Title 14--Aeronautics and Space
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
SUBCHAPTER D--AIRMEN
PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS AND FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
SFAR No. 58
SFAR No. 63--Relief for Participants in Operation Desert
Shield/Storm
Subpart A--General
Sec. 61.1 Applicability.
Sec. 61.2 Certification of foreign pilots and flight
instructors.
Sec. 61.3 Requirement for certificates, rating, and
authorizations.
Sec. 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
Sec. 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.9 Exchange of obsolete certificates and ratings for
current certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
Sec. 61.13 Application and qualification.
Sec. 61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
Sec. 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
Sec. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish
test results.
Sec. 61.17 Temporary certificate.
Sec. 61.19 Duration of pilot and flight instructor
certificates.
Sec. 61.21 Duration of Category II pilot authorization.
Sec. 61.23 Duration of medical certificates.
Sec. 61.25 Change of name.
Sec. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
Sec. 61.29 Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
Sec. 61.31 General limitations.
Sec. 61.33 Tests: General procedure.
Sec. 61.35 Written test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
Sec. 61.37 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized
conduct.
Sec. 61.39 Prerequisites for flight tests.
Sec. 61.41 Flight instruction received from flight instructors
not certificated by FAA.
Sec. 61.43 Flight tests: General procedures.
Sec. 61.45 Flight tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
Sec. 61.47 Flight tests: Status of FAA inspectors and other
authorized flight examiners.
Sec. 61.49 Retesting after failure.
Sec. 61.51 Pilot logbooks.
Sec. 61.53 Operations during medical deficiency.
Sec. 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
Sec. 61.56 Flight review.
Sec. 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
Sec. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of
aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
Sec. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of
applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
Sec. 61.60 Change of address.
Subpart B--Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates
Sec. 61.61 Applicability.
Sec. 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than airline
transport pilot).
Sec. 61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
Sec. 61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
Sec. 61.69 Glider towing: Experience and instruction
requirements.
Sec. 61.71 Graduates of certificated flying schools: Special
rules.
Sec. 61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special
rules.
Sec. 61.75 Pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot
license.
Sec. 61.77 Special purpose pilot certificate: Operation of
U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased by a person not a
U.S. citizen.
Subpart C--Student and Recreational Pilots
Sec. 61.81 Applicability.
Sec. 61.83 Eligibility requirements: Student pilots.
Sec. 61.85 Application.
Sec. 61.87 Solo flight requirements for student pilots.
Sec. 61.89 General limitations.
Sec. 61.91 Aircraft limitations: Pilot in command.
Sec. 61.93 Cross-country flight requirements (for student and
recreational pilots seeking private pilot certification).
Sec. 61.95 Operations in a terminal control area and at
airports located within a terminal control area.
Sec. 61.96 Eligibility requirements: Recreational pilots.
Sec. 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
Sec. 61.98 Flight proficiency.
Sec. 61.99 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.100 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
Subpart D--Private Pilots
Sec. 61.102 Applicability.
Sec. 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
Sec. 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
Sec. 61.107 Flight proficiency.
Sec. 61.109 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small
islands.
Sec. 61.113 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.115 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.117 Lighter-than-air rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.118 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in
command.
Sec. 61.119 Free balloon rating: Limitations.
Sec. 61.120 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in
command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
Subpart E--Commercial Pilots
Sec. 61.121 Applicability.
Sec. 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
Sec. 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
Sec. 61.127 Flight proficiency.
Sec. 61.129 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.131 Rotorcraft ratings: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.133 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.135 Airship rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.137 Free balloon rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.139 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations:
General.
Sec. 61.141 Airship and free balloon ratings: Limitations.
Subpart F--Airline Transport Pilots
Sec. 61.151 Eligibility requirements: General.
Sec. 61.153 Airplane rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
Sec. 61.155 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.157 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill.
Sec. 61.159 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
Sec. 61.161 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
Sec. 61.163 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill.
Sec. 61.165 Additional category ratings.
Sec. 61.167 Tests.
Sec. 61.169 Instruction in air transportation service.
Sec. 61.171 General privileges and limitations.
Subpart G--Flight Instructors
Sec. 61.181 Applicability.
Sec. 61.183 Eligibility requirements: General.
Sec. 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
Sec. 61.187 Flight proficiency.
Sec. 61.189 Flight instructor records.
Sec. 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
Sec. 61.193 Flight instructor authorizations.
Sec. 61.195 Flight instructor limitations.
Sec. 61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
Sec. 61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.201 Conversion to new system of instructor ratings.
Appendix A to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Airplane
Airline Transport Pilot Certificates and Associated Class and
Type Ratings
Appendix B to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Rotorcraft
Airline Transport Pilot Certificates with a Helicopter Class
Rating and Associated Type Ratings
SFAR No. 58
EDITORIAL NOTE: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this chapter.
SUMMARY: This Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) establishes a
voluntary, alternative method for the training, evaluation, certification,
and qualification requirements of flight crewmembers, flight attendants,
aircraft dispatchers, instructors, evaluators and other operations personnel
subject to the training and qualification requirements of 14 CFR parts 121
and 135. The FAA has developed this alternative method in response to
recommendations made by representatives from the government, airlines,
aircrew professional organizations, and airline industry organizations. The
SFAR is designed to improve aircrew performance and allows certificate
holders that are subject to the training requirements of parts 121 and 135 to
develop innovative training programs that incorporate the most recent
advances in training methods and techniques.
SFAR No. 63--Relief for Participants in Operation Desert Shield/Storm
Sections
1. Applicability.
2. Required documents.
3. Expiration date.
1. Applicability. Contrary provisions of part 61 notwithstanding, under the
procedures prescribed herein, Flight Standards District Offices (FSDO) are
authorized to accept an expired flight instructor certificate to show
eligibility for the renewal of a person's flight instructor certificate in
accordance with the provisions of Sec. 61.197, or an expired written test
report to show eligibility under part 61 to take a flight/ practical test,
provided--
a. It is submitted by a civilian or military person who served in support
of Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990
to December 31, 1992;
b. The person's flight instructor certificate and/or airman written test
report expired within the time period from 60 days prior to assignment to 60
days after reassignment from support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm; and
c. The person complies with the appropriate requirements of Sec. 61.197 or
completes the required flight/practical test, as appropriate, within 6
calendar months following the date of reassignment from Operation Desert
Shield/Storm or by December 31, 1992, whichever date is sooner.
2. Required documents. The FSDO and applicant shall include one of the
following documents with the airman application, and the documents must show
the dates of assignment to and reassignment from support of Operation Desert
Shield/Storm:
a. Official government documents showing the person was a civilian on
official duty for the United States Government in support of Operation Desert
Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
b. Military orders showing the person was a member of the uniformed
services assigned to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm during
the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
c. Military orders showing the person was an active member of the National
Guard or Reserve called to active duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/
Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992; or
d. A letter from the unit commander providing inclusive dates during which
the person served in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time
period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires December 31, 1992, unless sooner
superseded or rescinded.
SUMMARY: The FAA is issuing this Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR)
to provide certain regulatory relief to civilian and military personnel who
have been or are serving in an assignment in support of Operation Desert
Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992.
This SFAR permits Flight Standards District Offices (FSDO) to accept expired
flight instructor certificates, inspection authorizations, and/or airman
written test reports for meeting certain eligibility requirements under the
current rules. This action is necessary because the FAA has determined that
these personnel may be unable to meet the regulatory time limits of their
flight instructor certificate, inspection authorization, and/or airman
written test report as a result of their assignment. This action is intended
to alleviate potential hardships that result from the imposition of time
requirements established in the regulations on flight instructor
certificates, inspection authorizations, and/or airman written test reports.
(a) This part prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot and flight
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the privileges and limitations of
those certificates and ratings.
(b) Except as provided in Sec. 61.71, an applicant for a certificate or
rating must meet the requirements of this part.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-63, 39 FR 20057, June 6, 1974; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991;
56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and
the operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.2 Certification of foreign pilots and flight instructors.
A person who is neither a United States citizen nor a resident alien is
issued a certificate under this part (other than under Sec. 61.75 or Sec.
61.77), outside the United States, only when the Administrator finds that the
pilot certificate is needed for the operation of a U.S.-registered civil
aircraft or finds that the flight instructor certificate is needed for the
training of students who are citizens of the United States.
[Amdt. 61-72, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 61.3 Requirement for certificates, rating, and authorizations.
(a) Pilot certificate. No person may act as pilot in command or in any
other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of
United States registry unless he has in his personal possession a current
pilot certificate issued to him under this part. However, when the aircraft
is operated within a foreign country a current pilot license issued by the
country in which the aircraft is operated may be used.
(b) Pilot certificate: foreign aircraft. No person may, within the United
States, act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required pilot
flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of foreign registry unless he has in
his personal possession a current pilot certificate issued to him under this
part, or a pilot license issued to him or validated for him by the country in
which the aircraft is registered.
(c) Medical certificate. Except for free balloon pilots piloting balloons
and glider pilots piloting gliders, no person may act as pilot in command or
in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft
under a certificate issued to him under this part, unless he has in his
personal possession an appropriate current medical certificate issued under
Part 67 of this chapter. However, when the aircraft is operated within a
foreign country with a current pilot license issued by that country, evidence
of current medical qualification for that license, issued by that country,
may be used. In the case of a pilot certificate issued on the basis of a
foreign pilot license under Sec. 61.75, evidence of current medical
qualification accepted for the issue of that license is used in place of a
medical certificate.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. Except for lighter-than-air flight
instruction in lighter-than-air aircraft, and for instruction in air
transportation service given by the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot
Certificate under Sec. 61.169, no person other than the holder of a flight
instructor certificate issued by the Administrator with an appropriate rating
on that certificate may--
(1) Give any of the flight instruction required to qualify for a solo
flight, solo cross-country flight, or for the issue of a pilot or flight
instructor certificate or rating;
(2) Endorse a pilot logbook to show that he has given any flight
instruction; or
(3) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for solo operating
privileges.
(e) Instrument rating. No person may act as pilot in command of a civil
aircraft under instrument flight rules, or in weather conditions less than
the minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless--
(1) In the case of an airplane, he holds an instrument rating or an airline
transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating on it;
(2) In the case of a helicopter, he holds a helicopter instrument rating or
an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating not limited to VFR;
(3) In the case of a glider, he holds an instrument rating (airplane) or an
airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating; or
(4) In the case of an airship, he holds a commercial pilot certificate with
lighter-than-air category and airship class ratings.
(f) Category II pilot authorization. (1) No person may act as pilot in
command of a civil aircraft in a Category II operation unless he holds a
current Category II pilot authorization for that type aircraft or, in the
case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, he is authorized by the country
of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category II
operations.
(2) No person may act as second in command of a civil aircraft in a
Category II operation unless he holds a current appropriate instrument rating
or an appropriate airline transport pilot certificate or, in the case of a
civil aircraft of foreign registry, he is authorized by the country of
registry to act as second in command of that aircraft in Category II
operations.
This paragraph does not apply to operations conducted by the holder of a
certificate issued under Parts 121 and 135 of this chapter.
(g) Category A aircraft pilot authorization. The Administrator may issue a
certificate of authorization to the pilot of a small aircraft identified as a
Category A aircraft in Sec. 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter to use that aircraft
in a Category II operation, if he finds that the proposed operation can be
safely conducted under the terms of the certificate. Such authorization does
not permit operation of the aircraft carrying persons or property for
compensation or hire.
(h) Inspection of certificate. Each person who holds a pilot certificate,
flight instructor certificate, medical certificate, authorization, or license
required by this part shall present it for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator, an authorized representative of the National Transportation
Safety Board, or any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
Sec. 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
(a) The following certificates are issued under this part:
(1) Pilot certificates:
(i) Student pilot.
(ii) Recreational pilot.
(iii) Private pilot.
(iv) Commercial pilot.
(v) Airline transport pilot.
(2) Flight instructor certificates.
(b) The following ratings are placed on pilot certificates (other than
student pilot) where applicable:
(1) Aircraft category ratings:
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(iv) Lighter-than-air.
(2) Airplane class ratings:
(i) Single-engine land.
(ii) Multiengine land.
(iii) Single-engine sea.
(iv) Multiengine sea.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings:
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Lighter-than-air class ratings:
(i) Airship.
(ii) Free balloon.
(5) Aircraft type ratings are listed in Advisory Circular 61-1 entitled
"Aircraft Type Ratings." This list includes ratings for the following:
(i) Large aircraft, other than lighter-than-air.
(ii) Small turbojet-powered airplanes.
(iii) Small helicopters for operations requiring an airline transport pilot
certificate.
(iv) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator through
aircraft type certificate procedures.
(6) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot certificates only):
(i) Instrument--airplanes.
(ii) Instrument--helicopter.
(c) The following ratings are placed on flight instructor certificates
where applicable:
(1) Aircraft category ratings:
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(2) Airplane class ratings:
(i) Single-engine.
(ii) Multiengine.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings:
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Instrument ratings:
(i) Instrument--airplane.
(ii) Instrument--helicopter.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13037, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
(a) The holder of a free balloon pilot certificate issued before November
1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that certificate.
(b) The holder of a pilot certificate that bears any of the following
category ratings without an associated class rating, may not exercise the
privileges of that category rating:
(1) Rotorcraft.
(2) Lighter-than-air.
(3) Helicopter.
(4) Autogiro.
Sec. 61.9 Exchange of obsolete certificates and ratings for current
certificates and ratings.
(a) The holder of an unexpired free balloon pilot certificate, or an
unexpired pilot certificate with an obsolete category rating listed in Sec.
61.7(b) may exchange that certificate for a certificate with the following
applicable category and class rating, without a further showing of
competency, until October 31, 1975. After that date, a free balloon pilot
certificate or certificate with an obsolete rating expires.
(b) Private or commercial pilot certificate with rotorcraft category
rating. The holder of a private or commercial pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category rating is issued that certificate with a rotorcraft
category rating, and a helicopter or gyroplane class rating, depending upon
whether a helicopter or a gyroplane is used to qualify for the rotorcraft
category rating.
(c) Private or commercial pilot certificate with helicopter or autogiro
category rating. The holder of a private or commercial pilot certificate with
a helicopter or autogiro category rating is issued that certificate with a
rotorcraft category rating and a helicopter class rating (in the case of a
helicopter category rating), or a gyroplane class rating (in the case of an
autogiro rating).
(d) Airline transport pilot certificate with helicopter or autogiro
category rating. The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate with a
helicopter or autogiro category rating is issued that certificate with a
rotorcraft category rating (limited to VFR) and a helicopter class and type
rating (in the case of a helicopter category rating), or a gyroplane class
rating (in the case of an autogiro category rating).
(e) Airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating
(without a class rating). The holder of an airline transport pilot
certificate with a rotorcraft category rating (without a class rating) is
issued that certificate with a rotorcraft category rating limited to VFR, and
a helicopter and type rating or a gyroplane class rating, depending upon
whether a helicopter or gyroplane is used to qualify for the rotorcraft
category rating.
(f) Free balloon pilot certificate. The holder of a free balloon pilot
certificate is issued a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating and a free balloon class rating. However, a free balloon
class rating may be issued with the limitations provided in Sec. 61.141.
(g) Lighter-than-air pilot certificate or pilot certificate with lighter-
than-air category (without a class rating). (1) In the case of an application
made before November 1, 1975, the holder of a lighter-than-air pilot
certificate or a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating
(without a class rating) is issued a private or commercial pilot certificate,
as appropriate, with a lighter-than-air category rating and airship and free
balloon class ratings.
(2) In the case of an application made after October 31, 1975, the holder
of a lighter-than-air pilot certificate with an airship rating issued prior
to November 1, 1973, may be issued a free balloon class rating upon passing
the appropriate flight test in a free balloon.
Sec. 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
(a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may exercise
the privileges of that pilot certificate, or rating.
(b) Except as provided, the following certificates and ratings have expired
and are not reissued:
(1) An airline transport pilot certificate issued before May 1, 1949, or
containing a horsepower rating. However, an airline transport pilot
certificate bearing an expiration date and issued after April 30, 1949, may
be reissued without an expiration date if it does not contain a horsepower
rating.
(2) A private or commercial pilot certificate, or a lighter-than-air or
free balloon pilot certificate, issued before July 1, 1945. However, each of
those certificates issued after June 30, 1945, and bearing an expiration
date, may be reissued without an expiration date.
(c) A private or commercial pilot certificate or a special purpose pilot
certificate, issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license, expires on the
expiration date stated thereon. A certificate without an expiration date is
issued to the holder of the expired certificate only if he meets the
requirements of Sec. 61.75 for the issue of a pilot certificate based on a
foreign pilot license.
Sec. 61.13 Application and qualification.
(a) An application for a certificate and rating or for an additional rating
under this part is made on a form and in a manner prescribed by the
Administrator. Each person who is neither a United States citizen nor a
resident alien must show evidence that the fee prescribed by Appendix A of
Part 187 of this chapter has been paid if that person--
(1) Applies for a student pilot certificate to be issued outside the United
States; or
(2) Applies for a written or practical test to be administered outside the
United States for any certificate or rating issued under this part.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this part is entitled to an
appropriate pilot certificate with aircraft ratings. Additional aircraft
category, class, type and other ratings, for which the applicant is
qualified, are added to his certificate. However, the Administrator may
refuse to issue certificates to persons who are not citizens of the United
States and who do not reside in the United States.
(c) An applicant who cannot comply with all of the flight proficiency
requirements prescribed by this part because the aircraft used by him for his
flight training or flight test is characteristically incapable of performing
a required pilot operation, but who meets all other requirements for the
certificate or rating sought, is issued the certificate or rating with
appropriate limitations.
(d) An applicant for a pilot certificate who holds a medical certificate
under Sec. 67.19 of this chapter with special limitations on it, but who
meets all other requirements for that pilot certificate, is issued a pilot
certificate containing such operating limitations as the Administrator
determines are necessary because of the applicant's medical deficiency.
(e) A Category II pilot authorization is issued as a part of the
applicant's instrument rating or airline transport pilot certificate. Upon
original issue the authorization contains a limitation for Category II
operations of 1,600 feet RVR and a 150 foot decision height. This limitation
is removed when the holder shows that since the beginning of the sixth
preceding month he has made three Category II ILS approaches to a landing
under actual or simulated instrument conditions with a 150 foot decision
height.
(f) Unless authorized by the Administrator--
(1) A person whose pilot certificate is suspended may not apply for any
pilot or flight instructor certificate or rating during the period of
suspension; and
(2) A person whose flight instructor certificate only is suspended may not
apply for any rating to be added to that certificate during the period of
suspension.
(g) Unless the order of revocation provides otherwise--
(1) A person whose pilot certificate is revoked may not apply for any pilot
or flight instructor certificate or rating for 1 year after the date of
revocation; and
(2) A person whose flight instructor certificate only is revoked may not
apply for any flight instructor certificate for 1 year after the date of
revocation.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-72, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) This section applies to an employee who performs a function listed in
appendix I or appendix J to part 121 of this chapter directly or by contract
for a part 121 certificate holder, a part 135 certificate holder, or an
operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this chapter.
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to take a
drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121 or an
alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part 121 is
grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued under
this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such refusal; and
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this
part.
SUMMARY: This final rule prescribes regulations establishing the aviation
industry alcohol misuse prevention program. It includes requirements for an
alcohol testing program for air carrier employees who perform safety-
sensitive duties, in implementation of the FAA-related provisions of the
Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991, which was enacted on
October 28, 1991. Employees who perform safety-sensitive duties directly or
by contract for aviation employers that hold a certificate issued under
certain FAA regulations, operators as defined in the regulations, or air
traffic control facilities not operated by the FAA or the U.S. military must
be subject to an FAA-mandated alcohol misuse prevention program (AMPP). This
final rule requires alcohol testing of these employees, proscribes certain
alcohol-related conduct, and establishes specified consequences for engaging
in alcohol misuse. Employers must provide written materials to covered
employees explaining the program and educating employees about the dangers of
alcohol misuse. Employers must also submit reports to the FAA on the results
of the program. This rule is intended to ensure that public safety is
maintained by preventing alcohol misuse by safety-sensitive aviation
employees.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute relating
to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition, possession,
transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marihuana, or depressant or
stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued under
this Part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this
part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited by Sec. 91.17(a) or Sec. 91.19(a)
of this chapter is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued under this
part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this
part.
(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, a motor
vehicle action means--
(1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation of any Federal
or state statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle while
intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or
while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;
(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to operate a
motor vehicle by a state after November 29, 1990, for a cause related to the
operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while
impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a
drug; or
(3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for a license to
operate a motor vehicle by a state for a cause related to the operation of a
motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by
alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug.
(d) Except in the case of a motor vehicle action that results from the same
incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a motor vehicle
action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle action is grounds
for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued under
this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the last motor
vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this
part.
(e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part shall provide
a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil Aviation
Security Division (AAC-700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not
later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The report must include--
(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman certificate
number;
(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the
administrative action;
(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;
(4) The state that holds the record of conviction or administrative action;
and
(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from the same
incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances related to a
previously-reported motor vehicle action.
(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued under
this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the motor vehicle
action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this
part.
[Doc. No. 21956, Amdt. 61-74, 50 FR 15379, Apr. 17, 1985, as amended by Amdt.
61-84, 54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989; Amdt. 61-87, 55 FR 31309, Aug. 1, 1990; 55
FR 41415, Oct. 11, 1990]
SUMMARY: This final rule sets forth regulations under which the FAA may
deny an application for, and suspend or revoke, an airman certificate or
rating if an individual has had two or more alcohol- or drug-related motor
vehicle convictions or state motor vehicle administrative actions within a
3-year period (motor vehicle actions). The rule requires pilots to report to
the FAA in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, all alcohol- or drug-related motor
vehicle convictions or state motor vehicle administrative actions that occur
after the effective date of the final rule. The rule also amends the FAA's
medical certification rules to include an "express consent" provision that
authorizes the FAA to obtain information from the National Driver Register.
The rule is needed to prohibit a pilot from operating an aircraft after
multiple alcohol- or drug-related motor vehicle actions. It is also needed to
verify traffic conviction information required to be reported on the airman
medical application and to evaluate whether the airman meets the minimum
standards to be issued an airman medical certificate. The rule is intended to
enhance safety in air travel and air commerce, and is necessary to remove
from navigable airspace pilots who demonstrate an unwillingness or inability
to comply with certain safety regulations and to assist in the identification
of personnel who do not meet the medical standards of the regulations.
Sec. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight of
alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in
accordance with Sec. 91.11(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish or
authorize the release of the test results requested by the Administrator in
accordance with Sec. 91.17 (c) or (d) of this chapter, is grounds for--
(a) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued under
this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that refusal; or
(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this
part.
[Doc. No. 21956, Amdt. 61-76, 51 FR 1229, Jan. 9, 1986, as amended by Amdt.
61-84, 54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Effective Date Note: At 54 FR 34330, August 18, 1989, Sec. 61.16 was
amended by changing the cross reference "Sec. 91.11(c) or (d)" to read "Sec.
91.17(c) or (d)", effective August 18, 1990.
Sec. 61.17 Temporary certificate.
(a) A temporary pilot or flight instructor certificate, or a rating,
effective for a period of not more than 120 days, is issued to a qualified
applicant pending a review of his qualifications and the issuance of a
permanent certificate or rating by the Administrator. The permanent
certificate or rating is issued to an applicant found qualified and a denial
thereof is issued to an applicant found not qualified.
