Sec.
141.1 Applicability.
141.3 Certificate required.
141.5 Pilot school certificate.
141.7 Provisional pilot school certificate.
141.9 Examining authority.
141.11 Pilot school ratings.
141.13 Application for issuance, amendment, or renewal.
141.15 Location of facilities.
141.17 Duration of certificates.
141.18 Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant
drugs or substances.
141.19 Display of certificate.
141.21 Inspections.
141.23 Advertising limitations.
141.25 Business office and operations base.
141.27 Renewal of certificates and ratings.
141.29 [Reserved]
Subpart B--Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements
141.31 Applicability.
141.33 Personnel.
141.35 Chief instructor qualifications.
141.36 Assistant chief instructor qualifications.
141.37 Airports.
141.39 Aircraft.
141.41 Ground trainers and training aids.
141.43 Pilot briefing areas.
141.45 Ground training facilities.
Subpart C--Training Course Outline and Curriculum
141.51 Applicability.
141.53 Training course outline: General.
141.55 Training course outline: Contents.
141.57 Special curricula.
Subpart D--Examining Authority
141.61 Applicability.
141.63 Application and qualification.
141.65 Privileges.
141.67 Limitations and reports.
Appendix A to Part 141--Private Pilot Certification Course (Airplanes)
Appendix B to Part 141--Private Test Course (Airplanes)
Appendix C to Part 141--Instrument Rating Course (Airplanes)
Appendix D to Part 141--Commercial Pilot Certification Course (Airplanes)
Appendix E to Part 141--Commercial Test Course (Airplanes)
Appendix F to Part 141--Rotorcraft, Gliders, Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft and
Aircraft Rating Courses
Appendix G to Part 141--Pilot Ground School Course
Appendix H to Part 141--Test Preparation Courses
Authority: Sections 313(a), 314, 601, 602, and 607 of the Federal
Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. app. 1354(a), 1355, 1421, 1422, and 1427),
and section 6(c) of the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. app.
1655(c)).
This part prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot school
certificates, provisional pilot school certificates, and associated ratings
and the general operating rules for the holders of those certificates and
ratings.
Sec. 141.3 Certificate required.
No person may operate as a certificated pilot school without, or in
violation of, a pilot school certificate or provisional pilot school
certificate issued under this part.
Sec. 141.5 Pilot school certificate.
An applicant is issued a pilot school certificate with associated ratings
for that certificate if--
(a) It meets the pertinent requirements of Subparts A through C of this
part; and
(b) Within the 24 months before the date of application, it has trained and
recommended for pilot certification and rating tests, at least 10 applicants
for pilot certificates and ratings and at least 8 of the 10 most recent
graduates tested by an FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner, passed
that test the first time.
Sec. 141.7 Provisional pilot school certificate.
An applicant is issued a provisional pilot school certificate with
associated ratings if it meets the pertinent requirements of Subparts A
through C of this part, but does not meet the recent training activity
requirement specified in Sec. 141.5(b).
Sec. 141.9 Examining authority.
An applicant is issued an examining authority for its pilot school
certificate if it meets the requirements of Subpart D of this part.
Sec. 141.11 Pilot school ratings.
Associated ratings are issued with a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate, specifying each of the following
courses that the school is authorized to conduct:
(a) Certification courses.
(1) Private pilot.
(2) Private test course.
(3) Instrument rating.
(4) Commercial pilot.
(5) Commercial test course.
(6) Additional aircraft rating.
(b) Pilot ground school course.
(1) Pilot ground school.
(c) Test preparation courses.
(1) Flight instructor certification.
(2) Additional flight instructor rating.
(3) Additional instrument rating.
(4) Airline transport pilot certification.
(5) Pilot refresher course.
(6) Agricultural aircraft operations course.
(7) Rotorcraft external load operations course.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974; 39 FR 25473, July 11, 1974]
Sec. 141.13 Application for issuance, amendment, or renewal.
(a) Application for an original certificate and rating, for an additional
rating, or for the renewal of a certificate under this part is made on a form
and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator.
(b) An application for the issuance or amendment of a certificate or rating
must be accompanied by three copies of the proposed training course outline
for each course for which approval is sought.
Sec. 141.15 Location of facilities.
Neither a pilot school certificate nor a provisional pilot school
certificate is issued for a school having a base or other facilities located
outside the United States unless the Administrator finds that the location of
the base or facilities at that place is needed for the training of students
who are citizens of the United States.
Sec. 141.17 Duration of certificates.
(a) Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, or revoked, a pilot school
certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate expires--
(1) At the end of the twenty-fourth month after the month in which it was
issued or renewed; or
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, on the date that
any change in ownership of the school or the facilities upon which its
certification is based occurs; or
(3) Upon notice by the Administrator that the school has failed for more
than 60 days to maintain the facilities, aircraft, and personnel required for
at least one of its approved courses.
(b) A change in the ownership of a certificated pilot school or provisional
pilot school does not terminate that certificate if within 30 days after the
date that any change in ownership of the school occurs, application is made
for an appropriate amendment to the certificate and no change in the
facilities, instructor, personnel or training course is involved.
(c) An examining authority issued to the holder of a pilot school
certificate expires on the date that the pilot school certificate expires, or
is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
Sec. 141.18 Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or
stimulant drugs or substances.
If the holder of a certificate issued under this part permits any aircraft
owned or leased by that holder to be engaged in any operation that the
certificate holder knows to be in violation of Sec. 91.19(a) of this chapter,
that operation is a basis for suspending or revoking the certificate.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-11, 54 FR
34332, Aug. 18, 1989]
Effective Date Note: At 54 FR 34332, Aug. 18, 1989, Sec. 141.18 was amended
by changing the cross reference "Sec. 91.12(a)" to read "Sec. 91.19(a)",
effective August 18, 1990.
Sec. 141.19 Display of certificate.
(a) Each holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate shall display that certificate at a place in the school that is
normally accessible to the public and is not obscured.
(b) A certificate shall be made available for inspection upon request by
the Administrator, or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
Sec. 141.21 Inspections.
Each holder of a certificate issued under this part shall allow the
Administrator to inspect its personnel, facilities, equipment, and records to
determine its compliance with the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, and the
Federal Aviation Regulations, and its eligibility to hold its certificate.
Sec. 141.23 Advertising limitations.
(a) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate may not make any statement relating to its certification and
ratings which is false or designed to mislead any person contemplating
enrollment in that school.
(b) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate may not advertise that the school is certificated unless it
clearly differentiates between courses that have been approved and those that
have not.
(c) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate--
(1) That has relocated its school shall promptly remove from the premises
it has vacated all signs indicating that the school was certificated by the
Administrator; or
(2) Whose certificate has expired, or has been surrendered, suspended, or
revoked shall promptly remove all indications (including signs), wherever
located, that the school is certificated by the Administrator.
Sec. 141.25 Business office and operations base.
(a) Each holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate
shall maintain a principal business office with a mailing address in the name
shown on its certificate. The business office shall have facilities and
equipment that are adequate to maintain the required school files and records
and to operate the business of the school. The office may not be shared with,
or used by, another pilot school.
(b) Each certificate holder shall, before changing the location of its
business office or base of operations, notify the FAA Flight Standards
District Office having jurisdiction over the area of the new location. The
notice shall be submitted in writing at least 30 days before the change. For
a change in the holder's base of operations, the notice shall be accompanied
by any amendments needed for the holder's approved training course outline.
(c) No certificate holder may conduct training at an operations base other
than the one specified in its certificate, until--
(1) The base has been inspected and approved by the FAA Flight Standards
District Office having jurisdiction over the school for use by the
certificate holder; and
(2) The course of training and any needed amendments thereto have been
approved for training at that base.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-3, 54 FR
39295, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 141.27 Renewal of certificates and ratings.
(a) Pilot school certificates. The holder of a pilot school certificate may
apply for a renewal of the certificate not less than 30 days before the
certificate expires. If the school meets the requirements of this part for
the issuance of the certificate, its certificate is renewed for 24 months.
