= The_Pilgrim's_Progress =

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= The_Pilgrim's_Progress =
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Introduction
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'The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come' is
a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. It is commonly
regarded as one of the most significant works of Protestant devotional
literature and of wider early modern English literature. It has been
translated into more than 200 languages and has never been out of
print. It appeared in Dutch in 1681, in German in 1703 and in Swedish
in 1727. The first North American edition was issued in 1681. It has
also been cited as the first novel written in English. According to
literary editor Robert McCrum, "there's no book in English, apart from
the Bible, to equal Bunyan's masterpiece for the range of its
readership, or its influence on writers as diverse as William Hogarth,
C. S. Lewis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Charles Dickens,
Louisa May Alcott, George Bernard Shaw, William Thackeray, Charlotte
Brontë, Mark Twain, John Steinbeck and Enid Blyton." The lyrics of the
hymn "To be a Pilgrim" are based on the novel.

Bunyan began his work while in the Bedfordshire county prison for
violations of the Conventicle Act 1664, which prohibited the holding
of religious services outside the auspices of the established Church
of England. Early Bunyan scholars such as John Brown believed 'The
Pilgrim's Progress' was begun in Bunyan's second, shorter imprisonment
for six months in 1675, but more recent scholars such as Roger
Sharrock believe that it was begun during Bunyan's initial, more
lengthy imprisonment from 1660 to 1672 right after he had written his
spiritual autobiography 'Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners'.

The English text comprises 108,260 words and is divided into two
parts, each reading as a continuous narrative with no chapter
divisions. The first part was completed in 1677 and entered into the
Stationers' Register on 22 December 1677. It was licensed and entered
in the "Term Catalogue" on 18 February 1678, which is looked upon as
the date of first publication. After the first edition of the first
part in 1678, an expanded edition, with additions written after Bunyan
was freed, appeared in 1679. The Second Part appeared in 1684. There
were eleven editions of the first part in John Bunyan's lifetime,
published in successive years from 1678 to 1685 and in 1688, and there
were two editions of the second part, published in 1684 and 1686.

First Part
============
The entire book is presented as a dream sequence narrated by an
omniscient narrator. The allegory's protagonist, Christian, is an
everyman character, and the plot centres on his journey from his
hometown, the "City of Destruction" ("this world"), to the "Celestial
City" ("that which is to come": Heaven) atop Mount Zion. Christian is
weighed down by a great burden--the knowledge of his sin--which he
believed came from his reading "the book in his hand" (the Bible).
This burden, which would cause him to sink into Hell, is so unbearable
that Christian must seek deliverance. He meets Evangelist as he is
walking out in the fields, who directs him to the "Wicket Gate" for
deliverance. Since Christian cannot see the "Wicket Gate" in the
distance, Evangelist directs him to go to a "shining light", which
Christian thinks he sees. Christian leaves his home, his wife, and
children to save himself: he cannot persuade them to accompany him.
Obstinate and Pliable go after Christian to bring him back, but
Christian refuses. Obstinate returns disgusted, but Pliable is
persuaded to go with Christian, hoping to take advantage of the
Paradise that Christian claims lies at the end of his journey.
Pliable's journey with Christian is cut short when the two of them
fall into the Slough of Despond, a boggy mire-like swamp where
pilgrims' doubts, fears, temptations, lusts, shames, guilts, and sins
of their present condition of being a sinner are used to sink them
into the mud of the swamp. It is there in that bog where Pliable
abandons Christian after getting himself out. After struggling to the
other side of the slough, Christian is pulled out by Help, who has
heard his cries and tells him the swamp is made out of the decadence,
scum, and filth of sin, but the ground is good at the narrow Wicket
Gate.

On his way to the Wicket Gate, Christian is diverted by the secular
ethics of Mr. Worldly Wiseman into seeking deliverance from his burden
through the Law, supposedly with the help of a Mr. Legality and his
son Civility in the village of Morality, rather than through Christ,
allegorically by way of the Wicket Gate. Evangelist meets the wayward
Christian as he stops before Mount Sinai on the way to Mr. Legality's
home. It hangs over the road and threatens to crush any who would pass
it; also the mountain flashes with fire. Evangelist exposes Worldly
Wiseman, Legality, and Civility for the frauds they are: they would
have the pilgrim leave the true path by trusting in his own good deeds
to remove his burden. Evangelist directs Christian to return to the
way to the Wicket Gate, and Christian complies.

At the Wicket Gate begins the "straight and narrow" King's Highway,
and Christian is directed onto it by the gatekeeper Goodwill who saves
him from Beelzebub's archers at Beelzebub's castle near the Wicket
Gate and shows him the heavenly way he must go. In the Second Part,
Goodwill is shown to be Jesus Himself. To Christian's query about
relief from his burden, Goodwill directs him forward to "the place of
deliverance".

Christian makes his way from there to the House of the Interpreter,
where he is shown pictures and tableaux that portray or dramatize
aspects of the Christian faith and life. Roger Sharrock denotes them
"emblems".

From the House of the Interpreter, Christian finally reaches the
"place of deliverance" (allegorically, the cross of Calvary and the
open sepulchre of Christ), where the "straps" that bound Christian's
burden to him break, and it rolls away into the open sepulchre. This
event happens relatively early in the narrative: the immediate need of
Christian at the beginning of the story is quickly remedied. After
Christian is relieved of his burden, he is greeted by three angels,
who give him the greeting of peace, new garments, and a scroll as a
passport into the Celestial City. Encouraged by all this, Christian
happily continues his journey until he comes upon three men named
Simple, Sloth, and Presumption. Christian tries to help them, but they
disregard his advice. Before coming to the Hill of Difficulty,
Christian meets two well-dressed men named Formality and Hypocrisy who
prove to be false Christians that perish in the two dangerous bypasses
near the hill, named Danger and Destruction. Christian falls asleep at
the arbour above the hill and loses his scroll, forcing him to go back
and get it. Near the top of the Hill of Difficulty, he meets two weak
pilgrims named Mistrust and Timorous who tell him of the great lions
of the Palace Beautiful. Christian fearfully avoids the lions through
Watchful the porter who tells them that they are chained and put there
to test the faith of pilgrims.

Atop the Hill of Difficulty, Christian makes his first stop for the
night at the House of the Palace Beautiful, which is a place built by
God for the refreshment of pilgrims and godly travellers. Christian
spends three days here, and leaves clothed with the Armour of God
(Eph. 6:11-18), which stands him in good stead in his battle against
the demonic dragon-like Apollyon (the lord and god of the City of
Destruction) in the Valley of Humiliation. This battle lasts "over
half a day" until Christian manages to wound and stab Apollyon with
his two-edged sword (a reference to the Bible, Heb. 4:12). "And with
that Apollyon spread his dragon wings and sped away."
As night falls, Christian enters the fearful Valley of the Shadow of
Death. When he is in the middle of the Valley amidst the gloom,
terror, and demons, he hears the words of the Twenty-third Psalm,
spoken possibly by his friend Faithful: Yea, though I walk through
the Valley of the Shadow of Death, I will fear no evil: for thou art
with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. (Psalm 23:4.) As he
leaves this valley the sun rises on a new day.

Just outside the Valley of the Shadow of Death he meets Faithful, also
a former resident of the City of Destruction, who accompanies him to
Vanity Fair, a place built by Beelzebub where every thing to a human's
taste, delight, and lust is sold daily, where both are arrested and
detained because of their disdain for the wares and business of the
Fair. Faithful is put on trial and executed by burning at the stake as
a martyr. A celestial chariot then takes Faithful to the Celestial
City, martyrdom being a shortcut there. Hopeful, a resident of Vanity
Fair, takes Faithful's place to be Christian's companion for the rest
of the way.

Christian and Hopeful then come to a hill called Lucre where there is
a silver mine. A man called Demas urges them to join in the mining
going on, but Christian sees through Demas's trickery and they avoid
the mine. Afterward, a false pilgrim named By-Ends and his friends,
who followed Christian and Hopeful only to take advantage of them,
perish at the Hill Lucre, never to be seen or heard from again. On a
rough, stony stretch of road, Christian and Hopeful leave the highway
to travel on the easier By-Path Meadow, where a rainstorm forces them
to spend the night. In the morning they are captured by Giant Despair,
who is known for his savage cruelty, and his wife Diffidence; the
pilgrims are taken to the Giant's Doubting Castle, where they are
imprisoned, beaten and starved. The Giant and the Giantess want them
to commit suicide, but they endure the ordeal until Christian realizes
that a key he has, called Promise, will open all the doors and gates
of Doubting Castle. Using the key and the Giant's vulnerability to
sunlight, they escape.