(b) A temporary certificate issued under paragraph (a) of this section
expires--
(1) At the end of the expiration date stated thereon; or
(2) Upon receipt by the applicant, of--
(i) The certificate or rating sought; or
(ii) Notice that the certificate or rating sought is denied.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-66, 43 FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 61.19 Duration of pilot and flight instructor certificates.
(a) General. The holder of a certificate with an expiration date may not,
after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate.
(b) Student pilot certificate. A student pilot certificate expires at the
end of the 24th month after the month in which it is issued.
(c) Other pilot certificates. Any pilot certificate (other than a student
pilot certificate) issued under this part is issued without a specific
expiration date. However, the holder of a pilot certificate issued on the
basis of a foreign pilot license may exercise the privileges of that
certificate only while the foreign pilot license on which that certificate is
based is effective.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. A flight instructor certificate--
(1) Is effective only while the holder has a current pilot certificate and
a medical certificate appropriate to the pilot privileges being exercised;
and
(2) Expires at the end of the 24th month after the month in which it was
last issued or renewed.
(e) Surrender, suspension, or revocation. Any pilot certificate or flight
instructor certificate issued under this part ceases to be effective if it is
surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(f) Return of certificate. The holder of any certificate issued under this
part that is suspended or revoked shall, upon the Administrator's request,
return it to the Administrator.
Sec. 61.21 Duration of Category II pilot authorization.
A Category II pilot authorization expires at the end of the sixth month
after it was last issued or renewed. Upon passing a practical test it is
renewed for each type aircraft for which an authorization is held. However,
an authorization for any particular type aircraft for which an authorization
is held will not be renewed to extend beyond the end of the 12th month after
the practical test was passed in that type aircraft. If the holder of the
authorization passes the practical test for a renewal in the month before the
authorization expires, he is considered to have passed it during the month
the authorization expired.
(a) A first-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last day
of--
(1) The sixth month after the month of the date of examination shown on the
certificate, for operations requiring an airline transport pilot certificate;
(2) The 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the
certificate, for operations requiring only a commercial pilot certificate;
and
(3) The 24th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the
certificate, for operations requiring only a private, recreational, or
student pilot certificate.
(b) A second-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last day
of--
(1) The 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the
certificate, for operations requiring a commercial pilot certificate or an
air traffic control tower operator certificate; and
(2) The 24th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the
certificate, for operations requiring only a private, recreational, or
student pilot certificate.
(c) A third-class medical certificate expires at the end of the 24th month
after the month of the date of examination shown on the certificate, for
operations requiring a private, recreational, or student pilot certificate.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-68, 45 FR 18911, Mar. 24, 1980; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13137, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.25 Change of name.
An application for the change of a name on a certificate issued under this
part must be accompanied by the applicant's current certificate and a copy of
the marriage license, court order, or other document verifying the change.
The documents are returned to the applicant after inspection.
Sec. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
The holder of a certificate issued under this part may voluntarily
surrender it for cancellation, or for the issue of a certificate of lower
grade, or another certificate with specific ratings deleted. If he so
requests, he must include the following signed statement or its equivalent:
This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my
(insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be reissued to
me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for its issue.
Sec. 61.29 Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
(a) An application for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman
certificate issued under this part is made by letter to the Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification Branch,
Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. The letter must--
(1) State the name of the person to whom the certificate was issued, the
permanent mailing address (including zip code), social security number (if
any), date and place of birth of the certificate holder, and any available
information regarding the grade, number, and date of issue of the
certificate, and the ratings on it; and
(2) Be accompanied by a check or money order for $2, payable to the Federal
Aviation Administration.
(b) An application for the replacement of a lost or destroyed medical
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation, Federal
Aviation Administration, Aeromedical Certification Branch, Post Office Box
25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, accompanied by a check or money order for $2.
(c) A person who has lost a certificate issued under this part, or a
medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter, or both, may obtain
a telegram from the FAA confirming that it was issued. The telegram may be
carried as a certificate for a period not to exceed 60 days pending his
receipt of a duplicate certificate under paragraph (a) or (b) of this
section, unless he has been notified that the certificate has been suspended
or revoked. The request for such a telegram may be made by letter or prepaid
telegram, including the date upon which a duplicate certificate was
previously requested, if a request had been made, and a money order for the
cost of the duplicate certificate. The request for a telegraphic certificate
is sent to the office listed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as
appropriate. However, a request for both airman and medical certificates at
the same time must be sent to the office prescribed in paragraph (a) of this
section.
Sec. 61.31 General limitations.
(a) Type ratings required. A person may not act as pilot in command of any
of the following aircraft unless he holds a type rating for that aircraft:
(1) A large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
(2) A helicopter, for operations requiring an airline transport pilot
certificate.
(3) A turbojet powered airplane.
(4) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft type
certificate procedures.
(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. (1) In lieu of a type rating
required under paragraphs (a) (1), (3), and (4) of this section, an aircraft
may be operated under an authorization issued by the Administrator, for a
flight or series of flights within the United States, if--
(i) The particular operation for which the authorization is requested
involves a ferry flight, a practice or training flight, a flight test for a
pilot type rating, or a test flight of an aircraft, for a period that does
not exceed 60 days;
(ii) The applicant shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this section
is impracticable for the particular operation; and
(iii) The Administrator finds that an equivalent level of safety may be
achieved through operating limitations on the authorization.
(2) Aircraft operated under an authorization issued under this paragraph--
(i) May not be operated for compensation or hire; and
(ii) May carry only flight crewmembers necessary for the flight.
(3) An authorization issued under this paragraph may be reissued for an
additional 60-day period for the same operation if the applicant shows that
he was prevented from carrying out the purpose of the particular operation
before his authorization expired.
The prohibition of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section does not prohibit
compensation for the use of an aircraft by a pilot solely to prepare for or
take a flight test for a type rating.
(c) Category and class rating: Carrying another person or operating for
compensation or hire. Unless he holds a category and class rating for that
aircraft, a person may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is
carrying another person or is operated for compensation or hire. In addition,
he may not act as pilot in command of that aircraft for compensation or hire.
(d) Category and class rating: Other operations. No person may act as pilot
in command of an aircraft in solo flight in operations not subject to
paragraph (c) of this section, unless he meets at least one of the following:
(1) He holds a category and class rating appropriate to that aircraft.
(2) He has received flight instruction in the pilot operations required by
this part, appropriate to the category and class of aircraft for first solo,
given to him by a certificated flight instructor who found him competent to
solo that category and class of aircraft and has so endorsed his pilot
logbook.
(3) He has soloed and logged pilot-in-command time in that category and
class of aircraft before November 1, 1973.
(e) High performance airplanes. A person holding a private or commercial
pilot certificate may not act as pilot in command of an airplane that has
more than 200 horsepower, or that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and
a controllable propeller, unless he has received flight instruction from an
authorized flight instructor who has certified in his logbook that he is
competent to pilot an airplane that has more than 200 horsepower, or that has
a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable propeller, as the case
may be. However, this instruction is not required if he has logged flight
time as pilot in command in high performance airplanes before November 1,
1973.
(f) High altitude airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized airplane
that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower,
above 25,000 feet MSL unless that person has completed the ground and flight
training specified in paragraphs (f)(1) (i) and (ii) of this section and has
received a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized
instructor certifying satisfactory completion of the training. The training
shall consist of:
(i) Ground training that includes instruction on high altitude aerodynamics
and meteorology; respiration; effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and
any other high altitude sicknesses; duration of consciousness without
supplemental oxygen; effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;
causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formations; preventive
measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble formations, and high
altitude sicknesses; physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and
any other physiological aspects of high altitude flight; and
(ii) Flight training in an airplane, or in a simulator that meets the
requirements of Sec. 121.407 of this chapter, and which is representative of
an airplane as described in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. This training
shall include normal cruise flight operations while operating above 25,000
feet MSL; the proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression
without actually depressurizing the airplane; and emergency descent
procedures;
(2) The training required in paragraph (f)(1) of this section is not
required if a person can document accomplishment of any of the following in
an airplane, or in a simulator that meets the requirements of Sec. 121.407 of
this section, and that is representative of an airplane described in
paragraph (f)(1) of this section:
(i) Served as pilot in command prior to April 15, 1991;
(ii) Completed a pilot proficiency check for a pilot certificate or rating
conducted by the FAA prior to April 15, 1991;
(iii) Completed an official pilot-in-command check by the military services
of the United States; or
(iv) Completed a pilot-in-command proficiency check under parts 121, 125,
or 135 conducted by the FAA or by an approved pilot check airman.
(g) Tailwheel Airplanes. No person may act as pilot in command of a
tailwheel airplane unless that pilot has received flight instruction from an
authorized flight instructor who has found the pilot competent to operate a
tailwheel airplane and has made a one time endorsement so stating in the
pilot's logbook. The endorsement must certify that the pilot is competent in
normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings, wheel landings unless the
manufacturer has recommended against such landings, and go-around procedures.
This endorsement is not required if a pilot has logged flight time as pilot
in command of tailwheel airplanes prior to April 15, 1991.
(h) Exception. This section does not require a class rating for gliders, or
category and class ratings for aircraft that are not type certificated as
airplanes, rotorcraft, or lighter-than-air aircraft. In addition, the rating
limitations of this section do not apply to--
(1) The holder of a student pilot certificate;
(2) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate when operating under the
provisions of Sec. 61.101 (f), (g), and (h).
(3) The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an aircraft under the
authority of an experimental or provisional type certificate;
(4) An applicant when taking a flight test given by the Administrator; or
(5) The holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category
rating when operating a hot air balloon without an airborne heater.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-82, 54 FR 13137, Mar. 29, 1989; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991;
56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and places, and
by persons, designated by the Administrator.
Sec. 61.35 Written test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
(a) An applicant for a written test must--
(1) Show that he has satisfactorily completed the ground instruction or
home study course required by this part for the certificate or rating sought;
(2) Present as personal identification an airman certificate, driver's
license, or other official document; and
(3) Present a birth certificate or other official document showing that he
meets the age requirement prescribed in this part for the certificate sought
not later than 2 years from the date of application for the test.
(b) The minimum passing grade is specified by the Administrator on each
written test sheet or booklet furnished to the applicant.
This section does not apply to the written test for an airline transport
pilot certificate or a rating associated with that certificate.
Sec. 61.37 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) Except as authorized by the Administrator, no person may--
(1) Copy, or intentionally remove, a written test under this part;
(2) Give to another, or receive from another, any part or copy of that
test;
(3) Give help on that test to, or receive help on that test from, any
person during the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of that test in behalf of another person;
(5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being given: or
(6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act prohibited by
this paragraph.
(b) No person whom the Administrator finds to have committed an act
prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is eligible for any airman or
ground instructor certificate or rating, or to take any test therefor, under
this chapter for a period of 1 year after the date of that act. In addition,
the commission of that act is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman
or ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
Sec. 61.39 Prerequisites for flight tests.
(a) To be eligible for a flight test for a certificate, or an aircraft or
instrument rating issued under this part, the applicant must--
(1) Have passed any required written test since the beginning of the 24th
month before the month in which he takes the flight test;
(2) Have the applicable instruction and aeronautical experience prescribed
in this part;
(3) Hold a current medical certificate appropriate to the certificate he
seeks or, in the case of a rating to be added to his pilot certificate, at
least a third-class medical certificate issued since the beginning of the
24th month before the month in which he takes the flight test;
(4) Except for a flight test for an airline transport pilot certificate,
meet the age requirement for the issuance of the certificate or rating he
seeks; and
(5) Have a written statement from an appropriately certificated flight
instructor certifying that he has given the applicant flight instruction in
preparation for the flight test within 60 days preceding the date of
application, and finds him competent to pass the test and to have
satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which he is shown to be
deficient by his FAA airman written test report. However, an applicant need
not have this written statement if he--
(i) Holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least the pilot
privileges of the airman certificate sought by him;
(ii) Is applying for a type rating only, or a class rating with an
associated type rating; or
(iii) Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or an
additional aircraft rating on that certificate.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, an
applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate or rating may take the
flight test for that certificate or rating if--
(1) The applicant--
(i) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in which
the applicant passed the first of any required written tests, was employed as
a flight crewmember by a U.S. air carrier or commercial operator operating
either under Part 121 or as a commuter air carrier under Part 135 (as defined
in Part 298 of this title) and is employed by such a certificate holder at
the time of the flight test;
(ii) Has completed initial training, and, if appropriate, transition or
upgrade training; and
(iii) Meets the recurrent training requirements of the applicable part; or
(2) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in which
the applicant passed the first of any required written tests, the applicant
participated as a pilot in a pilot training program of a U.S. scheduled
military air transportation service and is currently participating in that
program.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-71, 47 FR 13312, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 61.41 Flight instruction received from flight instructors not
certificated by FAA.
Flight instruction may be credited toward the requirements for a pilot
certificate or rating issued under this part if it is received from--
(a) An Armed Force of either the United States or a foreign contracting
State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in a program for
training military pilots; or
(b) A flight instructor who is authorized to give that flight instruction
by the licensing authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention
on International Civil Aviation and the flight instruction is given outside
the United States.
Sec. 61.43 Flight tests: General procedures.
(a) The ability of an applicant for a private or commercial pilot
certificate, or for an aircraft or instrument rating on that certificate to
perform the required pilot operations is based on the following:
(1) Executing procedures and maneuvers within the aircraft's performance
capabilities and limitations, including use of the aircraft's systems.
(2) Executing emergency procedures and maneuvers appropriate to the
aircraft.
(3) Piloting the aircraft with smoothness and accuracy.
(4) Exercising judgment.
(5) Applying his aeronautical knowledge.
(6) Showing that he is the master of the aircraft, with the successful
outcome of a procedure or maneuver never seriously in doubt.
(b) If the applicant fails any of the required pilot operations in
accordance with the applicable provisions of paragraph (a) of this section,
the applicant fails the flight test. The applicant is not eligible for the
certificate or rating sought until he passes any pilot operations he has
failed.
(c) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue the test at any time when
the failure of a required pilot operation makes the applicant ineligible for
the certificate or rating sought. If the test is discontinued the applicant
is entitled to credit for only those entire pilot operations that he has
successfully performed.
Sec. 61.45 Flight tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
(a) General. An applicant for a certificate or rating under this part must
furnish, for each flight test that he is required to take, an appropriate
aircraft of United States registry that has a current standard or limited
airworthiness certificate. However, the applicant may, at the discretion of
the inspector or examiner conducting the test, furnish an aircraft of U.S.
registry that has a current airworthiness certificate other than standard or
limited, an aircraft of foreign registry that is properly certificated by the
country of registry, or a military aircraft in an operational status if its
use is allowed by an appropriate military authority.
(b) Required equipment (other than controls). Aircraft furnished for a
flight test must have--
(1) The equipment for each pilot operation required for the flight test;
(2) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in any pilot
operation required on the test;
(3) Pilot seats with adequate visibility for each pilot to operate the
aircraft safely, except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section; and
(4) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the performance of
the applicant, where an additional jump seat is provided for the examiner.
(c) Required controls. An aircraft (other than lighter-than-air) furnished
under paragraph (a) of this section for any pilot flight test must have
engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and
operable in a normal manner by both pilots, unless after considering all the
factors, the examiner determines that the flight test can be conducted safely
without them. However, an aircraft having other controls such as nose-wheel
steering, brakes, switches, fuel selectors, and engine air flow controls that
are not easily reached and operable in a normal manner by both pilots may be
used, if more than one pilot is required under its airworthiness certificate,
or if the examiner determines that the flight can be conducted safely.
(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for any flight test
involving flight maneuvers solely by reference to instruments must furnish
equipment satisfactory to the examiner that excludes the visual reference of
the applicant outside of the aircraft.
(e) Aircraft with single controls. At the discretion of the examiner, an
aircraft furnished under paragraph (a) of this section for a flight test may,
in the cases listed herein, have a single set of controls. In such case, the
examiner determines the competence of the applicant by observation from the
ground or from another aircraft.
(1) A flight test for addition of a class or type rating, not involving
demonstration of instrument skills, to a private or commercial pilot
certificate.
(2) A flight test in a single-place gyroplane for--
(i) A private pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating and
gyroplane class rating, in which case the certificate bears the limitation
"rotorcraft single-place gyroplane only"; or
(ii) Addition of a rotorcraft category rating and gyroplane class rating to
a pilot certificate, in which case a certificate higher than a private pilot
certificate bears the limitation "rotorcraft single-place gyroplane, private
pilot privileges, only".
The limitations prescribed by this subparagraph may be removed if the holder
of the certificate passes the appropriate flight test in a gyroplane with two
pilot stations or otherwise passes the appropriate flight test for a
rotorcraft category rating.
Sec. 61.47 Flight tests: Status of FAA inspectors and other authorized
flight examiners.
An FAA inspector or other authorized flight examiner conducts the flight
test of an applicant for a pilot certificate or rating for the purpose of
observing the applicant's ability to perform satisfactorily the procedures
and maneuvers on the flight test. The inspector or other examiner is not
pilot in command of the aircraft during the flight test unless he acts in
that capacity for the flight, or portion of the flight, by prior arrangement
with the applicant or other person who would otherwise act as pilot in
command of the flight, or portion of the flight. Notwithstanding the type of
aircraft used during a flight test, the applicant and the inspector or other
examiner are not, with respect to each other (or other occupants authorized
by the inspector or other examiner), subject to the requirements or
limitations for the carriage of passengers specified in this chapter.
Sec. 61.49 Retesting after failure.
(a) An applicant for a written or practical test who fails that test may
not apply for retesting until 30 days after the date the test was failed.
However, in the case of a first failure, the applicant may apply for
retesting before the 30 days have expired provided the applicant presents a
logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor who has
given the applicant remedial instruction and finds the applicant competent to
pass the test.
(b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an airplane
category rating, or for a flight instructor certificate with a glider
category rating, who has failed the practical test due to deficiencies of
knowledge or skill relating to stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin
recovery techniques must, during the retest, satisfactorily demonstrate both
knowledge and skill in these areas in an aircraft of the appropriate category
that is certificated for spins.
[Docket No. 25910, Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211,
Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) The aeronautical training and experience used to meet the requirements
for a certificate or rating, or the recent flight experience requirements of
this part must be shown by a reliable record. The logging of other flight
time is not required.
(b) Logbook entries. Each pilot shall enter the following information for
each flight or lesson logged:
(1) General. (i) Date.
(ii) Total time of flight.
(iii) Place, or points of departure and arrival.
(iv) Type and identification of aircraft.
(2) Type of pilot experience or training. (i) Pilot in command or solo.
(ii) Second in command.
(iii) Flight instruction received from an authorized flight instructor.
(iv) Instrument flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor.
(v) Pilot ground trainer instruction.
(vi) Participating crew (lighter-than-air).
(vii) Other pilot time.
(3) Conditions of flight. (i) Day or night.
(ii) Actual instrument.
(iii) Simulated instrument conditions.
(c) Logging of pilot time--(1) Soloflight time. A pilot may log as solo
flight time only that flight time when he is the sole occupant of the
aircraft. However, a student pilot may also log as solo flight time that time
during which he acts as the pilot in command of an airship requiring more
than one flight crewmember.
(2) Pilot-in-command flight time. (i) A recreational, private, or
commerical pilot may log pilot-in-command time only that flight time during
which that pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for
which the pilot is rated, or when the pilot is the sole occupant of the
aircraft, or, except for a recreational pilot, when acting as pilot-in-
command of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under the
type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight
is conducted.
(ii) An airline transport pilot may log as pilot in command time all of the
flight time during which he acts as pilot in command.
(iii) A certificated flight instructor may log as pilot in command time all
flight time during which he acts as a flight instructor.
(3) Second-in-command flight time. A pilot may log as second in command
time all flight time during which he acts as second in command of an aircraft
on which more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the
aircraft, or the regulations under which the flight is conducted.
(4) Instrument flight time. A pilot may log as instrument flight time only
that time during which he operates the aircraft solely by reference to
instruments, under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. Each
entry must include the place and type of each instrument approach completed,
and the name of the safety pilot for each simulated instrument flight. An
instrument flight instructor may log as instrument time that time during
which he acts as instrument flight instructor in actual instrument weather
conditions.
(5) Instruction time. All time logged as flight instruction, instrument
flight instruction, pilot ground trainer instruction, or ground instruction
time must be certified by the appropriately rated and certificated instructor
from whom it was received.
(d) Presentation of logbook. (1) A pilot must present his logbook (or other
record required by this section) for inspection upon reasonable request by
the Administrator, an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or any State or local law enforcement officer.
(2) A student pilot must carry his logbook (or other record required by
this section) with him on all solo cross-country flights, as evidence of the
required instructor clearances and endorsements.
(3) A recreational pilot must carry his or her logbook that has the
required instructor endorsements on all solo flights--
(i) In excess of 50 nautical miles from an airport at which instruction was
received;
(ii) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is
required;
(iii) Between sunset and sunrises; and
(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot is not rated.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-82, 54 FR 13037, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.53 Operations during medical deficiency.
No person may act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a
required pilot flight crewmember while he has a known medical deficiency, or
increase of a known medical deficiency, that would make him unable to meet
the requirements for his current medical certificate.
Sec. 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person may
serve as second in command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one
required pilot flight crewmember unless that person holds--
(1) At least a current private pilot certificate with appropriate category
and class ratings; and
(2) An appropriate instrument rating in the case of flight under IFR.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person may
serve as second in command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one
required pilot flight crewmember unless, since the beginning of the 12th
calendar month before the month in which the pilot serves, the pilot has,
with respect to that type of aircraft--
(1) Become familiar with all information concerning the aircraft's
powerplant, major components and systems, major appliances, performance and
limitations, standard and emergency operating procedures, and the contents of
the approved aircraft flight manual or approved flight manual material,
placards, and markings.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, performed and
logged--
(i) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop in the aircraft as the
sole manipulator of the flight controls; and
(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while
executing the duties of a pilot in command. For airplanes, this requirement
may be satisfied in a simulator acceptable to the Administrator.
For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this
section, a person may act as second in command of a flight under day VFR or
day IFR, if no persons or property, other than as necessary for the
operation, are carried.
(c) If a pilot complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of this
section in the calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month
in which compliance with those requirements is due, he is considered to have
complied with them in the month they are due.
(d) This section does not apply to a pilot who--
(1) Meets the pilot in command proficiency check requirements of Part 121,
125, 127, or 135 of this chapter;
(2) Is designated as the second in command of an aircraft operated under
the provisions of Part 121, 125, 127, or 135 of this chapter; or
(3) Is designated as the second in command of an aircraft for the purpose
of receiving flight training required by this section and no passengers or
cargo are carried on that aircraft.
(e) The holder of a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with
appropriate category and class ratings need not meet the requirements of
paragraph (b)(2) of this section for the conduct of ferry flights, aircraft
flight tests, or airborne equipment evaluation, if no persons or property
other than as necessary for the operation are carried.
(a) A flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight instruction
and 1 hour of ground instruction. The review must include--
(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of part 91
of this chapter; and
(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures which, at the discretion of
the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot to demonstrate the
safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot certificate.
(b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three instructional flights
in a glider, each of which includes a 360-degree turn, in lieu of the 1 hour
of flight instruction required in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, no person
may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the beginning of the
24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in
command, that person has--
(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot
is rated by an appropriately rated instructor certificated under this part or
other person designated by the Administrator; and
(2) A logbook endorsed by the person who gave the review certifying that
the person has satisfactorily completed the review.
(d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this
section, satisfactorily completed a pilot proficiency check conducted by the
FAA, an approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed Force, for a pilot
certificate, rating, or operating privilege, need not accomplish the flight
review required by this section.