(b) Pilot school ratings. Each pilot school rating on a pilot school
certificate may be renewed with that certificate for another 24 months if the
Administrator finds that the school meets the requirements prescribed in this
part for the issuance of the rating.
(c) Provisional pilot school certificates. (1) A provisional pilot school
certificate and any ratings on that certificate may not be renewed. However,
the holder of that certificate may apply for a pilot school certificate with
appropriate ratings not less than 30 days before the provisional certificate
expires. The school is issued a pilot school certificate with appropriate
ratings, if it meets the appropriate requirements of this part.
(2) The holder of a provisional pilot school certificate may not reapply
for a provisional pilot school certificate for at least 180 days after the
date of its expiration.
Sec. 141.29 [Reserved. Amdt. 141-4, 56 FR 11327, Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and
the operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Subpart B--Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements
Sec. 141.31 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the personnel and aircraft requirements for a pilot
school or a provisional pilot school certificate. It also prescribes the
facilities an applicant must have available to him on a continuous use basis
to hold a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate. As used in
this subpart, a person has the continuous use of a facility, including an
airport, if it has the use of the facility when needed as the owner, or under
a written agreement giving it that use for at least 6 calendar months from
the date of the application for the initial certificate or a renewal of that
certificate.
Sec. 141.33 Personnel.
(a) An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
must show that--
(1) It has adequate personnel and authorized instructors, including a chief
instructor for each course of training, who are qualified and competent to
perform the duties to which they are assigned;
(2) Each dispatcher, aircraft handler, line crewman, and serviceman to be
used has been instructed in the procedures and responsibilities of his
employment. (Qualified operations personnel may serve in more than one
capacity with a pilot school or provisional pilot school); and
(3) Each instructor to be used for ground or flight instruction holds a
flight or ground instructor certificate, as appropriate, with ratings for the
course of instruction and any aircraft used in that course.
(b) An applicant for a pilot school or a provisional pilot school
certificate shall designate a chief instructor for each course of training
who meets the requirements of a Sec. 141.35 of this part. Where necessary,
the applicant shall also designate at least one instructor to assist the
chief instructor and serve for the chief instructor in his absence. A chief
instructor or his assistant may be designated to serve in that capacity for
more than one approved course but not for more than one school.
Sec. 141.35 Chief instructor qualifications.
(a) To be eligible for a designation as a chief flight instructor for a
course of training, a person must meet the following requirements:
(1) Possess a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and a
valid flight instructor certificate,
(2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements of Sec.
61.57 of this chapter,
(3) Pass an oral test on teaching methods, applicable provisions of the
Airman's Information Manual, parts 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter, and the
objectives and approved course completion standards of the course for which
the person seeks to obtain designation,
(4) Pass a flight test demonstrating satisfactory performance of and the
ability to instruct on the flight procedures and maneuvers appropriate to
that course, and
(5) Meet the applicable requirements of paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of
this section. However, a chief flight instructor for a course of training for
gliders, free balloons, or airships is only required to have 40 percent of
the hours required in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
(b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a private pilot
certificate or rating, a chief flight instructor must have--
(1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and
a valid flight instructor certificate, each with a rating for the category
and class of aircraft used in the course;
(2) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command;
(3) Primary flight instruction experience, acquired as either a
certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot primary
flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least--
(i) Two years and a total of 500 flight hours; or
(ii) 1,000 flight hours.
(c) For a course of training leading to the issuance of an instrument
rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief flight instructor must
have--
(1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and
a valid flight instructor certificate, each with an appropriate instrument
rating;
(2) At least 100 hours of flight time under actual or simulated instrument
conditions;
(3) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command;
(4) Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as either a
certificated instrument flight instructor or an instructor in a military
pilot basic or instrument flight training program, or a combination thereof;
consisting of at least--
(i) Two years and a total of 250 flight hours; or
(ii) 400 flight hours.
(d) For a course of training other than those that lead to the issuance of
a private pilot certificate or rating, or an instrument rating or a rating
with instrument privileges, a chief flight instructor must have--
(1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and
a valid flight instructor certificate, each with a rating for the category
and class of aircraft used in the course of training and, for a course of
training using airplanes or airships, an instrument rating on the
instructor's commercial pilot certificate;
(2) At least 2,000 hours as pilot in command;
(3) Flight instruction experience, acquired as either a certificated flight
instructor or an instructor in a military pilot primary or basic flight
training program or a combination thereof, consisting of at least--
(i) Three years and a total of 1,000 flight hours; or
(ii) 1,500 flight hours.
(e) To be eligible for a designation as a chief instructor for a ground
school course, a person must have 1 year of experience as a ground school
instructor in a certificated pilot school.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-4, 56
FR 11327, Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Sec. 141.36 Assistant chief instructor qualifications.
(a) To be eligible for a designation as an assistant chief flight
instructor for a course of training, a person must meet the following
requirements:
(1) Possess a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and a
valid flight instructor certificate,
(2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements of Sec.
61.57 of this chapter,
(3) Pass an oral test on teaching methods, applicable provisions of the
Airman's Information Manual, parts 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter, and the
objectives and approved course completion standards of the course for which
the person seeks to obtain designation,
(4) Pass a flight test on the flight procedures and maneuvers appropriate
to that course, and
(5) Meet the applicable requirements of paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of
this section. However, an assistant chief flight instructor for a course of
training for gliders, free balloons, or airships is only required to have 40
percent of the hours required in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
(b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a private pilot
certificate or rating, an assistant chief flight instructor must have--
(1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and
a valid flight instructor certificate, each with a rating for the category
and class of aircraft used in the course;
(2) At least 500 hours as pilot in command;
(3) Primary flight instruction experience, acquired as either a
certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot primary
flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least--
(i) One year and a total of 250 flight hours; or
(ii) 500 flight hours.
(c) For a course of training leading to the issuance of an instrument
rating or a rating with instrument privileges, an assistant chief flight
instructor must have--
(1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and
a valid flight instructor certificate, each with on appropriate instrument
rating;
(2) At least 50 hours of flight time under actual or simulated instrument
conditions;
(3) At least 500 hours as pilot in command;
(4) Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as either a
certificated instrument flight instructor or an instructor in a military
pilot basic or instrument flight training program, or a combination thereof,
consisting of at least--
(i) One year and a total of 125 flight hours; or
(ii) 200 flight hours.
(d) For a course of training other than those that lead to the issuance of
a private pilot certificate or rating, or an instrument rating or a rating
with instrument privileges, an assistant chief flight instructor must have--
(1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and
a valid flight instructor certificate, each with a rating for the category
and class of aircraft used in the course of training and, for a course of
training using airplanes or airships, an instrument rating on the
instructor's commercial pilot certificate;
(2) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command;
(3) Flight instruction experience, acquired as either a certificated flight
instructor or an instructor in a military pilot primary or basic flight
training program or a combination thereof, consisting of at least--
(i) One and one half years and a total of 500 flight hours; or
(ii) 750 flight hours.
(e) To be eligible for a designation as an assistant chief instructor for a
ground school course, a person must have one year of experience as a ground
school instructor in a certificated pilot school.
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot
school certificate must show that it has continuous use of each airport at
which training flights originate.
(b) Each airport used for airplanes and gliders must have at least one
runway or takeoff area that allows training aircraft to make a normal takeoff
or landing at full gross weight--
(1) Under calm wind (not more than five miles per hour) conditions and
temperatures equal to the mean high temperature for the hottest month of the
year in the operating area;
(2) Clearing all obstacles in the takeoff flight path by at least 50 feet;
(3) With the powerplant operation and landing gear and flap operation, if
applicable recommended by the manufacturer; and
(4) With smooth transition from liftoff to the best rate of climb speed
without exceptional piloting skills or techniques.
(c) Each airport must have a wind direction indicator that is visible from
the ends of each runway at ground level.
(d) Each airport must have a traffic direction indicator when the airport
has not operating control tower and UNICOM advisories are not available.
