar districts of Bihar of different ages, castes, and income levels; age range not reported, but included young girls (8 years) and older women (64 years) Not reported About 150 focus group discussions of eight–ten women; ten discussions for in-depth interviews of women heads of household (widows or those deserted by a husband)
Memon (2020) 46 Memon FS Climate change and violence against women: study of a flood-affected population in the rural area of Sindh, Pakistan. Mixed methods: qualitative, in-depth interviews; quantitative, cross-sectional study Not reported Pakistan Floods Emotional violence (ie, verbal, mental, or emotional abuse due to a stressful scenario or gender-specific task and cultural barriers); physical violence (ie, physical abuse that women experience during and after disaster scenarios when women bear physical abuse because of low social status and stress due to loss of income); sexual violence (ie, sexual nature of harassment in the form of inappropriate touch and an increased risk of assaults and harassment due to no-to-little privacy or, in some extreme cases, human trafficking and rape) Women who had been living in settlement camps where temporary flood-relief shelters were made near Larkana and Khairpur for at least 2 years; age not reported Intimate partner or a stranger 20 women (ten from Larkana and ten from Khaipur)
Rashid and Michaud (2000) 47 Rashid SF
Michaud S Female adolescents and their sexuality: notions of honour, shame, purity and pollution during the floods. Qualitative case study using in-depth interviews and informal discussions Not reported (post-1998 floods) Bangladesh Floods Sexual and mental harassment (not further defined) Rural areas of Manikganj, and urban areas of Kamrangichor and Badda in Dhaka with nine girls; aged 15–19 years Strangers Nine girls
Singh (2010) 48 Singh D Gender relations, urban flooding, and the lived experiences of women in informal urban spaces. Qualitative, using in-depth interviews Not reported India Floods Family conflict and violence (not further defined) 15 women from a total of 15 households were selected, ten from Umela Phata and five from Kolivada; age 12–68 years Not reported 15 women, each representing one household
Allen et al (2021) 49 Allen EM
Munala L
Henderson JR Kenyan women bearing the cost of climate change. Quantitative, ecological study 2008 and 2014 Kenya Severe weather events defined as flood >10 days (2006–14) Intimate partner violence, including physical and sexual violence and emotional abuse Demographic and Health Surveys for the health and wellbeing of women and young children in low-income and middle-income countries; the women were of childbearing age and had been married and lived with a man; aged 15–49 years Partner, husband, or other family members 2008, 4903 women and 2014, 4512 women
Díaz and Saldarriaga (2020) 50 Díaz JJ
Saldarriaga V A drop of love? Rainfall shocks and spousal abuse: evidence from rural Peru. Quantitative, ecological study 2005–14 Peru Rainfall shocks (ie, drought and floods) Physical intimate partner violence (eg, slapped, had something thrown at her, pushed, shoved, hair pulled, hit with a fist or something else, choked, burned, threatened with a weapon); sexual interpersonal violence or intimate partner violence (eg, forced to have sexual intercourse or sexual act); emotional or psychological interpersonal violence or intimate partner violence (eg, humiliate her, threatened to hurt or harm her or someone she cared about, or threaten to take away the children) Participants of the Peruvian Demographic and Health Surveys who lived in rural areas of the Peruvian Andes; focused on women who are the female household head, married or cohabit with a partner, and who live in the municipality for at least 1 year; aged 15–49 years Partner or ex-partner 15 110 women (including 640 exposed to a flood event and 421 exposed to a drought event)
Miguel (2005) 51 Miguel E Poverty and witch killing. Quantitative, cross-sectional study combined with longitudinal data on rainfall and murder Surveys from 2001–02; longitudinal rainfall and murder data from 1992–2002; rainfall surveys from 1996–2001 Tanzania Extreme rainfall (ie, drought or flood; 1996–2001) Witch killings and murders of older women Data came from the Village Council Survey and the Household survey; the Village Council Survey was administered in 71 villages and relied both on interviews with village council members and local administrative records; the household survey was administered to households from each village randomly sampled from the Village Tax Register; mean age of murder victims was 57·6 years Witch killers 67 villages; five–15 village officials interviewed; rainfall data from the station in the district capital; 1293 households (ie, 15–20 per village)
Ahmed et al (2019) 52 Ahmed KJ
Haq SMA
Bartiaux F The nexus between extreme weather events, sexual violence, and early marriage: a study of vulnerable populations in Bangladesh. Mixed methods: quantitative, cross-sectional using a questionnaire; qualitative, open-ended in-depth interviews June to September, 2015 Bangladesh (Sunamganj and Brahmanbaria) Flash flooding, cyclones, and floods related to cyclones Early female marriage (ie, child marriage) and sexual violence, defined as marriage of girls <18 years; sexual violence, referring to rape, sexual abuse, unwanted touching, being coerced, threatened, or otherwise forced to watch private sexual acts Participating households were recruited from two geographic units (ie, villages) that were highly vulnerable to flooding (Alipur) and cyclones (Chandi); aged 15–49 years Not fully specified, among others spouse 120 household heads across the two villages; 42 households from Alipur and 78 households from Chandi
Cools et al (2020) 53 Cools S
Flatø M
