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                            Introduction
======================================================================
William Stanley Jevons  (; 1 September 1835 - 13 August 1882) was an
English economist and logician.

Irving Fisher described Jevons's book 'A General Mathematical Theory
of Political Economy' (1862) as the start of the mathematical method
in economics. It made the case that economics, as a science concerned
with quantities, is necessarily mathematical. In so doing, it
expounded upon the "final" (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons'
work, along with similar discoveries made by Carl Menger in Vienna
(1871) and by Léon Walras in Switzerland (1874), marked the opening of
a new period in the history of economic thought. Jevons's contribution
to the marginal revolution in economics in the late 19th century
established his reputation as a leading political economist and
logician of the time.

Jevons broke off his studies of the natural sciences in London in 1854
to work as an assayer in Sydney, where he acquired an interest in
political economy. Returning to the UK in 1859, he published 'General
Mathematical Theory of Political Economy' in 1862, outlining the
marginal utility theory of value, and 'A Serious Fall in the Value of
Gold' in 1863. For Jevons, the utility or value to a consumer of an
additional unit of a product is inversely related to the number of
units of that product he already owns, at least beyond some critical
quantity.

Jevons received public recognition for his work on 'The Coal Question'
(1865), in which he called attention to the gradual exhaustion of
Britain's coal supplies and also put forth the view that increases in
energy production efficiency leads to more, not less, consumption.
This view is known today as the Jevons paradox, named after him. Due
to this particular work, Jevons is regarded today as the first
economist of some standing to develop an 'ecological' perspective on
the economy.

The most important of his works on logic and scientific methods is his
'Principles of Science' (1874), as well as 'The Theory of Political
Economy' (1871) and 'The State in Relation to Labour' (1882). Among
his inventions was the logic piano, a mechanical computer.


                             Background
======================================================================
Jevons was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England. His father, Thomas
Jevons, was an iron merchant who wrote about legal and economic
subjects as well. His mother Mary Anne Jevons was the daughter of
William Roscoe. At the age of fifteen he was sent to London to attend
the University College School. Around this time, he seemed to have
formed the belief that he was capable of important achievements as a
thinker. Towards the end of 1853, after having spent two years at
University College, where his favourite subjects were chemistry and
botany, he received an offer as metallurgical assayer for the new mint
in Australia. The idea of leaving the UK was distasteful, but
pecuniary considerations had, in consequence of the failure of his
father's firm in 1847, become of vital importance, and he accepted the
post.

Jevons left the UK for Sydney in June 1854 to take up a role as an
Assayer at the Mint. Jevons lived with his colleague and his wife
first at Church Hill, then in Annangrove at Petersham and at Double
Bay before returning to England. In letters to his family he described
his life, took photographs and produced a social map of Sydney. Jevons
returned to England via America five years later.

He resigned his appointment, and in the autumn of 1859 re-entered the
University College London as a student. He was granted B.A. and M.A.
degrees from the University of London. He now gave his principal
attention to the moral sciences, but his interest in natural science
was by no means exhausted: throughout his life he continued to write
occasional papers on scientific subjects, and his knowledge of the
physical sciences greatly contributed to the success of his chief
logical work, 'The Principles of Science'. Not long after taking his
M.A. degree, Jevons obtained a post as tutor at Owens College,
Manchester.
In  1866, he was elected professor of logic and mental and moral
philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy at Owens College.
In the same year he was elected to Membership of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society on 13 November 1866.


                         Theory of utility
======================================================================
Jevons arrived quite early in his career at the doctrines that
constituted his most characteristic and original contributions to
economics and logic. The theory of utility, which became the keynote
of his general theory of political economy, was practically formulated
in a letter written in 1860; and the germ of his logical principles of
the substitution of similars may be found in the view which he
propounded in another letter written in 1861, that "philosophy would
be found to consist solely in pointing out the likeness of things."
The theory of utility above referred to, namely, that the degree of
utility of a commodity is some continuous mathematical function of the
quantity of the commodity available, together with the implied
doctrine that economics is essentially a mathematical science, took
more definite form in a paper on "A General Mathematical Theory of
Political Economy", written for the British Association in 1862. This
paper does not appear to have attracted much attention either in 1862
or on its publication four years later in the 'Journal of the
Statistical Society'; and it was not till 1871, when the 'Theory of
Political Economy' appeared, that Jevons set forth his doctrines in a
fully developed form.

