As used in Subchapters A through K of this chapter, unless the context
requires otherwise:
"Administrator" means the Federal Aviation Administrator or any person to
whom he has delegated his authority in the matter concerned.
"Aerodynamic coefficients" means non-dimensional coefficients for
aerodynamic forces and moments.
"Air carrier" means a person who undertakes directly by lease, or other
arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
"Air commerce" means interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce or the
transportation of mail by aircraft or any operation or navigation of aircraft
within the limits of any Federal airway or any operation or navigation of
aircraft which directly affects, or which may endanger safety in, interstate,
overseas, or foreign air commerce.
"Aircraft" means a device that is used or intended to be used for flight in
the air.
"Aircraft engine" means an engine that is used or intended to be used for
propelling aircraft. It includes turbosuperchargers, appurtenances, and
accessories necessary for its functioning, but does not include propellers.
"Airframe" means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil
surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of
engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.
"Airplane" means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air,
that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its
wings.
"Airport" means an area of land or water that is used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, and includes its buildings and
facilities, if any.
"Airport traffic area" means, unless otherwise specifically designated in
Part 93, that airspace within a horizontal radius of 5 statute miles from the
geographical center of any airport at which a control tower is operating,
extending from the surface up to, but not including, an altitude of 3,000
feet above the elevation of the airport.
"Airship" means an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be
steered.
"Air traffic" means aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surface,
exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas.
"Air traffic clearance" means an authorization by air traffic control, for
the purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft, for an aircraft
to proceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace.
"Air traffic control" means a service operated by appropriate authority to
promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
"Air transportation" means interstate, overseas, or foreign air
transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft.
"Alternate airport" means an airport at which an aircraft may land if a
landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable.
"Altitude engine" means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated
takeoff power that is producible from sea level to an established higher
altitude.
"Appliance" means any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus,
appurtenance, or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used
or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is
installed in or attached to the aircraft, and is not part of an airframe,
engine, or propeller.
"Approved", unless used with reference to another person, means approved by
the Administrator.
"Area navigation (RNAV)" means a method of navigation that permits aircraft
operations on any desired course within the coverage of station-referenced
navigation signals or within the limits of self-contained system capability.
"Area navigation low route" means an area navigation route within the
airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface of the earth to,
but not including, 18,000 feet MSL.
"Area navigation high route" means an area navigation route within the
airspace extending upward from, and including, 18,000 feet MSL to flight
level 450.
"Armed Forces" means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast
Guard, including their regular and reserve components and members serving
without component status.
"Autorotation" means a rotorcraft flight condition in which the lifting
rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is in
motion.
"Auxiliary rotor" means a rotor that serves either to counteract the effect
of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft about
one or more of its three principal axes.
"Balloon" means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven.
"Brake horsepower" means the power delivered at the propeller shaft (main
drive or main output) of an aircraft engine.
"Calibrated airspeed" means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft,
corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to
true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
Canard means the forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixed,
movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.
Canard configuration means a configuration in which the span of the forward
wing is substantially less than that of the main wing.
"Category":
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and
limitations of airmen, means a broad classification of aircraft. Examples
include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air; and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping
of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples
include: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and
provisional.
"Category A," with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means
multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation features
specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and landing operations
under a critical engine failure concept which assures adequate designated
surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight in
the event of engine failure.
"Category B," with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means single-
engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all Category A
standards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up ability in the
event of engine failure and unscheduled landing is assumed.
"Category II operations", with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a Category II
ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or other
appropriate authority.
"Category III operations," with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
an ILS approach to, and landing on, the runway of an airport using a Category
III ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or other
appropriate authority.
"Ceiling" means the height above the earth's surface of the lowest layer of
clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as "broken", "overcast", or
"obscuration", and not classified as "thin" or "partial".
"Civil aircraft" means aircraft other than public aircraft.
"Class":
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and
limitations of airmen, means a classification of aircraft within a category
having similar operating characteristics. Examples include: single engine;
multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter; airship; and free balloon;
and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a broad
grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or
landing. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane;
and seaplane.
"Clearway" means:
(1) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after August 29,
1959, an area beyond the runway, not less than 500 feet wide, centrally
located about the extended centerline of the runway, and under the control of
the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway
plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not
exceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor any terrain protrudes.
However, threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above
the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to each
side of the runway.
(2) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after September 30,
1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area beyond the takeoff runway extending
no less than 300 feet on either side of the extended centerline of the
runway, at an elevation no higher than the elevation of the end of the
runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and under the control of the airport
authorities.
"Climbout speed," with respect to rotorcraft, means a referenced airspeed
which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope during
initial climbout.
"Commercial operator" means a person who, for compensation or hire, engages
in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other
than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part
375 of this title. Where it is doubtful that an operation is for
"compensation or hire", the test applied is whether the carriage by air is
merely incidental to the person's other business or is, in itself, a major
enterprise for profit.
"Controlled airspace" means airspace designated as a continental control
area, control area, control zone, terminal control area, or transition area,
within which some or all aircraft may be subject to air traffic control.
"Crewmember" means a person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during
flight time.
"Critical altitude" means the maximum altitude at which, in standard
atmosphere, it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational speed, a
specified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless otherwise stated,
the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to
maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of the following:
(1) The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines for which this
power rating is the same at sea level and at the rated altitude.
(2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in the case of engines,
the maximum continuous power of which is governed by a constant manifold
pressure.
"Critical engine" means the engine whose failure would most adversely
affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft.
"Decision height," with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the
height at which a decision must be made, during an ILS or PAR instrument
approach, to either continue the approach or to execute a missed approach.
"Equivalent airspeed" means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft
corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude.
Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at
sea level.
"Extended over-water operation" means--
(1) With respect to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation over
water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the
nearest shoreline; and
(2) With respect to helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline and more
than 50 nautical miles from an off-shore heliport structure.
"External load" means a load that is carried, or extends, outside of the
aircraft fuselage.
"External-load attaching means" means the structural components used to
attach an external load to an aircraft, including external-load containers,
the backup structure at the attachment points, and any quick-release device
used to jettison the external load.
"Fireproof"--
(1) With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire in a
designated fire zone, means the capacity to withstand at least as well as
steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used, the
heat produced when there is a severe fire of extended duration in that zone;
and
(2) With respect to other materials and parts, means the capacity to
withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as steel in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used.
"Fire resistant"--
(1) With respect to sheet or structural members means the capacity to
withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as aluminum alloy in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used; and
(2) With respect to fluid-carrying lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air
ducts, fittings, and powerplant controls, means the capacity to perform the
intended functions under the heat and other conditions likely to occur when
there is a fire at the place concerned.
"Flame resistant" means not susceptible to combustion to the point of
propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is
removed.
"Flammable", with respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to igniting
readily or to exploding.
"Flap extended speed" means the highest speed permissible with wing flaps
in a prescribed extended position.
"Flash resistant" means not susceptible to burning violently when ignited.
"Flightcrew member" means a pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator
assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time.
"Flight level" means a level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a
reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three digits
that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250 represents a
barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight level 255, an
indication of 25,500 feet.
"Flight plan" means specified information, relating to the intended flight
of an aircraft, that is filed orally or in writing with air traffic control.
"Flight time" means the time from the moment the aircraft first moves under
its own power for the purpose of flight until the moment it comes to rest at
the next point of landing. ("Block-to-block" time.)
"Flight visibility" means the average forward horizontal distance, from the
cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be
seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and
identified by night.
"Foreign air carrier" means any person other than a citizen of the United
States, who undertakes directly, by lease or other arrangement, to engage in
air transportation.
"Foreign air commerce" means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or
the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a
business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United States and
any place outside thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly by aircraft or
partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.
"Foreign air transportation" means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of
mail by aircraft, in commerce between a place in the United States and any
place outside of the United States, whether that commerce moves wholly by
aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.
Forward wing means a forward lifting surface of a canard configuration or
tandem-wing configuration airplane. The surface may be a fixed, movable, or
variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.
"Glider" means a heavier-than-air aircraft, that is supported in flight by
the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free
flight does not depend principally on an engine.
"Ground visibility" means prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's
surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an
accredited observer.
"Gyrodyne" means a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine-driven for
takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for forward flight through part of its
speed range, and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of
conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
"Gyroplane" means a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven, except
for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the
rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of
conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
"Helicopter" means a rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion, depends
principally on its engine-driven rotors.
"Heliport" means an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to
be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters.