The Delectable Mountains form the next stage of Christian and
Hopeful's journey, where the shepherds show them some of the wonders
of the place also known as "Immanuel's Land". The pilgrims are shown
sights that strengthen their faith and warn them against sinning, like
the Hill Error or the Mountain Caution. On Mount Clear, they are able
to see the Celestial City through the shepherd's "perspective glass",
i.e., a telescope. (This device is given to Mercy in the Second Part
at her request.) The shepherds tell the pilgrims to beware of the
Flatterer and to avoid the Enchanted Ground. Soon they come to a
crossroad and a man dressed in white comes to help them. Thinking he
is a "shining one" (angel), the pilgrims follow the man, but soon get
stuck in a net and realize their so-called angelic guide was the
Flatterer. A true shining one comes and frees them from the net. The
Angel punishes them for following the Flatterer and then puts them
back on the right path. The pilgrims meet an Atheist, who tells them
Heaven and God do not exist, but Christian and Hopeful remember the
shepherds and pay no attention to the man. Christian and Hopeful come
to a place where a man named Wanton Professor is chained by the ropes
of seven demons who take him to a shortcut to the Lake of Fire (Hell).
This reminds them of a man named Little Faith, who had been mugged by
thieves that stole his spending money and resulted in him having a
hard life, although the thieves did not take Little Faith's scroll or
his jewels, which he kept safe through his journey.

On the way, Christian and Hopeful meet a lad named Ignorance, who
believes that he will be allowed into the Celestial City through his
own good deeds rather than as a gift of God's grace. Christian and
Hopeful meet up with him twice and try to persuade him to journey to
the Celestial City in the right way. Ignorance persists in his own way
that he thinks will lead him into Heaven. After getting over the River
of Death on the ferry boat of Vain Hope without overcoming the hazards
of wading across it, Ignorance appears before the gates of Celestial
City without a passport, which he would have acquired had he gone into
the King's Highway through the Wicket Gate. The Lord of the Celestial
City orders the shining ones (angels) to take Ignorance to one of the
byways of Hell and throw him in.

Christian and Hopeful, with deep discourse about the truth of their
glorious salvation, manage to make it through the dangerous Enchanted
Ground (a place where the air makes them sleepy and if they fall
asleep, they never wake up) into the Land of Beulah, where they ready
themselves to cross the dreaded River of Death on foot to Mount Zion
and the Celestial City. Christian has a rough time of it because of
his past sins wearing him down, but Hopeful helps him over, and they
are welcomed into the Celestial City.

* Christian, who was born with the name Graceless, the protagonist in
the First Part, whose journey to the Celestial City is the plot of the
story.
* Evangelist, the religious man who puts Christian on the path to the
Celestial City. He also shows Christian a scroll on which is written:
"Flee from the wrath to come", a possible symbol of the Bible.
* Obstinate, one of the two residents of the City of Destruction, who
run after Christian when he first sets out, in order to bring him
back. Like his name, he is stubborn and is disgusted with Christian
and with Pliable for making a journey that he thinks is nonsense.
* Pliable, the other of the two, who goes with Christian until both of
them fall into the Slough of Despond, a boggy mire composed of the
decadence and filthiness of sin and a swamp that makes the fears and
doubts of a present and past sinner real. Pliable escapes from the
slough and returns home. Like his name, he is insecure and goes along
with some things for a little while but quickly gives up on them.
* Help, Christian's rescuer from the Slough of Despond.
* Mr. Worldly Wiseman, a resident of a place called Carnal Policy, who
persuades Christian to go out of his way to being helped by a friend
named Mr. Legality and then move to the City of Morality (which
focuses salvation on the Law and good deeds instead of faith and love
in Jesus Christ). His real advice is from the world and not from God,
meaning his advice is flawed and consists of three objectives: getting
Christian off the right path, making the cross of Jesus Christ
offensive to him, and binding him to the Law so he would die with his
sins. Worldly Wiseman has brought down many innocent pilgrims and
there will be many more to come.
* Goodwill, the keeper of the Wicket Gate through which one enters the
"straight and narrow way" (also referred to as "the King's Highway")
to the Celestial City. In the Second Part, we find that this character
is none other than Jesus Christ Himself.
* Beelzebub, literally "Lord of the Flies", is one of Satan's
companion archdemons, who has erected a fort near the Wicket Gate from
which he and his soldiers can shoot arrows of fire at those about to
enter the Wicket Gate so they will never enter it. He is also the
lord, god, king, master, and prince of Vanity Fair. Christian calls
him "captain" of the Foul Fiend Apollyon, who he later met in the
Valley of Humiliation.
* The Interpreter, the one who has his House along the way as a rest
stop for travellers to check in to see pictures and dioramas to teach
them the right way to live the Christian life. He has been identified
in the Second Part as the Holy Spirit.
* Shining Ones, the messengers and servants of "the Lord of the Hill",
God. They are obviously the holy angels.
* Formalist, one of two travelers and false pilgrims on the King's
Highway, who do not come in by the Wicket Gate, but climb over the
wall that encloses it, at least from the hill and sepulchres up to the
Hill Difficulty. He and his companion Hypocrisy come from the land of
Vainglory. He takes one of the two bypaths that avoid the Hill
Difficulty but is lost.
* Hypocrisy, the companion of Formalist and the other false pilgrim.
He takes the other of the two bypaths and is also lost.
* Timorous, one of two men who try to persuade Christian to go back
for fear of the chained lions near the House Beautiful. He is a
relative of Mrs. Timorous of the Second Part. His companion is
Mistrust.
* Mistrust, the other of the two men who tried to persuade Christian
back because of the lions. He is the companion of Timorous. Later, he
and Timorous were executed for trying to convince Christian.
* Watchful, the porter of the House Beautiful. He also appears in the
Second Part and receives "a gold angel" coin from Christiana for his
kindness and service to her and her companions. "Watchful" is also the
name of one of the Delectable Mountains' shepherds.
* Discretion, one of the beautiful maids of the house, who decides to
allow Christian to stay there.
* Prudence, another of the House Beautiful maidens. She appears in the
Second Part.
* Piety, another of the House Beautiful maidens. She appears in the
Second Part.
* Charity, another of the House Beautiful maidens. She appears in the
Second Part.
* Apollyon, literally "Destroyer"; the king, lord, god, master,
prince, owner, landlord, ruler, governor, and leader of the City of
Destruction where Christian was born. He is an image of Satan, who
tries to force Christian to return to his domain and service. His
battle with Christian takes place in the Valley of Humiliation, just
below the House Beautiful. He appears as a huge demonic creature with
fish's scales, the mouth of a lion, feet of a bear, second mouth on
his belly, and dragon's wings. He takes fiery darts from his body to
throw at his opponents. Apollyon is finally defeated when Christian
uses the Sword of the Spirit to wound him two times.
* "Pope" and "Pagan", giants living in a cave at the end of the
fearsome Valley of the Shadow of Death. They are allegories of Roman
Catholicism and paganism as persecutors of Protestant Christians.
"Pagan" is dead, indicating the end of pagan persecution with
Antiquity, and "Pope" is alive but decrepit, indicating the
then-diminished power and influence of the Roman Catholic pope. In the
Second Part, Pagan is resurrected by a demon from the bottomless pit
of the Valley of the Shadow of Death, representing the new age of
pagan persecution, and Pope is revived of his deadly wounds and is no
longer stiff and unable to move, representing the beginning of the
Christian's troubles with Roman Catholic popes.
* Faithful, Christian's friend from the City of Destruction, who is
also going on pilgrimage. Christian meets Faithful just after getting
through the Valley of The Shadow of Death. He dies later in Vanity
Fair for his strong faith and first reaches the Celestial City.
* Wanton, a temptress who tries to get Faithful to leave his journey
to the Celestial City. She may be the popular resident of the City of
Destruction, Madam Wanton, who hosted a house party for friends of
Mrs. Timorous.
* Adam the First, "the old man" (representing carnality and deceit)
who tries to persuade Faithful to leave his journey and come live with
his three daughters: the Lust of the Flesh, the Lust of the Eyes, and
the Pride of Life.
* Moses, the severe, violent avenger (representing the Law, which
knows no mercy) who tries to kill Faithful for his momentary weakness
in wanting to go with Adam the First out of the way. Moses is sent
away by Jesus Christ.
* Talkative, a pilgrim that Faithful and Christian meet after going
through the Valley of the Shadow of Death. He is known to Christian as
a fellow resident of the City of Destruction, living on Prating Row.
He is the son of Say-Well and Mrs. Talk-About-The-Right Things. He is
said to be better-looking from a distance than close up. His
enthusiasm for talking about his faith to Faithful deceives him into
thinking that he is a sincere man. Christian lets Faithful know about
his unsavoury past, and in a conversation that Faithful strikes up
with him, he is exposed as shallow and hypocritical in his
Christianity.
* Lord Hate-Good, the evil judge who tries Faithful in Vanity Fair.
Lord Hate-Good is the opposite of a judge, he hates right and loves
wrong because he does wrong himself. His jury is twelve vicious rogue
men.
* Envy, the first witness against Faithful who falsely accuses that
Faithful shows no respect for their prince, Lord Beelzebub.
* Superstition, the second witness against Faithful who falsely
accuses Faithful of saying that their religion is vain.
* Pick-Thank, the third witness against Faithful who falsely accuses
Faithful of going against their prince, their people, their laws,
their "honourable" friends, and the judge himself.
* Hopeful, the resident of Vanity Fair, who takes Faithful's place as
Christian's fellow traveller. The character Hopeful poses an
inconsistency in that there is a necessity imposed on the pilgrims
that they enter the "King's Highway" by the Wicket Gate. Hopeful, did
not; however, of him, we read "... one died to bear testimony to the
truth, and another rises out of his ashes to be a companion with
Christian in his pilgrimage." Hopeful assumes Faithful's place by
God's design. Theologically and allegorically it would follow in that
"faith" is trust in God as far as things present are concerned, and
"hope", biblically the same as "faith", is trust in God as far as
things of the future are concerned. Hopeful would follow Faithful. The
other factor is that Vanity Fair is right on the straight and narrow
way. Ignorance, in contrast to Hopeful, was unconcerned about the end
times of God, unconcerned with true faith in Jesus Christ, and gave
false hope about the future. Ignorance was told by Christian and
Hopeful that he should have entered the highway through the Wicket
Gate.
* Mr. By-Ends, a false pilgrim met by Christian and Hopeful after they
leave Vanity Fair. He makes it his aim to avoid any hardship or
persecution that Christians may have to undergo. He supposedly
perishes in the Hill Lucre (a dangerous silver mine) with three of his
friends, Hold-the-World, Money-Love, and Save-All, at the behest of
Demas, who invites passersby to come and see the mine. A "by-end" is a
pursuit that is achieved indirectly. For By-Ends and his companions it
is the pursuit of financial gain, indirectly through religion.
* Demas, a deceiver, who beckons to pilgrims at the Hill Lucre to come
and join in the supposed silver mining going on in it. He is first
mentioned in the Book of Second Timothy by the disciple Paul when he
said, "Demas has deserted us because he loved the world". Demas tries
two ways to trick Christian and Hopeful: first, he claims that the
mine is safe and they will be rich, and then he claims that he is a
pilgrim and will join them on their journey. Christian, filled with
the Holy Spirit, is able to rebuke Demas and expose his lies.
* Giant Despair, the savage owner of Doubting Castle, where pilgrims
are imprisoned and tortured. He is slain by Greatheart in the Second
Part.
* Giantess Diffidence, Despair's wife, known to be cruel, savage,
violent, and evil like her husband. She is slain by Old Honest in the
Second Part.
* Knowledge, one of the shepherds of the Delectable Mountains.
* Experience, another of the Delectable Mountains shepherds.
* Watchful, another of the Delectable Mountains shepherds.
* Sincere, another of the Delectable Mountains shepherds.
* Ignorance, "the brisk young lad" (representing foolishness and
conceit) who joins the "King's Highway" by way of the "crooked lane"
that comes from his native country, called "Conceit". He follows
Christian and Hopeful and on two occasions talks with them. He
believes that he will be received into the Celestial City because of
his doing good works in accordance with God's will. For him, Jesus
Christ is only an example, not a Saviour. Christian and Hopeful try to
set him right, but they fail. He gets a ferryman, Vain-Hope, to ferry
him across the River of Death rather than cross it on foot as one is
supposed to do. When he gets to the gates of the Celestial City, he is
asked for a "certificate" needed for entry, which he does not have.
The King upon hearing this, then, orders that he be bound and cast
into Hell.
* The Flatterer, a deceiver dressed as an angel who leads Christian
and Hopeful out of their way, when they fail to look at the road map
given them by the Shepherds of the Delectable Mountains.
* Atheist, a mocker of Christian and Hopeful, who goes the opposite
way on the "King's Highway" because he boasts that he knows that God
and the Celestial City do not exist.