It was not until after the publication of this work that Jevons became
acquainted with the applications of mathematics to political economy
made by earlier writers, notably Antoine Augustin Cournot and H.H.
Gossen. The theory of utility was at about 1870 being independently
developed on somewhat similar lines by Carl Menger in Austria and Léon
Walras in Switzerland. As regards the discovery of the connection
between value in exchange and final (or marginal) utility, the
priority belongs to Gossen, but this in no way detracts from the great
importance of the service which Jevons rendered to British economics
by his fresh discovery of the principle, and by the way in which he
ultimately forced it into notice. In his reaction from the prevailing
view he sometimes expressed himself without due qualification: the
declaration, for instance, made at the commencement of the 'Theory of
Political Economy', that value depends entirely upon utility, lent
itself to misinterpretation. But a certain exaggeration of emphasis
may be pardoned in a writer seeking to attract the attention of an
indifferent public. The Neoclassical Revolution, which would reshape
economics, had been started.

Jevons did not explicitly distinguish between the concepts of ordinal
and cardinal utility. Cardinal utility allows the relative magnitude
of utilities to be discussed, while ordinal utility only implies that
goods can be compared and ranked according to which good provided the
most utility. Although Jevons predated the debate about ordinality or
cardinality of utility, his mathematics required the use of cardinal
utility functions. For example, in '"The Theory of Political
Economy"', Chapter II, the subsection on "Theory of Dimensions of
Economic Quantities", Jevons makes the statement that "In the first
place, pleasure and pain must be regarded as measured upon the same
scale, and as having, therefore, the same dimensions, being quantities
of the same kind, which can be added and subtracted...." Speaking of
measurement, addition and subtraction requires cardinality, as does
Jevons's heavy use of integral calculus. Cardinality does not imply
direct measurability, in which Jevons did not believe.


                        Practical economics
======================================================================
It was not, however, as a theorist dealing with the fundamental data
of economic science, but as a writer on practical economic questions,
that Jevons first received general recognition. 'A Serious Fall in the
Value of Gold' (1863) and 'The Coal Question' (1865) placed him in the
front rank as a writer on applied economics and statistics; and he
would be remembered as one of the leading economists of the 19th
century even had his 'Theory of Political Economy' never been written.
His economic works include 'Money and the Mechanism of Exchange'
(1875) written in a popular style, and descriptive rather than
theoretical; a 'Primer on Political Economy' (1878); 'The State in
Relation to Labour' (1882), and two works published after his death,
'Methods of Social Reform" and "Investigations in Currency and
Finance', containing papers that had appeared separately during his
lifetime. The last-named volume contains Jevons's speculations on the
connection between commercial crises and sunspots. He was engaged at
the time of his death upon the preparation of a large treatise on
economics and had drawn up a table of contents and completed some
chapters and parts of chapters. This fragment was published in 1905
under the title of 'The Principles of Economics: a fragment of a
treatise on the industrial mechanism of society, and other papers'.

In 'The Coal Question', Jevons covered a breadth of concepts on energy
depletion that have recently been revisited by writers covering the
subject of peak oil. For example, Jevons explained that improving
energy efficiency typically reduced energy costs and thereby increased
rather than decreased energy use, an effect now known as the Jevons
paradox. 'The Coal Question' remains a paradigmatic study of resource
depletion theory. Jevons's son, H. Stanley Jevons, published an
800-page follow-up study in 1915 in which the difficulties of
estimating recoverable reserves of a theoretically finite resource are
discussed in detail.

In 1875, Jevons read a paper 'On the influence of the sun-spot period
upon the price of corn' at a meeting of the 'British Association for
the Advancement of Science'. This captured the attention of the media
and led to the coining of the word sunspottery for claims of links
between various cyclic events and sun-spots. In a later work,
"Commercial Crises and Sun-Spots", Jevons analyzed business cycles,
proposing that crises in the economy might not be random events, but
might be based on discernible prior causes. To clarify the concept, he
presented a statistical study relating business cycles with sunspots.
His reasoning was that sunspots affected the weather, which, in turn,
affected crops. Crop changes could then be expected to cause economic
changes. Subsequent studies have found that sunny weather has a small
but significant positive impact on stock returns, probably due to its
impact on traders' moods.