(e) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this
section, satisfactorily completed one or more phases of an FAA-sponsored
pilot proficiency award program need not accomplish the flight review
required by this section.
(f) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate who has,
within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, satisfactorily
completed a renewal of a flight instructor certificate under the provisions
on Sec. 61.197(c), need not accomplish the 1 hour of ground instruction
specified in subparagraph (a)(1) of this section.
(g) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in combination
with the requirements of Sec. 61.57 and other applicable recency requirements
at the discretion of the instructor.
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) by
deleting the requirement that recreational pilots and noninstrument-rated
private pilots with fewer than 400 hours of flight time (hereafter, the
"affected pilots") receive 1 hour of ground and 1 hour of flight instruction
annually. The final rule also amends the FAR by requiring that the biennial
flight review (BFR) for all pilots consists of a minimum of 1 hour of ground
instruction and 1 hour of flight instruction. This action is needed to
establish a minimum standard 2-hour requirement for the BFR for all pilots.
The intended effect is to eliminate inadequate flight reviews while not
unduly restricting the flight instructor from requiring additional
instruction. Additionally with this final rule, flight instructors who renew
their flight instruction's certificate by means of an approved flight
instructor refresher course (FIRC) need not accomplish the 1 hour of ground
instruction previously required in the BFR. In a minor conforming change,
this final rule retains, in the BFR, alternate means of compliance for glider
pilots, which was contained in the annual flight review requirement.
Sec. 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
(a) [Reserved]
(b) [Reserved]
(c) General experience. No person may act as pilot in command of an
aircraft carrying passengers, nor of an aircraft certificated for more than
one required pilot flight crewmember, unless within the preceding 90 days, he
has made three takeoffs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls in an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a type
rating is required, of the same type. If the aircraft is a tailwheel
airplane, the landings must have been made to a full stop in a tailwheel
airplane. For the purpose of meeting the requirements of the paragraph, a
person may act as pilot-in-command of a flight under day VFR or day IFR if no
persons or property other than as necessary for his compliance thereunder,
are carried. This paragraph does not apply to operations requiring an airline
transport pilot certificate, or to operations conducted under Part 135 of
this chapter.
(d) Night experience. No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft
carrying passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and
ending 1 hour before sunrise (as published in the American Air Almanac)
unless, within the preceding 90 days, he has made at least three takeoffs and
three landings to a full stop during that period in the category and class of
aircraft to be used. This paragraph does not apply to operations requiring an
airline transport pilot certificate.
(e) Instrument--(1) Recent IFR experience. No pilot may act as pilot in
command under IFR, nor in weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR, unless he has, within the past 6 calendar months--
(i) In the case of an aircraft other than a glider, logged at least 6 hours
of instrument time under actual or simulated IFR conditions, at least 3 of
which were in flight in the category of aircraft involved, including at least
six instrument approaches, or passed an instrument competency check in the
category of aircraft involved.
(ii) In the case of a glider, logged at least 3 hours of instrument time,
at least half of which were in a glider or an airplane. If a passenger is
carried in the glider, at least 3 hours of instrument flight time must have
been in gliders.
(2) Instrument competency check. A pilot who does not meet the recent
instrument experience requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section during
the prescribed time or 6 calendar months thereafter may not serve as pilot in
command under IFR, nor in weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR, until he passes an instrument competency check in the
category of aircraft involved, given by an FAA inspector, a member of an
armed force of the United States authorized to conduct flight tests, an FAA-
approved check pilot, or a certificated instrument flight instructor. The
Administrator may authorize the conduct of part or all of this check in a
pilot ground trainer equipped for instruments or an aircraft simulator.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-77, 51 FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft
requiring more than one required pilot.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act
as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than
one required pilot crewmember unless the proficiency checks or flight checks
prescribed in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section are satisfactorily
completed.
(b) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month in
which a person acts as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type
certificated for more than one required pilot crewmember he must have
completed one of the following:
(1) For an airplane--a proficiency or flight check in either an airplane
that is type certificated for more than one required pilot crewmember, or in
an approved simulator or other training device, given to him by an FAA
inspector or designated pilot examiner and consisting of those maneuvers and
procedures set forth in Appendix F of Part 121 of this chapter which may be
performed in a simulator or training device.
(2) For other aircraft--a proficiency or flight check in an aircraft that
is type certificated for more than one required pilot crewmember given to him
by an FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner which includes those
maneuvers and procedures required for the original issuance of a type rating
for the aircraft used in the check.
(3) A pilot in command proficiency check given to him in accordance with
the provisions for that check under Parts 121, 123, or 135 of this chapter.
However, in the case of a person acting as pilot in command of a helicopter
he may complete a proficiency check given to him in accordance with Part 127
of this chapter.
(4) A flight test required for an aircraft type rating.
(5) An initial or periodic flight check for the purpose of the issuance of
a pilot examiner or check airman designation.
(6) A military proficiency check required for pilot in command and
instrument privileges in an aircraft which the military requires to be
operated by more than one pilot.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, since the
beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which a person acts
as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than
one required pilot crewmember he must have completed one of the following
proficiency or flight checks in the particular type aircraft in which he is
to serve as pilot in command:
(1) A proficiency check or flight check given to him by an FAA inspector or
a designated pilot examiner which includes the maneuvers, procedures, and
standards required for the original issuance of a type rating for the
aircraft used in the check.
(2) A pilot in command proficiency check given to him in accordance with
the provisions for that check under Parts 121, 123, or 135 of this chapter.
However, in the case of a person acting as pilot in command of a helicopter
he may complete a proficiency check given to him in accordance with Part 127
of this chapter.
(3) A flight test required for an aircraft type rating.
(4) An initial or periodic flight check for the purpose of the issuance of
a pilot examiner or check airman designation.
(5) A military proficiency check required for pilot in command and
instrument privileges in an aircraft which the military requires to be
operated by more than one pilot.
(d) For airplanes, the maneuvers and procedures required for the checks and
test prescribed in paragraphs (c) (1), (2), (4), and (5) of this section, and
paragraph (c)(3) of this section in the case of type ratings obtained in
conjunction with a Part 121 of this chapter training program may be performed
in a simulator or training device if--
(1) The maneuver or procedure can be performed in a simulator or training
device as set forth in Appendix F to Part 121 of this chapter; and
(2) The simulator or training device is one that is approved for the
particular maneuver or procedure.
(e) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations subject to
parts 121, 127, 133, 135, and 137 of this chapter or to persons maintaining
continuing qualification under an Advanced Qualification Program approved
under SFAR 58.
(f) For the purpose of meeting the proficiency check requirements of
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command
of a flight under day VFR or day IFR if no persons or property, other than as
necessary for his compliance thereunder, are carried.
(g) If a pilot takes the proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of
this section in the calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the
month in which it is due, he is considered to have taken it in the month it
is due.
[Docket No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by
Amdt. 61-88, 55 FR 40274, Oct. 2, 1990; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15,
1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications,
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made--
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any application for
a certificate, rating, or duplicate thereof, issued under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook, record, or
report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show compliance with
any requirement for the issuance, or exercise of the privileges, or any
certificate or rating under this part;
(3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or rating
under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under paragraph (a)
of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman or ground
instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
Sec. 61.60 Change of address.
The holder of a pilot or flight instructor certificate who has made a
change in his permanent mailing address may not after 30 days from the date
he moved, exercise the privileges of his certificate unless he has notified
in writing the Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,
Airman Certification Branch, Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of his new
address.
Subpart B--Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates
Sec. 61.61 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of additional
aircraft ratings after a pilot or instructor certificate is issued, and the
requirements and limitations for special pilot certificates and ratings
issued by the Administrator.
Sec. 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than airline transport
pilot).
(a) General. To be eligible for an aircraft rating after his certificate is
issued to him an applicant must meet the requirements of paragraphs (b)
through (d) of this section, as appropriate to the rating sought.
(b) Category rating. An applicant for a category rating to be added on his
pilot certificate must meet the requirements of this part for the issue of
the pilot certificate appropriate to the privileges for which the category
rating is sought. However, the holder of a category rating for powered
aircraft is not required to take a written test for the addition of a
category rating on his pilot certificate.
(c) Class rating. An applicant for an aircraft class rating to be added on
his pilot certificate must--
(1) Present a logbook record certified by an authorized flight instructor
showing that the applicant has received flight instruction in the class of
aircraft for which a rating is sought and has been found competent in the
pilot operations appropriate to the pilot certificate to which his category
rating applies; and
(2) Pass a flight test appropriate to his pilot certificate and applicable
to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
A person who holds a lighter-than-air category rating with a free balloon
class rating, who seeks an airship class rating, must meet the requirements
of paragraph (b) of this section as though seeking a lighter-than-air
category rating.
(d) Type rating. An applicant for a type rating to be added on his pilot
certificate must meet the following requirements:
(1) He must hold, or concurrently obtain, an instrument rating appropriate
to the aircraft for which a type rating is sought.
(2) He must pass a flight test showing competence in pilot operations
appropriate to the pilot certificate he holds and to the type rating sought.
(3) He must pass a flight test showing competence in pilot operations under
instrument flight rules in an aircraft of the type for which the type rating
is sought or, in the case of a single pilot station airplane, meet the
requirements of paragraph (d)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section, whichever is
applicable.
(i) The applicant must have met the requirements of this paragraph in a
multiengine airplane for which a type rating is required.
(ii) If he does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this
section and he seeks a type rating for a single-engine airplane, he must meet
the requirements of this subparagraph in either a single or multiengine
airplane, and have the recent instrument experience set forth in Sec.
61.57(e), when he applies for the flight test under paragraph (d)(2) of this
section.
(4) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraphs (d) (1)
and (3) of this section may obtain a type rating limited to "VFR only." Upon
meeting these instrument requirements or the requirements of Sec.
61.73(e)(2), the "VFR only" limitation may be removed for the particular type
of aircraft in which competence is shown.
(5) When an instrument rating is issued to the holder of one or more type
ratings, the type ratings on the amended certificate bear the limitation
described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section for each airplane type rating
for which he has not shown his instrument competency under this paragraph.
(6) On and after April 15, 1991, an applicant for a type rating to be added
to a pilot certificate must--
(i) Have completed ground and flight training on the maneuvers and
procedures of Appendix A of this part that is appropriate to the airplane for
which a type rating is sought, and received an endorsement from an authorized
instructor in the person's logbook or training records certifying
satisfactory completion of the training; or
(ii) For a pilot employee of a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder,
have completed the certificate holder's approved ground and flight training
that is appropriate to the airplane for which a type rating is sought.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-90, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) General. To be eligible for an instrument rating (airplane) or an
instrument rating (helicopter), an applicant must--
(1) Hold at least a current private pilot certificate with an aircraft
rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought;
(2) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language; and
(3) Comply with the applicable requirements of this section.
(b) Ground instruction. An applicant for the written test for an instrument
rating must have received ground instruction, or have logged home (tudy in at
least the following areas of aeronautical knowledge appropriate to the rating
sought.
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to flight under IFR
conditions, the Airman's Information Manual, and the IFR air traffic system
and procedures;
(2) Dead reckoning appropriate to IFR navigation, IFR navigation by radio
aids using the VOR, ADF, and ILS systems, and the use of IFR charts and
instrument approach plates;
(3) The procurement and use of aviation weather reports and forecasts, and
the elements of forecasting weather trends on the basis of that information
and personal observation of weather conditions; and
(4) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes or helicopters, as
appropriate, under instrument weather conditions.
(c) Flight instruction and skill--airplanes. An applicant for the flight
test for an instrument rating (airplane) must present a logbook record
certified by an authorized flight instructor showing that he has received
instrument flight instruction in an airplane in the following pilot
operations, and has been found competent in each of them:
(1) Control and accurate maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to
instruments.
(2) IFR navigation by the use of the VOR and ADF systems, including
compliance with air traffic control instructions and procedures.
(3) Instrument approaches to published minimums using the VOR, ADF, and ILS
systems (instruction in the use of the ADF and ILS may be received in an
instrument ground trainer and instruction in the use of the ILS glide slope
may be received in an airborne ILS simulator).
(4) Cross-country flying in simulated or actual IFR conditions, on Federal
airways or as routed by ATC, including one such trip of at least 250 nautical
miles, including VOR, ADF, and ILS approaches at different airports.
(5) Simulated emergencies, including the recovery from unusual attitudes,
equipment or instrument malfunctions, loss of communications, and engine-out
emergencies if a multiengine airplane is used, and missed approach procedure.
(d) Instrument instruction and skill--(helicopter). An applicant for the
flight test for an instrument rating (helicopter) must present a logbook
record certified to by an authorized flight instructor showing that he has
received instrument flight instruction in a helicopter in the following pilot
operations, and has been found competent in each of them:
(1) The control and accurate maneuvering of a helicopter solely by
reference to instruments.
(2) IFR navigation by the use of the VOR and ADF systems, including
compliance with air traffic instructions and procedures.
(3) Instrument approaches to published minimums using the VOR, ADF, and ILS
systems (instruction in the use of the ADF and ILS may be received in an
instrument ground trainer, and instruction in the use of the ILS glide slope
may be received in an airborne ILS simulator).
(4) Cross-country flying under simulated or actual IFR conditions, on
Federal airways or as routed by ATC, including one flight of at least 100
nautical miles, including VOR, ADF, and ILS approaches at different airports.
(5) Simulated IFR emergencies, including equipment malfunctions, missed
approach procedures, and deviations to unplanned alternates.
(e) Flight experience. An applicant for an instrument rating must have at
least the following flight time as a pilot:
(1) A total of 125 hours of pilot flight time, of which 50 hours are as
pilot in command in cross-country flight in a powered aircraft with other
than a student pilot certificate. Each cross-country flight must have a
landing at a point more than 50 nautical miles from the original departure
point.
(2) 40 hours of simulated or actual instrument time, of which not more than
20 hours may be instrument instruction by an authorized instructor in an
instrument ground trainer acceptable to the Administrator.
(3) 15 hours of instrument flight instruction by an authorized flight
instructor, including at least 5 hours in an airplane or a helicopter, as
appropriate.
(f) Written test. An applicant for an instrument rating must pass a written
test appropriate to the instrument rating sought on the subjects in which
ground instruction is required by paragraph (b) of this section.
(g) Practical test. An applicant for an instrument rating must pass a
flight test in an airplane or a helicopter, as appropriate. The test must
include instrument flight procedures selected by the inspector or examiner
conducting the test to determine the applicant's ability to perform
competently the IFR operations on which instruction is required by paragraph
(c) or (d) of this section.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-70, 47 FR 3486, Jan. 25, 1982; Amdt. 61-75, 50 FR 19294, May 7, 1985]
Sec. 61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
(a) General. An applicant for a Category II pilot authorization must hold--
(1) A pilot certificate with an instrument rating or an airline transport
pilot certificate; and
(2) A type rating for the aircraft type if the authorization is requested
for a large aircraft or a small turbojet aircraft.
(b) Experience requirements. Except for the holder of an airline transport
pilot certificate, an applicant for a Category II authorization must have at
least--
(1) 50 hours of night flight time under VFR conditions as pilot in command;
(2) 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated conditions that
may include 25 hours in a synthetic trainer; and
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.
Night flight and instrument flight time used to meet the requirements of
paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this section may also be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c) Practical test required. (1) The practical test must be passed by--
(i) An applicant for issue or renewal of an authorization; and
(ii) An applicant for the addition of another type aircraft to his
authorization.
(2) To be eligible for the practical test an applicant must meet the
requirements of paragraph (a) of this section and, if he has not passed a
practical test since the beginning of the twelfth month before the test, he
must meet the following recent experience requirements:
(i) The requirements of Sec. 61.57(e).
(ii) At least six ILS approaches since the beginning of the sixth month
before the test. These approaches must be under actual or simulated
instrument flight conditions down to the minimum landing altitude for the ILS
approach in the type aircraft in which the flight test is to be conducted.
However, the approaches need not be conducted down to the decision heights
authorized for Category II operations. At least three of these approaches
must have been conducted manually, without the use of an approach coupler.
The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)
of this section may be used to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(i)
of this section.
(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test consists of two phases:
(1) Phase I--oral operational test. The applicant must demonstrate his
knowledge of the following:
(i) Required landing distance.
(ii) Recognition of the decision height.
(iii) Missed approach procedures and techniques utilizing computed or fixed
attitude guidance displays.
(iv) RVR, its use and limitations.
(v) Use of visual clues, their availability or limitations, and altitude at
which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings.
(vi) Procedures and techniques related to transition from nonvisual to
visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR.
(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal wind shear.
(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway lighting
system.
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system, auto
approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto throttle
system (if equipped), and other required Category II equipment.
(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category II approaches.
(xi) Instrument and equipment failure warning systems.
(2) Phase II--flight test. The flight test must be taken in an aircraft
that meets the requirements of Part 91 of this chapter for Category II
operations. The test consists of at least two ILS approaches to 100 feet
including at least one landing and one missed approach. All approaches must
be made with the approved flight control guidance system. However, if an
approved automatic approach coupler is installed, at least one approach must
be made manually. In the case of a multiengine aircraft that has performance
capability to execute a missed approach with an engine out, the missed
approach must be executed with one engine set in idle or zero thrust position
before reaching the middle marker. The required flight maneuvers must be
performed solely by reference to instruments and in coordination with a
second in command who holds a class rating and, in the case of a large
aircraft or a small turbojet aircraft, a type rating for that aircraft.
Sec. 61.69 Glider towing: Experience and instruction requirements.
No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider unless
he meets the following requirements:
(a) He holds a current pilot certificate (other than a student or
recreational pilot certificate) issued under this part.
(b) He has an endorsement in his pilot logbook from a person authorized to
give flight instruction in gliders, certifying that he has received ground
and flight instruction in gliders and is familiar with the techniques and
procedures essential to the safe towing of gliders, including airspeed
limitations, emergency procedures, signals used, and maximum angles of bank.
(c) He has made and entered in his pilot logbook--
(1) At least three flights as sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft towing a glider while accompanied by a pilot who has met the
requirements of this section and made and logged at least 10 flights as
pilot-in-command of an aircraft towing a glider; or
(2) At least three flights as sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft simulating glider towing flight procedures (while accompanied by a
pilot who meets the requirements of this section), and at least three flights
as pilot or observer in a glider being towed by an aircraft.
However, any person who, before May 17, 1967, made, and entered in his pilot
logbook, 10 or more flights as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a
glider in accordance with a certificate of waiver need not comply with
paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section.
(d) If he holds only a private pilot certificate he must have had, and
entered in his pilot logbook at least--
(1) 100 hours of pilot flight time in powered aircraft; or
(2) 200 total hours of pilot flight time in powered or other aircraft.
(e) Within the preceding 12 months he has--
(1) Made at least three actual or simulated glider tows while accompanied
by a qualified pilot who meets the requirements of this section; or
(2) Made at least three flights as pilot in command of a glider towed by an
aircraft.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.71 Graduates of certificated flying schools: Special rules.
(a) A graduate of a flying school that is certificated under Part 141 of
this chapter is considered to meet the applicable aeronautical experience
requirements of this part if he presents an appropriate graduation
certificate within 60 days after the date he is graduated. However, if he
applies for a flight test for an instrument rating he must hold a commercial
pilot certificate, or hold a private pilot certificate and meet the
requirements of Secs. 61.65(e)(1) and 61.123 (except paragraphs (d) and (e)
thereof). In addition, if he applies for a flight instructor certificate he
must hold a commercial pilot certificate.
(b) An applicant for a certificate or rating under this part is considered
to meet the aeronautical knowledge and skill requirements, or both,
applicable to that certificate or rating if the applicant applies within 90
days after graduation from an appropriate course given by a pilot school that
is certificated under part 141 of this chapter and is authorized to test
applicants on aeronautical knowledge or skill, or both.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-63, 39 FR 20057, June 6, 1974; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56
FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
(a) General. A rated military pilot or former rated military pilot who
applies for a private or commercial pilot certificate, or an aircraft or
instrument rating, is entitled to that certificate with appropriate ratings
or to the addition of a rating on the pilot certificate he holds, if he meets
the applicable requirements of this section. This section does not apply to a
military pilot or former military pilot who has been removed from flying
status for lack of proficiency or because of disciplinary action involving
aircraft operations.
(b) Military pilots on active flying status within 12 months. A rated
military pilot or former rated military pilot who has been on active flying
status within the 12 months before he applies must pass a written test on the
parts of this chapter relating to pilot privileges and limitations, air
traffic and general operating rules, and accident reporting rules. In
addition, he must present documents showing that he meets the requirements of
paragraph (d) of this section for at least one aircraft rating, and that he
is, or was at any time since the beginning of the twelfth month before the
month in which he applies--
(1) A rated military pilot on active flying status in an armed force of the
United States; or
(2) A rated military pilot of an armed force of a foreign contracting State
to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, assigned to pilot duties
(other than flight training) with an armed force of the United States who
holds, at the time he applies, a current civil pilot license issued by that
foreign State authorizing at least the privileges of the pilot certificate he
seeks.
(c) Military pilots not on active flying status within previous 12 months.
A rated military pilot or former military pilot who has not been on active
flying status within the 12 months before he applies must pass the
appropriate written and flight tests prescribed in this part for the
certificate or rating he seeks. In addition, he must show that he holds an
FAA medical certificate appropriate to the pilot certificate he seeks and
present documents showing that he was, before the beginning of the twelfth
month before the month in which he applies, a rated military pilot as
prescribed by either paragraph (b) (1) or (2) of this section.
(d) Aircraft ratings: Other than airplane category and type. An applicant
for a category, class, or type rating (other than airplane category and type
rating) to be added on the pilot certificate he holds, or for which he has
applied, is issued that rating if he presents documentary evidence showing
one of the following:
(1) That he has passed an official United States military checkout as pilot
in command of aircraft of the category, class, or type for which he seeks a
rating since the beginning of the twelfth month before the month in which he
applies.
(2) That he has had at least 10 hours of flight time serving as pilot in
command of aircraft of the category, class, or type for which he seeks a
rating since the beginning of the twelfth month before the month in which he
applies and previously has had an official United States military checkout as
pilot in command of that aircraft.
(3) That he has met the requirements of paragraph (b) (1) or (2) of this
section, has had an official United States military checkout in the category
of aircraft for which he seeks a rating, and that he passes an FAA flight
test appropriate to that category and the class or type rating he seeks. To
be eligible for that flight test, he must have a written statement from an
authorized flight instructor, made not more than 60 days before he applies
for the flight test, certifying that he is competent to pass the test. A type
rating is issued only for aircraft types that the Administrator has
certificated for civil operations. Any rating placed on an airline transport
pilot certificate is limited to commercial pilot privileges.
(e) Airplane category and type ratings. (1) An applicant for a commercial
pilot certificate with an airplane category rating, or an applicant for the
addition of an airplane category rating on his commercial pilot certificate,
must hold an airplane instrument rating, or his certificate is endorsed with
the following limitation: "Not valid for the carriage of passengers or
property for hire in airplanes on cross-country flights of more than 50
nautical miles, or at night."
(2) An applicant for a private or commercial pilot certificate with an
airplane type rating, or for the addition of an airplane type rating on his
private or commercial pilot certificate who holds an instrument rating
(airplane), must present documentary evidence showing that he has
demonstrated instrument competency in the type of airplane for which the type
rating is sought, or his certificate is endorsed with the following
limitation: "VFR only."
(f) Instrument rating. An applicant for an airplane instrument rating or a
helicopter instrument rating to be added on the pilot certificate he holds,
or for which he has applied, is entitled to that rating if he has, within the
12 months preceding the month in which he applies, satisfactorily
accomplished an instrument flight check of a U.S. Armed Force in an aircraft
of the category for which he seeks the instrument rating and is authorized to
conduct IFR flights on Federal airways. A helicopter instrument rating added
on an airline transport pilot certificate is limited to commercial pilot
privileges.
