= The_Federalist

======================================================================
= The_Federalist_Papers =
======================================================================

Introduction
======================================================================
'The Federalist Papers' is a collection of 85 articles and essays
written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the
collective pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the
Constitution of the United States. The collection was commonly known
as 'The Federalist' until the name 'The Federalist Papers' emerged in
the twentieth century.

The first seventy-seven of these essays were published serially in the
'Independent Journal', the 'New York Packet', and 'The Daily
Advertiser' between October 1787 and April 1788. A compilation of
these 77 essays and eight others were published in two volumes as 'The
Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New
Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17,
1787', by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788.
The last eight papers (Nos. 78-85) were republished in the New York
newspapers between June 14 and August 16, 1788.

The authors of 'The Federalist' intended to influence the voters to
ratify the Constitution. In Federalist No. 1, they explicitly set that
debate in broad political terms: It has been frequently remarked, that
it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their
conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether
societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good
government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever
destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident and
force.

In Federalist No. 10, Madison discusses the means of preventing rule
by majority faction and advocates a large, commercial republic. This
is complemented by Federalist No. 14, in which Madison takes the
measure of the United States, declares it appropriate for an extended
republic, and concludes with a memorable defense of the constitutional
and political creativity of the Federal Convention.

In Federalist No. 84, Hamilton makes the case that there is no need to
amend the Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights, insisting that the
various provisions in the proposed Constitution protecting liberty
amount to a "bill of rights." Federalist No. 78, also written by
Hamilton, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by
federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts. Federalist
No. 70 presents Hamilton's case for a one-man chief executive. In
Federalist No. 39, Madison presents the clearest exposition of what
has come to be called "Federalism". In Federalist No. 51, Madison
distills arguments for checks and balances in an essay often quoted
for its justification of government as "the greatest of all
reflections on human nature." According to historian Richard B.
Morris, the essays that make up 'The Federalist Papers' are an
"incomparable exposition of the Constitution, a classic in political
science unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of any
later American writer."

On June 21, 1788, the proposed Constitution was ratified by the
minimum of nine states required under Article VII. In late July 1788,
with eleven states having ratified the new Constitution, the process
of organizing the new government began.

Origins
=========
The Federal Convention (Constitutional Convention) sent the proposed
Constitution to the Confederation Congress, which in turn submitted it
to the states for ratification at the end of September 1787. On
September 27, 1787, "Cato" first appeared in the New York press
criticizing the proposition; "Brutus" followed on October 18, 1787.
These and other articles and public letters critical of the new
Constitution would eventually become known as the "Anti-Federalist
Papers". In response, Alexander Hamilton decided to launch a measured
defense and extensive explanation of the proposed Constitution to the
people of the state of New York. He wrote in Federalist No. 1 that the
series would "endeavor to give a satisfactory answer to all the
objections which shall have made their appearance, that may seem to
have any claim to your attention."

Hamilton recruited collaborators for the project. He enlisted John
Jay, who after four essays (Federalist Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5), fell ill
and contributed only one more essay, Federalist No. 64, to the series.
Jay also distilled his case into a pamphlet in the spring of 1788, 'An
Address to the People of the State of New-York'; Hamilton cited it
approvingly in Federalist No. 85. James Madison, present in New York
as a Virginia delegate to the Confederation Congress, was recruited by
Hamilton and Jay and became Hamilton's primary collaborator.
Gouverneur Morris and William Duer were also considered. However,
Morris turned down the invitation, and Hamilton rejected three essays
written by Duer. Duer later wrote in support of the three Federalist
authors under the name "Philo-Publius", meaning either "Friend of the
People" or "Friend of Hamilton" based on Hamilton's pen name
'Publius'.

Hamilton chose the pseudonymous name "Publius". While many other
pieces representing both sides of the constitutional debate were
written under Roman names, historian Albert Furtwangler contends that
Publius' was a cut above 'Caesar' or 'Brutus' or even 'Cato'. Publius
Valerius helped found the ancient republic of Rome. His more famous
name, Publicola, meant 'friend of the people'." Hamilton had applied
this pseudonym to three letters in 1778, in which he attacked fellow
Federalist Samuel Chase and revealed that Chase had taken advantage of
knowledge gained in Congress to try to dominate the flour market.