                               Logic
======================================================================
In 1864 Jevons published 'Pure Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart
from Quantity', which was based on Boole's system of logic, but freed
from what he considered the false mathematical dress of that system.
In 1866 what he regarded as the great and universal principle of all
reasoning dawned upon him; and in 1869 Jevons published a sketch of
this fundamental doctrine under the title of 'The Substitution of
Similars'. He expressed this principle in its simplest form by saying:
"Whatever is true of a thing is true of its like", and he worked out
in detail its various applications including the 'logical abacus', a
method of performing simple logical inference by manipulating a truth
table consisting of labeled wooden boards. He noted that the
operations could be performed by a simple mechanism and later he had a
"logical machine" built from his specifications in 1869, sometimes
called the "Logic Piano" because of its resemblance to an upright
piano. The machine was exhibited before the Royal Society in 1870.

In the following year appeared the 'Elementary Lessons on Logic',
which soon became the most widely read elementary textbook on logic in
the English language. In the meantime he was engaged upon a much more
important logical treatise, which appeared in 1874 under the title of
'The Principles of Science'. In this work Jevons embodied the
substance of his earlier works on pure logic and the substitution of
similars; he also enunciated and developed the view that induction is
simply an inverse employment of deduction; he treated in a luminous
manner the general theory of probability, and the relation between
probability and induction; and his knowledge of the various natural
sciences enabled him throughout to relieve the abstract character of
logical doctrine by concrete scientific illustrations, often worked
out in great detail. An example is his discussion of the use of
one-way functions in cryptography, including remarks on the integer
factorization problem that foreshadowed its use in public-key
cryptography. Jevons's general theory of induction was a revival of
the theory laid down by Whewell and criticised by John Stuart Mill;
but it was put in a new form, and was free from some of the
non-essential adjuncts that rendered Whewell's exposition open to
attack. The work as a whole was one of the most notable contributions
to logical doctrine that appeared in the UK in the 19th century.
"Though less attractively written than Mill's 'System of Logic',
'Principles of Science' is a book that keeps much closer to the facts
of scientific practice." His 'Studies in Deductive Logic', consisting
mainly of exercises and problems for the use of students, was
published in 1880. In 1877 and the following years Jevons contributed
to the 'Contemporary Review' some articles on Mill, which he had
intended to supplement by further articles, and eventually publish in
a volume as a criticism of Mill's philosophy. These articles and one
other were republished after Jevons's death, together with his earlier
logical treatises, in a volume, entitled 'Pure Logic, and other Minor
Works'. The articles on criticisms of Mill contain much that is
ingenious and much that is forcible, but on the whole they cannot be
regarded as taking rank with Jevons's other work. His strength lay in
his power as an original thinker rather than as a critic; and he will
be remembered by his constructive work as logician, economist and
statistician.


                           Jevons' number
======================================================================
Jevons wrote in his 1874 book 'Principles of Science':

: "Can the reader say what two numbers multiplied together will
produce the number 8,616,460,799? I think it unlikely that anyone but
myself will ever know."

This became known as Jevons's number and was factored by Charles J.
Busk in 1889, Derrick Norman Lehmer in 1903, and later on a pocket
calculator by Solomon W. Golomb. It is the product of two prime
numbers, 89,681 and 96,079.


                              Geometry
======================================================================
One of Jevons's contemporaries, Hermann von Helmholtz, who was
interested in non-Euclidean geometry, discussed two groups of
two-dimensional creatures with one group living in the plane while the
other living in the surface of a sphere. He asserted that since these
creatures were embedded in two dimensions, they would develop a planar
version of Euclidean geometry, but that since the nature of these
surfaces were different, they would arrive at very different versions
of this geometry. He then extended this argument into three
dimensions, noting that this raises fundamental questions of the
relationship of spatial perception to mathematical truth.

Jevons made an almost immediate response to this article. While
Helmholtz focused on how humans perceived space, Jevons focused on the
question of truth in geometry. Jevons agreed that while Helmholtz's
argument was compelling in constructing a situation where the
Euclidean axioms of geometry would not apply, he believed that they
had no effect on the truth of these axioms. Jevons hence makes the
distinction between truth and applicability or perception, suggesting
that these concepts were independent in the domain of geometry.