(g) Evidentiary documents. The following documents are satisfactory
evidence for the purposes indicated:
(1) To show that the applicant is a member of the armed forces, an official
identification card issued to the applicant by an armed force may be used.
(2) To show the applicant's discharge or release from an armed force, or
his former membership therein, an original or a copy of a certificate of
discharge or release may be used.
(3) To show current or previous status as a rated military pilot on flying
status with a U.S. Armed Force, one of the following may be used:
(i) An official U.S. Armed Force order to flight duty as a military pilot.
(ii) An official U.S. Armed Force form or logbook showing military pilot
status.
(iii) An official order showing that the applicant graduated from a U.S.
military pilot school and is rated as a military pilot.
(4) To show flight time in military aircraft as a member of a U.S. Armed
Force, an appropriate U.S. Armed Force form or summary of it, or a certified
United States military logbook may be used.
(5) To show pilot-in-command status, an official U.S. Armed Force record of
a military checkout as pilot in command, may be used.
(6) To show instrument pilot qualification, a current instrument card
issued by a U.S. Armed Force, or an official record of the satisfactory
completion of an instrument flight check within the 12 months preceding the
month of the application may be used. However, a Tactical (Pink) instrument
card issued by the U.S. Army is not acceptable.
Sec. 61.75 Pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot license.
(a) Purpose. The holder of a current private, commercial, senior
commercial, or airline transport pilot license issued by a foreign
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may apply
for a pilot certificate under this section authorizing him to act as a pilot
of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry.
(b) Certificate issued. A pilot certificate is issued to an applicant under
this section, specifying the number and State of issuance of the foreign
pilot license on which it is based. An applicant who holds a foreign private
pilot license is issued a private pilot certificate, and an applicant who
holds a foreign commercial, senior commercial, or airline transport pilot
license is issued a commercial pilot certificate, if--
(1) He meets the requirements of this section;
(2) His foreign pilot license does not contain an endorsement that he has
not met all of the standards of ICAO for that license; and
(3) He does not hold a U.S. pilot certificate of private pilot grade or
higher.
(c) Limitation on licenses used as basis for U.S. certificate. Only one
foreign pilot license may be used as a basis for issuing a pilot certificate
under this section.
(d) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft ratings listed on the applicant's
foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued after testing under the
provisions of this part, are placed on the applicant's pilot certificate.
(e) Instrument rating issued. An instrument rating is issued to an
applicant if--
(1) His foreign pilot license authorizes instrument privileges; and
(2) Within 24 months preceding the month in which he makes application for
a certificate, he passed a test on the instrument flight rules in Subpart B
of Part 91 of this chapter, including the related procedures for the
operation of the aircraft under instrument flight rules.
(f) Medical standards and certification. An applicant must submit evidence
that he currently meets the medical standards for the foreign pilot license
on which the application for a certificate under this section is based. A
current medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter is accepted
as evidence that the applicant meets those standards. However, a medical
certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter is not evidence that the
applicant meets those standards outside the United States, unless the State
that issued the applicant's foreign pilot license also accepts that medical
certificate as evidence of meeting the medical standards for his foreign
pilot license.
(g) Limitations placed on pilot certificate. (1) If the applicant cannot
read, speak, and understand the English language, the Administrator places
any limitation on the certificate that he considers necessary for safety.
(2) A certificate issued under this section is not valid for agricultural
aircraft operations, or the operation of an aircraft in which persons or
property are carried for compensation or hire. This limitation is also placed
on the certificate.
(h) Operating privileges and limitations. The holder of a pilot certificate
issued under this section may act as a pilot of a civil aircraft of U.S.
registry in accordance with the pilot privileges authorized by the foreign
pilot license on which that certificate is based, subject to the limitations
of this part and any additional limitations placed on his certificate by the
Administrator. He is subject to these limitations while he is acting as a
pilot of the aircraft within or outside the United States. However, he may
not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot
flight crewmember, of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is carrying
persons or property for compensation or hire.
(i) Flight instructor certificate. A pilot certificate issued under this
section does not satisfy any of the requirements of this part for the
issuance of a flight instructor certificate.
Sec. 61.77 Special purpose pilot certificate: Operation of U.S.-registered
civil airplanes leased by a person not a U.S. citizen.
(a) General. The holder of a current foreign pilot certificate or license
issued by a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation, who meets the requirements of this section, may hold a
special purpose pilot certificate authorizing the holder to perform pilot
duties on a civil airplane of U.S. registry, leased to a person not a citizen
of the United States, carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.
Special purpose pilot certificates are issued under this section only for
airplane types that can have a maximum passenger seating configuration,
excluding any flight crewmember seat, of more than 30 seats or a maximum
payload capacity (as defined in Sec. 135.2(e) of this chapter) of more than
7,500 pounds.
(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance or renewal of a
certificate under this section, an applicant or a representative of the
applicant must present the following to the Administrator:
(1) A current foreign pilot certificate or license, issued by the
aeronautical authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, or a facsimile acceptable to the Administrator.
The certificate or license must authorize the applicant to perform the pilot
duties to be authorized by a certificate issued under this section on the
same airplane type as the leased airplane.
(2) A current certification by the lessee of the airplane--
(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;
(ii) Specifying the airplane type on which the applicant will perform pilot
duties; and
(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and flight instruction
which qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be assigned on the
airplane.
(3) Documentation showing that the applicant has not reached the age of 60
and that the applicant currently meets the medical standards for the foreign
pilot certificate or license required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section,
except that a U.S. medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this chapter
is not evidence that the applicant meets those standards unless the State
which issued the applicant's foreign pilot certificate or license accepts a
U.S. medical certificate as evidence of medical fitness for a pilot
certificate or license.
(c) Privileges. The holder of a special purpose pilot certificate issued
under this section may exercise the same privileges as those shown on the
certificate or license specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, subject
to the limitations specified in this section. The certificate holder is not
subject to the requirements of Secs. 61.55, 61.57, and 61.58 of this part.
(d) Limitations. Each certificate issued under this section is subject to
the following limitations:
(1) It is valid only--
(i) For flights between foreign countries or for flights in foreign air
commerce;
(ii) While it and the foreign pilot certificate or license required by
paragraph (b)(1) of this section are in the certificate holder's personal
possession and are current;
(iii) While the certificate holder is employed by the person to whom the
airplane described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this
section is leased;
(iv) While the certificate holder is performing pilot duties on the U.S.-
registered civil airplane described in the certification required by
paragraph (b)(2) of this section;
(v) While the medical documentation required by paragraph (b)(3) of this
section is in the certificate holder's personal possession and is currently
valid; and
(vi) While the certificate holder is under 60 years of age.
(2) Each certificate issued under this section contains the following:
(i) The name of the person to whom the U.S.-registered civil aircraft is
leased.
(ii) The type of aircraft.
(iii) The limitation: "Issued under, and subject to, Sec. 61.77 of the
Federal Aviation Regulations."
(iv) The limitation: "Subject to the privileges and limitations shown on
the holder's foreign pilot certificate or license."
(3) Any additional limitations placed on the certificate which the
Administrator considers necessary.
(e) Termination. Each special purpose pilot certificate issued under this
section terminates--
(1) When the lease agreement for the airplane described in the
certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section terminates;
(2) When the foreign pilot certificate or license, or the medical
documentation, required by paragraph (b) of this section is suspended,
revoked, or no longer valid;
(3) When the certificate holder reaches the age of 60; or
(4) After 24 months after the month in which the special purpose pilot
certificate was issued.
(f) Surrender of certificate. The certificate holder shall surrender the
special purpose pilot certificate to the Administrator within 7 days after
the date it terminates.
(g) Renewal. The certificate holder may have the certificate renewed by
complying with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section at the time
of application for renewal.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of student pilot
certificates and recreational pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions
under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general
operating rules and limitations for the holders of those certificates and
ratings.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.83 Eligibility requirements: Student pilots.
To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 16 years of age, or at least 14 years of age for a student
pilot certificate limited to the operation of a glider or free balloon;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or have
such operating limitations placed on his pilot certificate as are necessary
for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when he shows that he can
read, speak, and understand the English language; and
(c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued under
Part 67 of this chapter, or, in the case of glider or free balloon
operations, certify that he has no known medical defect that makes him unable
to pilot a glider or a free balloon.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.85 Application.
An application for a student pilot certificate is made on a form and in a
manner provided by the Administrator and is submitted to--
(a) A designated aviation medical examiner when applying for an FAA medical
certificate in the United States; or
(b) An FAA operations inspector or designated pilot examiner, accompanied
by a current FAA medical certificate, or in the case of an application for a
glider or free balloon pilot certificate it may be accompanied by a
certification by the applicant that he has no known medical defect that makes
him unable to pilot a glider or free balloon.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-72, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 61.87 Solo flight requirements for student pilots.
(a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight
unless that student meets the requirements of this section. The term "solo
flight," as used in this subpart, means that flight time during which a
student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft, or that flight time
during which the student acts as pilot-in-command of an airship requiring
more than one flight crewmember.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must have demonstrated
satisfactory knowledge to an authorized instructor, of the appropriate
portions of Parts 61 and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations that are
applicable to student pilots. This demonstration must include the
satisfactory completion of a written examination to be administered and
graded by the instructor who endorses the student's pilot certificate for
solo flight. The written examination must include questions on the applicable
regulations and the flight characteristics and operational limitations for
the make and model aircraft to be flown.
(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to being authorized to conduct a solo
flight, a student pilot must have received and logged instruction in at least
the applicable maneuvers and procedures listed in paragraphs (d) through (j)
of this section for the make and model of aircraft to be flown in solo
flight, and must have demonstrated proficiency to an acceptable performance
level as judged by the instructor who endorses the student's pilot
certificate.
(d) For all aircraft (as appropriate to the aircraft to be flown in solo
flight), the student pilot must have received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Flight preparation procedures, including preflight inspections,
powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, shallow, medium, and steep banked turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure procedures, and
collision and wake turbulence avoidance;
(7) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag configurations;
(8) Flight at various airspeeds from cruising to minimum controllable
airspeed;
(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions; and
(10) Ground reference maneuvers.
(e) For airplanes, in addition to the maneuvers and procedures in paragraph
(d) of this section, the student pilot must have received pre-solo flight
training in--
(1) Approaches to the landing area with engine power at idle and with
partial power;
(2) Slips to a landing;
(3) Go-arounds from final approach and from the landing flare in various
flight configurations including turns;
(4) Forced landing procedures initiated on takeoff, during initial climb,
cruise, descent, and in the landing pattern; and
(5) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations with
recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a
full stall.
(f) For rotorcraft (other than single-place gyroplanes), in addition to the
maneuvers and procedures in paragraph (d) of this section and as allowed by
the aircraft's performance and maneuver limitations, the student pilot must
have received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Approaches to the landing area;
(2) Hovering turns and air taxiing (for helicopters only) and ground
maneuvers;
(3) Go-arounds from landing hover and from final approach;
(4) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational descents with
a power recovery or running landing in gyroplanes, a power recovery to a
hover in a single engine helicopter, or approaches to a hover or landing with
one engine inoperative in multiengine helicopters; and
(5) Rapid decelerations (helicopters only).
(g) For single-place gyroplanes, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers
and procedures in paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have
received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational descents with
a power recovery or a running landing;
(2) At least three successful flights in gyroplanes under the observation
of a qualified instructor; and
(3) For nonpowered single-place gyroplanes only, at least three successful
flights in a gyroplane towed from the ground under the observation of the
flight instructor who endorses the student's pilot certificate.
(h) For gliders, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and procedures in
paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have received pre-solo
flight training in--
(1) Preflight inspection of towline rigging, review of signals, and release
procedures to be used;
(2) Aerotows, ground tows, or self-launch;
(3) Principles of glider disassembly and assembly;
(4) Stall entries from various flight attitudes with recovery initiated at
the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;
(5) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
(6) Slips to a landing;
(7) Procedures and techniques for thermalling in convergence lift or ridge
lift as appropriate to the training area; and
(8) Emergency operations including towline break procedures.
(i) In airships, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and procedures in
paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have received pre-solo
flight training in--
(1) Rigging, ballasting, controlling pressure in the ballonets, and
superheating; and
(2) Landings with positive and with negative static balance.
(j) In free balloons, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures in paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have
received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves, and rip panels, as
appropriate;
(2) Emergency use of rip panel (may be simulated);
(3) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and
(4) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.
(k) The instruction required by this section must be given by an authorized
flight instructor who is certificated--
(1) In the category and class of airplanes, for airplanes;
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (k)(3) of this section, in helicopters
or gyroplanes, as appropriate, for rotorcraft;
(3) In airplanes or gyroplanes, for single-place gyroplanes; and
(4) In gliders for gliders.
(l) The holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating may give the instruction required by this section in--
(1) Airships, if that commercial pilot holds an airship class rating; and
(2) Free balloons, if that commercial pilot holds a free balloon class
rating.
(m) Flight instructor endorsements. No student pilot may operate an
aircraft in solo flight unless that student's pilot certificate and logbook
have been endorsed for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown by an
authorized flight instructor certificated under this part, and the student's
logbook has been endorsed, within the 90 days prior to the student operating
in solo flight, by an authorized flight instructor certificated under this
part who has flown with the student. No flight instructor may authorize solo
flight without endorsing the student's logbook. The instructor's endorsement
must certify that the instructor--
(1) Has given the student instruction in the make and model aircraft in
which the solo flight is to be made;
(2) Finds that the student has met the flight training requirements of this
section; and
(3) Finds that the student is competent to make a safe solo flight in that
aircraft.
(n) Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (m) of this
section, each student pilot, whose student pilot certificate and logbook are
endorsed for solo flight by an authorized flight instructor on or before
August 30, 1989, may operate an aircraft in solo flight until the 90th day
after the date on which the logbook was endorsed for solo flight.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 61-86, 54 FR
41236, Oct. 5, 1989]
Sec. 61.89 General limitations.
(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft--
(1) That is carrying a passenger;
(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
(3) For compensation or hire;
(4) In furtherance of a business;
(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make solo
training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse,
Yukon, Canada, and return, over the province of British Columbia;
(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles during
daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface; or
(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's logbook
by the instructor.
(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember on
any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type
certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is
conducted, except when receiving flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor on board an airship and no person other than a required flight
crewmember is carried on the aircraft.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-82, 54 FR 13039, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.91 Aircraft limitations: Pilot in command.
A student pilot may not serve as pilot in command of any airship requiring
more than one flight crewmember unless he has met the pertinent requirements
prescribed in Sec. 61.87.
Sec. 61.93 Cross-country flight requirements (for student and recreational
pilots seeking private pilot certification).
(a) General. No student pilot may operate an aircraft in solo cross-country
flight, nor may that student, except in an emergency, make a solo flight
landing at any point other than the airport of takeoff, unless the student
has met the requirements of this section. The term cross-country flight, as
used in this section, means a flight beyond a radius of 25 nautical miles
from the point of departure.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section, an authorized flight
instructor, certificated under this part, may permit the student to practice
solo takeoffs and landings at another airport within 25 nautical miles from
the airport at which the student receives instruction if the flight
instructor--
(1) Determines that the student pilot is competent and proficient to make
those landings and takeoffs;
(2) Has flown with that student prior to authorizing those takeoffs and
landings; and
(3) Endorses the student pilot's logbook with an authorization to make
those landings and takeoffs.
(c) Flight training. A student pilot, in addition to the pre-solo flight
training maneuvers and procedures required by Sec. 61.87(c), must have
received and logged instruction from an authorized flight instructor in the
appropriate pilot maneuvers and procedures of this section. Additionally, a
student pilot must have demonstrated an acceptable standard of performance,
as judged by the authorized flight instructor certificated under this part,
who endorses the student's pilot certificate in the appropriate pilot
maneuvers and procedures of this section.
(1) For all aircraft--
(i) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(ii) Aircraft cross-country performance, and procurement and analysis of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical
weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(iii) Cross-country emergency conditions including lost procedures, adverse
weather conditions, and simulated precautionary off-airport approaches and
landing procedures;
(iv) Traffic pattern procedures, including normal area arrival and
departure, collision avoidance, and wake turbulence precautions;
(v) Recognition of operational problems associated with the different
terrain features in the geographical area in which the cross-country flight
is to be flown; and
(vi) Proper operation of the instruments and equipment installed in the
aircraft to be flown.
(2) For airplanes, in addition to paragraph (c)(1) of this section--
(i) Short and soft field takeoff, approach, and landing procedures,
including crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(ii) Takeoffs at best angle and rate of climb;
(iii) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments
including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, and the use of
radio aids and radar directives;
(iv) The use of radios for VFR navigation and for two-way communication;
and
(v) For those student pilots seeking night flying privileges, night flying
procedures including takeoffs, landings, go-arounds, and VFR navigation.
(3) For rotorcraft, in addition to paragraph (c)(1) of this section and as
appropriate to the aircraft being flown--
(i) High altitude takeoff and landing procedures;
(ii) Steep and shallow approaches to a landing hover;
(iii) Rapid decelerations (helicopters only); and
(iv) The use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication.
(4) For gliders, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and procedures in
paragraph (c)(1) of this section--
(i) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at least
2,000 feet above the surface;
(ii) Recognition of weather conditions and conditions favorable for cross-
country soaring; and
(iii) The use of radios for two-way radio communications.
(5) For airships, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and procedures
in paragraph (c)(1) of this section--
(i) Control of gas pressure with regard to superheating and altitude; and
(ii) Control of the airship solely by reference to flight instruments.
(6) For free balloons, the appropriate maneuvers and procedures in
paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(d) No student pilot may operate an aircraft in solo cross-country flight,
unless--
(1) The instructor is an authorized instructor certificated under this part
and the student's certificate has been endorsed by the instructor attesting
that the student has received the instruction and demonstrated an acceptable
level of competency and proficiency in the maneuvers and procedures of this
section for the category of aircraft to be flown; and
(2) The instructor has endorsed the student's logbook--
(i) For each solo cross-country flight, after reviewing the student's
preflight planning and preparation, attesting that the student is prepared to
make the flight safely under the known circumstances and subject to any
conditions listed in the logbook by the instructor; and
(ii) For repeated specific solo cross-country flights that are not greater
than 50 nautical miles from the point of departure, after giving that student
flight instruction in both directions over the route, including takeoffs and
landings at the airports to be used, and has specified the conditions for
which the flights can be made.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13039, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.95 Operations in a terminal control area and at airports located
within a terminal control area.
(a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight in the
airspace of a terminal control area unless--
(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight instruction from
an authorized instructor on that terminal control area and the flight
instruction was received in the specific terminal control area for which solo
flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed within the
preceding 90 days for conducting solo flight in that specific terminal
control area by the instructor who gave the flight training; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has received
the required ground and flight instruction and has been found competent to
conduct solo flight in that specific terminal control area.
(b) Pursuant to Sec. 91.90(b), a student pilot may not operate an aircraft
on a solo flight to, from, or at an airport located within a terminal control
area unless--
(1) That student pilot has received both ground and flight instruction from
an authorized instructor to operate at that airport and the flight and ground
instruction has been received at the specific airport for which the solo
flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed within the
preceding 90 days for conducting solo flight at that specific airport by the
instructor who gave the flight training; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has received
the required ground and flight instruction and has been found competent to
conduct solo flight operations at that specific airport.
Effective Date Note: Amdt. No. 61-92, 56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991, revised
paragraph (a) and introductory text of paragraph (b) effective September 16,
1993 to read as follows:
(a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B
airspace unless--
(1) The pilot has received both ground and flight instruction from an
authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area and the flight
instruction was received in the specific Class B airspace area for which solo
flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that pilot has been endorsed within the preceding 90
days for conducting solo flight in that Class B airspace area by the
instructor who gave the flight training; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the pilot has received the
required ground and flight instruction and has been found competent to
conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace area.
(b) Pursuant to Sec. 91.131(b), a student pilot may not operate an aircraft
on a solo flight to, from, or at an airport located within Class B airspace
unless--
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) to
adopt certain recommendations of the National Airspace Review (NAR)
concerning changes to regulations and procedures in regard to airspace
classifications. These changes are intended to :(1) Simplify airspace
designations; (2) achieve international commonality of airspace designations;
(3) increase standardization of equipment requirements for operations in
various classifications of airspace; (4) describe appropriate pilot
certificate requirements, visual flight rules (VFR) visibility and distance
from cloud rules, and air traffic services offered in each class of airspace;
and (5) satisfy the responsibilities of the United States as a member of the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The final rule also amends
the requirement for minimum distance from clouds in certain airspace areas
and the requirements for communications with air traffic control (ATC) in
certain airspace areas; eliminates airport radar service areas (ARSAs),
control zones, and terminal control areas (TCAs) as airspace classifications;
and eliminates the term "airport traffic area." The FAA believes simplified
airspace classifications will reduce existing airspace complexity and thereby
enhance safety.
EFFECTIVE DATE: These regulations become effective September 16, 1993,
except that Secs. 11.61(c), 91.215(d), 71.601, 71.603, 71.605, 71.607, and
71.609 and Part 75 become effective December 12, 1991, and except that
amendatory instruction number 20, Sec. 71.1 is effective as of September 15,
1993, and that Secs. 71.11 and 71.19 become effective October 15, 1992. The
incorporation by reference of FAA Order 7400.7 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory
instruction number 20) is approved by the Director of the Federal Register
as of December 17, 1991, through September 15, 1993. The incorporation by
reference of FAA Order 7400.9 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory instruction number 24)
is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of September 16,
1993 through September 15, 1994.
Sec. 61.96 Eligibility requirements: Recreational pilots.
To be eligible for a recreational pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 17 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or have
such operating limitations placed on the pilot certificate as are necessary
for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when the recreational pilot
shows the ability to read, speak, and understand the English language;
(c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued under
Part 67 of this chapter;
(d) Pass a written test on the subject areas on which instruction or home
study is required by Sec. 61.97;
(e) Pass an oral and flight test on maneuvers and procedures selected by an
FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner to determine the applicant's
competency in the appropriate flight operations listed in Sec. 61.98; and
(f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating sought.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13040, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for a recreational pilot certificate must have logged ground
instruction from an authorized instructor, or must present evidence showing
satisfactory completion of a course of instruction or home study in at least
the following areas of aeronautical knowledge appropriate to the category and
class of aircraft for which a rating is sought:
(a) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable to recreational pilot
privileges, limitations, and flight operations, the accident reporting
requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board, and the use of the
applicable portions of the "Airman's Information Manual" and the FAA advisory
circulars;
(b) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using piloting with
the aid of a magnetic compass;
(c) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in
flight and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts;
(d) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft including collision and
wake turbulence avoidance;
(e) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;
(f) Weight and balance computations;
(g) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems; and
(h) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13040, Mar. 29, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 61-90, 56
FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
The applicant for a recreational pilot certificate must have logged
instruction from an authorized flight instructor in at least the pilot
operations listed in this section. In addition, the applicant's logbook must
contain an endorsement by an authorized flight instructor who has found the
applicant competent to perform each of those operations safely as a
recreational pilot.
(a) In airplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including weight and balance
determination, line inspection, airplane servicing, powerplant operations,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, collision and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Pilotage with the aid of magnetic compass;
(5) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and from
turns;
(6) Emergency operations, including simulated aircraft and equipment
malfunctions;
(7) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings; and
(8) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings.