Authorship
============
At the time of publication, the authors of 'The Federalist Papers'
attempted to hide their identities due to Hamilton and Madison having
attended the convention. Astute observers, however, correctly
discerned the identities of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. Establishing
authorial authenticity of the essays that constitute 'The Federalist
Papers' has not always been clear. After Hamilton's death in 1804, a
list emerged, claiming that he alone had written two-thirds of 'The
Federalist' essays. Some believe that several of these essays were
written by Madison (Nos. 49-58 and 62-63). The scholarly detective
work of Douglass Adair in 1944 postulated the following assignments of
authorship, corroborated in 1964 by a computer analysis of the text:

* Alexander Hamilton (51 articles: Nos. 1, 6-9, 11-13, 15-17, 21-36,
59-61, and 65-85)
* James Madison (29 articles: Nos. 10, 14, 18-20, 37-58 and 62-63)
* John Jay (5 articles: Nos. 2-5 and 64).

In six months, a total of 85 articles were written by the three men.

Hamilton, who had been a leading advocate of national constitutional
reform throughout the 1780s and was one of the three representatives
for New York at the Constitutional Convention, in 1789 became the
first secretary of the treasury, a post he held until his resignation
in 1795.

Madison, who is now acknowledged as the father of the Constitution --
despite his repeated rejection of this honor during his lifetime,
became a leading member of the U.S. House of Representatives from
Virginia (1789-1797), secretary of state (1801-1809), and ultimately
the fourth president of the United States (1809-1817).See, e.g., Ralph
Ketcham, 'James Madison'. New York: Macmillan, 1971; reprint ed.,
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998. See also Irving
N. Brant, 'James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800'.
Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950.

John Jay, who had been secretary for foreign affairs under the
Articles of Confederation from 1784 through their expiration in 1789,
became the first Chief Justice of the United States in 1789, stepping
down in 1795 to accept election as governor of New York, a post he
held for two terms, retiring in 1801.

Publication
=============
'The Federalist' articles appeared in three New York newspapers: 'The
Independent Journal', the 'New-York Packet', and the 'Daily
Advertiser', beginning on October 27, 1787. Although written and
published with haste, 'The Federalist' articles were widely read and
greatly influenced the shape of American political institutions.
Hamilton, Madison and Jay published the essays at a rapid pace. At
times, three to four new essays by Publius appeared in the papers in a
single week. Garry Wills observes that this fast pace of production
"overwhelmed" any possible response: "Who, given ample time could have
answered such a battery of arguments? And no time was given." Hamilton
also encouraged the reprinting of the essays in newspapers outside New
York state, and indeed they were published in several other states
where the ratification debate was taking place. However, they were
only irregularly published outside New York, and in other parts of the
country they were often overshadowed by local writers.

Because the essays were initially published in New York, most of them
begin with the same salutation: "To the People of the State of New
York".

The high demand for the essays led to their publication in a more
permanent form. On January 1, 1788, the New York publishing firm J.
& A. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 essays
as a bound volume; that volume was released on March 22, 1788, and was
titled 'The Federalist' Volume 1. New essays continued to appear in
the newspapers; Federalist No. 77 was the last number to appear first
in that form, on April 2. A second bound volume was released on May
28, containing Federalist Nos. 37-77 and the previously unpublished
Nos. 78-85. The last eight papers (Nos. 78-85) were republished in the
New York newspapers between June 14 and August 16, 1788.

A 1792 French edition ended the collective anonymity of Publius,
announcing that the work had been written by "Mm. Hamilton, Maddisson
e Gay, citoyens de l'État de New York". In 1802, George Hopkins
published an American edition that similarly named the authors.
Hopkins wished as well that "the name of the writer should be prefixed
to each number," but at this point Hamilton insisted that this was not
to be, and the division of the essays among the three authors remained
a secret.

The first publication to divide the papers in such a way was an 1810
edition that used a list left by Hamilton to associate the authors
with their numbers; this edition appeared as two volumes of the
compiled "Works of Hamilton". In 1818, Jacob Gideon published a new
edition with a new listing of authors, based on a list provided by
Madison. The difference between Hamilton's list and Madison's formed
the basis for a dispute over the authorship of a dozen of the essays.

Both Hopkins's and Gideon's editions incorporated significant edits to
the text of the papers themselves, generally with the approval of the
authors. In 1863, Henry Dawson published an edition containing the
original text of the papers, arguing that they should be preserved as
they were written in that particular historical moment, not as edited
by the authors years later.

Modern scholars generally use the text prepared by Jacob E. Cooke for
his 1961 edition of 'The Federalist'; this edition used the newspaper
texts for essay numbers 1-76 and the McLean edition for essay numbers
77-85.