(e) Each airport used for night training flights must have permanent runway
lights.
Sec. 141.39 Aircraft.
An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
must show that each aircraft used by that school for flight instruction and
solo flights meets the following requirements:
(a) It must be registered as a civil aircraft of the United States.
(b) Except for aircraft used for flight instruction and solo flights in a
course of training for agricultural aircraft operations, external load
operations and similar aerial work operations, it must be certificated in the
standard airworthiness category.
(c) It must be maintained and inspected in accordance with the requirements
of Part 91 of this chapter that apply to aircraft used to give flight
instruction for hire.
(d) For use in flight instruction, it must be at least a two place aircraft
having engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and
that operate in a normal manner from both pilot stations.
(e) For use in IFR en route operations and instrument approaches, it must
be equipped and maintained for IFR operations. However, for instruction in
the control and precision maneuvering of an aircraft by reference to
instruments, the aircraft may be equipped as provided in the approved course
of training.
Sec. 141.41 Ground trainers and training aids.
An applicant for a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate
must show that its ground trainers, and training aids and equipment meet the
following requirements:
(a) Pilot ground trainers. (1) Each pilot ground trainer used to obtain the
maximum flight training credit allowed for ground trainers in an approved
pilot training course curriculum must have--
(i) An enclosed pilot's station or cockpit which accommodates one or more
flight crewmembers;
(ii) Controls to simulate the rotation of the trainer about three axes;
(iii) The minimum instrumentation and equipment required for powered
aircraft in Sec. 91.205 of this chapter, for the type of flight operations
simulated;
(iv) For VFR instruction, a means for simulating visual flight conditions,
including motion of the trainer, or projections, or models operated by the
flight controls; and
(v) For IFR instruction, a means for recording the flight path simulated by
the trainer.
(2) Pilot ground trainers other than those covered under paragraph (a)(1)
of this section must have--
(i) An enclosed pilot's station or cockpit, which accommodates one or more
flight crewmembers;
(ii) Controls to simulate the rotation of the trainer about three axes; and
(iii) The minimum instrumentation and equipment required for powered
aircraft in Sec. 91.205 of this chapter, for the type of flight operations
simulated.
(b) Training aids and equipment. Each training aid, including any audio-
visuals, mockup, chart, or aircraft component listed in the approved training
course outline must be accurate and appropriate to the course for which it is
used.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-11, 54 FR
34332, Aug. 18, 1989]
Effective Date Note: At 54 FR 34332, Aug. 18, 1989, in Sec. 141.41
paragraphs (a)(1)(iii) and (a)(2)(iii) were amended by changing the cross
reference "Sec. 91.33" to read "Sec. 91.205", effective August 18, 1990.
Sec. 141.43 Pilot briefing areas.
(a) An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
must show that it has the continuous use of a briefing area located at each
airport at which training flights originate, that is--
(1) Adequate to shelter students waiting to engage in their training
flights;
(2) Arranged and equipped for the conduct of pilot briefings; and
(3) For a school with an instrument or commercial pilot course rating,
equipped with private landline or telephone communication to the nearest FAA
Flight Service Station, except that this communication equipment is not
required if the briefing area and the flight service station are located on
the same airport and are readily accessible to each other.
(b) A briefing area required by paragraph (a) of this section may not be
used by the applicant if it is available for use by any other pilot school
during the period it is required for use by the applicant.
Sec. 141.45 Ground training facilities.
An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
must show that each room, training booth, or other space used for
instructional purposes is heated, lighted, and ventilated to conform to local
building, sanitation, and health codes. In addition, the training facility
must be so located that the students in that facility are not distracted by
the instruction conducted in other rooms, or by flight and maintenance
operations on the airport.
Subpart C--Training Course Outline and Curriculum
Sec. 141.51 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the curriculum and course outline requirements for
the issuance of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate and
ratings.
Sec. 141.53 Training course outline: General.
(a) General. An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school
certificate must obtain the Administrator's approval of the outline of each
training course for which certification and rating is sought.
(b) Application. An application for the approval of an initial or amended
training course outline is made in triplicate to the FAA Flight Standards
District Office having jurisdiction over the area in which the operations
base of the applicant is located. It must be made at least 30 days before any
training under that course, or any amendment thereto, is scheduled to begin.
An application for an amendment to an approved training course must be
accompanied by three copies of the pages in the course outline for which an
amendment is requested.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-3, 54 FR
39295, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 141.55 Training course outline: Contents.
(a) General. The outline for each course of training for which approval is
requested must meet the minimum curriculum for that course prescribed in the
appropriate appendix of this part, and contain the following information:
(1) A description of each room used for ground training, including its size
and the maximum number of students that may be instructed in the room at one
time.
(2) A description of each type of audio-visual aid, projector, tape
recorder, mockup, aircraft component and other special training aid used for
ground training.
(3) A description of each pilot ground trainer used for instruction.
(4) A listing of the airports at which training flights originate and a
description of the facilities, including pilot briefing areas that are
available for use by the students and operating personnel at each of those
airports.
(5) A description of the type of aircraft including any special equipment,
used for each phase of instruction.
(6) The minimum qualifications and ratings for each instructor used for
ground or flight training.
(b) Training syllabus. In addition to the items specified in paragraph (a)
of this section, the course outline must include a training syllabus for each
course of training that includes at least the following information:
(1) The pilot certificate and ratings, if any; the medical certificate, if
necessary; and the training, pilot experience and knowledge, required for
enrollment in the course.
(2) A description of each lesson, including its objectives and standards
and the measurable unit of student accomplishment or learning to be derived
from the lesson or course.
(3) The stage of training (including the standards therefor) normally
accomplished within each training period of not more than 90 days.
(4) A description of the tests and checks used to measure a student's
accomplishment for each stage of training.
Sec. 141.57 Special curricula.
An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate may
apply for approval to conduct a special course of pilot training for which a
curriculum is not prescribed in the appendixes to this part, if it shows that
the special course of pilot training contains features which can be expected
to achieve a level of pilot competency equivalent to that achieved by the
curriculum prescribed in the appendixes to this part or the requirements of
Part 61 of this chapter.
Subpart D--Examining Authority
Sec. 141.61 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of an examining
authority to the holder of a pilot school certificate and the privileges and
limitations of that authority.
Sec. 141.63 Application and qualification.
(a) Application for an examining authority is made on a form and in a
manner prescribed by the Administrator.
(b) To be eligible for an examining authority an applicant must hold a
pilot school certificate. In addition, the applicant must show that--
(1) It has actively conducted a certificated pilot school for at least 24
months before the date of application; and
(2) Within the 24 months before the date of application for the examining
authority, at least 10 students were graduated from the course for which the
authority is requested, and at least 9 of the most recent 10 graduates of
that course, who were given an interim or final test by an FAA inspector or a
designated pilot examiner, passed that test the first time.
Sec. 141.65 Privileges.
The holder of an examining authority may recommend graduates of the
school's approved certification courses for pilot certificates and ratings
except flight instructor certificates, airline transport pilot certificates
and ratings, and turbojet type ratings, without taking the FAA flight or
written test, or both, in accordance with the provisions of this subpart.
Sec. 141.67 Limitations and reports.
(a) The holder of an examining authority may not recommend any person for
the issuance of a pilot certificate or rating without taking the FAA written
or flight test unless that person has--
(1) Been enrolled by the holder of the examining authority in its approved
course of training for the particular pilot certificate or rating
recommended; and
(2) Satisfactorily completed all of that course of training at its school.
(b) Each final written or flight test given by the holder of an examining
authority to a person who has completed the approved course of training must
be at least equal in scope, depth, and difficulty to the comparable written
or flight test prescribed by the Administrator under Part 61 of this chapter.
(c) A final ground school written test may not be given by the holder of an
examining authority to a student enrolled in its approved course of training
unless the test has been approved by the FAA Flight Standards District Office
having jurisdiction over the area in which the holder of the examining
authority is located. In addition, an approved test may not be given by the
holder of an examining authority when--
(1) It knows or has reason to believe that the test has been compromised;
or
(2) It has been notified that the Flight Standards District Office knows or
has reason to believe that the test has been compromised.