(b) In helicopters. (1) Preflight operations including weight and balance
determination, line inspection, helicopter servicing, powerplant operations,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, collision and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(3) Hovering, air taxiing, and maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Pilotage with the aid of magnetic compass;
(5) High altitude takeoffs and roll-on landings, and rapid decelerations;
and
(6) Emergency operations, including auto-rotative descents.
(c) In gyroplanes. (1) Preflight operations including weight and balance
determination, line inspection, gyroplane servicing, powerplant operations,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, collision and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(5) Maneuvering at critically slow air speeds, and the recognition of and
recovery from high rates of descent at low airspeeds; and
(6) Emergency procedures, including maximum performance takeoffs and
landings.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13040, Mar. 29, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 61-90, 56
FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and
the operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.99 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) An applicant for a recreational pilot certificate with an airplane
rating must have had at least a total of 30 hours of flight instruction and
solo flight time which must include the following:
(1) Fifteen hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor, including at least--
(i) Except as provided for in paragraph (b), 2 hours outside of the
vicinity of the airport at which instruction is given, including at least
three landings at another airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles
from the airport of departure; and
(ii) Two hours in airplanes in preparation for the recreational pilot
flight test within the 60-day period before the test.
(2) Fifteen hours of solo flight time in airplanes.
(b) Pilots based on small islands.
(1) An applicant who is located on an island from which the flight required
in Sec. 61.99(a)(1)(i) cannot be accomplished without flying over water more
than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with Sec.
61.99(a)(1)(i). However, if other airports that permit civil operations are
available to which a flight may be made without flying over water more than
10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show
completion of a dual flight between those two airports which must include
three landings at the other airport.
(2) The pilot certificate issued to a person under paragraph (b)(1) of this
section contains an endorsement with the following limitation which may
subsequently be amended to include another island if the applicant complies
with paragraph (b)(1) of this section with respect to that island:
Passenger carrying prohibited in flights more than 10 nautical milies from
(appropriate island).
(3) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate with an endorsement
described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section is entitled to removal of the
endorsement if the holder presents satisfactory evidence of compliance with
the applicable flight requirements of Sec. 61.93(c) to an FAA inspector or
designated pilot examiner.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.100 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a recreational pilot certificate with a rotorcraft
category rating must have a least the following aeronautical experience:
(a) For a helicopter rating, an applicant must have a minimum of 30 hours
of flight instruction and solo flight time in aircraft, which must include
the following:
(1) Fifteen hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor including at least--
(i) Two hours of flight instruction in helicopters from an authorized
flight instructor outside the vicinity of the airport at which instruction is
given, including at least three landings at another airport that is located
more than 25 nautical miles from the airport of departure; and
(ii) Two hours of flight instruction in preparation for the flight test
within the 60-day period preceding the test.
(2) Fifteen hours of solo time in helicopters including--
(i) A takeoff and landing at an airport that serves both airplanes and
helicopters; and
(ii) A flight with a landing at a point other than an airport.
(b) For a gyroplane rating, an applicant must have a minimum of 30 hours of
flight instruction and solo flight time in aircraft, which must include the
following:
(1) Fifteen hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor including at least--
(i) Two hours of flight instruction in gyroplanes from an authorized flight
instructor outside the vicinity of the airport at which instruction is given,
including at least three landings at another airport that is located more
than 25 nautical miles from the airport of departure; and
(ii) Two hours of flight instruction in preparation for the flight test
within the 60-day period preceding the test.
(2) Ten hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, including flights with
takeoffs and landings at paved and unpaved airports.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
(a) A recreational pilot may--
(1) Carry not more than one passenger; and
(2) Share the operating expenses of the flight with the passenger.
(3) Act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft only when--
(i) The flight is within 50 nautical miles of an airport at which the pilot
has received ground and flight instruction from an authorized instructor
certificated under this part;
(ii) The flight lands at an airport within 50 nautical miles of the
departure airport; and
(iii) The pilot carries, in that pilot's personal possession, a logbook
that has been endorsed by the instructor attesting to the instruction
required by paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section.
(b) Except as provided in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section, a
recreational pilot may not act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft--
(1) That is certificated--
(i) For more than four occupants;
(ii) With more than one powerplant;
(iii) With a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower; or
(iv) With retractable landing gear.
(2) That is classified as a glider, airship, or balloon;
(3) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire;
(4) For compensation or hire;
(5) In furtherance of a business;
(6) Between sunset and sunrise;
(7) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is
required;
(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL,
whichever is higher;
(9) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles;
(10) Without visual reference to the surface;
(11) On a flight outside the United States;
(12) To demonstrate that aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer;
(13) That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a
charitable organization; and
(14) That is towing any object.
(c) A recreational pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember
on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type
certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is
conducted, except when receiving flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor on board an airship and no person other than a required flight
crewmember is carried on the aircraft.
(d) A recreational pilot who has logged fewer than 400 flight hours and who
has not logged pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the preceding 180
days may not act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft until the pilot has
received flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor who
certifies in the pilot's logbook that the pilot is competent to act as pilot-
in-command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in combination with
the requirements of Secs. 61.56 and 61.57 at the discretion of the
instructor.
(e) The recreational pilot certificate issued under this subpart carries
the notation "Holder does not meet ICAO requirements."
(f) For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or ratings, while
under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor, a recreational
pilot may fly as sole occupant of an aircraft--
(1) For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or class
rating;
(2) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic control;
or
(3) Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or surface visibility
is at least 5 statute miles.
(g) In order to fly solo as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, the
recreational pilot must meet the appropriate aeronautical knowledge and
flight training requirements of Sec. 61.87 for that aircraft. When operating
an aircraft under the conditions specified in paragraph (f) of this section,
the recreational pilot shall carry the logbook that has been endorsed for
each flight by an authorized pilot instructor who--
(1) Has given the recreational pilot instruction in the make and model of
aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;
(2) Has found that the recreational pilot has met the applicable
requirements of Sec. 61.87; and
(3) Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to make solo flights
in accordance with the logbook endorsement.
(h) Notwithstanding paragraph 61.101(a)(3), a recreational pilot may, for
the purpose of obtaining an additional certificate or rating, while under the
supervision of an authorized flight instructor, act as pilot-in-command of an
aircraft on a flight in excess of 50 nautical miles from an airport at which
flight instruction is received if the pilot meets the flight training
requirements of Sec. 61.93 and in that pilot's personal possession is the
logbook that has been endorsed by an authorized instructor attesting that:
(1) The recreational pilot has received instruction in solo cross-country
flight and the training described in Sec. 61.93 applicable to the aircraft to
be operated, and is competent to make solo cross-country flights in the make
and model of aircraft to be flown; and
(2) The instructor has reviewed the student's preflight planning and
preparation for the specific solo cross-country flight and that the
recreational pilot is prepared to make the flight safely under the known
circumstances and subject to any conditions listed in the logbook by the
instructor.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Subpart D--Private Pilots
Sec. 61.102 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of private pilot
certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and
ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for the holders of
those certificates and ratings.
To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 17 years of age, except that a private pilot certificate
with a free balloon or a glider rating only may be issued to a qualified
applicant who is at least 16 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or have
such operating limitations placed on his pilot certificate as are necessary
for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when he shows that he can
read, speak, and understand the English language;
(c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued under
Part 67 of this chapter, or, in the case of a glider or free balloon rating,
certify that he has no known medical defect that makes him unable to pilot a
glider or free balloon, as appropriate;
(d) Pass a written test on the subject areas on which instruction or home
study is required by Sec. 61.105;
(e) Pass an oral and flight test on procedures and maneuvers selected by an
FAA inspector or examiner to determine the applicant's competency in the
flight operations on which instruction is required by the flight proficiency
provisions of Sec. 61.107; and
(f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating he
seeks.
Sec. 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate must have logged ground
instruction from an authorized instructor, or must present evidence showing
that he has satisfactorily completed a course of instruction or home study in
at least the following areas of aeronautical knowledge appropriate to the
category of aircraft for which a rating is sought.
(a) Airplanes and rotorcraft. (1) The accident reporting requirements of
the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Regulations
applicable to private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations
for airplanes or rotorcraft, as appropriate, the use of the "Airman's
Information Manual," and FAA advisory circulars;
(2) VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids;
(3) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in
flight, the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes or rotorcraft, as
appropriate, including high-density airport operations, collision avoidance
precautions, and radio communication procedures;
(5) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight which apply to
airplanes or rotorcraft, as appropriate; and
(6) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for
airplanes.
(b) Gliders. (1) The accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Regulations applicable
to glider pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Glider navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts and the
magnetic compass;
(3) Recognition of weather situations of concern to the glider pilot, and
the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of gliders, including ground and/or
aero tow procedures as appropriate, signals, and safety precautions; and
(5) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for
gliders.
(c) Airships. (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable to private
lighter-than-air pilot privileges, limitations, and airship flight
operations;
(2) Airship navigation, including pilotage, dead reckoning, and the use of
radio aids;
(3) The recognition of weather conditions of concern to the airship pilot,
and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
and
(4) Airship operations, including free ballooning, the effects of
superheating, and positive and negative lift.
(d) Free balloons. (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable to
private free balloon pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2) The use of aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass for free
balloon navigation;
(3) The recognition of weather conditions of concern to the free balloon
pilot, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts appropriate to free balloon operations; and
(4) Operating principles and procedures of free balloons, including gas and
hot air inflation systems.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-77, 51 FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56
FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
The applicant for a private pilot certificate must have logged instruction
from an authorized flight instructor in at least the following pilot
operations. In addition, his logbook must contain an endorsement by an
authorized flight instructor who has found him competent to perform each of
those operations safely as a private pilot.
(a) In airplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including weight and balance
determination, line inspection, and airplane servicing;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including operations at
controlled airports, radio communications, and collision avoidance
precautions;
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and
from turns;
(5) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(6) Control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to instruments,
including descents and climbs using radio aids or radar directives;
(7) Cross-country flying, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids,
including one 2-hour flight;
(8) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings;
(9) Night flying, including takeoffs, landings, and VFR navigation; and
(10) Emergency operations, including simulated aircraft and equipment
malfunctions.
(b) In helicopters. (1) Preflight operations, including the line inspection
and servicing of helicopters;
(2) Hovering, air taxiing, and maneuvering by ground references;
(3) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision avoidance
precautions;
(4) Cross-country flying, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids,
including one 1-hour flight;
(5) Operations in confined areas and on pinnacles, rapid decelerations,
landings on slopes, high-altitude takeoffs, and run-on landings;
(6) Night flying, including takeoffs, landings, and VFR navigation; and
(7) Simulated emergency procedures, including aircraft and equipment
malfunctions, approaches to a hover or landing with an engine inoperative in
a multiengine helicopter, or autorotational descents with a power recovery to
a hover in single-engine helicopters.
(c) In gyroplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including the line inspection
and servicing of gyroplanes;
(2) Flight maneuvering by ground references;
(3) Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds, and the recognition of and
recovery from high rates of descent at low airspeeds;
(4) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision avoidance
precautions and radio communication procedures;
(5) Cross-country flying by pilotage, dead reckoning, and the use of radio
aids; and
(6) Emergency procedures, including maximum performance takeoffs and
landings.
(d) In gliders. (1) Preflight operations, including the installation of
wings and tail surfaces specifically designed for quick removal and
installation by pilots, and line inspection;
(2) Ground (auto or winch) tow or aero tow (the applicant's certificate is
limited to the kind of tow selected);
(3) Precision maneuvering, including steep turns and spirals in both
directions;
(4) The correct use of critical sailplane performance speeds;
(5) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight and from
turns; and
(6) Accuracy approaches and landings with the nose of the glider stopping
short of and within 200 feet of a line or mark.
(e) In airships. (1) Ground handling, mooring, rigging, and preflight
operations;
(2) Takeoffs and landing with static lift, and with negative and positive
lift, and the use of two-way radio;
(3) Straight and level flight, climbs, turns, and descents;
(4) Precision flight maneuvering;
(5) Navigation, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids; and
(6) Simulated emergencies, including equipment malfunction, the valving of
gas, and the loss of power on one engine.
(f) In free balloons. (1) Rigging and tethering, including the installation
of baskets and burners specifically designed for quick removal or
installation by a pilot and the interchange of baskets or burners, when
provided for in the type certificate data, classified as preventive
maintenance, and subject to the recording requirements of Sec. 43.9 of this
chapter;
(2) Operation of burner, if airborne heater used;
(3) Ascents and descents;
(4) Landing; and
(5) Emergencies, including the use of the ripcord (may be simulated).
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-77, 51 FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-79, 52 FR 17277, May 6, 1987;
Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and
the operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.109 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane rating must
have had at least a total of 40 hours of flight instruction and solo flight
time which must include the following:
(a) Twenty hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor, including at least--
(1) Three hours of cross country;
(2) Three hours at night, including 10 takeoffs and landings for applicants
seeking night flying privileges; and
(3) Three hours in airplanes in preparation for the private pilot flight
test within 60 days prior to that test.
An applicant who does not meet the night flying requirement in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section is issued a private pilot certificate bearing the
limitation "Night flying prohibited." This limitation may be removed if the
holder of the certificate shows that he has met the requirements of paragraph
(a)(2) of this section.
(b) Twenty hours of solo flight time, including at least:
(1) Ten hours in airplanes.
(2) Ten hours of cross-country flights, each flight with a landing at a
point more than 50 nautical miles from the original departure point. One
flight must be of at least 300 nautical miles with landings at a minimum of
three points, one of which is at least 100 nautical miles from the original
departure point.
(3) Three solo takeoffs and landings to a full stop at an airport with an
operating control tower.
Sec. 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
(a) An applicant who shows that he is located on an island from which the
required flights cannot be accomplished without flying over water more than
10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with paragraph
(b)(2) of Sec. 61.109. However, if other airports that permit civil
operations are available to which a flight may be made without flying over
water more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, he must show
that he has completed two round trip solo flights between those two airports
that are farthest apart, including a landing at each airport on both flights.
(b) The pilot certificate issued to a person under paragraph (a) of this
section contains an endorsement with the following limitation which may be
subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant complies with
paragraph (a) of this section with respect to that island:
Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles from
(appropriate island).
(c) If an applicant for a private pilot certificate under paragraph (a) of
this section does not have at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight
time, including a round trip flight to an airport at least 50 nautical miles
from the place of departure with at least two full stop landings at different
points along the route, his pilot certificate is also endorsed as follows:
Holder does not meet the cross-country flight requirements of ICAO.
(d) The holder of a private pilot certificate with an endorsement described
in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, is entitled to a removal of the
endorsement, if he presents satisfactory evidence to an FAA inspector or
designated pilot examiner that he has complied with the applicable solo
cross-country flight requirements and has passed a practical test on cross-
country flying.
Sec. 61.113 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category
rating must have at least the following aeronautical experience:
(a) Helicopter class rating. A total of 40 hours of flight instruction and
solo flight time in aircraft, including at least--
(1) 20 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor, 15
hours of which must be in a helicopter, including--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in helicopters, including 10 takeoffs and
landings, each of which must be separated by an en route phase of flight;
(iii) 3 hours in helicopters in preparation for the private pilot flight
test within 60 days before that test; and
(iv) A flight in a helicopter with a landing at a point other than an
airport; and
(2) 20 hours of solo flight time, 15 hours of which must be in a
helicopter, including at least--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters, including one flight
with a landing at three or more points, each of which must be more than 25
nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and landings in helicopters at an airport with an
operating control tower, each of which must be separated by an en route phase
of flight.
(b) Gyroplane class rating. A total of 40 hours of flight instruction and
solo flight time in aircraft, including at least--
(1) 20 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor, 15
hours of which must be in a gyroplane, including--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in gyroplanes, including 10 takeoffs and
landings; and
(iii) 3 hours in gyroplanes in preparation for the private pilot flight
test within 60 days before that test; and
(2) 20 hours of solo flight time, 10 hours of which must be in a gyroplane,
including--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes, including one flight
with a landing at three or more points, each of which must be more than 25
nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and landings in gyroplanes at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(c) An applicant who does not meet the night flying requirement in
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) or (b)(1)(ii) of this section is issued a private pilot
certificate bearing the limitation "night flying prohibited." This limitation
may be removed if the holder of the certificate demonstrates compliance with
the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)(ii) or (b)(1)(ii) of this section, as
appropriate.
[Doc. No. 24550, Amdt. 61-77, 51 FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986, as amended by Amdt.
61-78, 52 FR 4846, Feb. 17, 1987; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56
FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.115 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate with a glider rating must have
logged at least one of the following:
(a) Seventy solo glider flights, including 20 flights during which 360 deg.
turns were made.
(b) Seven hours of solo flight in gliders, including 35 glider flights
launched by ground tows, or 20 glider flights launched by aero tows.
(c) Forty hours of flight time in gliders and single-engine airplanes,
including 10 solo glider flights during which 360 deg. turns were made.
Sec. 61.117 Lighter-than-air rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating must have at least the aeronautical experience prescribed in
paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, appropriate to the rating sought.
(a) Airships. A total of 50 hours of flight time as pilot with at least 25
hours in airships, which must include 5 hours of solo flight time in
airships, or time performing the functions of pilot in command of an airship
for which more than one pilot is required.
(b) Free balloons. (1) If a gas balloon or a hot air balloon with an
airborne heater is used, a total of 10 hours in free balloons with at least
six flights under the supervision of a person holding a commercial pilot
certificate with a free balloon rating. These flights must include--
(i) Two flights, each of at least 1 hour's duration, if a gas balloon is
used, or of 30 minutes' duration, if a hot air balloon with an airborne
heater is used;
(ii) One ascent under control to 5,000 feet above the point of takeoff, if
a gas balloon is used, or 3,000 feet above the point of takeoff, if a hot air
balloon with an airborne heater is used; and
(iii) One solo flight in a free balloon.
(2) If a hot air balloon without an airborne heater is used, six flights in
a free balloon under the supervision of a commercial balloon pilot, including
at least one solo flight.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended at 38 FR
9292, Apr. 13, 1973]
Sec. 61.118 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, a private
pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying
passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may he, for compensation
or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.
(a) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command
of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if the flight is
only incidental to that business or employment and the aircraft does not
carry passengers or property for compensation or hire.
(b) A private pilot may share the operating expenses of a flight with his
passengers.
(c) A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least 200
hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a
prospective buyer.
(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in command of an aircraft used in a
passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a charitable organization, and for
which the passengers make a donation to the organization, if--
(1) The sponsor of the airlift notifies the FAA Flight Standards District
Office having jurisdiction over the area concerned, at least 7 days before
the flight, and furnishes any essential information that the office requests;
(2) The flight is conducted from a public airport adequate for the aircraft
used, or from another airport that has been approved for the operation by an
FAA inspector;
(3) He has logged at least 200 hours of flight time;
(4) No acrobatic or formation flights are conducted;
(5) Each aircraft used is certificated in the standard category and
complies with the 100-hour inspection requirement of Sec. 91.409 of this
chapter; and
(6) The flight is made under VFR during the day.
For the purpose of paragraph (d) of this section, a "charitable organization"
means an organization listed in Publication No. 78 of the Department of the
Treasury called the "Cumulative List of Organizations described in section
170(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954," as amended from time to time by
published supplemental lists.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-84, 54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989; Amdt. 61-85, 54 FR 39291, Sept. 25, 1989]
Effective Date Note: At 54 FR 34330, August 18, 1989, Sec. 61.118 was
amended by changing the cross reference "Sec. 91.169" to read "Sec. 91.409",
effective August 18, 1990.
Sec. 61.119 Free balloon rating: Limitations.
(a) If the applicant for a free balloon rating takes his flight test in a
hot air balloon with an airborne heater, his pilot certificate contains an
endorsement restricting the exercise of the privilege of that rating to hot
air balloons with airborne heaters. The restriction may be deleted when the
holder of the certificate obtains the pilot experience required for a rating
on a gas balloon.
(b) If the applicant for a free balloon rating takes his flight test in a
hot air balloon without an airborne heater, his pilot certificate contains an
endorsement restricting the exercise of the privileges of that rating to hot
air balloons without airborne heaters. The restriction may be deleted when
the holder of the certificate obtains the pilot experience and passes the
tests required for a rating on a free balloon with an airborne heater or a
gas balloon.
Sec. 61.120 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in command of
aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (d) of Sec. 61.118 a private
pilot may not, for compensation or hire, act as second in command of an
aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot, nor may
he act as second in command of such an aircraft that is carrying passengers
or property for compensation or hire.
Subpart E--Commercial Pilots
Sec. 61.121 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of commercial
pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates
and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon those certificates and
ratings.
Sec. 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or have
such operating limitations placed on his pilot certificate as are necessary
for safety, to be removed when he shows that he can read, speak, and
understand the English language;
(c) Hold at least a valid second-class medical certificate issued under
Part 67 of this chapter, or, in the case of a glider or free balloon rating,
certify that he has no known medical deficiency that makes him unable to
pilot a glider or a free balloon, as appropriate;
(d) Pass a written examination appropriate to the aircraft rating sought on
the subjects in which ground instruction is required by Sec. 61.125;
(e) Pass an oral and flight test appropriate to the rating he seeks,
covering items selected by the inspector or examiner from those on which
training is required by Sec. 61.127; and
(f) Comply with the provisions of this subpart which apply to the rating he
seeks.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate must have logged ground
instruction from an authorized instructor, or must present evidence showing
that he has satisfactorily completed a course of instruction or home study,
in at least the following areas of aeronautical knowledge appropriate to the
category of aircraft for which a rating is sought.
(a) Airplanes. (1) The regulations of this chapter governing the
operations, privileges, and limitations of a commercial pilot, and the
accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board:
(2) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight which apply to
airplanes;
(3) Airplane operations, including the use of flaps, retractable landing
gears, controllable propellers, high altitude operation with and without
pressurization, loading and balance computations, and the significance and
use of airplane performance speeds; and
(4) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for
airplanes.
(b) Rotorcraft. (1) The regulations of this chapter which apply to the
operations, privileges, and limitations of a commercial rotorcraft pilot, and
the accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety
Board;
(2) Meteorology, including the characteristics of air masses and fronts,
elements of weather forecasting, and the procurement and use of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts;
(3) The use of aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass for pilotage
and dead reckoning, and the use of radio aids for VFR navigation;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of helicopters or gyroplanes, as
appropriate to the rating sought; and
(5) Basic aerodynamics and principles of flight which apply to rotorcraft
and the significance and use of performance charts.
(c) Gliders. (1) The regulations of this chapter pertinent to commercial
glider pilot operations, privileges, and limitations, and the accident
reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;
(2) Glider navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts and the
magnetic compass, and radio orientation;
(3) The recognition of weather situations of concern to the glider pilot
from the ground and in flight, and the procurement and use of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of gliders, including ground and/or
aero tow procedures as appropriate, signals, critical glider performance
speeds, and safety precautions; and
(5) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for
gliders.
(d) Airships. (1) The regulations of this chapter pertinent to airship
operations, VFR and IFR, including the privileges and limitations of a
commercial airship pilot;
(2) Airship navigation, including pilotage, dead reckoning, and the use of
radio aids for VFR and IFR navigation, and IFR approaches;
(3) The use and limitations of the required flight instruments;
(4) ATC procedures for VFR and IFR operations, and the use of IFR charts
and approach plates;
(5) Meteorology, including the characteristics of air masses and fronts,
and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(6) Airship ground and flight instruction procedures; and
(7) Airship operating procedures and emergency operations, including free
ballooning procedures.