Disputed essays
=================
While the authorship of 73 of 'The Federalist' essays is fairly
certain, the identities of those who wrote the twelve remaining essays
are disputed by some scholars. The modern consensus is that Madison
wrote essays Nos. 49-58, with Nos. 18-20 being products of a
collaboration between him and Hamilton; No. 64 was by John Jay. The
first open designation of which essay belonged to whom was provided by
Hamilton who, in the days before his ultimately fatal gun duel with
Aaron Burr, provided his lawyer with a list detailing the author of
each number. This list credited Hamilton with a full 63 of the essays
(three of those being jointly written with Madison), almost
three-quarters of the whole, and was used as the basis for an 1810
printing that was the first to make specific attribution for the
essays.

Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton's list, but provided his
own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of 'The Federalist'. Madison
claimed 29 essays for himself, and he suggested that the difference
between the two lists was "owing doubtless to the hurry in which
[Hamilton's] memorandum was made out." A known error in Hamilton's
list--Hamilton incorrectly ascribed No. 54 to John Jay, when in fact,
Jay wrote No. 64--provided some evidence for Madison's suggestion.

Statistical analysis has been undertaken on several occasions in
attempts to accurately identify the author of each individual essay.
After examining word choice and writing style, studies generally agree
that the disputed essays were written by James Madison. However, there
are notable exceptions maintaining that some of the essays which are
now widely attributed to Madison were, in fact, collaborative efforts.

Influence on the ratification debates
=======================================
'The Federalist Papers' were written to support the ratification of
the Constitution, specifically in New York. Whether they succeeded in
this mission is questionable. Separate ratification proceedings took
place in each state, and the essays were not reliably reprinted
outside of New York; furthermore, by the time the series was well
underway, a number of important states had already ratified it, for
instance Pennsylvania on December 12. New York held out until July 26;
certainly 'The Federalist' was more important there than anywhere
else, but Furtwangler argues that it "could hardly rival other major
forces in the ratification contests"--specifically, these forces
included the personal influence of well-known Federalists, for
instance Hamilton and Jay, and Anti-Federalists, including Governor
George Clinton. Further, by the time New York came to a vote, ten
states had already ratified the Constitution and it had thus already
passed--only nine states had to ratify it for the new government to be
established among them; the ratification by Virginia, the tenth state,
placed pressure on New York to ratify. In light of that, Furtwangler
observes, "New York's refusal would make that state an odd outsider."

Only 19 Federalists were elected to New York's ratification
convention, compared to the Anti-Federalists' 46 delegates. While New
York did indeed ratify the Constitution on July 26, the lack of public
support for pro-Constitution Federalists has led historian John
Kaminski to suggest that the impact of 'The Federalist' on New York
citizens was "negligible".

As for Virginia, which ratified the Constitution only at its
convention on June 25, Hamilton writes in a letter to Madison that the
collected edition of 'The Federalist' had been sent to Virginia;
Furtwangler presumes that it was to act as a "debater's handbook for
the convention there", though he claims that this indirect influence
would be a "dubious distinction". Probably of greater importance to
the Virginia debate, in any case, were George Washington's support for
the proposed Constitution and the presence of Madison and Edmund
Randolph, the governor, at the convention arguing for ratification.

Structure and content
======================================================================
In Federalist No. 1, Hamilton listed six topics to be covered in the
subsequent articles:

# "The utility of the UNION to your political prosperity"--covered in
No. 2 through No. 14
# "The insufficiency of the present Confederation to preserve that
Union"--covered in No. 15 through No. 22
# "The necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the
one proposed to the attainment of this object"--covered in No. 23
through No. 36
# "The conformity of the proposed constitution to the true principles
of republican government"--covered in No. 37 through No. 84
# "Its analogy to your own state constitution"--covered in No. 85
# "The additional security which its adoption will afford to the
preservation of that species of government, to liberty and to
prosperity"--covered in No. 85.

Furtwangler notes that as the series grew, this plan was somewhat
changed. The fourth topic expanded into detailed coverage of the
individual articles of the Constitution and the institutions it
mandated, while the two last topics were merely touched on in the last
essay.

The papers can be broken down by author as well as by topic. At the
start of the series, all three authors were contributing; the first 20
papers are broken down as 11 by Hamilton, five by Madison and four by
Jay. The rest of the series, however, is dominated by three long
segments by a single writer: Nos. 21-36 by Hamilton, Nos. 37-58 by
Madison, written while Hamilton was in Albany, and No. 65 through the
end by Hamilton, published after Madison had left for Virginia.

