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=                      The_Mysterious_Stranger                       =
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                            Introduction
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'The Mysterious Stranger' is a novella by the American author Mark
Twain. He worked on it intermittently from 1897 through 1908. Twain
wrote multiple versions of the story; each involves a supernatural
character called "Satan" or "No. 44", encountering Huckleberry Finn
and Tom Sawyer.


                              Versions
======================================================================
The three stories differ in length: 'The Chronicle of Young Satan' has
about 55,000 words, 'Schoolhouse Hill' 15,300 words and 'No. 44, the
Mysterious Stranger' 65,000 words.


"St. Petersburg Fragment"
===========================
Mark Twain wrote the "St. Petersburg Fragment" in September 1897. It
was set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, a name Twain often
used for Hannibal, Missouri. Twain then revised this version, removing
references to St. Petersburg, and used the text for 'The Chronicle of
Young Satan'.


''The Chronicle of Young Satan''
==================================
The first substantial version is entitled 'The Chronicle of Young
Satan' (also referred to as the "Eseldorf" version) and relates the
adventures of Satan, the sinless nephew of the biblical Satan, in
Eseldorf, a village in Austria, in the year 1702. Twain wrote this
version between November 1897 and September 1900. "Eseldorf" is German
for "Assville" or "Donkeytown".


''Schoolhouse Hill''
======================
The second substantial text Twain attempted to write is known as
'Schoolhouse Hill' or the "Hannibal" version. It is set in the U.S.,
and concerns the adventures of the familiar characters Huckleberry
Finn and Tom Sawyer with Satan, referred to in this version as "No.
44, New Series 864962". Twain began writing it in November 1898 and,
like the "St. Petersburg Fragment", set it in the fictional town of
St. Petersburg.


''No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger''
=====================================
The third text, called 'No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger: Being an
Ancient Tale Found in a Jug and Freely Translated from the Jug', also
known as the "Print Shop" version, returns to Austria, this time in
the year 1490, not long after the invention of printing. It tells of
No. 44's mysterious appearance at the door of a print shop and his use
of heavenly powers to expose the futility of mankind's existence. This
version also introduces an idea that Twain was toying with at the end
of his life, involving a duality of the "self", composed of the
"Waking Self" and the "Dream Self". Twain explores these ideas through
the use of "Duplicates", copies of the printshop workers made by No.
44.
This version contains an actual ending, but the text still has many
flaws and it is debatable whether it can be considered finished.
Twain wrote this version between 1902 and 1908.


                     Paine-Duneka text of 1916
======================================================================
The edition published in 1916 (in seven parts in 'Harper's Magazine',
and separately as a book published by Harper's) is composed mainly of
a heavily edited 'Chronicle of Young Satan', with a slightly altered
version of the ending from 'No. 44' tacked on. Albert Bigelow Paine,
who had sole possession of Twain's unfinished works after Twain's
death and kept them private, claimed that he had searched through
Twain's manuscripts and had found the proper intended ending for 'The
Mysterious Stranger'. After Paine's death in 1937, Bernard DeVoto
became the possessor of Twain's manuscripts and released them to the
public. In the 1960s, critics studied the original copies of the story
and found that the ending Paine chose for 'The Mysterious Stranger'
referred to the characters from different versions of the story (such
as No. 44 instead of Satan) and the original names had been crossed
out and written over in Paine's handwriting.

In 1963, scholars led by researcher John S. Tuckey carefully examined
Twain's papers and manuscripts and discovered that Paine had not only
tampered with and patched together three previously unfinished
manuscripts but also had with assistance from Frederick Duneka added
passages not written by Twain in order to complete 'The Mysterious
Stranger'. The book version that was published nonetheless maintains
Twain's criticisms of what he believed to be the hypocrisy of
conventional religion.

According to editor W. M. Gibson, Paine's volume was a literary fraud
that went undetected for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Gibson also
admits that "the cut, cobbled-together, partially falsified text has
the power to move and to satisfy esthetically despite its flaws."


Summary
=========
In 1590, three boys, Theodor, Seppi, and Nikolaus, live relatively
happy simple lives in a remote Austrian village called Eseldorf
(German for "Assville" or "Donkeytown"). The story is narrated by
Theodor, the village organist's son. Other local characters include
Father Peter, his niece Marget, and the astrologer.

One day, a handsome teenage boy named Satan appears in the village. He
explains that he is an angel and the nephew of the fallen angel whose
name he shares. Young Satan performs several magical feats. He claims
to be able to foresee the future and informs the group of unfortunate
events that will soon befall those they care about. The boys do not
believe Satan's claims until one of his predictions comes true. Satan
proceeds to describe further tragedies that will befall their friends.
The boys beg Satan to intercede. Satan agrees but operates under the
technical definition of mercy. For instance, instead of a lingering
death due to illness, Satan simply causes one of Theodor's friends to
die immediately.