(e) Free balloons. (1) The regulations of this chapter pertinent to
commercial free balloon piloting privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(2) The use of aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass for free
balloon navigation;
(3) The recognition of weather conditions significant to free balloon
flight operations, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather
reports and forecasts appropriate to free ballooning;
(4) Free balloon flight and ground instruction procedures; and
(5) Operating principles and procedures for free balloons, including
emergency procedures such as crowd control and protection, high wind and
water landings, and operations in proximity to buildings and power lines.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-77, 51 FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56
FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
The applicant for a commercial pilot certificate must have logged
instruction from an authorized flight instructor in at least the following
pilot operations. In addition, his logbook must contain an endorsement by an
authorized flight instructor who has given him the instruction certifying
that he has found the applicant prepared to perform each of those operations
competently as a commercial pilot.
(a) Airplanes. (1) Preflight duties, including load and balance
determination, line inspection, and aircraft servicing;
(2) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and
from turns;
(3) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings, using precision approaches,
flaps, power as appropriate, and specified approach speeds;
(4) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings, climbs, and descents;
(5) Operation of an airplane equipped with a retractable landing gear,
flaps, and controllable propeller(s), including normal and emergency
operations; and
(6) Emergency procedures, such as coping with power loss or equipment
malfunctions, fire in flight, collision avoidance precautions, and engine-out
procedures if a multiengine airplane is used.
(b) Helicopters. (1) Preflight duties, including line inspection and
helicopter servicing;
(2) Straight and level flight, climbs, turns, and descents;
(3) Air taxiing, hovering, and maneuvering by ground references;
(4) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(5) Recognition of and recovery from imminent flight at critical/rapid
descent with power (settling with power);
(6) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision avoidance
precautions and radio communications;
(7) Cross-country flight operations;
(8) Operations in confined areas and on pinnacles, rapid decelerations,
landing on slopes, high-altitude takeoffs, and run-on landings; and
(9) Simulated emergency procedures, including failure of an engine or other
component or system, and approaches to a hover or landing with one engine
inoperative in multiengine helicopters, or autorotational descents with a
power recovery to a hover in single-engine helicopters.
(c) Gyroplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including line inspection and
gyroplane servicing;
(2) Straight and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents;
(3) Flight maneuvering by ground references;
(4) Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds, and the recognition of and
recovery from high rates of descent at slow airspeeds;
(5) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(6) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision avoidance
precautions and radio communications;
(7) Cross-country flight operations; and
(8) Emergency procedures, such as power failures, equipment malfunctions,
maximum performance takeoffs and landings and simulated liftoffs at low
airspeed and high angles of attack.
(d) Gliders. (1) Preflight duties, including glider assembly and preflight
inspection;
(2) Glider launches by ground (auto or winch) or by aero tows (the
applicant's certificate is limited to the kind of tow selected);
(3) Precision maneuvering, including straight glides, turns to headings,
steep turns, and spirals in both directions;
(4) The correct use of the glider's performance speeds, flight at
slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the recognition of and
recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and from turns; and
(5) Accuracy approaches and landings, with the nose of the glider coming to
rest short of and within 100 feet of a line or mark.
(e) Airships. (1) Ground handling, mooring, and preflight operations;
(2) Straight and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents, under VFR and
simulated IFR conditions;
(3) Takeoffs and landings with positive and with negative static lift;
(4) Turns and figure eights;
(5) Precision turns to headings under simulated IFR conditions;
(6) Preparing and filing IFR flight plans, and complying with IFR
clearances;
(7) IFR radio navigation and instrument approach procedures;
(8) Cross-country flight operations, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and
radio aids; and
(9) Emergency operations, including engine-out operations, free ballooning
an airship, and ripcord procedures (may be simulated).
(f) Free balloons. (1) Assembly of basket and burner to the envelope, and
rigging, inflating, and tethering of a free balloon;
(2) Ground and flight crew briefing;
(3) Ascents;
(4) Descents;
(5) Landings;
(6) Operation of airborne heater, if balloon is so equipped; and
(7) Emergency operations, including the use of the ripcord (may be
simulated), and recovery from a terminal velocity descent if a balloon with
an airborne heater is used.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-77, 51 FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-79, 52 FR 17277, May 6, 1987;
Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and
the operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.129 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) General. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an
airplane rating must hold a private pilot certificate with an airplane
rating. If he does not hold that certificate and rating he must meet the
flight experience requirements for a private pilot certificate and airplane
rating and pass the applicable written and practical test prescribed in
Subpart D of this part. In addition, the applicant must hold an instrument
rating (airplane), or the commercial pilot certificate that is issued is
endorsed with a limitation prohibiting the carriage of passengers for hire in
airplanes on cross-country flights of more than 50 nautical miles, or at
night.
(b) Flight time as pilot. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate
with an airplane rating must have a total of at least 250 hours of flight
time as pilot, which may include not more than 50 hours of instruction from
an authorized instructor in a ground trainer acceptable to the Administrator.
The total flight time as pilot must include--
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, including at least--
(i) 50 hours in airplanes, and
(ii) 10 hours of flight instruction and practice given by an authorized
flight instructor in an airplane having a retractable landing gear, flaps,
and a controllable pitch propeller; and
(2) 50 hours of flight instruction given by an authorized flight
instructor, including--
(i) 10 hours of instrument instruction, of which at least 5 hours must be
in flight in airplanes, and
(ii) 10 hours of instruction in preparation for the commercial pilot flight
test; and
(3) 100 hours of pilot in command time, including at least:
(i) 50 hours in airplanes.
(ii) 50 hours of cross-country flights, each flight with a landing at a
point more than 50 nautical miles from the original departure point. One
flight must have landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is at
least 150 nautical miles from the original departure point if the flight is
conducted in Hawaii, or at least 250 nautical miles from the original
departure point if it is conducted elsewhere.
(iii) 5 hours of night flying including at least 10 takeoffs and landings
as sole manipulator of the controls.
Sec. 61.131 Rotorcraft ratings: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category
rating must have at least the following aeronautical experience as a pilot:
(a) Helicopter class rating. A total of 150 hours of flight time, including
at least 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours of which must be in a
helicopter, including at least--
(1) 40 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor, 15
hours of which must be in a helicopter, including--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in helicopters, including 10 takeoffs and
landings, each of which must be separated by an en route phase of flight;
(iii) 3 hours in helicopters preparing for the commercial pilot flight test
within 60 days before that test; and
(iv) Takeoffs and landings at three points other than airports; and
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, 35 hours of which must be in
a helicopter, including at least--
(i) 10 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters, including one flight
with a landing at three or more points, each of which must be more than 50
nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and landings in helicopters, each of which must be
separated by an en route phase of flight, at an airport with an operating
control tower.
(b) Gyroplane class rating. A total of 150 hours of flight time in
aircraft, including at least 100 hours in powered aircraft, 25 hours of which
must be in a gyroplane, including at least--
(1) 40 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor, 10
hours of which must be in a gyroplane, including at least--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in gyroplanes, including 10 takeoffs and
landings; and
(iii) 3 hours in gyroplanes preparing for the commercial pilot flight test
within 60 days before that test; and
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, 15 hours of which must be in
a gyroplane, including at least--
(i) 10 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes, including one flight
with a landing at three or more points, each of which is more than 50
nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and landings in gyroplanes at an airport with an
operating control tower.
[Doc. No. 24550, Amdt. No. 61-77, 51 FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986, as amended by
Amdt. 61-78, 52 FR 4847, Feb. 17, 1987; Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15,
1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.133 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a glider rating must
meet either of the following aeronautical experience requirements:
(a) A total of at least 25 hours of pilot time in aircraft, including 20
hours in gliders, and a total of 100 glider flights as pilot in command,
including 25 flights during which 360 deg. turns were made; or
(b) A total of 200 hours of pilot time in heavier-than-air aircraft,
including, 20 glider flights as pilot in command during which 360 deg. turns
were made.
Sec. 61.135 Airship rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an airship rating must
have a total of at least 200 hours of flight time as pilot, including--
(a) Fifty hours of flight time as pilot in airships;
(b) 30 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in
airships, including--
(1) 10 hours of cross-country flight; and
(2) 10 hours of night flight; and
(c) 40 hours of instrument time, of which at least 20 hours must be in
flight with 10 hours of that flight time in airships.
Sec. 61.137 Free balloon rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a free balloon rating
must have the following flight time as pilot:
(a) If a gas balloon or a hot air balloon with an airborne heater is used,
a total of at least 35 hours of flight time as pilot including--
(1) 20 hours in free balloons; and
(2) 10 flights in free balloons, including--
(i) Six flights under the supervision of a commercial free balloon pilot;
(ii) Two solo flights;
(iii) Two flights of at least 2 hours duration if a gas balloon is used, or
at least 1 hour duration if a hot air balloon with an airborne heater is
used; and
(iv) One ascent under control to more than 10,000 feet above the take-off
point if a gas balloon is used or 5,000 feet above the take off point if a
hot air balloon with an airborne heater is used.
(b) If a hot air balloon without an airborne heater is used, 10 flights in
free balloons including--
(1) Six flights under the supervision of a commercial free balloon pilot;
and
(2) Two solo flights.
Sec. 61.139 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations: General.
The holder of a commercial pilot certificate may:
(a) Act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying persons or property for
compensation or hire;
(b) Act as pilot in command of an aircraft for compensation or hire; and
(c) Give flight instruction in an airship if he holds a lighter-than-air
category and an airship class rating, or in a free balloon if he holds a free
balloon class rating.
Sec. 61.141 Airship and free balloon ratings: Limitations.
(a) If the applicant for a free balloon class rating takes his flight test
in a hot air balloon without an airborne heater, his pilot certificate
contains an endorsement restricting the exercise of the privileges of that
rating to hot air balloons without airborne heaters. The restriction may be
deleted when the holder of the certificate obtains the pilot experience and
passes the test required for a rating on a free balloon with an airborne
heater or a gas balloon.
(b) If the applicant for a free balloon class rating takes his flight test
in a hot air balloon with an airborne heater, his pilot certificate contains
an endorsement restricting the exercise of the privileges of that rating to
hot air balloons with airborne heaters. The restriction may be deleted when
the holder of the certificate obtains the pilot experience required for a
rating on a gas balloon.
Subpart F--Airline Transport Pilots
Authority: Secs. 313(a), 314, 601, and 607; 49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1355, 1421,
and 1427.
Sec. 61.151 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 23 years of age;
(b) Be of good moral character;
(c) Be able to read, write, and understand the English language and speak
it without accent or impediment of speech that would interfere with two-way
radio conversation;
(d) Be a high school graduate, or its equivalent in the Administrator's
opinion, based on the applicant's general experience and aeronautical
experience, knowledge, and skill;
(e) Have a first-class medical certificate issued under Part 67 of this
chapter within the 6 months before the date he applies; and
(f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating he
seeks.
Sec. 61.153 Airplane rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane
rating must, after meeting the requirements of Secs. 61.151 (except paragraph
(a) thereof) and 61.155, pass a written test on--
(a) The sections of this part relating to airline transport pilots and Part
121, Subpart C of Part 65, and Secs. 91.1 91.3, 91.5, 91.11, 91.13, 91.103,
91.105, 91.189, 91.193, 91.703, and subpart B of part 91 of this chapter, and
so much of Parts 21 and 25 of this chapter as relate to the operations of air
carrier aircraft;
(b) The fundamentals of air navigation and use of formulas, instruments,
and other navigational aids, both in aircraft and on the ground, that are
necessary for navigating aircraft by instruments;
(c) The general system of weather collection and dissemination;
(d) Weather maps, weather forecasting, and weather sequence abbreviations,
symbols, and nomenclature;
(e) Elementary meteorology, including knowledge of cyclones as associated
with fronts;
(f) Cloud forms;
(g) National Weather Service Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1, as
amended;
(h) Weather conditions, including icing conditions and upper-air winds,
that affect aeronautical activities;
(i) Air navigation facilities used on Federal airways, including rotating
beacons, course lights, radio ranges, and radio marker beacons;
(j) Information from airplane weather observations and meteorological data
reported from observations made by pilots on air carrier flights;
(k) The influence of terrain on meteorological conditions and developments,
and their relation to air carrier flight operations;
(l) Radio communication procedure in aircraft operations; and
(m) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their effect on
flight characteristics.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-11, 29 FR
14916, Nov. 4, 1964; Amdt. 61-30, 32 FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 61-64, 36
FR 13911, July 28, 1971. Redesignated by Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR
3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976, as
amended by Amdt. 61-84, 54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Effective Date Note: At 54 FR 34330, August 18, 1989, Sec. 61.153 was
amended by changing the cross reference "Secs. 91.1 through 91.9 and subpart
B of part 91" to read "Secs. 91.1 91.3, 91.5, 91.11, 91.13, 91.103, 91.105,
91.189, 91.193, 91.703, and subpart B of part 91", effective August 18, 1990.
Sec. 61.155 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) An application for an airline transport pilot certificate with an
airplane rating must hold a commercial pilot certificate or a foreign airline
transport pilot or commercial pilot license without limitations, issued by a
member state of ICAO, or he must be a pilot in an Armed Force of the United
States whose military experience qualifies him for a commercial pilot
certificate under Sec. 61.73.
(b) An applicant must have had--
(1) At least 250 hours of flight time as pilot in command of an airplane,
or as copilot of an airplane performing the duties and functions of a pilot
in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination
thereof, at least 100 hours of which were cross-country time and 25 hours of
which were night flight time; and
(2) At least 1,500 hours of flight time as a pilot, including at least--
(i) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(ii) 100 hours of night flight time; and
(iii) 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time, at least 50 hours of
which were in actual flight.
Flight time used to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section
may also be used to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this
section. Also, an applicant who has made at least 20 night takeoffs and
landings to a full stop may substitute one additional night takeoff and
landing to a full stop for each hour of night flight time required by
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section. However, not more than 25 hours of
night flight time may be credited in this manner.
(c) If an applicant with less than 150 hours of pilot-in-command time
otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, his
certificate will be endorsed "Holder does not meet the pilot-in-command
flight experience requirement of ICAO", as prescribed by article 39 of the
"Convention on International Civil Aviation." Whenever he presents
satisfactory written evidence that he has accumulated the 150 hours of pilot-
in-command time, he is entitled to a new certificate without the endorsement.
(d) A commercial pilot may credit the following flight time toward the
1,500 hours total flight time requirement of paragraph (b)(2) of this
section:
(1) All second-in-command time acquired in airplanes required to have more
than one pilot by their approved Aircraft Flight Manuals or airworthiness
certificates; and
(2) Flight engineer time acquired in airplanes required to have a flight
engineer by their approved Aircraft Flight Manuals, while participating at
the same time in an approved pilot training program approved under Part 121
of this chapter.
However, the applicant may not credit under paragraph (d)(2) of this section
more than 1 hour for each 3 hours of flight engineer flight time so acquired,
nor more than a total of 500 hours.
(e) If an applicant who credits second-in-command or flight engineer time
under paragraph (d) of this section toward the 1,500 hours total flight time
requirement of paragraph (b)(2) of this section--
(1) Does not have at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot including
no more than 50 percent of his second-in-command time and none of his flight
engineer time; but
(2) Otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
his certificate will be endorsed "Holder does not meet the pilot flight
experience requirements of ICAO," as prescribed by Article 39 of the
"Convention on International Civil Aviation." Whenever he presents
satisfactory evidence that he has accumulated 1,200 hours of flight time as a
pilot including no more than 50 percent of his second-in-command time and
none of his flight engineer time, he is entitled to a new certificate without
the endorsement.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-44, 34 FR
17164, Oct. 23, 1969. Redesignated by Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR
3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976;
Amdt. 61-71, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 61.157 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill.
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a single-
engine or multiengine class rating or an additional type rating must pass a
practical test that includes the items set forth in Appendix A of this part.
The FAA inspector or designated examiner may modify any required maneuver
where necessary for the reasonable and safe operation of the airplane being
used and, unless specifically prohibited in Appendix A, may combine any
required maneuvers and may permit their performance in any convenient
sequence.
(b) Whenever an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate does
not already have an instrument rating he shall, as part of the oral part of
the practical test, comply with Sec. 61.65(g), and, as part of the flight
part, perform each additional maneuver required by Sec. 61.65(g) that is
appropriate to the airplane type and not required in Appendix A of this part.
(c) Unless the Administrator requires certain or all maneuvers to be
performed, the person giving a flight test for an airline transport pilot
certificate or additional airplane class or type rating may, in his
discretion, waive any of the maneuvers for which a specific waiver authority
is contained in Appendix A of this part if a pilot being checked--
(1) Is employed as a pilot by a Part 121 certificate holder; and
(2) Within the preceding 6 calendar months, has successfully completed that
certificate holder's approved training program for the airplane type
involved.
(d) The items specified in paragraph (a) of this section may be performed
in the airplane simulator or other training device specified in Appendix A to
this part for the particular item if--
(1) The airplane simulator or other training device meets the requirements
of Sec. 121.407 of this chapter; and
(2) In the case of the items preceded by an asterisk (*) in Appendix A, the
applicant has successfully completed the training set forth in Sec.
121.424(d) of this chapter.
However, the FAA inspector or designated examiner may require Items II(d),
V(f), or V(g) of Appendix A to this part to be performed in the airplane if
he determines that action is necessary to determine the applicant's
competence with respect to that maneuver.
(e) An approved simulator may be used instead of the airplane to satisfy
the in-flight requirements of Appendix A of this part, if the simulator--
(1) Is approved under Sec. 121.407 of this chapter and meets the
appropriate simulator requirements of Appendix H of Part 121; and
(2) Is used as part of an approved program that meets the training
requirements of Sec. 121.424 (a) and (c) and Appendix H of Part 121 of this
chapter.
(f) On and after April 15, 1991, an applicant for a type rating to be added
to an airline transport pilot certificate, or for issuance of an airline
transport pilot certificate in an airplane requiring a type rating, must--
(1) Have completed ground and flight training on the maneuvers and
procedures of appendix A of this part that is appropriate to the airplane for
which a type rating is sought and received an endorsement from an authorized
instructor in the person's logbook or training records certifying
satisfactory completion of the training; or
(2) For a pilot employee of a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder, have
completed ground and flight training that is appropriate to the airplane for
which a type rating is sought and is approved under parts 121 and 135.
[Amdt. 61-27, 32 FR 262, Jan. 11, 1967, as amended by Amdt. 61-31, 32 FR
5987, Apr. 14, 1967; Amdt. 61-45, 35 FR 88, Jan. 3, 1970. Redesignated by
Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-69, 45 FR 44183, June 30, 1980;
Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 61.159 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft
category and a helicopter class rating must pass a written test on--
(a) So much of this chapter as relates to air carrier rotorcraft
operations;
(b) Rotorcraft design, components, systems, and performance limitations;
(c) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their effect on
rotorcraft flight characteristics;
(d) Air traffic control systems and procedures relating to rotorcraft;
(e) Procedures for operating rotorcraft in potentially hazardous
meteorological conditions;
(f) Flight theory as applicable to rotorcraft; and
(g) The items listed under paragraphs (b) through (m) of Sec. 61.153.
Sec. 61.161 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating must hold a commercial pilot
certificate, or a foreign airline transport pilot or commercial pilot
certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating issued by
a member of ICAO, or be a pilot in an armed force of the United States whose
military experience qualifies that pilot for the issuance of a commercial
pilot certificate under Sec. 61.73.
(b) An applicant must have had at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a
pilot, including at least--
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of which at least 15 hours are in
helicopters;
(3) 200 hours in helicopters, including at least 75 hours as pilot in
command, or as second in command performing the duties and functions of a
pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any
combination thereof; and
(4) 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated instrument
conditions of which at least 50 hours were completed in flight with at least
25 hours in helicopters as pilot in command, or as second in command
performing the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot
in command, or any combination thereof.
Sec. 61.163 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill.
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating, or additional aircraft
rating, must pass a practical test on those maneuvers set forth in Appendix B
of this part in a helicopter. The FAA inspector or designated examiner may
modify or waive any maneuver where necessary for the reasonable and safe
operation of the rotorcraft being used and may combine any maneuvers and
permit their performance in any convenient sequence to determine the
applicant's competency.
(b) Whenever an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating does not already have an
instrument rating, the applicant shall, as part of the practical test, comply
with Sec. 61.65(g).
(a) Rotorcraft category with a helicopter class rating. The holder of an
airline transport pilot certificate (airplane category) who applies for a
rotorcraft category with a helicopter class rating must meet the applicable
requirements of Secs. 61.159, 61.161, and 61.163 and--
(1) Have at least 100 hours, including at least 15 hours at night, of
rotorcraft flight time as pilot in command or as second in command performing
the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a
pilot in command who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an
appropriate rotorcraft rating, or any combination thereof; or
(2) Complete a training program conducted by a certificated air carrier or
other approved agency requiring at least 75 hours of rotorcraft flight time
as pilot in command, second in command, or as flight instruction from an
appropriately rated FAA certificated flight instructor or an airline
transport pilot, or any combination thereof, including at least 15 hours of
night flight time.
(b) Airplane rating. The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate
(rotorcraft category) who applies for an airplane category must comply with
Secs. 61.153, 61.155 (except Sec. 61.155(b)(1)), and 61.157 and--
(1) Have at least 100 hours, including at least 15 hours at night, of
airplane flight time as pilot in command or as second in command performing
the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of a
pilot in command who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an
appropriate airplane rating, or any combination thereof; or
(2) Complete a training program conducted by a certificated air carrier or
other approved agency requiring at least 75 hours of airplane flight time as
pilot in command, second in command, or as flight instruction from an
appropriately rated FAA certificated flight instructor or an airline
transport pilot, or any combination thereof, including at least 15 hours of
night flight time.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-29, 32 FR
4493, Mar. 24, 1967. Redesignated by Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161,
Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976]
Sec. 61.167 Tests.
(a) Each applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate must pass
each practical and theoretical test to the satisfaction of the Administrator.
The minimum passing grade in each subject is 70 percent. Each flight maneuver
is graded separately. Other tests are graded as a whole.
(b) Information collected incidentally to such a test shall be treated as a
confidential matter by the persons giving the test and by employees of the
FAA.
Sec. 61.169 Instruction in air transportation service.
An airline transport pilot may instruct other pilots in air transportation
service in aircraft of the category, class, and type for which he is rated.
However, he may not instruct for more than 8 hours in one day nor more than
36 hours in any 7-day period. He may instruct under this section only in
aircraft with functioning dual controls. Unless he has a flight instructor
certificate, an airline transport pilot may instruct only as provided in this
section.
An airline transport pilot has the privileges of a commercial pilot with an
instrument rating. The holder of a commercial pilot certificate who qualifies
for an airline transport pilot certificate retains the ratings on his
commercial pilot certificate, but he may exercise only the privileges of a
commercial pilot with respect to them.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-20, 30 FR
11905, Sept. 17, 1965]
Subpart G--Flight Instructors
Sec. 61.181 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of flight
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon these
certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.183 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate a person must--
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Read, write, and converse fluently in English;
(c) Hold--
(1) A commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft
rating appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought, and
(2) An instrument rating, if the person is applying for an airplane or an
instrument instructor rating:
(d) Pass a written test on the subjects in which ground instruction is
required by Sec. 61.185; and
(e) Pass a practical test on all items in which instruction is required by
Sec. 61.187 and, in the case of an applicant for a flight instructor-airplane
or flight instructor-glider rating, present a logbook endorsement from an
appropriately certificated and rated flight instructor who has provided the
applicant with spin entry, spin, and spin recovery training in an aircraft of
the appropriate category that is certificated for spins, and has found that
applicant competent and proficient in those training areas. Except in the
case of a retest after a failure for the deficiencies stated in Sec.