Second Part
=============
The Second Part of 'The Pilgrim's Progress' presents the pilgrimage of
Christian's wife, Christiana, and their sons, and the maiden, Mercy.
They visit the same stopping places that Christian visited, with the
addition of Gaius' Inn between the Valley of the Shadow of Death and
Vanity Fair, but they take a longer time in order to accommodate
marriage and childbirth for the four sons and their wives. The hero of
the story is Greatheart, a servant of the Interpreter, who is the
pilgrims' guide to the Celestial City. He kills four giants called
Giant Grim, Giant Maul, Giant Slay-Good, and Giant Despair and
participates in the slaying of a monster called Legion that terrorizes
the city of Vanity Fair.

When Christiana's party leaves Gaius's Inn and Mr. Feeble-Mind lingers
in order to be left behind, he is encouraged to accompany the party by
Greatheart. Christiana, Matthew, Samuel, Joseph, James, Mercy,
Greatheart, Old Mr. Honest, Mr. Feeble-Mind, Mr. Ready-To-Halt,
Phoebe, Grace, and Martha come to Bypath-Meadow and, after much fight
and difficulty, slay the cruel Giant Despair and the wicked Giantess
Diffidence, and demolish Doubting Castle for Christian and Hopeful who
were oppressed there. They free a pale man named Mr. Despondency and
his daughter named Much-Afraid from the castle's dungeons.

When the pilgrims end up in the Land of Beulah, they cross over the
River of Death by appointment. As a matter of importance to Christians
of Bunyan's persuasion reflected in the narrative of 'The Pilgrim's
Progress', the last words of the pilgrims as they cross over the River
of Death are recorded. The four sons of Christian and their families
do not cross but remain for the support of the church in that place.