"Idle thrust" means the jet thrust obtained with the engine power control
level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it can be
placed.
"IFR conditions" means weather conditions below the minimum for flight
under visual flight rules.
"IFR over-the-top", with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the
operation of an aircraft over-the-top on an IFR flight plan when cleared by
air traffic control to maintain "VFR conditions" or "VFR conditions on top".
"Indicated airspeed" means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot
static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic
compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.
"Instrument" means a device using an internal mechanism to show visually or
aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or aircraft part.
It includes electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft in
flight.
"Interstate air commerce" means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or
the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a
business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United
States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in any other State of the
United States, or the District of Columbia; or between places in the same
State of the United States through the airspace over any place outside
thereof; or between places in the same territory or possession of the United
States, or the District of Columbia.
"Interstate air transportation" means the carriage by aircraft of persons
or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of
mail by aircraft in commerce:
(1) Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and another
place in another State or the District of Columbia;
(2) Between places in the same State through the airspace over any place
outside that State; or
(3) Between places in the same possession of the United States;
Whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraft and
partly by other forms of transportation.
"Intrastate air transportation" means the carriage of persons or property
as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft
capable of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly within the same State of
the United States.
"Kite" means a framework, covered with paper, cloth, metal, or other
material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope or cable, and having as
its only support the force of the wind moving past its surfaces.
"Landing gear extended speed" means the maximum speed at which an aircraft
can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
"Landing gear operating speed" means the maximum speed at which the landing
gear can be safely extended or retracted.
"Large aircraft" means aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds, maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
"Lighter-than-air aircraft" means aircraft that can rise and remain
suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that is displaced
by the gas.
"Load factor" means the ratio of a specified load to the total weight of
the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the
following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions.
"Mach number" means the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound.
"Main rotor" means the rotor that supplies the principal lift to a
rotorcraft.
"Maintenance" means inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and the
replacement of parts, but excludes preventive maintenance.
"Major alteration" means an alteration not listed in the aircraft, aircraft
engine, or propeller specifications--
(1) That might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength,
performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities
affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by
elementary operations.
"Major repair" means a repair:
(1) That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight, balance,
structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight
characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by
elementary operations.
"Manifold pressure" means absolute pressure as measured at the appropriate
point in the induction system and usually expressed in inches of mercury.
"Medical certificate" means acceptable evidence of physical fitness on a
form prescribed by the Administrator.
"Minimum descent altitude" means the lowest altitude, expressed in feet
above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or
during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument
approach procedure, where no electronic glide slope is provided.
"Minor alteration" means an alteration other than a major alteration.
"Minor repair" means a repair other than a major repair.
"Navigable airspace" means airspace at and above the minimum flight
altitudes prescribed by or under this chapter, including airspace needed for
safe takeoff and landing.
"Night" means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the
beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air
Almanac, converted to local time.
"Nonprecision approach procedure" means a standard instrument approach
procedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided.
"Operate," with respect to aircraft, means use, cause to use or authorize
to use aircraft, for the purpose (except as provided in Sec. 91.13 of this
chapter) of air navigation including the piloting of aircraft, with or
without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise).
"Operational control", with respect to a flight, means the exercise of
authority over initiating, conducting or terminating a flight.
"Overseas air commerce" means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or
the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a
business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United
States, or the District of Columbia, and any place in a territory or
possession of the United States; or between a place in a territory or
possession of the United States, and a place in any other territory or
possession of the United States.
"Overseas air transportation" means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of
mail by aircraft, in commerce:
(1) Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and a place in a
possession of the United States; or
(2) Between a place in a possession of the United States and a place in
another possession of the United States; whether that commerce moves wholly
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of
transportation.
"Over-the-top" means above the layer of clouds or other obscuring phenomena
forming the ceiling.
"Parachute" means a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall
of a body or object through the air.
"Person" means an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company,
association, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It includes a
trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of any of them.
"Pilotage" means navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
"Pilot in command" means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety
of an aircraft during flight time.
"Pitch setting" means the propeller blade setting as determined by the
blade angle measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the
instruction manual for the propeller.
"Positive control" means control of all air traffic, within designated
airspace, by air traffic control.
"Precision approach procedure" means a standard instrument approach
procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided, such as ILS and
PAR.