Jevons did not claim that geometry was developed without any
consideration for spatial reality. Instead, he suggested that his
geometric systems were representations of reality but in a more
fundamental way that transcends what one can perceive about reality.
Jevons claimed that there was a flaw in Helmholtz's argument relating
to the concept of infinitesimally small. This concept involves how
these creatures reason about geometry and space at a very small scale,
which is not necessarily the same as the reasoning that Helmholtz
assumed on a more global scale. Jevons claimed that the Euclidean
relations could be reduced locally in the different scenarios that
Helmholtz created and hence the creatures should have been able to
experience the Euclidean properties, just in a different
representation. For example, Jevons claimed that the two-dimensional
creatures living on the surface of a sphere should be able to
construct the plane and even construct systems of higher dimensions
and that although they may not be able to perceive such situations in
reality, it would reveal fundamental mathematical truths in their
theoretical existence.

In 1872, Helmholtz gave a response to Jevons, who claimed that
Helmholtz failed to show why geometric truth should be separate from
the reality of spatial perception. Helmholtz criticized Jevons's
definition of truth and in particular, experiential truth. Helmholtz
asserts that there should be a difference between experiential truth
and mathematical truth and that these versions of truth are not
necessarily consistent. This conversation between Helmholtz and Jevons
was a microcosm of an ongoing debate between truth and perception in
the wake of the introduction of non-Euclidean geometry in the late
19th century.


                           Personal life
======================================================================
In 1867, Jevons married Harriet Ann Taylor, whose father, John Edward
Taylor, had been the founder and proprietor of the 'Manchester
Guardian'. Their son, Herbert Stanley Jevons (1875-1955), became an
economist who developed the periodisation of the Second Industrial
Revolution.  Jevons suffered from ill health and sleeplessness, and
found the delivery of lectures covering so wide a range of subjects
very burdensome. In 1876, he was glad to exchange the Owens
professorship for the professorship of political economy in University
College, London. Travelling and music were the principal recreations
of his life; but his health continued to be bad, and he suffered from
depression. He found his professorial duties increasingly irksome, and
feeling that the pressure of literary work left him no spare energy,
he decided in 1880 to resign the post. On 13 August 1882 he drowned
whilst bathing near Hastings.

Jevons was brought up a Christian Unitarian. Excerpts from his
journals indicate he remained committed to his Christian beliefs until
death. He is buried in the Hampstead Cemetery.


                               Legacy
======================================================================
Jevons was a prolific writer, and at the time of his death was a
leader in the UK both as a logician and as an economist. Alfred
Marshall said of his work in economics that it "will probably be found
to have more constructive force than any, save that of Ricardo, that
has been done during the last hundred years."

Jevons's theory of induction has continued to be influential:
"Jevons's general view of induction has received a powerful and
original formulation in the work of a modern-day philosopher,
Professor K.R. Popper."


                               Works
======================================================================
* 1862. 'A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy'
* 1863. [https://archive.org/stream/aseriousfallinv00jevogoog 'A
Serious Fall in the Value of Gold'], Edward Stanford.
* 1864. [https://archive.org/details/purelogicorlogi00jevogoog 'Pure
Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity'], Edward
Stanford, London
* 1865. 'The Coal Question', Macmillan and Co.
* 1869. [https://archive.org/details/substitutionofsi00jevorich 'The
Substitution of Similars, The True Principle of Reasoning'], Macmillan
& Co.
* 1870. [https://archive.org/details/elementarylesso00goog 'Elementary
Lessons in Logic'], Macmillan & Co., London
* 1871. 'The Match Tax: A Problem in Finance', Edward Stanford.
* 1871. '[https://archive.org/details/theoryofpolitica00jevouoft The
Theory of Political Economy]', Macmillan & Co.
** "Theory of Political Economy". In James R. Newman, ed., 'The World
of Mathematics', Vol. 2, Part IV, 1956.
* 1874. 'Principles of Science', Macmillan & Co.
* 1875.
* 1878. '[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33219/33219-h/33219-h.htm A
Primer on Political Economy]'
* 1880. 'Studies in Deductive Logic' -
[https://archive.org/details/studiesindeduct00jevouoft 1884 edition]
(Macmillan & Co., London)
* 1882. 'The State in Relation to Labour'
* 1883. 'Methods of Social Reform and Other Papers', Macmillan and Co.
** 'Methods of Social Reform, and Other Papers', Kelley, 1965.
* 1884. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001126115
'Investigations in Currency and Finance'], Macmillan and Co. 1884.
* 1886.
[https://archive.org/stream/lettersjournalof00jevoiala#page/n7/mode/2up
'Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons'], Ed. by Harriet A. Jevons,
Macmillan & Co.
* 1972-81. 'Papers and Correspondence', edited by R.D. Collison Black,
Macmillan & the Royal Economic Society (7 vol.)