(d) The holder of an examining authority shall submit to the FAA Flight
Standards District Office a copy of the appropriate training record for each
person recommended by it for a pilot certificate or rating.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-3, 54 FR
39295, Sept. 25, 1989]
Subpart E--Operating Rules
Sec. 141.71 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the operating rules that are applicable to a pilot
school or provisional pilot school certificated under the provisions of this
part.
Sec. 141.73 Privileges.
(a) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate
may advertise and conduct approved pilot training courses in accordance with
the certificate and ratings that it holds.
(b) A certificate pilot school holding an examining authority for a
certification course may recommend each graduate of that course for the
issuance of a pilot certificate and rating appropriate to that course without
the necessity of taking an FAA written or flight test from an FAA inspector
or designated pilot examiner.
Sec. 141.75 Aircraft requirements.
(a) A pretakeoff and prelanding checklist, and the operator's handbook for
the aircraft (if one is furnished by the manufacturer) or copies of the
handbook if furnished to each student using the aircraft, must be carried on
each aircraft used for flight instruction and solo flights.
(b) Each aircraft used for flight instruction and solo flight must have a
standard airworthiness certificate, except that an aircraft certificated in
the restricted category may be used for flight training and solo flights
conducted under special courses for agricultural aircraft operation, external
load operations, and similar aerial work operations if its use for training
is not prohibited by the operating limitations for the aircraft.
Sec. 141.77 Limitations.
(a) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate
may not issue a graduation certificate to a student, nor may a certificated
pilot school recommend a student for a pilot certificate or rating, unless
the student has completed the training therefor specified in the school's
course of training and passed the required final tests.
(b) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate
may not graduate a student from a course of training unless he has completed
all of the curriculum requirements of that course. A student may be credited,
but not for more than one-half of the curriculum requirements, with previous
pilot experience and knowledge, based upon an appropriate flight check or
test by the school. Course credits may be transferred from one certificated
school to another. The receiving school shall determine the amount to be
transferred, based on a flight check or written test, or both, of the
student. Credit for training and instruction received in another school may
not be given unless--
(1) The other school holds a certificate issued under this part and
certifies to the kind and amount of training and to the result of each stage
and final test given to that student;
(2) The training and instruction was conducted by the other school in
accordance with that school's approved training course; and
(3) The student was enrolled in the other school's approved training course
before he received the instruction and training.
Sec. 141.79 Flight instruction.
(a) No person other than a flight instructor who has the ratings and the
minimum qualifications specified in the approved training course outline may
give a student flight instruction under an approved course of training.
(b) No student pilot may be authorized to start a solo practice flight from
an airport until the flight has been approved by an authorized flight
instructor who is present at that airport.
(c) Each chief flight instructor must complete at least once each 12
months, a flight instructor refresher course consisting of not less than 24
hours of ground or flight instruction, or both.
(d) Each flight instructor for an approved course of training must
satisfactorily accomplish a flight check given to him by the designated chief
flight instructor for the school by whom he is employed. He must also
satisfactorily accomplish this flight check each 12 months from the month in
which the initial check is given. In addition, he must satisfactorily
accomplish a flight check in each type of aircraft in which he gives
instruction.
(e) An instructor may not be used in an approved course of training until
he has been briefed in regard to the objectives and standards of the course
by the designated chief instructor or his assistant.
Sec. 141.81 Ground training.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each instructor
used for ground training in an approved course of training must hold a flight
or ground instructor certificate with an appropriate rating for the course of
training.
(b) A person who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section may be used for ground training in an approved course of training
if--
(1) The chief instructor for that course of training finds him qualified to
give that instruction; and
(2) The instruction is given under the direct supervision of the chief
instructor or the assistant chief instructor who is present at the base when
the instruction is given.
(c) An instructor may not be used in an approved course of training until
he has been briefed in regard to the objectives and standards of that course
by the designated chief instructor or his assistant.
Sec. 141.83 Quality of instruction.
(a) Each holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
must comply with the approved course of training and must provide training
and instruction of such quality that at least 8 out of the 10 students or
graduates of that school most recently tested by an FAA inspector or
designated pilot examiner, passed on their first attempt either of the
following tests:
(1) A test for a pilot certificate or rating, or for an operating privilege
appropriate to the course from which the student graduated; or
(2) A test given to a student to determine his competence and knowledge of
a completed stage of the training course in which he is enrolled.
(b) The failure of a certificated pilot school or provisional pilot school
to maintain the quality of instruction specified in paragraph (a) of this
section is considered to be the basis for the suspension or revocation of the
certificate held by that school.
(c) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
shall allow the Administrator to make any test, flight check, or examination
of its students to determine compliance with its approved course of training
and the quality of its instruction and training. A flight check conducted
under the provisions of this paragraph is based upon the standards prescribed
in the school's approved course of training. However, if the student has
completed a course of training for a pilot certificate or rating, the flight
test is based upon the standards prescribed in Part 61 of this chapter.
Sec. 141.85 Chief instructor responsibilities.
(a) Each person designated as a chief instructor for a certificated pilot
school or provisional pilot school shall be responsible for--
(1) Certifying training records, graduation certificates, stage and final
test reports, and student recommendations;
(2) Conducting an initial proficiency check of each instructor before he is
used in an approved course of instruction and, thereafter, at least once each
12 months from the month in which the initial check was conducted;
(3) Conducting each stage or final test given to a student enrolled in an
approved course of instruction; and
(4) Maintaining training techniques, procedures, and standards for the
school that are acceptable to the Administrator.
(b) The chief instructor or designated assistant chief instructor shall
be available at the pilot school or, if away from the premises, by
telephone, radio, or other electronic means during the time that instruction
is given for an approved course of training.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-4, 56 FR
11328, Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and
the operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
shall immediately notify in writing the FAA Flight Standards District Office
having jurisdiction over the area in which the school is located, of any
change in its designation of a chief instructor of an approved training
course.
(b) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
may, after providing the notification required in paragraph (a) of this
section and pending the designation and approval of another chief instructor,
conduct training or instruction without a chief instructor for that course of
training for a period of not more than 60 days. However, during that time
each stage or final test of a student enrolled in that approved course of
training must be given by an FAA inspector, or a designated pilot examiner.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-3, 54 FR
39295, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 141.89 Maintenance of personnel, facilities, and equipment.
The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate may
not give instruction or training to a student who is enrolled in an approved
course of training unless--
(a) Each airport, aircraft, and facility necessary for that instruction or
training meets the standards specified in the holder's approved training
course outline and the appropriate requirements of this part; and
(b) Except as provided in Sec. 141.87, each instructor or chief instructor
meets the qualifications specified in the holder's approved course of
training and the appropriate requirements of this part.
Sec. 141.91 Satellite bases.
The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate may
conduct ground or flight training and instruction in an approved course of
training at a base other than its main operations base if--
(a) An assistant chief instructor is designated for each satellite base,
and that assistant chief instructor shall be available at the satellite pilot
school or, if away from the premises, by telephone, radio, or other
electronic means during the time that instruction is given for an approved
course of training;
(b) The airport, facilities, and personnel used at the satellite base meet
the appropriate requirements of Subpart B of this part and its approved
training course outline;
(c) The instructors are under the direct supervision of the chief flight
instructor or assistant chief flight instructor for the appropriate training
course, who is readily available for consultation in accordance with Sec.
141.85(b); and
(d) The FAA Flight Standards District Office having juridiction over the
area in which the school is located is notified in writing if training or
instruction is conducted there for more than seven consecutive days.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-4, 56
FR 11328, Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
(a) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate
shall furnish each student, at the time he is enrolled in each approved
training course, with the following:
(1) A certificate of enrollment containing--
(i) The name of the course in which he is enrolled; and
(ii) The date of that enrollment.