"Preventive maintenance" means simple or minor preservation operations and
the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly
operations.
"Prohibited area" means designated airspace within which the flight of
aircraft is prohibited.
"Propeller" means a device for propelling an aircraft that has blades on an
engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its action on the
air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It
includes control components normally supplied by its manufacturer, but does
not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils of engines.
"Public aircraft" means aircraft used only in the service of a government,
or a political subdivision. It does not include any government-owned aircraft
engaged in carrying persons or property for commercial purposes.
"Rated continuous OEI power," with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations
established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use
to the time required to complete the flight after the failure of one engine
of a multiengine rotorcraft.
"Rated maximum continuous augmented thrust", with respect to turbojet
engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed
statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, with
fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber,
within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this
chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
"Rated maximum continuous power," with respect to reciprocating,
turbopropeller, and turboshaft engines, means the approved brake horsepower
that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a
specified altitude, within the engine operating limitations established under
Part 33, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
"Rated maximum continuous thrust", with respect to turbojet engine type
certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically or
in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, without fluid
injection and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber,
within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this
chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
"Rated takeoff augmented thrust", with respect to turbojet engine type
certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically
under standard sea level conditions, with fluid injection or with the burning
of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating
limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to
periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
"Rated takeoff power", with respect to reciprocating, turbopropeller, and
turboshaft engine type certification, means the approved brake horsepower
that is developed statically under standard sea level conditions, within the
engine operating limitations established under Part 33, and limited in use to
periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
"Rated takeoff thrust", with respect to turbojet engine type certification,
means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically under standard sea
level conditions, without fluid injection and without the burning of fuel in
a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations
established under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to periods of
not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
"Rated 30-minute OEI power," with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations
established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use
to a period of not more than 30 minutes after the failure of one engine of a
multiengine rotorcraft.
"Rated 2 1/2 -minute OEI power," with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating
limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and
limited in use to a period of not more than 2 1/2 minutes after the failure
of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
"Rating" means a statement that, as a part of a certificate, sets forth
special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
"Reporting point" means a geographical location in relation to which the
position of an aircraft is reported.
"Restricted area" means airspace designated under Part 73 of this chapter
within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject
to restriction.
"RNAV way point (W/P)" means a predetermined geographical position used for
route or instrument approach definition or progress reporting purposes that
is defined relative to a VORTAC station position.
"Rocket" means an aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases generated
in the engine from self-contained propellants and not dependent on the intake
of outside substances. It includes any part which becomes separated during
the operation.
"Rotorcraft" means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for
its support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors.
"Rotorcraft-load combination" means the combination of a rotorcraft and an
external-load, including the external-load attaching means. Rotorcraft-load
combinations are designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D, as
follows:
(1) "Class A rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external
load cannot move freely, cannot be jettisoned, and does not extend below the
landing gear.
(2) "Class B rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external
load is jettisonable and is lifted free of land or water during the
rotorcraft operation.
(3) "Class C rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external
load is jettisonable and remains in contact with land or water during the
rotorcraft operation.
(4) "Class D rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external-
load is other than a Class A, B, or C and has been specifically approved by
the Administrator for that operation.
"Route segment" means a part of a route. Each end of that part is
identified by:
(1) A continental or insular geographical location; or
(2) A point at which a definite radio fix can be established.
"Sea level engine" means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated
takeoff power that is producible only at sea level.
"Second in command" means a pilot who is designated to be second in command
of an aircraft during flight time.
"Show", unless the context otherwise requires, means to show to the
satisfaction of the Administrator.
"Small aircraft" means aircraft of 12,500 pounds or less, maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
"Standard atmosphere" means the atmosphere defined in U.S. Standard
Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude tables).
"Stopway" means an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less wide than the
runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway, able to
support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing structural
damage to the airplane, and designated by the airport authorities for use in
decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.
"Takeoff power":
(1) With respect to reciprocating engines, means the brake horsepower that
is developed under standard sea level conditions, and under the maximum
conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and engine manifold pressure
approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period
of time shown in the approved engine specification; and
(2) With respect to turbine engines, means the brake horsepower that is
developed under static conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric
temperature, and under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft rotational speed
and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in
continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine
specification.
"Takeoff safety speed" means a referenced airspeed obtained after lift-off
at which the required one-engine-inoperative climb performance can be
achieved.