In the village and in other places around the world where Satan
transports them magically, the boys witness religious fanaticism,
witch trials, burnings, hangings, deaths and mass hysteria. Finally,
Satan vanishes after explaining:  Strange, indeed, that you should not
have suspected that your universe and its contents were only dreams,
visions, fiction! Strange, because they are so frankly and
hysterically insane--like all dreams: a God who could make good
children as easily as bad, yet preferred to make bad ones; who could
have made every one of them happy, yet never made a single happy one;
who made them prize their bitter life, yet stingily cut it short; who
gave his angels eternal happiness unearned, yet required his other
children to earn it; who gave his angels painless lives, yet cursed
his other children with biting miseries and maladies of mind and body;
who mouths justice and invented hell--mouths mercy and invented
hell--mouths Golden Rules, and forgiveness multiplied by seventy times
seven, and invented hell; who mouths morals to other people and has
none himself; who frowns upon crimes, yet commits them all; who
created man without invitation, then tries to shuffle the
responsibility for man's acts upon man, instead of honorably placing
it where it belongs, upon himself; and finally, with altogether divine
obtuseness, invites this poor, abused slave to worship him!... [T]here
is no God, no universe, no human race, no earthly life, no heaven, no
hell. It is all a dream--a grotesque and foolish dream. Nothing exists
but you. And you are but a thought--a vagrant thought, a useless
thought, a homeless thought, wandering forlorn among the empty
eternities!


              University of California Press editions
======================================================================
In 1969, the University of California Press published, as part of The
Mark Twain Papers Series, a scholarly edition of all three unaltered
manuscripts, edited by William M. Gibson and titled 'Mark Twain's
Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts'; it was republished in 2005. The same
publisher released a final version of 'No. 44, The Mysterious
Stranger' in a popular edition in 1982.


Film versions
===============
In 1982, a film version of 'No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger' was shot
by The Great Amwell Company and shown in the United States on PBS, and
later on HBO and was directed by Peter H. Hunt. The role of 44 was
played by Lance Kerwin, and August was played by Chris Makepeace.

A scene from 'The Chronicle of Young Satan' was adapted in the 1985
claymation film 'The Adventures of Mark Twain', wherein Satan invites
Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn, and Becky Thatcher to his company, displaying
his powers to manifest things at will. He invites them to construct
small clay people, which he brings to life and places in a small
kingdom. Satan expresses curiosity and eventually spite toward their
creations when the clay people display infighting and inflict cruelty
on one another. He causes plagues and natural disasters to destroy the
small community, buries the ruins with an earthquake, and causes wild
vegetation to engulf the spot where the clay people once lived,
demonstrating the futility and insignificance of mankind--much to the
horror of the children, with Huck Finn uttering "You murdered them!"
Satan advises them that "people are of no value" and that more could
be made "if we need them". The scene also quotes Satan's last line
from the book. In this version, Satan appears playful and friendly
when he constructs the small kingdom, slowly revealing himself as
cruel and hateful as he destroys it (although he claims he "can do no
wrong" since he does not understand the word's meaning). He appears as
a robed, headless figure with a mask where his head would be. As his
true nature is revealed, the mask gradually changes from a pleasant
appearance to a demonic visage and finally a grinning skull. The film
also gives a paraphrased line from 'No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger'
to Mark Twain as his parting remark to the children: 'The human race
in all its poverty has only one truly effective weapon: Laughter.
Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.'

In 1989, a film adaptation of this book was shot in the Soviet Union
by Igor Maslennikov and released under the title 'Filipp Traum'.
Philipp Traum is the name Satan comes to use amongst humans, 'traum'
being the German word for "dream".

The 2019 acid western movie 'Day of the Stranger' is a loose
adaptation of the story in a western setting.


Opera
=======
Kevin Malone's opera 'Mysterious 44' is inspired by the work. The
premiere, performed by Manchester Opera Project with a narrated
introduction and conclusion by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins,
was at the residence of the Hallé Orchestra at St Peter's Church,
Ancoats, Manchester, on 24 May 2014.


Pop culture
=============
Artist Ted Richards drew a comic-strip adaptation of "The Mysterious
Stranger" for his "Dopin' Dan" character in "Rip-Off Comix No. 1"
(Rip-Off Press, San Francisco, 1977).

The story of 'The Mysterious Stranger' is loosely adapted for a side
quest in the 2010 video game 'Red Dead Redemption' and its 2018
prequel, with a similar character who sends the protagonist John
Marston on various morality based quests.


                              See also
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* Mark Twain bibliography


                           External links
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Paine-Duneka text

*
*
*

No. 44, 'The Mysterious Stranger'
*  (Not free)

'The Mysterious Stranger' Manuscripts
*  (Google books version; gives access to full text of the book)
*  (Not free)
*  (Google books version)

Secondary sources
*
*
[http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/no-44-mysterious-stranger
No. 44, 'The Mysterious Stranger'] at Encyclopedia.com


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