Articles
==========
* [https://doi.org/10.1080/14786445708642347 "On the cirrous form of
cloud"], 'The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science', Vol. 14,  1857.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338419 "On the Variation of Prices
and the Value of the Currency since 1782"], 'Journal of the
Statistical Society of London', Vol. 28, No. 2, June 1865.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338585 "On the Frequent Autumnal
Pressure in the Money Market, and the Action of the Bank of England"],
'Journal of the Statistical Society of London', Vol. 29, No. 2, June
1866.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338797 "On the Condition of the
Metallic Currency of the United Kingdom, with Reference to the
Question of International Coinage"], 'Journal of the Statistical
Society of London', Vol. 31, No. 4, December 1868.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev45unkngoog#page/n830/mode/2up
"Who Discovered the Quantification of the Predicate?"], 'The
Contemporary Review', Vol. XXI, December 1872/May 1873.
*
[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002150405y;view=1up;seq=467
"The Philosophy of Inductive Inference"], 'Fortnightly Review', Vol.
XIV, New Series, 1873.
*
[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002150405y&view=1up&seq=788
"The Use of Hypothesis"], 'Fortnightly Review', Vol. XIV, New Series,
1873.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/essaysaddresses00oweniala#page/464/mode/2up
"The Railways and the State"]. In: 'Essays and Addresses', Macmillan
& Co., 1874.
* [https://archive.org/stream/fortnightly03unkngoog#page/n628/mode/2up
"The Future of Political Economy"], 'Fortnightly Review', Vol. XX, New
Series, 1876.
* [https://archive.org/stream/fortnightly00unkngoog#page/n678/mode/2up
"Cruelty to Animals: A Study in Sociology"], 'Fortnightly Review',
Vol. XIX, New Series, 1876.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/journalsocialsc03russgoog#page/n38/mode/2up
"The Silver Question"], 'Journal of Social Science', No. IX, January
1878.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev00unkngoog#page/n186/mode/2up
"John Stuart Mill's Philosophy Tested"],
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev00unkngoog#page/n276/mode/2up
Part II], 'The Contemporary Review', Vol. XXXI, December 1877/January
1878;
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev33unkngoog#page/n98/mode/2up
Part III], Vol. XXXII, April 1878.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev36unkngoog#page/n510/mode/2up
"Methods of Social Reform, I: Amusements of the People"], 'The
Contemporary Review', Vol. XXXIII, October 1878.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev56unkngoog#page/n218/mode/2up
"Methods of Social Reform, II: A State Parcel Post"], 'The
Contemporary Review', Vol. XXXIV, January 1879.
*
[http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/8261/jssisiVolVIIPartLIV_334342.pdf
"The Periodicity of Commercial Crises, and its Physical Explanation,"]
'Journal of The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland',
Vol. VII, Part 54, 1878/1879.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev24unkngoog#page/n188/mode/2up
"Experimental Legislation and the Drink Traffic"], 'The Contemporary
Review', Vol. XXXVII, January/June 1880.
* [https://archive.org/stream/nature01grougoog#page/n640/mode/2up
"Recent Mathematico-Logical Memoirs"], 'Nature', Vol. XXIII, 24 March
1881.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev58unkngoog#page/n62/mode/2up
"Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy"], 'The
Contemporary Review', Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev58unkngoog#page/n384/mode/2up
"The Rationale of Free Public Libraries"], 'The Contemporary Review',
Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev58unkngoog#page/n750/mode/2up
"Bimetallism"], 'The Contemporary Review', Vol. XXXIX, January/June
1881.
*
[https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev15unkngoog#page/n46/mode/2up
"Married Women in Factories"], 'The Contemporary Review', Vol. XLI,
January/June 1882.