"Takeoff thrust", with respect to turbine engines, means the jet thrust
that is developed under static conditions at a specific altitude and
atmospheric temperature under the maximum conditions of rotorshaft rotational
speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in
continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine
specification.
Tandem wing configuration means a configuration having two wings of similar
span, mounted in tandem.
"Time in service", with respect to maintenance time records, means the time
from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches
it at the next point of landing.
"True airspeed" means the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed
air. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by
(<rho>0/<rho>)1/2.
"Traffic pattern" means the traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft
landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an airport.
"Type":
(1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and
limitations of airmen, means a specific make and basic model of aircraft,
including modifications thereto that do not change its handling or flight
characteristics. Examples include: DC-7, 1049, and F-27; and
(2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means those
aircraft which are similar in design. Examples include: DC-7 and DC-7C; 1049G
and 1049H; and F-27 and F-27F.
(3) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft engines means
those engines which are similar in design. For example, JT8D and JT8D-7 are
engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A and JT9D-7 are engines of the same
type.
"United States", in a geographical sense, means (1) the States, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions, including the
territorial waters, and (2) the airspace of those areas.
"United States air carrier" means a citizen of the United States who
undertakes directly by lease, or other arrangement, to engage in air
transportation.
"VFR over-the-top", with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the
operation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not being operated
on an IFR flight plan.
Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-plane surface extending from a lifting
surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.
[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4588, May 15, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 1-36, 54 FR
34389, Aug. 18, 1989; Amdt. 1-37, 56 FR 351, Jan. 3, 1991]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec. 1.1, see the
List of CFR Sections Affected appearing in the Finding Aids section.
Effective Date Note: Amdt. No. 1-38, 56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991, amended
section effective September 16, 1993 by removing the definition of "airport
traffic area," revising the definition of "controlled airspece," and adding
the definitions of "Special VFR conditions" and "Special VFR operations" in
alphabetical order to read as follows:
Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within which
air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights
in accordance with the airspace classification.
Note--Controlled airspace is a generic term that convers Class A, Class B,
Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace.
* * * * * * * * * * * * **
Special VFR conditions mean meteorological conditions that are less than
those required for basic VFR flight in controlled airspace and in which
some aircraft are permitted fight under visual flight rules.
Special VFR operations means aircraft operating in accordance with
clearances within controlled airspace in meteorolgical conditions less than
the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be requested by the
pilot and approved by ATC.
SUMMARY: This final rule amends the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) to
adopt certain recommendations of the National Airspace Review (NAR)
concerning changes to regulations and procedures in regard to airspace
classifications. These changes are intended to: (1) Simplify airspace
designations; (2) achieve international commonality of airspace designations;
(3) increase standardization of equipment requirements for operations in
various classifications of airspace; (4) describe appropriate pilot
certificate requirements, visual flight rules (VFR) visibility and distance
from cloud rules, and air traffic services offered in each class of airspace;
and (5) satisfy the responsibilities of the United States as a member of the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The final rule also amends
the requirement for minimum distance from clouds in certain airspace areas
and the requirements for communications with air traffic control (ATC) in
certain airspace areas; eliminates airport radar service areas (ARSAs),
control zones, and terminal control areas (TCAs) as airspace classifications;
and eliminates the term "airport traffic area." The FAA believes simplified
airspace classifications will reduce existing airspace complexity and thereby
enhance safety.
EFFECTIVE DATE: These regulations become effective September 16, 1993,
except that Secs. 11.61(c), 91.215(d), 71.601, 71.603, 71.605, 71.607, and
71.609 and Part 75 become effective December 12, 1991, and except that
amendatory instruction number 20, Sec. 71.1 is effective as of September 15,
1993, and that Secs. 71.11 and 71.19 become effective October 15, 1992. The
incorporation by reference of FAA Order 7400.7 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory
instruction number 20) is approved by the Director of the Federal Register
as of December 17, 1991, through September 15, 1993. The incorporation by
reference of FAA Order 7400.9 in Sec. 71.1 (amendatory instruction number 24)
is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of September 16,
1993 through September 15, 1994.
In Subchapters A through K of this chapter:
"AGL" means above ground level.
"ALS" means approach light system.
"ASR" means airport surveillance radar.
"ATC" means air traffic control.
"CAS" means calibrated airspeed.