Opposition to the Bill of Rights
==================================
'The Federalist Papers' (specifically Federalist No. 84) are notable
for their opposition to what later became the United States Bill of
Rights. The idea of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution was
originally controversial because the Constitution, as written, did not
specifically enumerate or protect the rights of the people, rather it
listed the powers of the government and left all that remained to the
states and the people. Alexander Hamilton, the author of Federalist
No. 84, feared that such an enumeration, once written down explicitly,
would later be interpreted as a list of the 'only' rights that people
had.

However, Hamilton's opposition to a Bill of Rights was far from
universal. Robert Yates, writing under the pseudonym "Brutus",
articulated this view point in the so-called Anti-Federalist No. 84,
asserting that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily
devolve into tyranny. References in 'The Federalist' and in the
ratification debates warn of demagogues of the variety who through
divisive appeals would aim at tyranny. 'The Federalist' begins and
ends with this issue. In the final paper Hamilton offers "a lesson of
moderation to all sincere lovers of the Union, and ought to put them
on their guard against hazarding anarchy, civil war, a perpetual
alienation of the States from each other, and perhaps the military
despotism of a successful demagogue". The matter was further clarified
by the Ninth Amendment.

Judicial use
======================================================================
Federal judges, when interpreting the Constitution, frequently use
'The Federalist Papers' as a contemporary account of the intentions of
the framers and ratifiers. They have been applied on issues ranging
from the power of the federal government in foreign affairs (in 'Hines
v. Davidowitz') to the validity of ex post facto laws (in the 1798
decision 'Calder v. Bull', apparently the first decision to mention
'The Federalist'). , 'The Federalist' had been quoted 291 times in
Supreme Court decisions.

The amount of deference that should be given to 'The Federalist
Papers' in constitutional interpretation has always been somewhat
controversial. As early as 1819, Chief Justice John Marshall noted in
the famous case 'McCulloch v. Maryland', that "the opinions expressed
by the authors of that work have been justly supposed to be entitled
to great respect in expounding the Constitution. No tribute can be
paid to them which exceeds their merit; but in applying their opinions
to the cases which may arise in the progress of our government, a
right to judge of their correctness must be retained." In a letter to
Thomas Ritchie in 1821, James Madison stated of the Constitution that
"the legitimate meaning of the Instrument must be derived from the
text itself; or if a key is to be sought elsewhere, it must be not in
the opinions or intentions of the Body which planned & proposed
the Constitution, but in the sense attached to it by the people in
their respective State Conventions where it recd. all the authority
which it possesses."

Complete list
======================================================================
The colors used to highlight the rows correspond to the author of the
paper.