(2) A copy of the training syllabus required under Sec. 141.55(b).
(3) A copy of the safety procedures and practices developed by the school
covering the use of its facilities and the operation of its aircraft,
including instructions on the following:
(i) The weather minimums required by the school for dual and solo flights.
(ii) The procedures for starting and taxiing aircraft on the ramp.
(iii) Fire precautions and procedures.
(iv) Redispatch procedures after unprogrammed landings, on and off
airports.
(v) Aircraft discrepancies and write offs.
(vi) Securing of aircraft when not in use.
(vii) Fuel reserves necessary for local and cross-country flights.
(viii) Avoidance of other aircraft in flight and on the ground.
(ix) Minimum altitude limitations and simulated emergency landing
instructions.
(x) Description and use of assigned practice areas.
(b) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
shall, within 5 days after the date of enrollment, forward a copy of each
certificate of enrollment required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section to the
FAA Flight Standards District Office having jurisdiction over the area in
which the school is located.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-3, 54 FR
39295, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 141.95 Graduation certificate.
(a) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
shall issue a graduation certificate to each student who completes its
approved course of training.
(b) The certificate shall be issued to the student upon his completion of
the course of training and contain at least the following information:
(1) The name of the school and the number of the school certificate.
(2) The name of the graduate to whom it was issued.
(3) The course of training for which it was issued.
(4) The date of graduation.
(5) A statement that the student has satisfactorily completed each required
stage of the approved course of training including the tests for those
stages.
(6) A certification of the information contained in the certificate by the
chief instructor for that course of training.
(7) A statement showing the cross-country training the student received in
the course of training.
Subpart F--Records
Sec. 141.101 Training records.
(a) Each holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate
shall establish and maintain a current and accurate record of the
participation and accomplishment of each student enrolled in an approved
course of training conducted by the school (the student's logbook is not
acceptable for this record). The record shall include--
(1) The date the student was enrolled;
(2) A chronological log of the student's attendance, subjects, and flight
operations covered in his training and instruction, and the names and grades
of any tests taken by the student; and
(3) The date the student graduated, terminated his training, or transferred
to another school.
(b) Whenever a student graduates, terminates his training, or transfers to
another school, his record shall be certified to that effect by the chief
instructor.
(c) The holder of a certificate for a pilot school or a provisional pilot
school shall retain each student record required by this section for at least
1 year from the date that the student graduates from the course to which the
record pertains, terminates his enrollment in that course, or transfers to
another school.
(d) The holder of a certificate for a pilot school or a provisional pilot
school shall, upon request of a student, make a copy of his record available
to him.
Appendix A to Part 141--Private Pilot Certification Course (Airplanes)
1. Applicability. This Appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
private pilot certification course (airplanes) required by Sec. 141.55.
2. Ground training. The course must consist of at least 35 hours of ground
training in the following subjects:
(a) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable to private pilot
privileges, limitations, and flight operations; the rules of the National
Transportation Safety Board pertaining to accident reporting; the use of the
Airman's Information Manual; and the FAA Advisory Circular System.
(b) VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids.
(c) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in
flight and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts.
(d) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes, including high density
airport operations, collision avoidance precautions, and radio communication
procedures.
(e) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques.
3. Flight training.
(a) The course must consist of at least 35 hours of the flight training
listed in this section and section 4 of this Appendix. Instruction in a pilot
ground trainer that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be
credited for not more than 5 of the required 35 hours of flight time.
Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the requirement of Sec.
141.41(a)(2) may be credited for not more than 2.5 hours of the required 35
hours of flight time.
(b) Each training flight must include a preflight briefing and a postflight
critique of the student by the instructor assigned to that flight.
(c) Flight training must consist of at least 20 hours of instruction in the
following subjects:
(1) Preflight operations, including weight and balance determination, line
inspection, starting and runups, and airplane servicing.
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including operations at
controlled airports, radio communications, and collision avoidance
precautions.
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects.
(4) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, recognition of
and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and from turns.
(5) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings.
(6) Control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to instruments,
including emergency descents and climbs using radio aids or radar directives.
(7) Cross-country flying using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids,
including a two-hour dual flight at least part of which must be on Federal
airways.
(8) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings.
(9) Night flying, including 5 takeoffs and landings as sole manipulator of
the controls, and VFR navigation.
(10) Emergency operations, including simulated aircraft and equipment
malfunctions, lost procedures, and emergency go-arounds.
4. Solo flights. The course must provide at least 15 hours of solo flights,
including:
(a) Solo practice. Directed solo practice on all VFR flight operations for
which flight instruction is required (except simulated emergencies) to
develop proficiency, resourcefulness, and self-reliance.
(b) Cross-country flights. (1) Ten hours of cross-country flights, each
flight with a landing at a point more than 50 nautical miles from the
original departure point. One flight must be of at least 300 nautical miles
with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is at least 100
nautical miles from the original departure point.
(2) If a pilot school or a provisional pilot school shows that it is
located on an island from which cross-country flights cannot be accomplished
without flying over water more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline, it need not include cross-country flights under paragraph (1) of
this paragraph. However, if other airports that permit civil operations are
available to which a flight may be made without flying over water more than
10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the school must include in its
course, two round trip solo flights between those airports that are farthest
apart, including a landing at each airport on both flights.
5. Stage and final tests. (a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot
certification course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage and final tests
prescribed in this section. The written tests may not be credited for more
than 3 hours of the 35 hours of required ground training, and the flight
tests may not be credited for more than 4 hours of the 35 hours of required
flight training.
(b) Each student must satisfactorily accomplish a written examination at
the completion of each stage of training specified in the approved training
syllabus for the private pilot certification course and a final test at the
conclusion of that course.
(c) Each student must satisfactorily accomplish a flight test at the
completion of the first solo flight and at the completion of the first solo
cross-country flight and at the conclusion of that course.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974; 39 FR 25473, July 11, 1974, as
amended by Amdt. 141-1, 47 FR 46066, Oct. 14, 1982; Amdt. 141-4, 56 FR 11328,
Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Appendix B to Part 141--Private Test Course (Airplanes)
1. Applicability. This Appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
private test course (airplanes) required by Sec. 141.55.
2. Experience. For enrollment as a student in a private test course
(airplanes) an applicant must--
(a) Have logged at least 30 hours of flight time as a pilot; and
(b) Have such experience and flight training that upon completion of his
approved private test course (airplanes) he will meet the aeronautical
experience requirements prescribed in Part 61 of this chapter for a private
pilot certificate.
3. Ground training. The course must consist of at least 35 hours of ground
training in the subjects listed in section 2 of Appendix A of this part.
4. Flight training. (a) The course must consist of a total of at least 10
hours of flight instruction in the subjects listed in section 3(c) of
Appendix A of this part.
(b) Each training flight must include a preflight briefing and a postflight
critique of the student by the instructor assigned to that flight.
5. Stage and final tests. Each student enrolled in the course must
satisfactorily accomplish the final tests prescribed in Sec. 5 of Appendix A
of this part. Written tests may not be credited for more than 3 hours of the
required 35 hours of ground training, and the flight tests may not be
credited for more than 2 hours of the required 10 hours of flight training.
Appendix C to Part 141--Instrument Rating Course (Airplanes)
1. Applicability. This Appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
training course for an Instrument Rating Course (airplanes) required by Sec.
141.55.
2. Ground training. The course must consist of at least 30 hours of ground
training instruction in the following subjects:
(a) The Federal Aviation Regulations that apply to flight under IFR
conditions, the IFR air traffic system and procedures, and the provisions of
the Airman's Information Manual pertinent to IFR flights.
(b) Dead reckoning appropriate to IFR navigation, IFR navigation by radio
aids using the VOR, ADF, and ILS systems, and the use of IFR charts and
instrument approach procedure charts.
(c) The procurement and use of aviation weather reports and forecasts, and
the elements of forecasting weather trends on the basis of that information
and personal observation of weather conditions.
(d) The function, use, and limitations of flight instruments required for
IFR flight, including transponders, radar and radio aids to navigation.