61.49(b), the person conducting the practical test may either accept the spin
training logbook endorsement or require demonstration of the spin entry,
spin, and spin recovery maneuver on the flight portion of the practical test.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) Present evidence showing that he has satisfactorily completed a course
of instruction in at least the following subjects:
(1) The learning process.
(2) Elements of effective teaching.
(3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing.
(4) Course development.
(5) Lesson planning.
(6) Classroom instructing techniques.
(b) Have logged ground instruction from an authorized ground or flight
instructor in all of the subjects in which ground instruction is required for
a private and commercial pilot certificate, and for an instrument rating, if
an airplane or instrument instructor rating is sought.
Sec. 61.187 Flight proficiency.
(a) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate must have received
flight instruction, appropriate to the instructor rating sought in the
subjects listed in this paragraph by a person authorized in paragraph (b) of
this section. In addition, his logbook must contain an endorsement by the
person who has given him the instruction certifying that he has found the
applicant competent to pass a practical test on the following subjects:
(1) Preparation and conduct of lesson plans for students with varying
backgrounds and levels of experience and ability.
(2) The evaluation of student flight performance.
(3) Effective preflight and postflight instruction.
(4) Flight instructor responsibilities and certifying procedures.
(5) Effective analysis and correction of common student pilot flight
errors.
(6) Performance and analysis of standard flight training procedures and
maneuvers appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought. For flight
instructor-airplane and flight instructor-glider applicants, this shall
include the satisfactory demonstration of stall awareness, spin entry, spins,
and spin recovery techniques in an aircraft of the appropriate category that
is certificated for spins.
(b) The flight instruction required by paragraph (a) of this section must
be given by a person who has held a flight instructor certificate during the
24 months immediately preceding the date the instruction is given, who meets
the general requirements for a flight instructor certificate prescribed in
Sec. 61.183, and who has given at least 200 hours of flight instruction, or
80 hours in the case of glider instruction, as a certificated flight
instructor.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) Each certificated flight instructor shall sign the logbook of each
person to whom he has given flight or ground instruction and specify in that
book the amount of the time and the date on which it was given. In addition,
he shall maintain a record in his flight instructor logbook, or in a separate
document containing the following:
(1) The name of each person whose logbook or student pilot certificate he
has endorsed for solo flight privileges. The record must include the type and
date of each endorsement.
(2) The name of each person for whom he has signed a certification for a
written, flight, or practical test, including the kind of test, date of his
certification, and the result of the test.
(b) The record required by this section shall be retained by the flight
instructor separately or in his logbook for at least 3 years.
Sec. 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
The holder of a flight instructor certificate who applies for an additional
rating on that certificate must--
(a) Hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the
flight instructor rating sought.
(b) Have had at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and
class of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought; and
(c) Pass the written and practical test prescribed in this subpart for the
issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the rating sought.
Sec. 61.193 Flight instructor authorizations.
(a) The holder of a flight instructor certificate is authorized, within the
limitations of that person's flight instructor certificate and ratings, to
give the--
(1) Flight instruction required by this part for a pilot certificate or
rating;
(2) Ground instruction or a home study course required by this part for a
pilot certificate and rating;
(3) Ground and flight instruction required by this subpart for a flight
instructor certificate and rating, if that person meets the requirements
prescribed in Sec. 61.187(b);
(4) Flight instruction required for an initial solo or cross-country
flight;
(5) Flight review required in Sec. 61.56 in a manner acceptable to the
Administrator;
(6) Instrument competency check required in Sec. 61.57(e)(2);
(7) Pilot-in-command flight instruction required under Sec. 61.101(d); and
(8) Ground and flight instruction required by this part for the issuance of
the endorsements specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) The holder of a flight instructor certificate is authorized within the
limitations of that person's flight instructor certificate and rating, to
endorse--
(1) In accordance with Secs. 61.87(m) and 61.93 (c) and (d), the pilot
certificate of a student pilot the flight instructor has instructed
authorizing the student to conduct solo or solo cross-country flights, or to
act as pilot in command of an airship requiring more than one flight crew
member;
(2) In accordance with Secs. 61.87(m) and 61.93 (b) and (d), the logbook of
a student pilot the flight instructor has instructed, authorizing single or
repeated solo flights;
(3) In accordance with Sec. 61.93(d), the logbook of a student pilot whose
preparation and preflight planning for a solo cross-country flight the flight
instructor has reviewed and found adequate for a safe flight under the
conditions the flight instructor has listed in the logbook;
(4) In accordance with Sec. 61.95, the logbook of a student pilot the
flight instructor has instructed authorizing solo flights in a terminal
control area or at an airport within a terminal control area;
(5) The logbook of a pilot or another flight instructor who has been
trained by the person described in paragraph (b) of this section, certifying
that the pilot or other flight instructor is prepared for an operating
privilege, a written test, or practical test required by this part;
(6) In accordance with Secs. 61.57(e)(2) and 61.101(d) the logbook of a
pilot the flight instructor has instructed authorizing the pilot to act as
pilot in command;
(7) [Reserved]; and
(8) In accordance with Secs. 61.101 (g) and (h), the logbook of a
recreational pilot the flight instructor has instructed authorizing solo
flight.
[Docket No. 25910, Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211,
Mar. 29, 1991]
Effective Date Note: Amdt. No. 61-92, 56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991, revised
paragraph (b)(4) effective September 16, 1993 to read as follows:
(b) * * *
(4) In accordance with Sec. 61.95, the logbook of a student pilot the
flight instructor has instructed authorizing solo flights in a Class B
airspace area or at an airport within a Class B airspace area;
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) to
adopt certain recommendations of the National Airspace Review (NAR)
concerning changes to regulations and procedures in regard to airspace
classifications. These changes are intended to :(1) Simplify airspace
designations; (2) achieve international commonality of airspace designations;
(3) increase standardization of equipment requirements for operations in
various classifications of airspace; (4) describe appropriate pilot
certificate requirements, visual flight rules (VFR) visibility and distance
from cloud rules, and air traffic services offered in each class of airspace;
and (5) satisfy the responsibilities of the United States as a member of the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The final rule also amends
the requirement for minimum distance from clouds in certain airspace areas
and the requirements for communications with air traffic control (ATC) in
certain airspace areas; eliminates airport radar service areas (ARSAs),
control zones, and terminal control areas (TCAs) as airspace classifications;
and eliminates the term "airport traffic area." The FAA believes simplified
airspace classifications will reduce existing airspace complexity and thereby
enhance safety.
EFFECTIVE DATE: These regulations become effective September 16, 1993,
except that Secs. 11.61(c), 91.215(d), 71.601, 71.603, 71.605, 71.607, and
71.609 and Part 75 become effective December 12, 1991, and except that
amendatory instruction number 20, Sec. 71.1 is effective as of September 15,
1993, and that Secs. 71.11 and 71.19 become effective October 15, 1992. The
incorporation by reference of FAA Order 7400.7 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory
instruction number 20) is approved by the Director of the Federal Register
as of December 17, 1991, through September 15, 1993. The incorporation by
reference of FAA Order 7400.9 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory instruction number 24)
is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of September 16,
1993 through September 15, 1994.
The holder of a flight instructor certificate is subject to the following
limitations:
(a) Hours of instruction. He may not conduct more than eight hours of
flight instruction in any period of 24 consecutive hours.
(b) Ratings. Flight instruction may not be conducted in any aircraft for
which the flight instructor does not hold a category, class, and if
appropriate, a type rating, on the flight instructor's pilot and flight
instructor certificates.
(c) Endorsement of student pilot certificate. He may not endorse a student
pilot certificate for initial solo or solo cross-country flight privileges,
unless he has given that student pilot flight instruction required by this
part for the endorsement, and considers that the student is prepared to
conduct the flight safely with the aircraft involved.
(d) Logbook endorsement. He may not endorse a student pilot's logbook--
(1) For solo flight unless he has given that student flight instruction and
found that student pilot prepared for solo flight in the type of aircraft
involved;
(2) For a cross-country flight, unless he has reviewed the student's flight
preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures and found them to
be adequate for the flight proposed under existing circumstances; or
(3) For solo flights in a terminal control area or at an airport within the
surface area of a terminal control area unless he has given that student
ground and flight instruction and has found that student prepared and
competent to conduct the operations authorized.
(e) Solo flights. He may not authorize any student pilot to make a solo
flight unless he possesses a valid student pilot certificate endorsed for
solo in the make and model aircraft to be flown. In addition, he may not
authorize any student pilot to make a solo cross-country flight unless he
possesses a valid student pilot certificate endorsed for solo cross-country
flight in the category of aircraft to be flown.
(f) Instruction in multiengine airplane or helicopter. He may not give
flight instruction required for the issuance of a certificate or a category,
or class rating, in a multiengine airplane or a helicopter, unless he has at
least 5 hours of experience as pilot in command in the make and model of that
airplane or helicopter, as the case may be.
(g) Recreational pilot endorsements. The flight instructor may not endorse
a recreational pilot's logbook unless the instructor has given that pilot the
ground and flight instruction required under this part for the endorsement
and found that pilot competent to pilot the aircraft safely.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-80, 53 FR 40322, Oct. 14, 1988; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13042, Mar. 29, 1989;
Amdt. 61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991]
Effective Date Note: Amdt. No. 61-92, 56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991, revised
paragraph (d)(3) effective September 16, 1993 to read as follows:
(d) * * *
(3) For solo flight in a Class B airspace area or at an airport within a
Class B airspace area unless the flight instructor has given that student
ground and flight instruction and has found that student prepared and
competent to conduct the operations authorized.
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) to
adopt certain recommendations of the National Airspace Review (NAR)
concerning changes to regulations and procedures in regard to airspace
classifications. These changes are intended to :(1) Simplify airspace
designations; (2) achieve international commonality of airspace designations;
(3) increase standardization of equipment requirements for operations in
various classifications of airspace; (4) describe appropriate pilot
certificate requirements, visual flight rules (VFR) visibility and distance
from cloud rules, and air traffic services offered in each class of airspace;
and (5) satisfy the responsibilities of the United States as a member of the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The final rule also amends
the requirement for minimum distance from clouds in certain airspace areas
and the requirements for communications with air traffic control (ATC) in
certain airspace areas; eliminates airport radar service areas (ARSAs),
control zones, and terminal control areas (TCAs) as airspace classifications;
and eliminates the term "airport traffic area." The FAA believes simplified
airspace classifications will reduce existing airspace complexity and thereby
enhance safety.
EFFECTIVE DATE: These regulations become effective September 16, 1993,
except that Secs. 11.61(c), 91.215(d), 71.601, 71.603, 71.605, 71.607, and
71.609 and Part 75 become effective December 12, 1991, and except that
amendatory instruction number 20, Sec. 71.1 is effective as of September 15,
1993, and that Secs. 71.11 and 71.19 become effective October 15, 1992. The
incorporation by reference of FAA Order 7400.7 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory
instruction number 20) is approved by the Director of the Federal Register
as of December 17, 1991, through September 15, 1993. The incorporation by
reference of FAA Order 7400.9 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory instruction number 24)
is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of September 16,
1993 through September 15, 1994.
Sec. 61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
The holder of a flight instructor certificate may have his certificate
renewed for an additional period of 24 months if he passes the practical test
for a flight instructor certificate and the rating involved, or those
portions of that test that the Administrator considers necessary to determine
his competency as a flight instructor. His certificate may be renewed without
taking the practical test if--
(a) His record of instruction shows that he is a competent flight
instructor;
(b) He has a satisfactory record as a company check pilot, chief flight
instructor, pilot in command of an aircraft operated under Part 121 of this
chapter, or other activity involving the regular evaluation of pilots, and
passes any oral test that may be necessary to determine that instructor's
knowledge of current pilot training and certification requirements and
standards; or
(c) He has successfully completed, within 90 days before the application
for the renewal of his certificate, an approved flight instructor refresher
course consisting of not less than 24 hours of ground or flight instruction,
or both.
Sec. 61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
(a) Flight instructor certificates. The holder of an expired flight
instructor certificate may exchange that certificate for a new certificate by
passing the practical test prescribed in Sec. 61.187.
(b) Flight instructor ratings. A flight instructor rating or a limited
flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate is no longer valid and may
not be exchanged for a similar rating or a flight instructor certificate. The
holder of either of those ratings is issued a flight instructor certificate
only if he passes the written and practical test prescribed in this subpart
for the issue of that certificate.
Sec. 61.201 Conversion to new system of instructor ratings.
The holder of a flight instructor certificate that does not bear any of
the new class or instrument ratings listed in Sec. 61.5(c) (2), (3), or (4)
for a flight instructor certificate, may not exercise the privileges of that
certificate. The holder of a flight instructor certificate with a glider
rating need not convert that rating to a new class rating to exercise the
privileges of that certificate and rating.
[Doc. No. 11802, Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt.
61-90, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 56 FR 13211, Mar. 29, 1991; 57 FR 60728,
Dec. 22, 1992]
SUMMARY: In connection with the President's Regulatory Moratorium and Review,
the Department of Transportation has reviewed all its existing regulations.
This review identified numerous regulations that are obsolete, redundant, or
can be reissued as non-regulatory guidance. This document removes these rules
from the Code of Federal Regulations.
DATES: This final rule is effective on December 22, 1992.
Appendix A to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Airplane Airline
Transport Pilot Certificates and Associated Class and Type Ratings
Throughout the maneuvers prescribed in this appendix, good judgment
commensurate with a high level of safety must be demonstrated. In determining
whether such judgment has been shown, the FAA inspector or designated
examiner who conducts the check considers adherence to approved procedures,
actions based on analysis of situations for which there is no prescribed
procedure or recommended practice, and qualities of prudence and care in
selecting a course of action.
Each maneuver or procedure must be performed inflight except to the extent
that certain maneuvers or procedures may be performed in an airplane
simulator with a visual system (visual simulator) or an airplane simulator
without a visual system (nonvisual simulator) or may be waived as indicated
by an X in the appropriate columns. A maneuver authorized to be performed in
a nonvisual simulator may be performed in a visual simulator, and a maneuver
authorized to be performed in a training device may be performed in a
nonvisual or a visual simulator.
An asterisk (*) preceding a maneuver or procedure indicates that the
maneuver or procedure may be performed in an airplane simulator or other
training device as indicated, provided the applicant has successfully
completed the training set forth in Sec. 121.424(d) of this chapter.
When a maneuver or procedure is preceded by this symbol (NZ), it indicates
that the FAA inspector or designated examiner may require the maneuver or
procedure to be performed in the airplane if he determines such action is
necessary to determine the applicant's competence with respect to that
maneuver.
An X and asterisk (X*) indicates that a particular condition is specified
in connection with the maneuver, procedure, or waiver provisions.
The procedures and maneuvers set forth in this appendix
must be performed in a manner that satisfactorily
demonstrates knowledge and skill with respect to--
(1) The airplane, its systems and components;
(2) Proper control of airspeed, configuration,
direction, altitude, and attitude in accordance with
procedures and limitations contained in the approved
Airplane Flight Manual, check lists, or other
approved material appropriate to the airplane type;
and
(3) Compliance with approved en route, instrument
approach, missed approach, ATC, or other applicable
procedures
I. Preflight:
(a) Equipment examination (oral). As part of the
practical test the equipment examination must be
closely coordinated with and related to, the flight
maneuvers portion but may not be given during the
flight maneuvers portion. Notwithstanding Sec. 61.21
the equipment examination may be given to an
applicant who has completed a ground school that is
part of an approved training program under Federal
Aviation Regulations Part 121 for the airplane type
involved and who is recommended by his instructor.
The equipment examination must be repeated if the
flight maneuvers portion is not satisfactorily
completed within 60 days. The equipment examination
must cover--
(1) Subjects requiring a practical knowledge of the
airplane, its powerplants, systems, components,
operational, and performance factors;
(2) Normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures, and
the operations and limitations relating thereto; and
(3) The appropriate provisions of the approved
Airplane Flight Manual
(b) Preflight Inspection. The pilot must--
(1) Conduct an actual visual inspection of the
exterior and interior of the airplane, locating each
item and explaining briefly the purpose of
inspecting it; and
(2) Demonstrate the use of the prestart check list,
appropriate control system checks, starting
procedures, radio and electronic equipment checks,
and the selection of proper navigation and
communications radio facilities and frequencies
prior to flight
If a flight engineer is a required crewmember for the
particular type airplane, the actual visual inspection
may either be waived or it may be replaced by using an
approved pictorial means that realistically portrays
the location and detail of inspection items
(c) Taxiing. This maneuver includes taxiing, sailing,
or docking procedures in compliance with instructions
issued by the appropriate traffic control authority
or by the FAA inspector or designated examiner X
(d) Powerplant checks. As appropriate to the airplane
type
II. Takeoffs:
(a) Normal. One normal takeoff which, for the purpose
of this maneuver begins when the airplane is taxied
into position on the runway to be used X
*(b) Instrument. One takeoff with instrument
conditions simulated at or before reaching an
altitude of 100 feet above the airport elevation X
(c) Cross wind. One cross wind takeoff, if practical
under the existing meteorological, airport, and
traffic conditions X*
NZ*(d) Powerplant failure. One takeoff with a simulated
failure of the most critical powerplant--
(1) At a point after V1 and before V2 that in the
judgment of the person conducting the check is
appropriate to the airplane type under the
prevailing conditions;
(2) At a point as close as possible after V1 when V1
and V2 or V1 and VR are identical; or
(3) At the appropriate speed for nontransport
category airplanes
For additional type rating in an airplane group with
engines mounted in similar positions or from wing-
mounted engines to aft fuselage-mounted engines this
maneuver may be performed in a nonvisual simulator
(e) Rejected. A rejected takeoff performed in an
airplane during a normal takeoff run after reaching a
reasonable speed determined by giving due
consideration to aircraft characteristics, runway
length, surface conditions, wind direction and
velocity, brake heat energy, and any other pertinent
factors that may adversely affect safety or the
airplane
III. Instrument Procedures:
*(a) Area departure and area arrival. During each of
these maneuvers the applicant must-- X
(1) Adhere to actual or simulated ATC clearances
(including assigned radials); and
(2) Properly use available navigation facilities
Either area arrival or area departure, but not both,
may be waived under Sec. 61.157(c)
(b) Holding. This maneuver includes entering,
maintaining, and leaving holding patterns. It may be
performed under either area departure or area arrival X
(c) ILS and other instrument approaches. There must be
the following:
*(1) At least one normal ILS approach X
NZ(2) At least one manually controlled ILS approach
with a simulated failure of one powerplant. The
simulated failure should occur before initiating the
final approach course and must continue to touchdown
or through the missed approach procedure X
However, either the normal ILS approach or the manually
controlled ILS approach must be performed in flight
(3) At least one nonprecision approach procedure that
is representative of the nonprecision approach
procedures that the applicant is likely to use X
(4) Demonstration of at least one nonprecision
approach procedure on a letdown aid other than the
approach procedure performed under subparagraph (3)
of this paragraph that the applicant is likely to
use. If performed in a synthetic instrument trainer,
the procedures must be observed by the FAA inspector
or designated examiner, or if the applicant has
completed an approved training course under Part 121
of this chapter for the airplane type involved, the
procedures may be observed by a person qualified to
act as an instructor or check airman under that
approved training program X
Each instrument approach must be performed according to
any procedures and limitations approved for the
approach facility used. The instrument approach begins
when the airplane is over the initial approach fix for
the approach procedure being used (or turned over to
the final approach controller in the case of GCA
approach) and ends when the airplane touches down on
the runway or when transition to a missed approach
configuration is completed. Instrument conditions need
not be simulated below 100' above touchdown zone
elevation
(d) Circling approaches. At least one circling
approach must be made under the following conditions:
(1) The portion of the circling approach to the
authorized minimum circling approach altitude must
be made under simulated instrument conditions X
(2) The approach must be made to the authorized
minimum circling approach altitude followed by a
change in heading and the necessary maneuvering (by
visual reference) to maintain a flight path that
permits a normal landing on a runway at least 90
deg. from the final approach course of the simulated
instrument portion of the approach
(3) The circling approach must be performed without
excessive maneuvering, and without exceeding the
normal operating limits of the airplane. The angle
of bank should not exceed 30 deg.
When the maneuver is performed in an airplane, it may
be waived as provided in Sec. 61.157(c) if local
conditions beyond the control of the pilot prohibit
the maneuver or prevent it from being performed as
required
The circling approach maneuver is not required for a
pilot employed by a certificate holder subject to the
operating rules of Part 121 of this chapter, if the
certificate holder's manual prohibits a circling
approach in weather conditions below 1000-3 (ceiling
and visibility)
*(e) Missed approaches. Each applicant must perform at
least two missed approaches, with at least one missed
approach from an ILS approach. A complete approved
missed approach procedure must be accomplished at
least once and, at the discretion of the FAA
inspector or designated examiner, a simulated
powerplant failure may be required during any of the
missed approaches. These maneuvers may be performed
either independently or in conjunction with maneuvers
required under sections III or V or this appendix. At
least one must be performed inflight X X*
IV. Inflight Maneuvers:
*(a) Steep turns. At least one steep turn in each
direction must be performed. Each steep turn must
involve a bank angle of 45 deg. with a heading change
of at least 180 deg. but not more than 360 deg. X
*(b) Approaches to stalls. For the purpose of this
maneuver the required approach to a stall is reached
when there is a perceptible buffet or other response
to the initial stall entry. Except as provided below,
there must be at least three approaches to stalls as
follows: X
(1) One must be in the takeoff configuration (except
where the airplane uses only a zero-flap takeoff
configuration)
(2) One in a clean configuration
(3) One in a landing configuration
At the discretion of the FAA inspector or designated
examiner, one approach to a stall must be performed in
one of the above configurations while in a turn with a
bank angle between 15 deg. and 30 deg.. Two out of the
three approaches required by this paragraph may be
waived as provided in Sec. 61.157(c)
*(c) Specific flight characteristics. Recovery from
specific flight characteristics that are peculiar to
the airplane type
(d) Powerplant failures. In addition to the specific
requirements for maneuvers with simulated powerplant
failures, the FAA inspector or designated examiner
may require a simulated powerplant failure at any
time during the check X
V. Landings and Approaches to Landings:
Notwithstanding the authorizations for combining of
maneuvers and for waiver of maneuvers, at least three
actual landings (one to a full stop), must be made.
These landings must include the types listed below but
more than one type can be combined where appropriate:
(a) Normal landing X
NZ(b) Landing in sequence from an ILS instrument
approach except that if circumstances beyond the
control of the pilot prevent an actual landing, the
person conducting the check may accept an approach to
a point where in his judgment a landing to a full
stop could have been made. In addition, where a
simulator approved for the landing maneuver out of an
ILS approach is used, the approach may be continued
through the landing and credit given for 1 of the 3
landings required by this section
(c) Cross wind landing, if practical under existing
meteorological, airport, and traffic conditions X*
NZ(d) Maneuvering to a landing with simulated
powerplant failure, as follows:
(1) In the case of 3-engine airplanes, maneuvering to
a landing with an approved procedure that
approximates the loss of 2 powerplants (center and 1
outboard engine); or
(2) In the case of other multiengine airplanes,
maneuvering to a landing with a simulated failure of
50 percent of available powerplants, with the
simulated loss of power on one side of the airplane.