* Mr. Sagacity, a guest narrator who meets Bunyan himself in his new
dream and recounts the events of the Second Part up to the arrival at
the Wicket Gate.
* Christiana, wife of Christian, who leads her four sons and neighbour
Mercy on pilgrimage.
* Matthew, Christian and Christiana's eldest son, who marries Mercy.
* Samuel, the second son, who marries Grace, Mr. Mnason's daughter.
* Joseph, the third son, who marries Martha, Mr. Mnason's daughter.
* James, fourth and youngest son, who marries Phoebe, Gaius's
daughter.
* Mercy, Christiana's neighbour, who goes with her on pilgrimage and
marries Matthew.
* Mrs. Timorous, a relative of the Timorous of the First Part, who
comes with Mercy to see Christiana before she sets out on pilgrimage.
* Mrs. Bat's-Eyes, a resident of The City of Destruction and friend of
Mrs. Timorous. Since she has a bat's eyes, she would be blind or
nearly blind, so her characterization of Christiana as blind in her
desire to go on pilgrimage is hypocritical.
* Mrs. Inconsiderate, a resident of The City of Destruction and friend
of Mrs. Timorous. She characterizes Christiana's departure "a good
riddance" as an inconsiderate person would.
* Mrs. Light-Mind, a resident of The City of Destruction and friend of
Mrs. Timorous. She changes the subject from Christiana to gossip about
being at a bawdy party at Madam Wanton's home.
* Mrs. Know-Nothing, a resident of The City of Destruction and friend
of Mrs. Timorous. She wonders if Christiana will actually go on
pilgrimage.
* Ill-favoured Ones, two evil characters Christiana sees in her dream,
whom she and Mercy actually encounter when they leave the Wicket Gate.
The two Ill Ones are driven off by Great-Heart himself.
* Innocent, a young serving maid of the Interpreter, who answers the
door of the house when Christiana and her companions arrive; and who
conducts them to the garden bath, which signifies Christian baptism.
* Mr. Greatheart, the guide and bodyguard sent by the Interpreter with
Christiana and her companions from his house to their journey's end.
He proves to be one of the main protagonists in the Second Part.
* Giant Grim, a Giant who "backs the [chained] lions" near the House
Beautiful, slain by Great-Heart. He is also known as "Bloody-Man"
because he has killed many pilgrims or sent them on mazes of detours,
where they were lost forever.
* Humble-Mind, one of the maidens of the House Beautiful, who makes
her appearance in the Second Part. She questions Matthew, James,
Samuel, and Joseph about their godly faith and their hearts to the
Lord God.
* Mr. Brisk, a suitor of Mercy's, who gives up courting her when he
finds out that she makes clothing only to give away to the poor. He is
shown to be a foppish, worldly-minded person who is double-minded
about his beliefs.
* Mr. Skill, the godly physician called to the House Beautiful to cure
Matthew of his illness, which is caused by eating the forbidden apples
and fruits of Beelzebub which his mother told him not to, but he did
it anyway.
* Giant Maul, a Giant whom Greatheart kills as the pilgrims leave the
Valley of the Shadow of Death. He holds a grudge against Greatheart
for doing his duty of saving pilgrims from damnation and bringing them
from darkness to light, from evil to good, and from Satan, the Devil
to Jesus Christ, the Saviour.
* Old Honest, a pilgrim from the frozen town of Stupidity who joins
them, a welcome companion to Greatheart. Old Honest tells the stories
of Mr. Fearing and a prideful villain named Mr. Self-Will.
* Mr. Fearing, a fearful pilgrim from the City of Destruction whom
Greatheart had "conducted" to the Celestial City in an earlier
pilgrimage. Noted for his timidness of Godly Fears such as temptations
and doubts. He is Mr. Feeble-Mind's uncle.
* Gaius, an innkeeper with whom the pilgrims stay for some years after
they leave the Valley of the Shadow of Death. He gives his daughter
Phoebe to James in marriage. The lodging fee for his inn is paid by
the Good Samaritan. Gaius tells them of the wicked Giant Slay-Good.
* Giant Slay-Good, a Giant who enlists the help of evildoers on the
King's Highway to abduct, murder, and consume pilgrims before they get
to Vanity Fair. He is killed by Greatheart.
* Mr. Feeble-Mind, rescued from Slay-Good by Mr. Greatheart, who joins
Christiana's company of pilgrims. He is the nephew of Mr. Fearing.
* Phoebe, Gaius's daughter, who marries James.
* Mr. Ready-to-Halt, a pilgrim who meets Christiana's train of
pilgrims at Gaius's door, and becomes the companion of Mr.
Feeble-Mind, to whom he gives one of his crutches.
* Mr. Mnason, a resident of the town of Vanity, who puts up the
pilgrims for a time, and gives his daughters Grace and Martha in
marriage to Samuel and Joseph respectively.
* Grace, Mnason's daughter, who marries Samuel.
* Martha, Mnason's daughter, who marries Joseph.
* Christian and Christiana's Grandchildren, the children of Matthew,
Samuel, Joseph, James and their respective wives(Mercy, Grace, Martha,
and Phoebe). Born in Vanity Fair, they are left in the care of other
pilgrims in a place where the children of pilgrims are raised for a
time, due to being at a very tender age. They rejoin their parents by
the time the pilgrims reach the Enchanted Ground. The exact number of
children per couple, as well as their names and sexes is never
disclosed.
* Mr. Despondency, a rescued prisoner from Doubting Castle owned by
the miserable Giant Despair.
* Much-Afraid, his daughter.
* Mr. Valiant-For-Truth, a pilgrim they find all bloody, with his
sword in his hand, after leaving the Delectable Mountains. He fought
and defeated three robbers called Faint-Heart, Mistrust, and Guilt.
* Mr. Stand-Fast, a pilgrim found while praying for deliverance from
Madame Bubble.
* Madame Bubble, a witch whose enchantments made the Enchanted Ground
enchanted with an air that makes foolish pilgrims sleepy and never
wake up again. She is the adulterous woman mentioned in the Biblical
'Book of Proverbs'. Mr. Self-Will went over a bridge to meet her and
never came back again.

Places in ''The Pilgrim's Progress''
======================================================================
* City of Destruction, Christian's home, representative of the world
(cf. Isaiah 19:18)
* Slough of Despond, the miry swamp on the way to the Wicket Gate; one
of the hazards of the journey to the Celestial City. In the First
Part, Christian, falling into it, sank further under the weight of his
sins (his burden) and his sense of their guilt.
* Mount Sinai, a frightening mountain near the Village of Morality
that threatens all who would go there.
* Wicket Gate, the entry point of the straight and narrow way to the
Celestial City. Pilgrims are required to enter by way of the Wicket
Gate. Beelzebub's castle was built not very far from the Gate.
* House of the Interpreter, a type of spiritual museum to guide the
pilgrims to the Celestial City, emblematic of Calvary and the tomb of
Christ.
* Hill Difficulty, both the hill and the road up is called
"Difficulty"; it is flanked by two treacherous byways "Danger" and
"Destruction". There are three choices: Christian takes "Difficulty"
(the right way), and Formalist and Hypocrisy take the two other ways,
which prove to be fatal dead ends.
* House Beautiful, a palace that serves as a rest stop for pilgrims to
the Celestial City. It apparently sits atop the Hill Difficulty. From
the House Beautiful one can see forward to the Delectable Mountains.
It represents the Christian congregation, and Bunyan takes its name
from a gate of the Second Temple (Acts 3:2, 10).
* Valley of Humiliation, the Valley on the other side of the Hill
Difficulty, going down into which is said to be extremely slippery by
the House Beautiful's damsel Prudence. It is where Christian,
protected by God's Armor, meets Apollyon and they had that dreadful,
long fight where Christian was victorious over his enemy by impaling
Apollyon on his Sword of the Spirit (Word of God) which caused the
Foul Fiend to fly away. Apollyon met Christian in the place known as
"Forgetful Green". This Valley had been a delight to the "Lord of the
Hill", Jesus Christ, in his "state of humiliation".
* Valley of the Shadow of Death, a treacherous, devilish Valley filled
with demons, dragons, fiends, satyrs, goblins, hobgoblins, monsters,
creatures from the bottomless pit, beasts from the mouth of Hell,
darkness, terror, and horror with a quicksand bog on one side and a
deep chasm/ditch on the other side of the King's Highway going through
it (cf. Psalm 23).
* Gaius' Inn, a rest stop in the Second Part of the Pilgrim's
Progress.
* Vanity Fair, a city through which the King's Highway passes and the
yearlong Fair that is held there.
* Plain Ease, a pleasant area traversed by the pilgrims.
* Hill Lucre, location of a reputed silver mine that proves to be the
place where By-Ends and his companions are lost. "Lucre" is a term
denoting wealth.
* The Pillar of Salt, which was Lot's wife, who was turned into a
pillar of salt when Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed. The pilgrim's
note that its location near the Hill Lucre is a fitting warning to
those who are tempted by Demas to go into the Lucre silver mine.
* River of God or River of the Water of Life, a place of solace for
the pilgrims. It flows through a meadow, green all year long and
filled with lush fruit trees. In the Second Part the Good Shepherd is
found there to whom Christiana's grandchildren are entrusted.
* By-Path Meadow, the place leading to the grounds of Doubting Castle.
* Doubting Castle, the home of Giant Despair and his Giantess wife,
Diffidence; only one key could open its doors and gates, the key
Promise.
* The Delectable Mountains, known as "Immanuel's Land". Lush country
from whose heights one can see many delights and curiosities. It is
inhabited by sheep and their shepherds, and from Mount Clear one can
see the Celestial City.
* The Enchanted Ground, an area through which the King's Highway
passes that has air that makes pilgrims want to stop to sleep. If one
goes to sleep in this place, one never wakes up. The shepherds of the
Delectable Mountains warn pilgrims about this.
* The Land of Beulah, a lush garden area just this side of the River
of Death.
* The River of Death, the dreadful river that surrounds Mount Zion,
deeper or shallower depending on the faith of the one traversing it.
* The Celestial City, the "Desired Country" of pilgrims, heaven, the
dwelling place of the "Lord of the Hill", God. It is situated on Mount
Zion.