3. Flight training. The course must consist of at least 35 hours of
instrument flight instruction given by an appropriately rated flight
instructor, covering the operations listed in paragraphs (a) through (d) of
this section. Instruction given by an authorized instructor in a pilot ground
trainer which meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be credited for
not more than 15 hours of the required flight instruction. Instruction in a
pilot ground trainer that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) may be
credited for not more than 7.5 of the required 35 hours of flight time.
(a) Control and accurate maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to
flight instruments.
(b) IFR navigation by the use of VOR and ADF systems, including time, speed
and distance computations and compliance with air traffic control
instructions and procedures.
(c) Instrument approaches to published minimums using the VOR, ADF, and ILS
systems (instruction in the use of the ILS glide slope may be given in an
instrument ground trainer or with an airborne ILS simulator).
(d) Cross-country flying in simulated or actual IFR conditions, on Federal
airways or as routed by ATC, including one such trip of at least 250 nautical
miles including VOR, ADF, and ILS approaches at different airports.
(e) Emergency procedures appropriate to the maneuvering of an airplane
solely by reference to flight instruments.
4. Stage and final tests.
(a) Each student must satisfactorily accomplish a written test at the
completion of each stage of training specified in the approved training
syllabus for the instrument rating course. In addition, he must
satisfactorily accomplish a final written test at the conclusion of that
course. The written tests may not be credited for more than 5 hours of the 30
hours of required ground training.
(b) Each student must satisfactorily accomplish a flight stage test at the
completion of each operation listed in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of
section 3 of this Appendix. In addition, he must satisfactorily accomplish a
final flight test at the completion of the course. The stage and final tests
may not be credited for more than 5 hours of the required 35 hours of flight
training.
Appendix D to Part 141--Commercial Pilot Certification Course (Airplanes)
1. Applicability. This Appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
commercial pilot certification course (airplanes) required by Sec. 141.55.
2. Ground training. The course must consist of at least 100 hours of ground
training instruction in the following subjects:
(a) The ground training subjects prescribed in section 2 of Appendix A of
this part for a private pilot certification course, except the private pilot
privileges and limitations of paragraph (a) of that section.
(b) The ground training subjects prescribed in section 2 of Appendix C of
this Part 141 for an Instrument Rating Course.
(c) The Federal Aviation Regulations covering the privileges, limitations,
and operations of a commercial pilot, and the operations for which an air
taxi/commercial operator, agricultural aircraft operator, and external load
operator certificate, waiver, or exemption is required.
(d) Basic aerodynamics, and the principles of flight which apply to
airplanes.
(e) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes, including inspection and
certification requirements, operating limitations, high altitude operations
and physiological considerations, loading computations, the significance of
the use of airplane performance speeds, the computations involved in runway
and obstacle clearance and crosswind component considerations, and cruise
control.
3. Flight training--(a) General. The course must consist of at least 190
hours of the flight training and instruction prescribed in this section.
Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the requirements of Sec.
141.41(a)(1) may be credited for not more than 40 hours of the required 190
hours of flight time. Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) may be credited for not more than 20 hours
of the required 190 hours of flight time.
(b) Flight instruction. The course must consist of at least 75 hours of
instruction in the operations listed in subparagraphs (1) through (6) of this
paragraph. Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the requirements
of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be credited for not more than 20 hours of the
required 75 hours. Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) may be credited for not more than 10 hours
of the required 75 hours.
(1) The pilot operations for the Private Pilot Course prescribed in section
3 of Appendix A of this part.
(2) The IFR operations for the Instrument Rating Course prescribed in
section 3 of Appendix C of this part.
(3) Ten hours of flight instruction in an airplane with retractable gear,
flaps, a controllable propeller, and powered by at least 180 hp. engine.
(4) Night flying, including a cross-country night flight with a landing at
a point more than 100 miles from the point of departure.
(5) Normal and maximum performance takeoffs and landings using precision
approaches and prescribed airplane performance speeds, including operations
at maximum authorized takeoff weight.
(6) Emergency procedures appropriate to VFR and IFR flight and to the
operation of complex airplane systems.
(c) Solo practice. The course must consist of at least 100 hours of the
flights listed in paragraphs (1) through (4) of this paragraph. Flight time
as pilot in command of an airplane carrying only those persons who are pilots
assigned by the school to specific flight crew duties on the flight may be
credited for not more than 50 hours of that requirement.
(1) Directed solo practice on each VFR operation for which flight
instruction is required (except simulated emergencies).
(2) At least 40 hours of solo cross-country flights, each flight with a
landing at a point more than 50 nautical miles from the original departure
point. One flight must have landings at a minimum of three points, one of
which is at least 150 nautical miles from the original departure point if the
flight is conducted in Hawaii, or at least 250 nautical miles from the
original departure point if it is conducted elsewhere.
(3) At least 5 hours of pilot in command time in an airplane described in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section, including not less than 10 takeoffs and 10
landings to a full stop.
(4) At least 5 hours of night flight, including at least 10 takeoffs and 10
landings to a full stop.
4. Stage and final tests--(a) Written examinations. Each student enrolled
in the course must satisfactorily accomplish a written test upon the
completion of each stage of training specified in the approved training
syllabus for the commercial pilot certification course. In addition, he must
satisfactorily accomplish a final stage test at the completion of all of that
course. The stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 6 hours
of the required 100 hours of ground training.
(b) Flight tests. Each student enrolled in a commercial pilot certification
course (airplanes) must satisfactorily accomplish a stage flight test at the
completion of each of the stages listed in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), and
(5), of this paragraph. In addition, he must satisfactorily accomplish a
final test at the completion of all of those stages. The stage and final
tests may not be credited for more than 10 hours of the required 190 hours of
flight training.
(1) Solo.
(2) Cross-country.
(3) High performance airplane operations.
(4) IFR operations.
(5) Commercial Pilot Course test, VFR and IFR.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-1, 47 FR
46066, Oct. 14, 1982]
Appendix E to Part 141--Commercial Test Course (Airplanes)
1. Applicability. This Appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
commercial test course (airplanes) required by Sec. 141.55.
2. Experience. For enrollment as a student in a commercial test course
(airplanes) an applicant must--
(a) Hold a valid private pilot certificate;
(b) Hold a valid instrument rating, or be enrolled in an approved
instrument rating course; and
(c) Have such experience and flight training that upon completion of his
approved commercial test course he will meet the aeronautical experience
requirements prescribed in Part 61 of this chapter for a commercial pilot
certificate.
3. Ground training. The course must consist of at least 50 hours of ground
training instruction in the following subjects:
(a) A review of the ground training subjects prescribed in section 2 of
Appendix A of this Part 141 for a private pilot certification.
(b) A review of the ground training subjects prescribed in section 2 of
Appendix C of this Part 141 for an instrument rating course.
(c) The Federal Aviation Regulations covering the privileges, limitations,
and operations of a commercial pilot, and the operations for which an air
taxi/commercial operator, agricultural aircraft operator, and external load
operator certificate, waiver or exemption is required.
(d) Basic aerodynamics, and the principles of flight that apply to
airplanes.
(e) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes, including inspection and
certification requirements, operating limitations, high altitude operations
and psysiological considerations, loading computations, the significance and
use of airplane performance speeds, and computations involved in runway and
obstacle clearance and crosswind component considerations.
4. Flight training--(a) General. The course must consist of at least 25
hours of flight training prescribed in this section. Instruction in a pilot
ground trainer that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be
credited for not more than 20 per cent of the total number of hours of flight
time. Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the requirements of
Sec. 141.41(a)(2) may be credited for not more than 10 per cent of the total
number of hours of flight time.
(b) Flight instruction. The course must consist of at least 20 hours of
flight instruction in the subjects listed in subparagraphs (1) through (3) of
this paragraph. Instruction in a ground trainer that meets the requirements
of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be credited for not more than 4 hours of the
required 20 hours. Instruction in a ground trainer that meets the
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) may be credited for not more than 2 hours
of the required 20 hours.