However, before Jan. 1, 1975, in the case of a 4-
engine turbojet-powered airplane, maneuvering to a
landing with a simulated failure of the most
critical powerplant may be substituted therefor, if
a flight instructor in an approved training program
under pt. 121 of this chapter certifies to the
Administrator that he has observed the applicant
satisfactorily perform a landing in that type
airplane with a simulated failure of 50 percent of
the available powerplants. The substitute maneuver
may not be used if the Administrator determines that
training in the 2-engine out landing maneuver
provided in the training program is unsatisfactory
If an applicant performs this maneuver in a visual
simulator, he must, in addition, maneuver in flight to
a landing with a simulated failure of the most
critical powerplant
*(e) Except as provided in par. (f), landing under
simulated circling approach conditions except that if
circumstances beyond the control of the pilot prevent
a landing, the person conducting the check may accept
an approach to a point where, in his judgment, a
landing to a fuel stop could have been made
The circling approach maneuver is not required for a
pilot employed by a certificate holder subject to the
operating rules of pt. 121 of this chapter, if the
certificate holder's manual prohibits a circling
approach in weather conditions below 1000-3 (ceiling
and visibility)
*NZ(f) A rejected landing, including a normal missed
approach procedure, that is rejected approximately
50' over the runway and approximately over the runway
threshold. This maneuver may be combined with
instrument, circling, or missed approach procedures,
but instrument conditions need not be simulated below
100' above the runway X*
NZ(g) A zero-flap visual approach to a point where, in
the judgment of the person conducting the check, a
landing to a full stop on the appropriate runway
could be made. This maneuver is not required for a
particular airplane type if the Administrator has
determined that the probability of flap extension
failure on that type is extremely remote due to
system design. In making this determination, the
Administrator determines whether checking on slats
only and partial flap approaches is necessary
(h) For a single powerplant rating only, unless the
applicant holds a commercial pilot certificate, he
must accomplish accuracy approaches and spot landings
that include a series of three landings from an
altitude of 1,000' or less, with the engine throttled
and 180 deg. change in direction. The airplane must
touch the ground in a normal landing attitude beyond
and within 200' from a designated line. At least one
landing must be from a forward slip. One hundred
eighty degree approaches using two 90 deg. turns with
a straight base leg are preferred although circular
approaches are acceptable X
VI. Normal and Abnormal Procedures. Each applicant must
demonstrate the proper use of as many of the systems
and devices listed below as the FAA inspector or
designated examiner finds are necessary to determine
that the person being checked has a practical
knowledge of the use of the systems and devices
appropriate to the aircraft type:
(a) Anti-icing and deicing systems
(b) Auto-pilot systems
(c) Automatic or other approach aid systems
(d) Stall warning devices, stall avoidance devices,
and stability augmentation devices
(e) Airborne radar devices
(f) Any other systems, devices, or aids available
(g) Hydraulic and electrical system failures and
malfunctions
(h) Landing gear and flap systems failures or
malfunctions
(i) Failure of navigation or communications equipment
VII. Emergency Procedures. Each applicant must
demonstrate the proper emergency procedures for as
many of the emergency situations listed below as the
FAA inspector or designated examiner finds are
necessary to determine that the person being checked
has an adequate knowledge of, and ability to perform,
such procedures:
(a) Fire inflight
(b) Smoke control
(c) Rapid decompression
(d) Emergency descent
(e) Any other emergency procedures outlined in the
appropriate approved airplane flight manual
[ ...Table continues... ]
Permitted
Waiver
provisions
Visual Nonvisual Training of Sec.
Maneuvers/Procedures simulator simulator device 61.157(c)
The procedures and maneuvers set
forth in this appendix must be
performed in a manner that
satisfactorily demonstrates
knowledge and skill with respect
to--
(1) The airplane, its systems
and components;
(2) Proper control of airspeed,
configuration, direction,
altitude, and attitude in
accordance with procedures and
limitations contained in the
approved Airplane Flight
Manual, check lists, or other
approved material appropriate
to the airplane type; and
(3) Compliance with approved en
route, instrument approach,
missed approach, ATC, or other
applicable procedures
I. Preflight:
(a) Equipment examination
(oral). As part of the
practical test the equipment
examination must be closely
coordinated with and related
to, the flight maneuvers
portion but may not be given
during the flight maneuvers
portion. Notwithstanding Sec.
61.21 the equipment examination
may be given to an applicant
who has completed a ground
school that is part of an
approved training program under
Federal Aviation Regulations
Part 121 for the airplane type
involved and who is recommended
by his instructor. The
equipment examination must be
repeated if the flight
maneuvers portion is not
satisfactorily completed within
60 days. The equipment
examination must cover-- X
(1) Subjects requiring a
practical knowledge of the
airplane, its powerplants,
systems, components,
operational, and performance
factors;
(2) Normal, abnormal, and
emergency procedures, and the
operations and limitations
relating thereto; and
(3) The appropriate provisions
of the approved Airplane
Flight Manual
(b) Preflight Inspection. The
pilot must--
(1) Conduct an actual visual
inspection of the exterior and
interior of the airplane,
locating each item and
explaining briefly the purpose
of inspecting it; and X X*
(2) Demonstrate the use of the
prestart check list,
appropriate control system
checks, starting procedures,
radio and electronic equipment
checks, and the selection of
proper navigation and
communications radio
facilities and frequencies
prior to flight X
If a flight engineer is a
required crewmember for the
particular type airplane, the
actual visual inspection may
either be waived or it may be
replaced by using an approved
pictorial means that
realistically portrays the
location and detail of
inspection items
(c) Taxiing. This maneuver
includes taxiing, sailing, or
docking procedures in
compliance with instructions
issued by the appropriate
traffic control authority or by
the FAA inspector or designated
examiner
(d) Powerplant checks. As
appropriate to the airplane
type X
II. Takeoffs:
(a) Normal. One normal takeoff
which, for the purpose of this
maneuver begins when the
airplane is taxied into
position on the runway to be
used
*(b) Instrument. One takeoff
with instrument conditions
simulated at or before reaching
an altitude of 100 feet above
the airport elevation X
(c) Cross wind. One cross wind
takeoff, if practical under the
existing meteorological,
airport, and traffic conditions
NZ*(d) Powerplant failure. One
takeoff with a simulated
failure of the most critical
powerplant-- X
(1) At a point after V1 and
before V2 that in the judgment
of the person conducting the
check is appropriate to the
airplane type under the
prevailing conditions;
(2) At a point as close as
possible after V1 when V1 and
V2 or V1 and VR are identical;
or
(3) At the appropriate speed
for nontransport category
airplanes
For additional type rating in an
airplane group with engines
mounted in similar positions or
from wing-mounted engines to aft
fuselage-mounted engines this
maneuver may be performed in a
nonvisual simulator
(e) Rejected. A rejected takeoff
performed in an airplane during
a normal takeoff run after
reaching a reasonable speed
determined by giving due
consideration to aircraft
characteristics, runway length,
surface conditions, wind
direction and velocity, brake
heat energy, and any other
pertinent factors that may
adversely affect safety or the
airplane X X*
III. Instrument Procedures:
*(a) Area departure and area
arrival. During each of these
maneuvers the applicant must-- X X*
(1) Adhere to actual or
simulated ATC clearances
(including assigned radials);
and
(2) Properly use available
navigation facilities
Either area arrival or area
departure, but not both, may be
waived under Sec. 61.157(c)
(b) Holding. This maneuver
includes entering, maintaining,
and leaving holding patterns.
It may be performed under
either area departure or area
arrival X X*
(c) ILS and other instrument
approaches. There must be the
following:
*(1) At least one normal ILS
approach X
NZ(2) At least one manually
controlled ILS approach with a
simulated failure of one
powerplant. The simulated
failure should occur before
initiating the final approach
course and must continue to
touchdown or through the
missed approach procedure X
However, either the normal ILS
approach or the manually
controlled ILS approach must be
performed in flight
(3) At least one nonprecision
approach procedure that is
representative of the
nonprecision approach
procedures that the applicant
is likely to use X
(4) Demonstration of at least
one nonprecision approach
procedure on a letdown aid
other than the approach
procedure performed under
subparagraph (3) of this
paragraph that the applicant is
likely to use. If performed in
a synthetic instrument trainer,
the procedures must be observed
by the FAA inspector or
designated examiner, or if the
applicant has completed an
approved training course under
Part 121 of this chapter for
the airplane type involved, the
procedures may be observed by a
person qualified to act as an
instructor or check airman
under that approved training
program X
Each instrument approach must be
performed according to any
procedures and limitations
approved for the approach
facility used. The instrument
approach begins when the
airplane is over the initial
approach fix for the approach
procedure being used (or turned
over to the final approach
controller in the case of GCA
approach) and ends when the
airplane touches down on the
runway or when transition to a
missed approach configuration is
completed. Instrument conditions
need not be simulated below 100'
above touchdown zone elevation
(d) Circling approaches. At
least one circling approach
must be made under the
following conditions: X X*
(1) The portion of the circling
approach to the authorized
minimum circling approach
altitude must be made under
simulated instrument
conditions
(2) The approach must be made
to the authorized minimum
circling approach altitude
followed by a change in
heading and the necessary
maneuvering (by visual
reference) to maintain a
flight path that permits a
normal landing on a runway at
least 90 deg. from the final
approach course of the
simulated instrument portion
of the approach
(3) The circling approach must
be performed without excessive
maneuvering, and without
exceeding the normal operating
limits of the airplane. The
angle of bank should not
exceed 30 deg.
When the maneuver is performed in
an airplane, it may be waived as
provided in Sec. 61.157(c) if
local conditions beyond the
control of the pilot prohibit
the maneuver or prevent it from
being performed as required
The circling approach maneuver is
not required for a pilot
employed by a certificate holder
subject to the operating rules
of Part 121 of this chapter, if
the certificate holder's manual
prohibits a circling approach in
weather conditions below 1000-3
(ceiling and visibility)
*(e) Missed approaches. Each
applicant must perform at least
two missed approaches, with at
least one missed approach from
an ILS approach. A complete
approved missed approach
procedure must be accomplished
at least once and, at the
discretion of the FAA inspector
or designated examiner, a
simulated powerplant failure
may be required during any of
the missed approaches. These
maneuvers may be performed
either independently or in
conjunction with maneuvers
required under sections III or
V or this appendix. At least
one must be performed inflight X*
IV. Inflight Maneuvers:
*(a) Steep turns. At least one
steep turn in each direction
must be performed. Each steep
turn must involve a bank angle
of 45 deg. with a heading
change of at least 180 deg. but
not more than 360 deg. X X
*(b) Approaches to stalls. For
the purpose of this maneuver
the required approach to a
stall is reached when there is
a perceptible buffet or other
response to the initial stall
entry. Except as provided
below, there must be at least
three approaches to stalls as
follows: X X*
(1) One must be in the takeoff
configuration (except where
the airplane uses only a zero-
flap takeoff configuration)
(2) One in a clean
configuration
(3) One in a landing
configuration
At the discretion of the FAA
inspector or designated
examiner, one approach to a
stall must be performed in one
of the above configurations
while in a turn with a bank
angle between 15 deg. and 30
deg.. Two out of the three
approaches required by this
paragraph may be waived as
provided in Sec. 61.157(c)
*(c) Specific flight
characteristics. Recovery from
specific flight characteristics
that are peculiar to the
airplane type X X
(d) Powerplant failures. In
addition to the specific
requirements for maneuvers with
simulated powerplant failures,
the FAA inspector or designated
examiner may require a
simulated powerplant failure at
any time during the check
V. Landings and Approaches to
Landings:
Notwithstanding the
authorizations for combining of
maneuvers and for waiver of
maneuvers, at least three actual
landings (one to a full stop),
must be made. These landings
must include the types listed
below but more than one type can
be combined where appropriate:
(a) Normal landing
NZ(b) Landing in sequence from an
ILS instrument approach except
that if circumstances beyond
the control of the pilot
prevent an actual landing, the
person conducting the check may
accept an approach to a point
where in his judgment a landing
to a full stop could have been
made. In addition, where a
simulator approved for the
landing maneuver out of an ILS
approach is used, the approach
may be continued through the
landing and credit given for 1
of the 3 landings required by
this section X*
(c) Cross wind landing, if
practical under existing
meteorological, airport, and
traffic conditions
NZ(d) Maneuvering to a landing
with simulated powerplant
failure, as follows: X*
(1) In the case of 3-engine
airplanes, maneuvering to a
landing with an approved
procedure that approximates
the loss of 2 powerplants
(center and 1 outboard
engine); or
(2) In the case of other
multiengine airplanes,
maneuvering to a landing with
a simulated failure of 50
percent of available
powerplants, with the
simulated loss of power on one
side of the airplane. However,
before Jan. 1, 1975, in the
case of a 4-engine turbojet-
powered airplane, maneuvering
to a landing with a simulated
failure of the most critical
powerplant may be substituted
therefor, if a flight
instructor in an approved
training program under pt. 121
of this chapter certifies to
the Administrator that he has
observed the applicant
satisfactorily perform a
landing in that type airplane
with a simulated failure of 50
percent of the available
powerplants. The substitute
maneuver may not be used if
the Administrator determines
that training in the 2-engine
out landing maneuver provided
in the training program is
unsatisfactory
If an applicant performs this
maneuver in a visual simulator,
he must, in addition, maneuver
in flight to a landing with a
simulated failure of the most
critical powerplant
*(e) Except as provided in par.
(f), landing under simulated
circling approach conditions
except that if circumstances
beyond the control of the pilot
prevent a landing, the person
conducting the check may accept
an approach to a point where,
in his judgment, a landing to a
fuel stop could have been made X
The circling approach maneuver is
not required for a pilot
employed by a certificate holder
subject to the operating rules
of pt. 121 of this chapter, if
the certificate holder's manual
prohibits a circling approach in
weather conditions below 1000-3
(ceiling and visibility)
*NZ(f) A rejected landing,
including a normal missed
approach procedure, that is
rejected approximately 50' over
the runway and approximately
over the runway threshold. This
maneuver may be combined with
instrument, circling, or missed
approach procedures, but
instrument conditions need not
be simulated below 100' above
the runway X*
NZ(g) A zero-flap visual approach
to a point where, in the
judgment of the person
conducting the check, a landing
to a full stop on the
appropriate runway could be
made. This maneuver is not
required for a particular
airplane type if the
Administrator has determined
that the probability of flap
extension failure on that type
is extremely remote due to
system design. In making this
determination, the
Administrator determines
whether checking on slats only
and partial flap approaches is
necessary X*
(h) For a single powerplant
rating only, unless the
applicant holds a commercial
pilot certificate, he must
accomplish accuracy approaches
and spot landings that include
a series of three landings from
an altitude of 1,000' or less,
with the engine throttled and
180 deg. change in direction.
The airplane must touch the
ground in a normal landing
attitude beyond and within 200'
from a designated line. At
least one landing must be from
a forward slip. One hundred
eighty degree approaches using
two 90 deg. turns with a
straight base leg are preferred
although circular approaches
are acceptable
VI. Normal and Abnormal
Procedures. Each applicant must
demonstrate the proper use of as
many of the systems and devices
listed below as the FAA
inspector or designated examiner
finds are necessary to determine
that the person being checked
has a practical knowledge of the
use of the systems and devices
appropriate to the aircraft
type:
(a) Anti-icing and deicing
systems X
(b) Auto-pilot systems X
(c) Automatic or other approach
aid systems X
(d) Stall warning devices, stall
avoidance devices, and
stability augmentation devices X
(e) Airborne radar devices X
(f) Any other systems, devices,
or aids available X
(g) Hydraulic and electrical
system failures and
malfunctions X
(h) Landing gear and flap
systems failures or
malfunctions X
(i) Failure of navigation or
communications equipment X
VII. Emergency Procedures. Each
applicant must demonstrate the
proper emergency procedures for
as many of the emergency
situations listed below as the
FAA inspector or designated
examiner finds are necessary to
determine that the person being
checked has an adequate
knowledge of, and ability to
perform, such procedures:
(a) Fire inflight X
(b) Smoke control X
(c) Rapid decompression X
(d) Emergency descent X
(e) Any other emergency
procedures outlined in the
appropriate approved airplane
flight manual X
Appendix B to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Rotorcraft Airline
Transport Pilot Certificates with a Helicopter Class Rating and
Associated Type Ratings
Throughout the maneuvers prescribed in this appendix, good judgment
commensurate with a high level of safety must be demonstrated. In determining
whether such judgment has been shown, the FAA inspector or designated pilot
examiner who conducts the check considers adherence to approved procedures,
actions based on analysis of situations for which there is no prescribed
procedure or recommended practice, and qualities of prudence and care in
selecting a course of action. The successful outcome of a procedure or
maneuver will never be in doubt.
Maneuvers/Procedures
The maneuvers and procedures in this appendix must be performed in a manner
that satisfactorily demonstrates knowledge and skill with respect to--
(1) The helicopter, its systems, and components;
(2) Proper control of airspeed, direction, altitude, and attitude in
accordance with procedures and limitations contained in the approved
Rotorcraft Flight Manual, checklists, or other approved material appropriate
to the rotorcraft type; and
(3) Compliance with approved en route, instrument approach, missed
approach, ATC, and other applicable procedures.
I. Preflight
(a) Equipment examination (oral). The equipment examination must be
repeated if the flight maneuvers portion is not satisfactorily completed
within 60 days. The equipment examination must cover--
(1) Subjects requiring a practical knowledge of the helicopter, its
powerplants, systems, components, and operational and performance factors;
(2) Normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures and related operations and
limitations; and
(3) The appropriate provisions of the approved helicopter Flight Manual or
manual material.
(b) Preflight inspection. The pilot must--
(1) Conduct an actual visual inspection of the exterior and interior of the
helicopter, locating each item and explaining briefly the purpose of
inspecting it; and
(2) Demonstrate the use of the prestart checklist, appropriate control
system checks, starting procedures, radio and electronic equipment checks,
and the selection of proper navigation and communications radio facilities
and frequencies before flight.
(c) Taxiing. The maneuver includes ground taxiing, hover taxiing (including
performance checks),,and docking procedures, as appropriate, in compliance
with instructions issued by ATC, the FAA inspector, or the designated pilot
examiner.
(d) Powerplant checks. As appropriate to the helicopter type in accordance
with the Rotorcraft Flight Manual procedures.
II. Takeoffs
(a) Normal. One normal takeoff from a stabilized hover which begins when
the helicopter is taxied into position for takeoff.
(b) Instrument. One takeoff with instrument conditions simulated at or
before reaching 100 feet above airport elevation.
(c) Crosswind. One crosswind takeoff from a stabilized hover, if practical
under the existing meteorological, airport, and traffic conditions.
(d) Powerplant failure. (1) For single-engine rotorcraft, one normal
takeoff with simulated powerplant failure.
(2) For multiengine rotorcraft, one normal takeoff with simulated failure
of one engine--
(i) At an appropriate airspeed that would allow continued climb performance
in forward flight; or
(ii) At an appropriate airspeed that is 50 percent of normal cruise speed,
if there is no published single-engine climb airspeed for that type of
helicopter.
(e) Rejected. One normal takeoff that is rejected after simulated engine
failure at a reasonable airspeed, determined by giving due consideration to
the helicopter's characteristics, length of landing area, surface conditions,
wind direction and velocity, and any other pertinent factors that may
adversely affect safety.
III. Instrument Procedures
(a) Area departure and arrival. During each of these maneuvers, the
applicant must--
(1) Adhere to actual or simulated ATC clearances (including assigned
bearings or radials); and
(2) Properly use available navigation facilities.
(b) Holding. This maneuver includes entering, maintaining, and leaving
holding patterns.
(c) ILS and other instrument approaches. The instrument approach begins
when the helicopter is over the initial approach fix for the approach
procedure being used (or turned over to the final controller in case of a
surveillance or precision radar approach) and ends when the helicopter
terminates at a hover or touches down or where transition to a missed
approach is completed. The following approaches must be performed:
(1) At least one normal ILS approach.
(2) For multiengine rotorcraft, at least one manually controlled ILS
approach with a simulated failure of one powerplant. The simulated engine
failure should occur before initiating the final approach course and continue
to a hover to touchdown or through the missed approach procedure.
(3) At least one nonprecision approach procedure that is representative of
the nonprecision approach procedure that the applicant is likely to use.
(4) At least one nonprecision approach procedure on a letdown aid other
than the approach procedure performed under subparagraph (3) of this
paragraph that the applicant is likely to use.
(d) Circling approaches. At least one circling approach must be made under
the following conditions:
(1) The portion of the circling approach to the authorized minimum circling
approach altitude must be made under simulated instrument conditions.
(2) The approach must be made to the authorized minimum circling approach
altitude followed by a change in heading and the necessary maneuvering (by
visual reference) to maintain a flight path that permits a normal landing on
a runway at least 90 degrees from the final approach course of the simulated
instrument portion of the approach.
(3) The circling approach must be performed without excessive maneuvering
and without exceeding the normal operating limits of the rotorcraft. The
angle of bank should not exceed 30 degrees.
(e) Missed approaches. Each applicant must perform at least two missed
approaches with at least one missed approach from an ILS approach. At the
discretion of the FAA inspector or designated examiner, a simulated
powerplant failure may be required during any of the missed approaches. The
maneuvers may be performed either independently or in conjunction with
maneuvers required under section III or V of this appendix. At least one must
be performed in flight.
IV. In-flight Maneuvers
(a) Steep turns. At least one steep turn in each direction must be
performed. Each steep turn must involve a bank angle of 30 degrees with a
heading change of at least 180 degrees but not more than 360 degrees.
(b) Settling with power. Demonstrate recognition of and recovery from
imminent flight at critical/rapid descent with power. For the purpose of this
maneuver, settling with power is reached when a perceptive buffet or other
indications of imminent settling with power have been induced.
(c) Powerplant failure. In addition to the specific requirements for
maneuvers with simulated powerplant failures, the FAA inspector or designated
examiner may require a simulated powerplant failure at any time during the
check.
(d) Recovery from unusual attitudes.
V. Approaches and Landings
(a) Normal. One normal approach to a stabilized hover or to the ground must
be performed.
(b) Instrument. One approach to a hover or to a landing in sequence from an
ILS instrument approach.
(c) Crosswind. One crosswind approach to a hover or to the ground, if
practical under the existing meteorological, airport, or traffic conditions.
(d) Powerplant failure. For a multiengine rotorcraft, maneuvering to a
landing with simulated powerplant failure of one engine.
(e) Rejected. Rejected landing, including a normal missed approach
procedure at approximately 50 feet above the runway. This maneuver may be
combined with instrument or missed approach procedures, but instrument
conditions need not be simulated below 100 feet above the runway or landing
area.
(f) Autorotative landings. Autorotative landings in a single-engine
helicopter. The applicant may be required to accomplish at least one
autorotative approach and landing from any phase of flight as specified by
the FAA inspector or designated examiner.
VI. Normal and Abnormal Procedures
Each applicant must demonstrate the proper use of as many systems and
devices listed below as the FAA inspector or designated examiner finds are
necessary to determine that the applicant has a practical knowledge of the
use of the systems and devices appropriate to the helicopter type:
(a) Anti-icing or deicing systems.
(b) Autopilot or other stability augmentation devices.
(c) Airborne radar devices.
(d) Hydraulic and electrical systems failures or malfunctions.
(e) Landing gear failures or malfunctions.
(f) Failure of navigation or communications equipment.
(g) Any other system appropriate to the helicopter as outlined in the
approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual.
II. Emergency Procedures
Each applicant must demonstrate the proper emergency procedures for as many
of the emergency situations listed below as the FAA inspector or designated
examiner finds are necessary to determine that the applicant has adequate
knowledge of, and ability to perform, such procedures:
(a) Fire or smoke control in flight.
(b) Ditching.
(c) Evacuation.
(d) Operation of emergency equipment.
(e) Emergency descent.
(f) Any other emergency procedure outline in the approved Rotorcraft Flight
Manual.