Geographical and topographical features behind the fictional places
======================================================================
Scholars have pointed out that Bunyan may have been influenced in the
creation of places in 'The Pilgrim's Progress' by his own surrounding
environment. Albert Foster describes the natural features of
Bedfordshire that apparently turn up in 'The Pilgrim's Progress'. Vera
Brittain in her thoroughly researched biography of Bunyan, identifies
seven locations that appear in the allegory. Other connections are
suggested in books not directly associated with either John Bunyan or
'The Pilgrim's Progress'.

At least twenty-one natural or man-made geographical or topographical
features from 'The Pilgrim's Progress' have been identified--places
and structures John Bunyan regularly would have seen as a child and,
later, in his travels on foot or horseback. The entire journey from
The City of Destruction to the Celestial City may have been based on
Bunyan's own usual journey from Bedford, on the main road that runs
less than a mile behind his cottage in Elstow, through Ampthill,
Dunstable and St Albans, to London.

In the same sequence as these subjects appear in 'The Pilgrim's
Progress', the geographical realities are as follows:

# The plain (across which Christian fled) is Bedford Plain, which is
15 miles (about 24 km) wide, with the town of Bedford in the middle
and the River Great Ouse meandering through the northern half;
# The "Slough of Despond" (a major obstacle for Christian and Pliable:
"a very miry slough") is the large deposits of gray clay, which
supplied London Brick's works in Stewartby, which was closed in 2008.
On either side of the Bedford to Ampthill road these deposits match
Bunyan's description exactly. Presumably, the road was built on the
"twenty thousand cart loads" of fill mentioned in 'The Pilgrim's
Progress'; However, the area beside Elstow brook, where John grew up,
may also have been an early inspiration - on the north side of this
brook, either side of the path to Elstow was (and still is) boggy and
John would have known to avoid straying off the main path.
# "Mount Sinai", the high hill on the way to the village of Morality,
whose side "that was next the wayside, did hang so much over", is the
red sandy cliffs just north of Ridgmont (i.e. "Rouge Mont");
# The "Wicket Gate" could be the wooden gate at the entrance to the
Elstow parish church or the wicket gate (small door) in the northern
wooden entrance door at the west end of Elstow Abbey Church.
# The castle, from which arrows were shot at those who would enter the
Wicket Gate, could be the stand-alone belltower, beside Elstow Abbey
church.
# The "House of the Interpreter" is the rectory of St John's church in
the south side of Bedford, where Bunyan was mentored by the pastor
John Gifford;
# The wall "Salvation" that fenced in the King's Highway coming after
the House of the Interpreter is the red brick wall, over four miles
long, beside the Ridgmont to Woburn road, marking the boundary of the
Duke of Bedford's estate;
# The "place somewhat ascending ... [with] a cross ... and a
sepulchre" is the village cross and well that stands by the church at
opposite ends of the sloping main street of Stevington, a small
village five miles west of Bedford. Bunyan would often preach in a
wood by the River Ouse just outside the village.
# The "Hill Difficulty" is Ampthill Hill, on the main Bedford road,
the steepest hill in the county. A sandy range of hills stretches
across Bedfordshire from Woburn through Ampthill to Potton. These
hills are characterized by dark, dense and dismal woods reminiscent of
the byways "Danger" and "Destruction", the alternatives to the way
"Difficulty" that goes up the hill;
# The pleasant arbour on the way up the Hill Difficulty is a small
"lay-by", part way up Ampthill Hill, on the east side. A photo, taken
in 1908, shows a cyclist resting there;
# The "very narrow passage" to the "Palace Beautiful" is an entrance
cut into the high bank by the roadside to the east at the top of
Ampthill Hill;
# The "Palace Beautiful" is Houghton (formerly Ampthill) House, built
in 1621 but a ruin since 1800. The house faced north; and, because of
the dramatic view over the Bedford plain, it was a popular picnic site
during the first half of the twentieth century when many families
could not travel far afield; The entrance on the south side looks out
over the town of Ampthill and towards the Chilterns, the model of "The
Delectable Mountains". There was another source of inspiration; as a
young boy, Bunyan would have seen, and been impressed by, Elstow Place
-- a grand mansion behind Elstow Church, built for Sir Thomas
Hillersden from the cloister buildings of Elstow Abbey.
# The "Valley of the Shadow of Death" is Millbrook gorge to the west
of Ampthill;
# "Vanity Fair" is probably also drawn from a number of sources. Some
argue that local fairs in Elstow, Bedford and Ampthill were too small
to fit Bunyan's description but Elstow's May fairs are known to have
been large and rowdy and would certainly have made a big impression on
the young Bunyan. Stourbridge Fair, held in Cambridge during late
August and early September fits John Bunyan's account of the fair's
antiquity and its vast variety of goods sold and sermons were preached
each Sunday during Stourbridge Fair in an area called the "Dodderey".
John Bunyan preached often in Toft, just four miles west of Cambridge,
and there is a place known as "Bunyan's Barn" in Toft, so it is
surmised that Bunyan visited the notable Stourbridge Fair;
# The "pillar of salt", Lot's wife, is a weather-beaten statue that
looks much like a person-sized salt pillar. It is on small island in
the River Ouse just north of Turvey bridge, eight miles west of
Bedford near Stevington;
# The "River of the Water of Life", with trees along each bank is the
River Ouse east of Bedford, where John Bunyan as a boy would fish with
his sister Margaret. It might also be the valley of the river Flit,
flowing through Flitton and Flitwick south of Ampthill;
# "Doubting Castle" is Ampthill Castle, built in the early 15th
century and often visited by King Henry VIII as a hunting lodge.
Henry, corpulent and dour, may have been considered by Bunyan to be a
model for Giant Despair. Amphill Castle was used for the "house
arrest" of Queen Catherine of Aragon and her retinue in 1535-36 before
she was taken to Kimbolton. The castle was dismantled soon after 1660,
so Bunyan could have seen its towers in the 1650s and known of the
empty castle plateau in the 1670s. Giant Despair was killed and
Doubting Castle was demolished in the second part of 'The Pilgrim's
Progress'.
# The "Delectable Mountains" are the Chiltern Hills that can be seen
from the second floor of Houghton House. "Chalk hills, stretching
fifty miles from the Thames to Dunstable Downs, have beautiful blue
flowers and butterflies, with glorious beech trees." Reminiscent of
the possibility of seeing the Celestial City from Mount Clear, on a
clear day one can see London's buildings from Dunstable Downs near
Whipsnade Zoo;
# The "Land of Beulah" is Middlesex county north and west of London,
which then (over 150 years before modern suburban sprawl started) had
pretty villages, market gardens, and estates containing beautiful
parks and gardens): "woods of Islington to the green hills of
Hampstead & Highgate";
# The "very deep river" is the Thames, 1000 ft wide at high tide;
however, here Bunyan varied from geographical reality and put the city
south of the river, and without a bridge.
# The "Celestial City" is the City of London, the physical centre of
John Bunyan's world--most of his neighbours never travelled that far.
In the 1670s, after the Great Fire of 1666, London sported a new
gleaming city centre with forty Wren churches. In the last decade of
Bunyan's life (1678-88), some of his best Christian friends lived in
London, including a Lord Mayor.

Context in Christendom
========================
'The Pilgrim's Progress' was much more popular than its predecessors.
Bunyan's plain style breathes life into the abstractions of the
anthropomorphized temptations and abstractions that Christian
encounters and with whom he converses on his course to Heaven. Samuel
Johnson said that "this is the great merit of the book, that the most
cultivated man cannot find anything to praise more highly, and the
child knows nothing more amusing". Three years after its publication
(1681), it was reprinted in colonial America, and was widely read in
the Puritan colonies. The book was often divided into smaller parts or
individual episodes that could be made into individual sermons,
postcards, or wall charts. During the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, the Religious Tract Society produced the book
into Sunday School prize editions and cheap abridgements. There were
also Bunyan inspired jigsaw puzzles, and some followers crafted their
landscapes in Bunyan theme parks.