Miscellany
============
* Luigi Cossa,
[https://archive.org/stream/guidetostudyofpo00cossuoft#page/n5/mode/2up
'Guide to the Study of Political Economy'], with a Preface by W.
Stanley Jevons, Macmillan & Co., 1880.
* Jevons and his theory on a possible connection between sunspots and
economic activity cycles were mentioned by Lovecraft in his 'The
Shadow Out of Time' as discussed by Nathaniel Wingate Peaslee just
before he was abducted by the Great Race.


                              Sources
======================================================================
*
* R.D. Collison Black (1987). "Jevons, William Stanley", 'The New
Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics', v. 2, pp. 1008-14.
* Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. 'The Search for Mathematical Roots
1870-1940'. Princeton University Press.
* Terry Peach (1987). "Jevons as an economic theorist", 'The New
Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics', v. 2, pp. 1014-19.
* The first part of this article was based on an article in the
Encyclopedia of Marxism at [https://www.marxists.org/
www.marxists.org].


                          Further reading
======================================================================
* Bam, Vincent, 'et al'. "Hypothetical Fallibilism in Peirce and
Jevons", 'Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society', Vol. 15, No.
2, Spring, 1979.
* Barrett, Lindsay and Connell, Matthew.
[http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010103.html "Jevons and the
Logic 'Piano'"], 'The Rutherford Journal', Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2006.
* Collison Black, R.D. "Jevons and Cairnes", 'Economica', New Series,
Vol. 27, No. 107, Aug., 1960.
* Collison Black, R.D. "Jevons, Bentham and De Morgan", 'Economica',
New Series, Vol. 39, No. 154, May, 1972.
* De Marchi, N.B. "The Noxious Influence of Authority: A Correction of
Jevons' Charge", 'Journal of Law and Economics', Vol. 16, No. 1, Apr.,
1973.
* Grattan-Guinness, I. "'In Some Parts Rather Rough': A Recently
Discovered Manuscript Version of William Stanley Jevons's 'General
Mathematical Theory of Political Economy' (1862)", 'History of
Political Economy', Vol. 34, Number 4, Winter 2002.
*
* Jevons, H. Winefrid. "William Stanley Jevons: His Life",
'Econometrica', Vol. 2, No. 3, Jul., 1934.
* Keynes, J.M. "William Stanley Jevons 1835-1882: A Centenary
Allocation on his Life and Work as Economist and Statistician",
'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society', Vol. 99, No. 3, 1936.
* Könekamp, Rosamund. "William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882). Some
Biographical Notes", 'Manchester School of Economic and Social
Studies', Vol. 30, No. 3, Sept. 1962.
* Konvitz, Milton R. "An Empirical Theory of the Labor Movement: W.
Stanley Jevons", 'The Philosophical Review', Vol. 57, No. 1, Jan.,
1948.
* La Nauze, J.A. "The Conception of Jevon's Utility Theory",
'Economica', New Series, Vol. 20, No. 80, Nov., 1953.
* Maas, Harro. 'William Stanley Jevons and the Making of Modern
Economics', Cambridge University Press, 2005.
* Madureira, Nuno Luis. "The Anxiety of Abundance: William Stanley
Jevons and Coal Scarcity in the Nineteenth Century", 'Environment and
History', Vol. 18, Number 3, August 2012.
* Mays, W. and Henry, D.P. "Jevons and Logic", 'Mind', New Series,
Vol. 62, No. 248, Oct., 1953.
* Mosselmans, Bert. [http://www.eshet.net/public//-1_mosselmans.pdf
"William Stanley Jevons and the Extent of Meaning in Logic and
Economics"] , 'History and Philosophy of Logic', Vol. 19, Issue 2,
1998.
* Mosselmans, Bert. 'William Stanley Jevons and the Cutting Edge of
Economics', Routledge, 2007.
* Noller, Carl W. "Jevons on Cost", 'Southern Economic Journal', Vol.
39, No. 1, Jul., 1972.
* Paul, Ellen Frankel. "W. Stanley Jevons: Economic Revolutionary,
Political Utilitarian", 'Journal of the History of Ideas', Vol. 40,
No. 2, Apr./Jun., 1979.
* Peart, Sandra. "'Disturbing Causes', 'Noxious Errors', and the
Theory-Practice Distinction in the Economics of J.S. Mill and W.S.
Jevons", 'The Canadian Journal of Economics', Vol. 28, No. 4b, Nov.,
1995.
* Peart, Sandra. 'The Economics of W.S. Jevons', Routledge, 1996.
* Peart, Sandra. "Jevons and Menger Re-Homogenized?: Jaffé after 20
Years", 'The American Journal of Economics and Sociology', Vol. 57,
No. 3, Jul., 1998.
* Peart, Sandra. "Facts Carefully Marshalled' in the Empirical Studies
of William Stanley Jevons", 'History of Political Economy', Vol. 33,
Annual Supplement, 2001.
* Robertson, Ross M. "Jevons and His Precursors", 'Econometrica', Vol.
19, No. 3, Jul., 1951.
* Schabas, Margaret. "The 'Worldly Philosophy' of William Stanley
Jevons", 'Victorian Studies', Vol. 28, No. 1, Autumn, 1984.
* Schabas, Margaret. "Alfred Marshall, W. Stanley Jevons, and the
Mathematization of Economics", 'Isis', Vol. 80, No. 1, Mar., 1989.
* Schabas, Margaret. 'A World Ruled by Number: William Stanley Jevons
and the Rise of Mathematical Economics', Princeton University Press,
1990.
* Strong, John V. "The Infinite Ballot Box of Nature: De Morgan,
Boole, and Jevons on Probability and the Logic of Induction", 'PSA:
Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science
Association', Vol. 1976, Vol. One: Contributed Papers, 1976.
* Wood, John C. 'William Stanley Jevons: Critical Assessments', 2
vol., Routledge, 1988.
* York, Richard.
[http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her132/york.pdf
"Ecological Paradoxes: William Stanley Jevons and the Paperless
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'Theory of Political Economy'"], 'The American Economic Review', Vol.
2, No. 3, Sep., 1912.
* Shepherdson, John C. "W.S. Jevons: his Logical Machine and Work
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Furukawa; D. Michie; S. Muggleton. OUP, 1998. p. 489-505.