"CAT II" means Category II.
"CONSOL or CONSOLAN" means a kind of low or medium frequency long range
navigational aid.
"DH" means decision height.
"DME" means distance measuring equipment compatible with TACAN.
"EAS" means equivalent airspeed.
"FAA" means Federal Aviation Administration.
"FM" means fan marker.
"GS" means glide slope.
"HIRL" means high-intensity runway light system.
"IAS" means indicated airspeed.
"ICAO" means International Civil Aviation Organization.
"IFR" means instrument flight rules.
"ILS" means instrument landing system.
"IM" means ILS inner marker.
"INT" means intersection.
"LDA" means localizer-type directional aid.
"LFR" means low-frequency radio range.
"LMM" means compass locator at middle marker.
"LOC" means ILS localizer.
"LOM" means compass locator at outer marker.
"M" means mach number.
"MAA" means maximum authorized IFR altitude.
"MALS" means medium intensity approach light system.
"MALSR" means medium intensity approach light system with runway alignment
indicator lights.
"MCA" means minimum crossing altitude.
"MDA" means minimum descent altitude.
"MEA" means minimum en route IFR altitude.
"MM" means ILS middle marker.
"MOCA" means minimum obstruction clearance altitude.
"MRA" means minimum reception altitude.
"MSL" means mean sea level.
"NDB(ADF)" means nondirectional beacon (automatic direction finder).
"NOPT" means no procedure turn required.
"OEI" means one engine inoperative.
"OM" means ILS outer marker.
"PAR" means precision approach radar.
"RAIL" means runway alignment indicator light system.
"RBN" means radio beacon.
"RCLM" means runway centerline marking.
"RCLS" means runway centerline light system.
"REIL" means runway end identification lights.
"RR" means low or medium frequency radio range station.
"RVR" means runway visual range as measured in the touchdown zone area.
"SALS" means short approach light system.
"SSALS" means simplified short approach light system.
"SSALSR" means simplified short approach light system with runway alignment
indicator lights.
"TACAN" means ultra-high frequency tactical air navigational aid.
"TAS" means true airspeed.
"TCAS" means a traffic alert and collision avoidance system.
"TDZL" means touchdown zone lights.
"TVOR" means very high frequency terminal omnirange station.
VA means design maneuvering speed.
VB means design speed for maximum gust intensity.
VC means design cruising speed.
VD means design diving speed.
VDF/MDF means demonstrated flight diving speed.
VF means design flap speed.
VFC/MFC means maximum speed for stability characteristics.
VFE means maximum flap extended speed.
VH means maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power.
VLE means maximum landing gear extended speed.
VLO means maximum landing gear operating speed.
VLOF means lift-off speed.
VMC means minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative.
VMO/MMO means maximum operating limit speed.
VMU means minimum unstick speed.
VNE means never-exceed speed.
VNO means maximum structural cruising speed.
VR means rotation speed.
VS means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the
airplane is controllable.
VS0 means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the
landing configuration.
VS1 means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a
specific configuration.
VTOSS means takeoff safety speed for Category A rotorcraft.
VX means speed for best angle of climb.
VY means speed for best rate of climb.
V1 means takeoff decision speed (formerly denoted as critical engine failure
speed).
V2 means takeoff safety speed.
V2 min means minimum takeoff safety speed.
"VFR" means visual flight rules.
"VHF" means very high frequency.
"VOR" means very high frequency omnirange station.
"VORTAC" means collocated VOR and TACAN.
[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 1-35, 54 FR
950, Jan. 10, 1989]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec. 1.2, see the
List of CFR Sections Affected appearing in the Finding Aids, section of this
volume.
Sec. 1.3 Rules of construction.
(a) In Subchapters A through K of this chapter, unless the context requires
otherwise:
(1) Words importing the singular include the plural;
(2) Words importing the plural include the singular; and
(3) Words importing the masculine gender include the feminine.
(b) In Subchapters A through K of this chapter, the word:
(1) "Shall" is used in an imperative sense;
(2) "May" is used in a permissive sense to state authority or permission to
do the act prescribed, and the words "no person may * * *" or "a person may
not * * *" mean that no person is required, authorized, or permitted to do
the act prescribed; and
(3) "Includes" means "includes but is not limited to".
[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 1-10, 31 FR
5055, Mar. 29, 1966]