Because of its English Protestant theology, 'The Pilgrim's Progress'
shares the then-popular English antipathy toward the Catholic Church.
It was published over the years of the Popish Plot (1678-1681) and ten
years before the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and it shows the
influence of John Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments'. Bunyan presents a
decrepit and harmless giant to confront Christian at the end of the
Valley of the Shadow of Death that is explicitly named "Pope": Now I
saw in my Dream, that at the end of this Valley lay blood, bones,
ashes, and mangled bodies of men, even of Pilgrims that had gone this
way formerly: And while I was musing what should be the reason, I
espied a little before me a Cave, where two Giants, 'Pope' and
'Pagan', dwelt in old times, by whose Power and Tyranny the Men whose
bones, blood ashes, &c. lay there, were cruelly put to death. But
by this place 'Christian' went without much danger, whereat I somewhat
wondered; but I have learnt since, that 'Pagan' has been dead many a
day; and as for the other, though he be yet alive, he is by reason of
age, and also of the many shrewd brushes that he met with in his
younger dayes, grown so crazy and stiff in his joynts, that he can now
do little more than sit in his Caves mouth, grinning at Pilgrims as
they go by, and biting his nails, because he cannot come at them.

When Christian and Faithful travel through Vanity Fair, Bunyan adds
the editorial comment: But as in other 'fairs', some one Commodity is
as the chief of all the 'fair', so the Ware of 'Rome' and her
Merchandize is greatly promoted in 'this fair': Only our 'English'
Nation, with some others, have taken a dislike thereat.

In the Second Part, while Christiana and her group of pilgrims led by
Greatheart stay for some time in Vanity, the city is terrorized by a
seven-headed beast which is driven away by Greatheart and other
stalwarts. In his endnotes, W. R. Owens notes about the woman that
governs the beast: "This woman was believed by Protestants to
represent Antichrist, the Church of Rome. In a posthumously published
treatise, 'Of Antichrist, and his Ruine' (1692), Bunyan gave an
extended account of the rise and (shortly expected) fall of
Antichrist."

Foreign-language versions
===========================
"'The Pilgrim's Progress' has been translated into 200 languages",
including Dutch in 1681, German in 1703, and Swedish in 1727, as well
as over eighty African languages. In 1681, the first North American
edition was issued. In addition, there were nine translations in
Southeast Asia, twenty four translations in South Asia, and another
eleven in Australasia and the Pacific. Beginning in the 1850s,
illustrated versions of 'The Pilgrim's Progress' in Chinese were
printed in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Fuzhou and widely distributed by
Protestant missionaries. Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the
Christianity-inspired Taiping Rebellion, declared that the book was
his favorite reading.

'Paradeshi Mokshayathra' by Rev. K. Koshy/Rev. Joseph Peet (1844), and
'Sanchariyude Prayanam' (1846) by Rev. C. Muller/Rev. P. Chandran are
allegorical translations in Malayalam and are one of the earliest
prose works in the language.

In Turkish, translations of the book appeared in Greek script in 1879,
and in Armenian script in 1881.

Henry Alfred Krishnapillai's magnum opus, 'Ratchanya Yaathrigam'
(1894; The Journey of Salvation) is a Tamil language adaptation of the
work. It is considered one of the finest Tamil literary works of the
19th century. 'Muthi Vazhi Ammaanai' (1896) is another Tamil version
by Suveegaranar.

The literal textual meaning of 'The Pilgrim's Progress' was also
adapted by young converts and missionaries to make sense in different
cultural contexts. "For example, Kele Protestants in the Congo omitted
the sections that explained original sin" since "this idea was
incompatible with their cultural assumptions." 'The Pilgrim's
Progress' was also adapted to be relevant for non-Europeans, by
tailoring the story to make sense of their own experiences. Heaven was
often a place designed to resemble what they had gone through in life.
For example, in the American Southern Black culture, Bunyan was
changed to be a black protagonist who "was redeemed not only from sin
but also slavery." Similarly, a version was written where the
injustices which took place in South Africa were reformulated.

There are collections of old foreign language versions of 'The
Pilgrim's Progress' at both the Moot Hall Museum in Elstow, and at the
John Bunyan Museum in Mill Street in Bedford.

Dramatic and musical settings
===============================
The book was the basis of a condensed radio adaptation, originally
presented in 1942 and starring John Gielgud, which included, as
background music, several excerpts from Ralph Vaughan Williams'
orchestral works.

The book was the basis of 'The Pilgrim's Progress' (opera) by Vaughan
Williams, premiered in 1951.

The radio version was newly recorded by Hyperion Records in 1990. The
performance was conducted by Matthew Best and it again starred
Gielgud, and also featured Richard Pasco and Ursula Howells.

In 1912, English composer Ernest Austin set the whole story as a huge
narrative tone poem for solo organ, with optional 6-part choir and
narrator, lasting approximately hours.

Under the name 'The Similitude of a Dream', the progressive rock band
of Neal Morse released a concept album based on 'The Pilgrim's
Progress' in November 2016. A sequel, entitled The Great Adventure,
focusing on Christian's son Joseph, was released in January 2019. Both
albums received critical acclaim.

Art and poetry
================
A number of illustrations created by Henry Melville appear in the
Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books under the editorship of Letitia
Elizabeth Landon. Each is accompanied by a poem, either by Bernard
Barton or by Miss Landon herself. These plates are as follows:
* 1835
** (L. E. L.)
** Christian and Hopeful Escaping from the Doubting Castle (Bernard
Barton)
** Christian Got up at the Gate (Bernard Barton)
** The Shepherd Boy in the Valley of Humiliation as (L. E. L.)
* 1836
** The Pilgrims (Bernard Barton)
** The Land of Beulah (Bernard Barton)
** Destruction of the Doubting Castle (Bernard Barton)
** (L. E. L.)
* 1837
** (L. E. L.)

'The Pilgrim's Progress' was a favourite subject among painters in
1840s America, including major figures of the Hudson River School and
others associated with the National Academy of Design. Daniel
Huntington, Jasper Cropsey, Frederic Edwin Church, Jesse Talbot,
Edward Harrison May, and others completed canvases based on the work.
Thomas Cole's 'The Voyage of Life' was inspired by 'The Pilgrim's
Progress.'

In 1850, Huntington, Cropsey, and Church contributed designs to a
moving panorama based on 'The Pilgrim's Progress', conceptualized by
May and fellow artist Joseph Kyle, which debuted in New York and
travelled all over the country. A second version of the panorama,
organized by Kyle and artist Jacob Dallas, premiered in 1851. The
second version exists today in the collections of the Saco Museum.

References in literature
==========================
In Wole Soyinka's novel 'Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest
People on Earth' (2021), the third chapter is entitled 'Pilgrim's
Progress'. In describes the travels of the character Dennis Tibidje.
He encounters John Bunyan's book 'Pilgrim's Progress' while detained
as an illegal immigrant in New Jersey.

Charles Dickens' book 'Oliver Twist' (1838) is subtitled 'The Parish
Boy's Progress'. The titular character of 'The Life and Adventures of
Nicholas Nickleby' (1839) and his companion Smike start to read it but
are interrupted.

The title of William Makepeace Thackeray's 1847-1848 novel 'Vanity
Fair' alludes to the location in Bunyan's work.

Mark Twain gave his 1869 travelogue, 'The Innocents Abroad', the
alternative title 'The New Pilgrims' Progress'. In Twain's later work
'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', the titular character mentions 'The
Pilgrim's Progress' as he describes the works of literature in the
Grangerfords' library. Twain uses this to satirize the Protestant
Southern aristocracy.

E. E. Cummings makes numerous references to it in his prose work, 'The
Enormous Room'.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story, "The Celestial Railroad", recreates
Christian's journey in Hawthorne's time. Progressive thinkers have
replaced the footpath by a railroad, and pilgrims may now travel under
steam power. The journey is considerably faster, but somewhat more
questionable. Hawthorne's novel 'The Scarlet Letter' also makes
reference to it, by way of the author John Bunyan with a metaphor
comparing a main character's eyes with the fire depicted in the
entrance to Hell in 'The Pilgrim's Progress'.

John Buchan was an admirer of Bunyan's, and 'Pilgrim's Progress'
features significantly in his third Richard Hannay novel, 'Mr.
Standfast', which also takes its title from one of Bunyan's
characters.

Alan Moore, in his 'League of Extraordinary Gentlemen', enlists 'The
Pilgrim's Progress' protagonist, Christian, as a member of the
earliest version of this group, 'Prospero's Men', having become
wayward on his journey during his visit in Vanity Fair, stepping down
an alleyway and found himself in London in the 1670s, and unable to
return to his homeland. This group disbanded in 1690 after Prospero
vanished into the Blazing World; however, some parts of the text seem
to imply that Christian resigned from Prospero's League before its
disbanding and that Christian travelled to the Blazing World before
Prospero himself. The apparent implication is that; within the context
of the League stories; the Celestial City Christian seeks and the
Blazing World may in fact be one and the same.