                           External links
======================================================================
*
*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050826044625/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/jevons.htm
New School: William Stanley Jevons]
*
[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1872/01'&dsqDb=Catalog
Royal Society certificate of election 1872]
* [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010103.html Jevons and the
Logic 'Piano'] at 'The Rutherford Journal'
* [https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/The_Coal_Question_(e-book) The
Coal Question - Encyclopedia of Earth]
* [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/jevons-letters-and-journal
Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons], edited by his wife (1886).
This work contains a bibliography of Jevons's writings.
*
* [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-ja
Jevons Family Archive] at University of Manchester Library.

Works available online
*
*
* [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gAAKAAAAIAAJ The Coal Question]
(also available
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070430125822/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0546
here])
* [https://archive.org/details/theoryofpolitica00jevouoft The Theory
of Political Economy]
* [https://archive.org/details/moneymechanism00jevo Money and the
Mechanism of Exchange]
* [https://mises.org/books/lessons_in_logic_jevons.pdf 'Elementary
Lessons in Logic']
* [https://mises.org/books/money_mechanism_jevons.pdf 'Money and the
Mechanism of Exchange']
* [https://mises.org/books/political_economy_jevons.pdf 'The Theory of
Political Economy']
*
[https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/jevons/index.html
William Stanley Jevons]
*
[https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/jevons/mathem.htm
Brief Account of a General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy]
* [https://archive.org/details/theorypolitical00jevogoog The Theory of
Political Economy], 1871,
* [https://archive.org/details/theorypolitical00jevogoog The Theory of
Political Economy], 1879, 2nd ed.
* [https://archive.org/details/theoryofpolitica00jevo_0 The Theory of
Political Economy], 1888, 3rd ed. (1879 ed. + 3rd Preface by Harriet
A. Jevons & adds to bibliographic 1st Appendix).


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