| **1**
| **2**
| **3**
| **4**
| **5**
| **6**
| **7**
| **8**
| **9**
| **10**
| **11**
| **12**
| **13**
| **14**
| **15**
| **16**
| **17**
| **18**
| **19**
| **20**
| **21**
| **22**
| **23**
| **24**
| **25**
| **26**
| **27**
| **28**
| **29**
| **30**
| **31**
| **32**
| **33**
| **34**
| **35**
| **36**
| **37**
| **38**
| **39**
| **40**
| **41**
| **42**
| **43**
| **44**
| **45**
| **46**
| **47**
| **48**
| **49**
| **50**
| **51**
| **52**
| **53**
| **54**
| **55**
| **56**
| **57**
| **58**
| **59**
| **60**
| **61**
| **62**
| **63**
| **64**
| **65**
| **66**
| **67**
| **68**
| **69**
| **70**
| **71**
| **72**
| **73**
| **74**
| **75**
| **76**
| **77**
| **78**
| **79**
| **80**
| **81**
| **82**
| **83**
| **84**
| **85**
# Date Title Author October 27, 1787 General Introduction Alexander
Hamilton October 31, 1787 Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and
Influence John Jay November 3, 1787 The Same Subject Continued:
Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay November
7, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign
Force and Influence John Jay November 10, 1787 The Same Subject
Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John
Jay November 14, 1787 Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the
States Alexander Hamilton November 15, 1787 The Same Subject
Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
Alexander Hamilton November 20, 1787 The Consequences of Hostilities
Between the States Alexander Hamilton November 21, 1787 The Utility of
the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
Alexander Hamilton November 22, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The
Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection James
Madison November 24, 1787 The Utility of the Union in Respect to
Commercial Relations and a Navy Alexander Hamilton November 27, 1787
The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue Alexander Hamilton
November 28, 1787 Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in
Government Alexander Hamilton November 30, 1787 Objections to the
Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered James Madison
December 1, 1787 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to
Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton December 4, 1787 The Same
Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to
Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton December 5, 1787 The Same
Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to
Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton December 7, 1787 The Same
Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to
Preserve the Union James Madison December 8, 1787 The Same Subject
Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve
the Union James Madison December 11, 1787 The Same Subject Continued:
The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
James Madison December 12, 1787 Other Defects of the Present
Confederation Alexander Hamilton December 14, 1787 The Same Subject
Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation Alexander
Hamilton December 18, 1787 The Necessity of a Government as Energetic
as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union Alexander
Hamilton December 19, 1787 The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense
Further Considered Alexander Hamilton December 21, 1787 The Same
Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further
Considered Alexander Hamilton December 22, 1787 The Idea of
Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense
Considered Alexander Hamilton December 25, 1787 The Same Subject
Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard
to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton December 26, 1787
The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative
Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander
Hamilton January 9, 1788 Concerning the Militia Alexander Hamilton
December 28, 1787 Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander
Hamilton January 1, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the
General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton January 2, 1788 The Same
Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander
Hamilton January 2, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the
General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton January 5, 1788 The Same
Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander
Hamilton January 5, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the
General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton January 8, 1788 The Same
Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander
Hamilton January 11, 1788 Concerning the Difficulties of the
Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government James Madison
January 12, 1788 The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of
the Objections to the New Plan Exposed James Madison January 16, 1788
The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles James Madison
January 18, 1788 The Powers of the convention to Form a Mixed
Government Examined and Sustained James Madison January 19, 1788
General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution James Madison
January 22, 1788 The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further
Considered James Madison January 23, 1788 The Same Subject Continued:
The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered James
Madison January 25, 1788 Restrictions on the Authority of the Several
States James Madison January 26, 1788 The Alleged Danger From the
Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered James Madison
January 29, 1788 The Influence of the State and Federal Governments
Compared James Madison January 30, 1788 The Particular Structure of
the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different
Parts James Madison February 1, 1788 These Departments Should Not Be
So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
James Madison February 2, 1788 Method of Guarding Against the
Encroachments of Any One Department of Government James Madison
February 5, 1788 Periodic Appeals to the People Considered James
Madison February 6, 1788 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish
the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments James
Madison February 8, 1788 The House of Representatives James Madison
February 9, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: The House of
Representatives James Madison February 12, 1788 The Apportionment of
Members Among the States James Madison February 13, 1788 The Total
Number of the House of Representatives James Madison February 16, 1788
The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of
Representatives James Madison February 19, 1788 The Alleged Tendency
of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many James
Madison February 20, 1788 Objection That The Number of Members Will
Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered
James Madison February 22, 1788 Concerning the Power of Congress to
Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton February 23, 1788
The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to
Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton February 26, 1788
The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to
Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton February 27, 1788
The Senate James Madison March 1, 1788 The Senate Continued James
Madison March 5, 1788 The Powers of the Senate John Jay March 7, 1788
The Powers of the Senate Continued Alexander Hamilton March 8, 1788
Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for
Impeachments Further Considered Alexander Hamilton March 11, 1788 The
Executive Department Alexander Hamilton March 12, 1788 The Mode of
Electing the President Alexander Hamilton March 14, 1788 The Real
Character of the Executive Alexander Hamilton March 15, 1788 The
Executive Department Further Considered Alexander Hamilton March 18,
1788 The Duration in Office of the Executive Alexander Hamilton March
19, 1788 The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the
Executive Considered Alexander Hamilton March 21, 1788 The Provision
For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power Alexander
Hamilton March 25, 1788 The Command of the Military and Naval Forces,
and the Pardoning Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton March 26,
1788 The Treaty Making Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton April
1, 1788 The Appointing Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton April
2, 1788 The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the
Executive Considered Alexander Hamilton May 28, 1788 (book) June 14,
1788 (newspaper) The Judiciary Department Alexander Hamilton May 28,
1788 (book) June 18, 1788 (newspaper) The Judiciary Continued
Alexander Hamilton June 21, 1788 The Powers of the Judiciary Alexander
Hamilton June 25, 1788; June 28, 1788 The Judiciary Continued, and the
Distribution of the Judicial Authority Alexander Hamilton July 2, 1788
The Judiciary Continued Alexander Hamilton July 5, 1788; July 9, 1788;
July 12, 1788 The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
Alexander Hamilton July 16, 1788; July 26, 1788; August 9, 1788
Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution
Considered and Answered Alexander Hamilton August 13, 1788; August 16,
1788 Concluding Remarks Alexander Hamilton