In Louisa May Alcott's 'Little Women', the protagonist Jo and her
sisters read it at the outset of the novel, and try to follow the good
example of Bunyan's Christian. Throughout the novel, the main
characters refer many times to 'Pilgrim's Progress' and liken the
events in their own lives to the experiences of the pilgrims. A number
of chapter titles directly reference characters and places from
'Pilgrim's Progress'.

The cartoonist Winsor McCay drew an allegorical comic strip, entitled
'A Pilgrim's Progress', in the 'New York Evening Telegram'. The strip
ran from 26 June 1905 to 18 December 1910. In it, the protagonist Mr.
Bunion is constantly frustrated in his attempts to improve his life by
ridding himself of his burdensome valise, "Dull Care".

C. S. Lewis wrote a book inspired by 'The Pilgrim's Progress', called
'The Pilgrim's Regress', in which a character named John follows a
vision to escape from The Landlord, a less friendly version of The
Owner in 'The Pilgrim's Regress'. It is an allegory of C. S. Lewis'
own journey from a religious childhood to a pagan adulthood in which
he rediscovers his Christian God.

Henry Williamson's 'The Patriot's Progress' references the title of
'The Pilgrim's Progress' and the symbolic nature of John Bunyan's
work. The protagonist of the semi-autobiographical novel is John
Bullock, the quintessential English soldier during World War I.

The character of Billy Pilgrim in Kurt Vonnegut's novel
'Slaughterhouse-5: The Children's Crusade' is a clear homage to a
similar journey to enlightenment experienced by Christian, although
Billy's journey leads him to an existential acceptance of life and of
a fatalist human condition. Vonnegut's parallel to 'The Pilgrim's
Progress' is deliberate and evident in Billy's surname.

Charlotte Brontë refers to 'Pilgrim's Progress' in most of her novels,
including 'Jane Eyre', 'Shirley', and 'Villette'. Her alterations to
the quest-narrative have led to much critical interest, particular
with the ending of 'Jane Eyre'.

In Winnie Parry's 'Sioned' (1906), the Welsh translation 'Taith Y
Pererin' is the titular Sioned's favorite book. The edition is that of
1880, Wrexam: R. Hughes & Son.

Walt Willis and Bob Shaw's classic science fiction fan novelette, 'The
Enchanted Duplicator', is explicitly modeled on 'The Pilgrim's
Progress' and has been repeatedly reprinted over the decades since its
first appearance in 1954: in professional publications, in fanzines,
and as a monograph.

Enid Blyton wrote 'The Land of Far Beyond' (1942) as a children's
version of 'The Pilgrim's Progress'.

John Steinbeck's novel 'The Grapes of Wrath' mentions 'The Pilgrim's
Progress' as one of an (anonymous) character's favorite books.
Steinbeck's novel was itself an allegorical spiritual journey by Tom
Joad through America during the Great Depression, and often made
Christian allusions to sacrifice and redemption in a world of social
injustice.

The book was commonly referenced in African American slave narratives,
such as "Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom" by Ellen and William
Craft, to emphasize the moral and religious implications of slavery.

Hannah Hurnard's novel 'Hinds' Feet on High Places' (1955) uses a
similar allegorical structure to 'The Pilgrim's Progress' and takes
Bunyan's character Much-Afraid as its protagonist.

In Lois McMaster Bujold's 'The Borders of Infinity' (1989), Miles
Vorkosigan uses half a page torn from 'The Pilgrim's Progress' as a
coded message to his fleet to rescue him and 9,000 others from a POW
camp.

Sir Walter Scott uses Bunyan's tale in chapter 32 of his novel 'The
Heart of Midlothian' (1818) to illustrate the relationship between
Madge Wildfire and Jeanie Deans. Madge explains: "But it is all over
now.--But we'll knock at the gate and then the keeper will admit
Christiana, but Mercy will be left out--and then I'll stand at the
door trembling and crying, and then Christiana--that's you,
Jeanie,--will intercede for me. And then Mercy,--that's me, ye
ken,--will faint[.]"

In Marguerite Young's novel, 'Miss MacIntosh, My Darling', the titular
character always carries a copy of 'Pilgrim's Progress' with her. The
structure of the novel is inspired by 'Pilgrim's Progress' too, being
composed largely of the narrator's seemingly omniscient reminiscences
about other characters' inner lives and dreams.

In George Eliot's novel 'Middlemarch', a lengthy quotation from the
conclusion of the trial of Faithful in Vanity Fair serves as the
epigraph to Chapter 85.

Dramatizations, music, and film
======================================================================
* In 1850, a moving panorama of 'Pilgrim's Progress', known as the
'Bunyan Tableuax' or the 'Grand Moving Panorama of Pilgrim's Progress'
was painted by Joseph Kyle and Edward Harrison May and displayed in
New York; an early copy of this panorama survives and is at the Saco
Museum in Maine.
* The novel was made into a film, 'Pilgrim's Progress', in 1912.
* In 1950, an hour-long animated version was made by Baptista Films.
This version was edited down to 35 minutes and re-released with new
music in 1978. As of 2007 the original version is difficult to find,
but the 1978 version has been released on both VHS and DVD.
* In 1951, the first performance of the opera 'The Pilgrim's
Progress', composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams, was presented at the
Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
* In 1974, Genesis released the concept album 'The Lamb Lies Down on
Broadway', which Peter Gabriel described as "a kind of punk" twist to
'The Pilgrim's Progress'.
* In 1978, another film version was made by Ken Anderson, in which
Liam Neeson, in his film debut, played the role of the Evangelist and
also appeared as the crucified Christ. Maurice O'Callaghan played
Appolyon and Worldly Wiseman, and Peter Thomas played The
Pilgrim/Christian. A sequel, 'Christiana', followed later.
* In 1978, a musical based loosely on Bunyan's characters, and the
story was written by Nick Taylor and Alex Learmont. The musical
[originally titled 'Pilgrim'] was produced for the Natal Performing
Arts Council under the title '"Christian!"' or 'Follow the Man with
the Big Bass Drum in the Holy Glory Band', and ran to capacity houses
for the 1979/80 summer season in Durban's Old Alhambra Theatre. The
show moved to Johannesburg in March 1980 and ran for a further three
months at His Majesty's Theatre. After a substantial re-write
'Christian!' was again mounted at the new Playhouse in Durban for the
1984 Christmas season. The musical has been performed many times since
by schools and amateur theatrical groups in South Africa. After 30
years the show is again attracting attention both locally and abroad
and the score and libretto are being updated and made more flexible
for large and small productions.
* In 1985 Yorkshire Television produced a 129-minute nine-part serial
presentation of 'The Pilgrim's Progress' with animated stills by Alan
Parry and narrated by Paul Copley entitled 'Dangerous Journey'.
* In 1988, Glenn Danzig and Danzig (band) released their controversial
music video from their song "Mother" which included the quote "Then I
saw there was a way to Hell from the gates of Heaven" in the beginning
of the music video from 'The Pilgrim's Progress'.
* In 1989, Orion's Gate, a producer of Biblical / Spiritual audio
dramas produced 'The Pilgrim's Progress' as a six-hour audio
dramatization. This production was followed several years later by
'Christiana: Pilgrim's Progress, Part II', another 8 hour audio
dramatization.
* In 1989, The Ocean Blue released 'The Ocean Blue' which includes the
song "Vanity Fair" which includes lyrics that reference 'The Pilgrim's
Progress'.
* In 1993, the popular Christian radio drama, 'Adventures in Odyssey'
(produced by Focus on the Family), featured a two-part story, titled
"Pilgrim's Progress: Revisited". This two-parter was written and
directed by Phil Lollar.
* The 1993 video game 'Doom' features a map called "Slough of Despair"
(E3M2: episode 3, map 2).
* In the 1990s Kurt and Keith Landaas, composed, directed and
performed a compelling stage two-act modern rock opera adaptation of
'Pilgrims Progress'. It involved five principal characters and a cast
choral of about 20 members. It was performed in the Lambs theatre in
NYC in 1994 and other tri-state venues. A studio recording was also
produced and distributed.
* In 1994, 'The Pilgrim's Progress' and the imprisonment of John
Bunyan were the subject of the musical 'Celestial City' by David
MacAdam, with John Curtis, and an album was released in 1997.
* In 2003 the game 'Heaven Bound' was released by Emerald Studios. The
3D adventure-style game, based on the novel, was only released for the
PC.
* 'Five Nights at Freddy's' developer Scott Cawthon directed and
narrated a 2005 computer animation version of the book, and also
produced a video game adaptation.
* In 2008, a film version by Danny Carrales, 'Pilgrim's Progress:
Journey to Heaven', was produced. It received one nomination for best
feature length independent film and one nomination for best music
score at the 2009 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival.
* British music band Kula Shaker released an album called 'Pilgrim's
Progress' on 28 June 2010.
* In 2003, Michael W. Smith wrote a song, called "Signs", which he
says on his 'A 20 Year Celebration' live DVD to be inspired by 'The
Pilgrim's Progress'.
* Season 7, episode 16 of 'Family Guy' (17 May 2009) is a parody of
'The Pilgrim's Progress' called "Peter's Progress".
* In 2010, FishFlix.com released 'A Pilgrim's Progress - The Story of
John Bunyan', a DVD documentary about Bunyan's life narrated by Derick
Bingham, filmed on location in England.
* In 2010, writer / director Andrew Wiest directed 'The Adventures of
Chris Fable' (aka 'The Wylds') bringing John Bunyan's novel 'The
Pilgrim's Progress' to life on the screen with this family friendly
fantasy adventure about a young runaway on a quest to find his long
lost father. The movie was released on video and streaming in 2012.
* In 2013, Puritan Productions company announced the premiere of its
dramatization with ballet & chorus accompaniment in Fort Worth,
Texas at the W.E. Scott Theatre on 18-19 October 2013. Subsequent
productions by the same company in Garland, Texas at the Granville
Arts Center on 24-26 October 2014, and in Austin, Texas, accompanied
by ballet & chorus, at Park Hills Baptist Church on 4-5 November
2016.
* In 2014, a Kickstarter-supported novel called 'The Narrow Road' was
published. It is based on 'The Pilgrim's Progress', and was written by
Erik Yeager and illustrated by Dave dela Gardelle.
* The 2015 Terrence Malick film 'Knight of Cups' was inspired by 'The
Pilgrim's Progress'.
* In March 2015, director Darren Wilson announced a Kickstarter
campaign to produce a full-length feature film based on 'The Pilgrims
Progress' called 'Heaven Quest: A Pilgrim's Progress Movie'.
* The Neal Morse Band released their 2nd album titled 'The Similitude
of a Dream' on 11 November 2016, a 2 CD concept album based on the
book 'The Pilgrim's Progress'. On 25 January 2019, a follow-up 2 CD
album, The Great Adventure, was released to continue re-telling the
story from the perspective of Christian's son.
* In 2019, a computer-animated film adaptation titled 'The Pilgrim's
Progress' was released and featured the voice of John Rhys-Davies.
* The allegory was adapted into a dramatic, serialized podcast, 'High
and Silver Presents: The Pilgrim's Progress', in 2022.
*The album 'Odyssey to the West' by progressive metal deathcore band
Slice the Cake is loosely inspired by The Pilgrim's Progress, and
includes a track named after the novel.