Kotsadam A Rainfall shocks and intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa. Quantitative, cross-sectional study with repeated cross-sectional surveys for nine out of 17 included countries. 2003–13 17 unspecified countries in sub-Saharan Africa Rainfall shocks, including drought (2003–13) Intimate partner violence, including pushing, shaking, slapping, throwing something at her, or twisting an arm, striking with a fist or something that could cause injury, kicking or dragging, attempting to strangle or burn, threatening with a knife, gun, or another type of weapon, and attacking with a knife, gun, or another type of weapon, physically forcing intercourse or any other sexual acts, or forcing her to perform sexual acts with threats or in any other way Women living in 17 unspecified countries across sub-Saharan Africa who answered the Demographic and Health Surveys, aged 15–49 years Most recent partner or husband The complete cross-sectional sample used in the first part of the analysis has 149 032 women; in the second part of the analysis, the sample is limited to nine countries with repeated surveys; the third part of the analysis has 50 512 women who experienced violence from their most recent partner in 1060 grid cells
Epstein et al (2020) 54 Epstein A
Bendavid E
Nash D
Charlebois ED
Weiser SD Drought and intimate partner violence towards women in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 2011–2018: a population-based study. Quantitative, cross-sectional study 2011–18 19 sub-Saharan African countries (including Sierra Leone, Togo, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Gabon, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, and Angola) Extreme rainfall and drought (2011–18) Intimate partner violence, including experience of a controlling partner and experiencing emotional violence, physical violence, or sexual violence in the 12 months before the survey Data on intimate partner violence, household, and community characteristics were ascertained from the Demographic and Health Surveys from partnered women aged 15–49 years Intimate partner or husband 83 990 partnered women of whom 9019 experienced severe drought and 19 639 experienced mild or moderate drought
Cooper et al (2021) 55 Cooper M
Sandler A
Vitellozzi S
et al. Re-examining the effects of drought on intimate-partner violence. 54 Epstein A
Bendavid E
Nash D
Charlebois ED
Weiser SD Drought and intimate partner violence towards women in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 2011–2018: a population-based study. Quantitative, ecological study 2000–18 Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia Extreme rainfall and droughts (2000–18) Intimate partner violence, including physical violence, sexual violence, emotional violence, and controlling behaviours Demographic Health Surveys data from sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia; aged 15–49 years Partner or husband 363 428 women from 40 countries
Rai et al (2020) 56 Rai A
Sharma AJ
Subramanyam MA Droughts, cyclones, and intimate partner violence: a disastrous mix for Indian women. Quantitative, cross-sectional study using the National Family Survey-4 combined with data from the Emergency Events Database and the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare January, 2015, to December, 2016 (National Family Survey-4), merged with drought data from January, 2015, to December, 2016, and Emergency Events Database from 2013–14 India Drought (2015–16) and cyclones (2013–14) Intimate partner violence, including emotional violence (whether the respondent was insulted, humiliated, or threatened by the husband or partner), physical violence (whether the respondent was pushed, slapped, punched, kicked, strangled, had hair pulled, or was threatened with a knife by the husband or partner), sexual violence (whether the respondent was ever forced into unwanted sex or physically forced to perform sexual acts by the husband or partner) A nationally representative sample of ever-married women aged 15–49 years living across ten drought-affected states and the four states that were exposed to two cyclones in 2013 and 2014 is part of the National Family Survey-4 Intimate partner or husband 31 045 affected by drought and 8469 affected by cyclones, 39 514 total
Corno et al (2020) 57 Corno L
Hildebrandt N
Voena A Age of marriage, weather shocks, and the direction of marriage payments. Quantitative, ecological study using a simple equilibrium model of the marriage market Sub-Saharan Africa 1994 and 2013; India 1998 Sub-Saharan Africa and India Extreme rainfall and drought (referred to as weather shocks) Early or child marriage (ie, <18 years of age) Sub-Saharan Africa, women who were part of the Demographic and Health Surveys in 1994 and 2013, aged 25–49 years; India, ever-married women that were part of the Demographic and Health Surveys in 1998, aged 25–49 years Family members 400 000 women
Esho et al (2021) 58 Esho T
Komba E
Richard F
Shell-Duncan B Intersections between climate change and female genital mutilation among the Maasai of Kajiado County, Kenya. Qualitative, using focus group discussions and key informant interviews 2020 Kenya Extreme rainfall and drought Early marriage (ie, <18 years of age) and female genital mutilation (ie, cutting off parts of the female external genitalia for non-medical reasons) Key informants included government and community representatives such as county ministries for land, education, and health, administrative chiefs, community elders, parents; focus group discussion participants including young women who were beneficiaries of the 2017 Kajiado Technical Vocational and Education Training programme aged 18–25 years Family members 12 key informants and eight women focus group discussion participants
Sekhri and Storeygard (2011) 59 Sekhri S