(1) A review of the VFR operations prescribed in section 3 of Appendix A of
this part for a private course.
(2) A review of the IFR operations prescribed in section 3 of Appendix C of
this part for an instrument rating course.
(3) A review of the VFR operations prescribed in section 3(b)(3) through
(6) of Appendix D of this part for a commercial pilot certification course.
(c) Directed solo practice. If the course includes directed solo practice
necessary to develop the flight proficiency of each student, the practice may
not exceed a ratio of 3 hours of directed solo practice for each hour of the
flight instruction required by the school's approved course outline.
5. Stage and final tests--(a) Written tests. Each student enrolled in the
course must satisfactorily accomplish a stage test upon the completion of
each stage of training specified in the approved training syllabus for the
commercial test course. In addition, he must satisfactorily accomplish a
final test at the conclusion of that course. The stage and final tests may
not be credited for more than 4 hours of the required 50 hours of ground
training.
(b) Flight tests. Each student enrolled in the course must satisfactorily
accomplish a final test at the completion of the course. However, if the
approved course of training exceeds 35 hours he must be given a test at an
appropriate stage prior to completon of 35 hours of flight training. The
flight tests may not be credited for more than 3 of the required hours of
flight training.
(c) Total flight experience. The approved training course outline must
specify the minimum number of hours of flight instruction and directed solo
practice (if any) that is provided for each student under the requirements of
paragraphs (b) and (c) of section 4 of this appendix. The total number of
hours of all flight training given to a student under this section and the
minimum experience required for enrollment under section 2 of this appendix
must meet the minimum aeronautical experience requirements of Sec. 61.129 of
this chapter for the issuance of a commercial pilot certificate.
Appendix F to Part 141--Rotorcraft, Gliders, Lighter-than-air Aircraft and
Aircraft Rating Courses
A. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
pilot certification course for a rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air
aircraft, or aircraft rating, required by Sec. 141.55.
B. General Requirements. The course must be comparable in scope, depth, and
detail with the curriculum prescribed in Appendices A through D of this part
for a pilot certification course (airplanes) with the same rating. Each
course must provide ground and flight training covering the aeronautical
knowledge and skill items required by Part 61 of this chapter for the
certificate or rating concerned. In addition, each course must meet the
appropriate requirements of this appendix.
C. Rotorcraft--I. Kinds of rotorcraft pilot certification courses. An
approved rotorcraft pilot certification course includes--
(a) A helicopter or gyroplane course--private pilots;
(b) A helicopter or gyroplane course--commercial pilots; and
(c) An instrument rating--helicopter.
II. Helicopter or gyroplane course: Private pilots.
(a) A private pilot certification course for helicopters or gyroplanes must
consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--35 hours.
(2) Flight training--35 hours, including the following:
(i) Flight instruction--20 hours.
(ii) Solo practice--10 hours, including a flight with landings at three
points, each of which is more than 25 nautical miles from the other two
points.
(b) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 3 hours of the
35 hours of ground training, and for not more than 4 hours of the 35 hours of
flight training required by paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section.
III. Helicopter or gyroplane course--commercial pilots. (a) A commercial
pilot certification course of training for helicopters or gyroplanes must
consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--65 hours.
(2) Flight training--150 hours of flight training at least 50 hours of
which must be in helicopters or gyroplanes.
The flight training must include the following:
(i) Flight instruction--50 hours.
(ii) Directed solo--100 hours (including a cross-country flight with
landings at three points, each of which is more than 50 nautical miles from
the other two points).
(b) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 5 hours of the
required 65 hours of ground training, and for not more than 7 hours of the
required 150 hours of flight training prescribed in paragraphs (a)(1) and
(a)(2) of this section.
IV. Instrument rating--helicopter course. (a) An instrument rating--
helicopter course of training must consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--35 hours.
(2) Instrument flight training--35 hours. Instrument instruction in a pilot
ground trainer that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be
credited for not more than 10 hours of the required 35 hours of flight
training. Instruction in a ground trainer that meets the requirements of Sec.
141.41(a)(2) may be credited for not more than 5 hours of the required 35
hours. The instrument flight instruction must include a 100-mile simulated or
actual IFR cross-country flight, and 25 hours of flight instruction.
(3) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 5 hours of the
35 hours of required ground training, and not more than 5 hours of the 35
hours of instrument training.
D. Gliders--I. Kinds of glider pilot certification courses. An approved
glider certification course includes--
(a) A glider course--private pilots; and
(b) A glider course--commercial pilots.
II. Glider course: Private pilot. A private pilot certification course for
gliders must consist of at least the following:
(a) Ground training--15 hours.
(b) Flight training--8 hours (including 35 flights if ground tows are used,
or 20 flights if aero tows are used). The flight training must include the
following:
(1) Flight instruction--2 hours (including 20 flights if ground tows are
used or 15 flights if aero tows are used).
(2) Directed solo--5 hours (including at least 15 flights if ground tows
are used or 5 flights if aero tows are used).
(c) Stage and flight tests may be credited for not more than one hour of
the 15 hours of ground training, and for not more than one-half hour of the 2
hours of flight instruction required by paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this
section.
III. Glider course: Commercial pilot. (a) An approved commercial pilot
certification course for gliders must consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--25 hours.
(2) Flight training--20 hours of flight time in gliders (consisting of at
least 50 flights), including the following:
(i) Flight instruction--8 hours.
(ii) Directed solo--10 hours.
(b) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 2 hours of the
25 hours of ground training, and for not more than 2 hours of the 20 hours of
flight training required by paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section.
E. Lighter-than-air aircraft--I. Kinds of lighter-than-air pilot
certification courses. An approved lighter-than-air pilot certification
course includes--
(a) An airship course--private pilot;
(b) A free balloon course--private pilot;
(c) An airship course--commercial pilot; and
(d) A free balloon course--commercial pilot.
II. Airship--private pilot. (a) A private pilot certification course for an
airship must consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--35 hours.
(2) Flight training--50 hours (45 hours must be in airships), including the
following:
(i) Flight instruction--20 hours in airships.
(ii) Directed solo, or performing the functions of a pilot in command of an
airship for which more than one pilot is required--10 hours.
(b) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 5 hours of the
35 hours of ground training, and not more than 5 hours of the 50 hours of
flight training required by paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section.
III. Free balloon course; private pilot. (a) A private pilot course for a
free balloon must consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--10 hours.
(2) Flight training--6 free flights, including--
(i) Two flights of one hour duration each if a gas balloon is used, or of
30 minutes duration if a hot air balloon is used;
(ii) At least one solo flight; and
(iii) One ascent under control to 5,000 feet above the point of takeoff if
a gas balloon is used, or 3,000 feet above the point of takeoff if a hot air
balloon is used.
(b) The written and stage checks may be credited for not more than one hour
of the ground training, and not more than one of the 6 flights required by
paragraph (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section.
IV. Airship course--commercial pilot. (a) A commercial pilot course for an
airship must consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--100 hours.
(2) Flight training--190 hours in airships as follows:
(i) Flight instruction--80 hours, including 30 hours instrument time.
(ii) 100 hours of solo time, or flight time performing the functions of a
pilot in command in an airship that requires more than one pilot, including
10 hours of cross-country flying and 10 hours of night flying.
(b) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 6 hours of the
100 hours of ground training, and not more than 10 hours of the 190 hours of
flight training required by paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2), respectively, of
this section.
V. Free balloon course; commercial pilot. (a) A commercial pilot
certification course for free balloons must consist of at least the
following:
(1) Ground training--20 hours.
(2) Flight training--8 free flights, including--
(i) 2 flights of more than 2 hours duration if a gas balloon is used, or 2
flights of more than 1 hour duration if a hot air balloon is used;
(ii) 1 ascent under control to more than 10,000 feet above the takeoff
point if a gas balloon is used, or to more than 5,000 feet above the takeoff
point if a hot air balloon is used; and
(iii) 2 solo flights.