Editions
======================================================================
* Bunyan, John 'The Pilgrim's Progress'. Edited by Roger Sharrock and
J. B. Wharey. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975) . The standard
critical edition, originally published in 1928 and revised in 1960 by
Sharrock.
* Bunyan, John 'The Pilgrim's Progress'. Edited with an introduction
and notes by Roger Sharrrock. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987) . The
text is based on the 1975 Clarendon edition (see above), but with
modernised spelling and punctuation "to meet the needs of the general
reader".
* Bunyan, John 'The Pilgrim's Progress'. (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2003) .

Abridged editions
===================
* 'The Children's Pilgrim's Progress'. The story taken from the work
by John Bunyan. New York: Sheldon and Company, 1866.
* 'Dangerous Journey: The Story of Pilgrim's Progress' - abridged by
Oliver Hunkin and illustrated by Alan Parry, 1985.

Retellings
============
*'Pilgrim's Progress retold and shortened for modern readers' by Mary
Godolphin (1884). Drawings by Robert Lawson. Philadelphia: J.B.
Lippincott Co., 1939. [a newly illustrated edition of the retelling by
Mary Godolphin]
*'The Pilgrim's Progress in Words of One Syllable' by Mary Godolphin.
London: George Routledge and Sons, 1869.
*'The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan Every Child Can Read'. Edited
by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut. Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Co., 1909.
*'John Bunyan's Dream Story: the Pilgrim's Progress retold for
children and adapted to school reading' by James Baldwin. New York:
American Book Co., 1913.
*'The Land of Far-Beyond' by Enid Blyton. Methuen, 1942.
* The story is set in a 20th-century America, concerned about the
threat of World War Three, where the hero turns to Christ as there is
a crisis involving China and the places he goes to are more
futuristic.
*
*'Pilgrim's Progress, from This World to That Which Is to Come'. Rev.,
2nd ed., in modern English - Christian Literature Crusade, Fort
Washington, Penn., 1981.
*'Little Pilgrim's Progress' - Helen L. Taylor simplifies the
vocabulary and concepts for younger readers, while keeping the
storyline intact. Published by Moody Press, a ministry of Moody Bible
Institute, Chicago, Illinois, 1992, 1993.
*'John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress as retold by Gary D. Schmidt &
illustrated by Barry Moser' published by William B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Copyright 1994.
*'The Evergreen Wood: An Adaptation of the "Pilgrim's Progress" for
Children' written by Linda Perry, illustrated by Alan Perry. Published
by Hunt & Thorpe, 1997.
*'[http://orionsgate.org/store/ The New Amplified Pilgrim's Progress]
' (both book and dramatized audio) - as retold by James Pappas.
Published by Orion's Gate (1999). A slightly expanded and highly
dramatized version of John Bunyan's original. Large samples of the
text are available
* "The Aussie Pilgrim's Progress" by Kel Richards. Ballarat: Strand
Publishing, 2005.
*"Quest for Celestia: A Reimagining of 'The Pilgrim's Progress'" by
Steven James, 2006
*' The Pilgrim's Progress - A 21st Century Re-telling of the John
Bunyan Classic' - Dry Ice Publishing, 2008 directed by Danny Carrales

Graphic novels
================
*'Pilgrim's Progress' - a graphic novel by Marvel Comics. Thomas
Nelson, 1993. Includes a sequel story, "Christiana's Progress".
*
* A manga version of 'Pilgrim's Progress'.
*'Pilgrim's Progress the Graphic Novel, written and illustrated by
Ralph Sanders, 2018, Whistle Key Books, '
* A webmanga retelling the basic framework of the book with
contemporary character designs heavily influenced by popular anime, as
well as retooling the story to wrap it around manga tropes and
conventions. (The creator has gone on record stating that the
character of the Interpreter was designed to resemble a pre-pubescant
version of Rei Ayanami. He has also gone on record saying that the
character of Faithful is "best waifu" multiple times.) Drastic changes
were made to the underlying puritan philosophy of the original text.

External links
======================================================================
*
*
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/131 'The Pilgrim's Progress']
(Project Gutenberg etext)
* 🔊 [http://pilgrimsprogress.podbean.com 'High & Silver Presents:
The Pilgrim's Progress'] Dramatized podcast of the Pilgrim's Progress.
* [http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/arts/lit/Pilgrims_Progress.pdf 'The
Pilgrim's Progress': parts I & II]. (Ebook, PDF layout and fonts
inspired by 18th century publications
* [http://samizdat.qc.ca/arts/lit/Voyagedupelerin_JB.pdf 'Voyage du
pèlerin'] PDF Ebook - French translation of 'The Pilgrim's Progress'
* [http://pilgrimsprogressgraphicnovel.weebly.com/ 'The Pilgrim's
Progress - graphic novel']
* [http://pilgrimsprogressgraphicnovel.com "Pilgrim's Progress the
Graphic Novel"]
* [https://store.steampowered.com/app/3071000/The_Pilgrims_Progress
The Pilgrim's Progress Game] The Pilgrim's Progress game on Steam
* [https://littlefaith.itch.io/pilgrims-progress 'John Bunyan's
Pilgrim's Progreſs (1678)'] text-based game on itch.io

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