Storeygard A The impact of climate variability on crimes against women: dowry deaths. Quantitative, ecological study 2002–07 India Dry shocks (ie, below average rainfall) Crimes against women including dowry deaths, domestic violence, sexual harassment, murder, and kidnapping Crime data from the National Crime Records Bureau (Ministry of Home Affairs), district-level demographic data from the 2001 Census of India, dowry data from the Gender, Marriage, and Kindship Survey; age not reported Partner (or husband) or ex-partner, family members, or a stranger Not applicable
Hossen et al (2021) 60 Hossen MA
Benson D
Hossain SZ
Sultana Z
Rahman MM Gendered perspectives on climate change adaptation: a quest for social sustainability in Badlagaree village, Bangladesh. Qualitative, using focus group discussions (ethnographic) 2018–20 Bangladesh Drought Early marriage (ie, <18 years of age), physical (eg, kicking, shaking, or pushing), emotional or psychological and sexual violence (eg, rape), and violence in the workplace Women aged ≥40 years living in Badlagaree village and the Gaibandha district Family member, husband, factory owner, or fellow worker 47 women
Carrico et al (2020) 61 Carrico AR
Donato KM
Best KB
Gilligan J Extreme weather and marriage among girls and women in Bangladesh. Quantitative, cross-sectional study Retroactive data was collected in 2014 for the time of interest (from 1989 to 2013) Bangladesh Heat waves and dry spells (the authors constructed two extreme weather variables: Warm Spell Duration Indicator and Consecutive Dry Days; 1989–2013) Age at marriage, including early (ie, <18 years of age) and forced marriage among girls and women; conditions of marriage including acceptance of less desirable marriage proposals for daughters and irrespective of age Administered the Bangladesh Environment and Migration Survey to 1695 randomly selected households in nine mouzas; aged 18–23 years Family members First marriages of women aged 11–23 years, 615 women household heads and marriage conditions, 505 women household heads
Sanz-Barbero et al (2018) 62 Sanz-Barbero B
Linares C
Vives-Cases C
González JL
López-Ossorio JJ
Díaz J Heat wave and the risk of intimate partner violence. Quantitative, ecological longitudinal time-series study 2008–16 summertime (ie, May 1 to September 30) Madrid, Spain Heatwave (daily maximum temperature above heatwave threshold of 34°C; 2008–16) Intimate partner femicides, reports on intimate partner violence and 016 interpersonal violence or intimate partner violence telephone helpline calls (not further defined) People calling the 016 helpline for interpersonal violence or intimate partner violence from the government delegation for gender violence, police reports on interpersonal violence or intimate partner violence and intimate partner femicides from the integral monitoring system for the case of gender violence of the Ministry of Interior; age not reported Not reported but partner by gender-based violence definition used Population of Madrid—study period is 1377 days in the summertime
Molyneaux et al (2020) 63 Molyneaux R
Gibbs L
Bryant RA
et al. Interpersonal violence and mental health outcomes following disaster. Quantitative, cross-sectional study April, 2012, to January, 2013 Australia Black Saturday bushfires (2009) Violence or assault against women with a specific focus on interpersonal violence (ie, violence directed against an intimate partner or ex-partner) 25 communities across ten Victorian rural and regional locations divided across bushfire-affectedness using the Victorian Government Rapid Impact Assessment process; age range 18·3–87·7 years Intimate partner or ex-partner 967 included in the analysis, 585 (60%) women
Parkinson and Zara (2013) 64 Parkinson D
Zara C The hidden disaster: domestic violence in the aftermath of natural disaster. Qualitative, using in-depth interviews Not reported Australia Black Saturday bushfires (2009) Domestic violence (not further defined) Women from Mitchell and Murrindindi were recruited through advertisements in newspapers and flyers placed in key community areas or through word of mouth; age not reported Intimate partner or ex-partner 30 women and 47 workers
Parkinson (2019) 65 Parkinson D Investigating the increase in domestic violence post disaster: an Australian case study. Qualitative, using in-depth interviews 2009 to 2011 Australia Black Saturday bushfires (2009) Domestic or interpersonal violence (not further defined) Women from the local government areas of Mitchell and Murrindindi in the Victoria region as they were the worst affected areas on Black Saturday with 159 of the total 173 deaths; aged 20s-60s years Intimate partner or ex-partner 30 women
Grey literature
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 66 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Gender-based violence prevention and response during natural disasters. Mixed methods: quantitative, using cross-sectional household surveys and qualitative, using focus group discussions and key informant interviews May–November, 2017 Philippines, Indonesia, Laos Philippines, Typhoon Haiyan (2013); Indonesia, the Western Nusa Tenggara floods (2017) and Aceh Earthquake (2016); Laos, Oudomxay floods (2016) and Typhoon Ketsana (2009) Early marriage (ie, <18 years of age), domestic violence (not further defined) Participants of household surveys and focus group discussions initiated by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; age not reported Husbands, strangers, and community members Total, 1778 survey participants, 358 focus group discussion participants, and 58 key informants; from the Philippines, 805 household surveys and 12 focus group discussions; from Indonesia, 709 household surveys and 16 focus group discussions; from Laos, 265 household surveys and four focus group discussions
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