(b) Stage and final tests may be credited for not more than 2 hours of the
20 hours of ground training, and not more than one of the flights required by
paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2), respectively, of this section.
F. Aircraft rating course--I. Kinds of aircraft rating courses. An approved
aircraft rating course includes--
(a) An aircraft category rating;
(b) An aircraft class rating; and
(c) An aircraft type rating.
II. Aircraft category rating. An aircraft category rating course must
include at least the ground training and flight instruction required by Part
61 of this chapter for the issuance of a pilot certificate with a category
rating appropriate to the course. However, the Administrator may approve a
lesser number of hours of ground training, or flight instruction, or both, if
the course provides for the use of special training aids, such as ground
procedures, trainers, systems mockups, and audio-visual training materials,
or requires appropriate aeronautical experience of the students as a
prerequisite for enrollment in the course.
III. Aircraft class rating. An aircraft class rating course must include at
least the flight instruction required by Part 61 of this chapter for the
issuance of a pilot certificate with a class rating appropriate to the
course.
IV. (a) An aircraft type rating course must include at least 10 hours of
ground training on the aircraft systems, performance, operation, and
loading. In addition, it must include at least 10 hours of flight
instruction. Instruction in a pilot ground trainer that meets the
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) may be credited for not more than 5 of the
10 hours of required flight instruction. Instruction in a pilot ground
trainer that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) may be credited for
not more than 2.5 of the 10 hours of required flight instruction.
(b) For airplanes that require type ratings, the aircraft type rating
course must include ground and flight training on the maneuvers and
procedures of part 61, appendix A that is appropriate to the airplane for
which a type rating is sought.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-4, 56
FR 11328, Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
Appendix G to Part 141--Pilot Ground School Course
1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum for a
pilot ground school course required by Sec. 141.55.
2. General requirements. An approved course of training for a pilot ground
school course must contain the instruction necessary to provide each student
with adequate knowledge of those subjects needed to safely exercise the
privileges of the pilot certificate sought.
3. Ground training instruction. A pilot ground school course must include
at least the subjects and the number of hours of ground training specified in
the ground training section of the curriculum prescribed in the appendixes to
this part for the certification or test preparation course to which the
ground school course is directed.
4. Stage and final tests. Each student must pass a written test at the
completion of each stage of training specified in the approved training
syllabus for each ground training course in which he is enrolled. In
addition, he must pass a final written test at the completion of the course.
The stage and final tests may be credited towards the total ground training
time required for each certification and test preparation course as provided
in the curriculum prescribed in the appendixes to this part for that course.
Appendix H to Part 141--Test Preparation Courses
1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum required
under Sec. 141.55 of this Part 141 for each test preparation course listed in
Sec. 141.11.
2. General requirements.
(a) A test preparation course is eligible for approval if the Administrator
determines that it is adequate for a student enrolled in that course, upon
graduation, to safely exercise the privileges of the certificate, rating, or
authority for which the course is conducted.
(b) Each course for a test preparation must be equivalent in scope, depth,
and detail with the curriculum for the corresponding test course prescribed
in Appendices A, B, C, and D of this Part 141. However, the number of hours
of ground training and flight training included in the course must meet the
curriculum prescribed in this appendix. (The minimums prescribed in this
appendix for each test preparation course are based upon the amount of
training that is required for students who meet the total flight experience
requirements prescribed in Part 61 of this chapter at the time of
enrollment.)
(c) Minimum experience, knowledge, or skill, requirements necessary as a
prerequisite for enrollment are prescribed in the appropriate test
preparation courses contained in this appendix.
3. Flight instructor certification course.
(a) An approved course of training for a flight instructor certification
course must contain at least the following:
(1) Ground training--40 hours.
(2) Instructor training--25 hours, including--
(i) 10 hours of flight instruction in the analysis and performance of
flight training maneuvers, which for students enrolled in a flight instructor
airplane certification course and a flight instructor glider certification
course includes the satisfactory demonstration of stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques in an aircraft of the appropriate
category that is certificated for spins; and
(ii) 5 hours of practice ground instruction; and
(iii) 10 hours of practice flight instruction (with the instructor in the
aircraft).
(b) Credit for previous training of experience: A student may be credited
with the following training and experience acquired before his enrollment in
the course.
(1) Satisfactory completion of two years of study on the principles of
education in a college or university may be credited for 20 hours of the
required 40 hours of ground training prescribed in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section.
(2) One year of experience as a full-time instructor in an institution of
secondary or advanced education may be credited for 5 hours of the required
practice ground instruction prescribed in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(c) Prerequisite for enrollment. To be eligible for enrollment each student
must hold--
(1) A commercial pilot certificate;
(2) A rating for the aircraft used in the course; and
(3) An instrument rating for enrollment in an airplane instructor rating
course.
4. Additional flight instructor rating courses.
(a) An approved course of training for an additional flight instructor
rating course must consist of at least the following:
(1) Ground training--20 hours.
(2) Instructor training (with an instructor in the aircraft). 20 hours,
including--
(i) 10 hours, or 10 flights in a glider in the case of a glider instructor
rating course, performing analysis of flight training maneuvers, which in the
case of an airplane instructor rating course and a glider instructor rating
course includes the satisfactory demonstration of stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques in an aircraft of the appropriate
category that is certificated for spins; and
(ii) 10 hours of practice flight instruction, or, in the case of glider
instructor rating course, 10 flights in a glider.
5. Additional instrument rating course (airplane or helicopter).
(a) An approved training course for an additional instrument rating course
must include at least the following:
(1) Ground training--15 hours.
(2) Flight instruction--15 hours.
(b) Prerequisites for enrollment. To be eligible for enrollment each
student must hold a valid pilot certificate with an instrument rating, and an
aircraft rating for the aircraft used in the course.
6. Airline transport pilot test course.
(a) An approved training course for an airline transport pilot test course
must include at least the following:
(1) Ground training--40 hours.
(2) Flight instruction--25 hours, including at least 15 hours of instrument
flight instruction.
(3) In airplanes that require type ratings, the course must include ground
and flight training on the maneuvers and procedures of Part 61, Appendix A
that are appropriate to the airplane for which a type rating is sought.
(b) Prerequisites for enrollment. To be eligible for enrollment each
student must--
(1) Hold a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating and a
rating for the aircraft used in the course; and
(2) Meet the experience requirements of Part 61 of this chapter for the
issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate.
7. Pilot certificate, aircraft or instrument rating refresher course.
(a) An approved refresher training course for a pilot certificate, aircraft
rating, or an instrument rating must contain at least the following:
(1) Ground training--4 hours.
(2) Flight instruction--6 hours, which may include not more than 2 hours of
directed solo or pilot in command practice.
(b) Prerequisites for enrollment. To be eligible for enrollment each
student must hold a valid pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the
refresher course.
8. Agricultural aircraft operations course.
(a) An approved training course for pilots of agricultural aircraft must
include at least the following:
(1) Ground training--25 hours, including at least 15 hours on the handling
of agricultural and industrial chemicals.
(2) Flight instruction--15 hours, which may include not more than 5 hours
of directed solo practice.
(b) Prerequisite for enrollment. To be eligible for enrollment each student
must hold a valid commercial pilot certificate with a rating for the aircraft
used in the course.
9. Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
(a) An approved training course for pilots of a rotorcraft with an
external-load must contain at least the following:
(1) Ground training--10 hours.
(2) Flight instruction--15 hours.
(b) Prerequisite for enrollment. To be eligible for enrollment each student
must hold a valid commercial pilot certificate with a rating for the
rotorcraft used in the course.
[Doc. No. 12547, 39 FR 20152, June 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 141-4, 56
FR 11328, Mar. 15, 1991]
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
governing pilot and flight instructor initial and recurrent training and the
operations of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot
schools. The amendments address concerns identified by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the public, and issues raised in
petitions for exemption from the rules. This action is intended to update
standards of pilot and flight instructor performance and to respond to
technological advances in pilot training since the current rules were issued.