Calendar view
===============
October 1787 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6
|7 8 9 10 11 12 13
|14 15 16 17 18 19 20
|21||22||23||24||25||26||**27**
|28||29||30||**31**
|colspan=3|
|colspan=7|
November 1787 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || || || ||1||2||**3**
|4||5||6||**7**||8||9||**10**
|11||12||13||**14**||**15**||16||17
|18||19||**20**||**21**||**22**||23||**24**
|25||26||**27**||**28**||29||**30**
|colspan=7|
December 1787 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || || || || || ||**1**
|2||3||**4**||**5**||6||**7**||**8**
|9||10||**11**||**12**||13||**14**||15
|16||17||**18**||**19**||20||**21**||**22**
|23||24||**25**||**26**||27||**28**||29
|30 31 |colspan=5|
January 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || ||**1**||**2****+**||3||4||**5****+**
|6||7||**8**||**9**||10||**11**||**12**
|13||14||15||**16**||17||**18**||**19**
|20||21||**22**||**23**||24||**25**||**26**
|27||28||**29**||**30**||31
|colspan=2|
|colspan=7|
February 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || || || || ||**1**||**2**
|3||4||**5**||**6**||7||**8**||**9**
|10||11||**12**||**13**||14||15||**16**
|17||18||**19**||**20**||21||**22**||**23**
|24||25||**26**||**27**||28||29
|colspan=7|
March 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || || || || || ||**1**
|2||3||4||**5**||6||**7**||**8**
|9||10||**11**||**12**||13||**14**||**15**
|16||17||**18**||**19**||20||**21**||**#Publication**
|23||24||**25**||**26**||27||28||29
|30 31 |colspan=5|
April 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || ||**1**||**2**||3||4||5
|6 7 8 9 10 11 12
|13 14 15 16 17 18 19
|20 21 22 23 24 25 26
|27 28 29 30 |colspan=2|
|colspan=7|
May 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3
|4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|11 12 13 14 15 16 17
|18 19 20 21 22 23 24
|25||26||27||**#Publication**||29||30||31
|colspan=7|
June 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7
|8||9||10||11||12||13||**14**
|15||16||17||**18**||19||20||**21**
|22||23||24||**25**||26||27||**28**
|29 30 |colspan=4|
|colspan=7|
July 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
| || ||1||**2**||3||4||**5**
|6||7||8||**9**||10||11||**12**
|13||14||15||**16**||17||18||19
|20||21||22||23||24||25||**26**
|27 28 29 30 31 |colspan=2|
|colspan=7|
August 1788 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2
|3||4||5||6||7||8||**9**
|10||11||12||**13**||14||15||**16**
|17 18 19 20 21 22 23
|24 25 26 27 28 29 30
|31 |colspan=6|

In popular culture
======================================================================
The purposes and authorship of 'The Federalist Papers' were
prominently highlighted in the lyrics of "Non-Stop", the finale of Act
One in the 2015 Broadway musical 'Hamilton', written by Lin-Manuel
Miranda.

See also
======================================================================
* Bibliography of the United States Constitution
* American philosophy
* 'The Anti-Federalist Papers'
* 'The Complete Anti-Federalist'
* List of pseudonyms used in the American Constitutional debates

General and cited references
======================================================================
*
* Updated 2nd ed., originally published as
*
* Wills, Gary. 'Explaining America: The Federalist'. Garden City, NJ:
1981. .

Further reading
======================================================================
*
* Dietze, Gottfried. 'The Federalist: A Classic on Federalism and Free
Government'. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.
* Epstein, David F. 'The Political Theory of the Federalist'. Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
*
*
* Gray, Leslie, and Wynell Burroughs. "Teaching With Documents:
Ratification of the Constitution". 'Social Education', 51 (1987):
322-324.
*
* Heriot, Gail.
"[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=898176 Are
Modern Bloggers Following in the Footsteps of Publius (and Other
Musings on Blogging By Legal Scholars)]", 84 'Wash. U. L. Rev.' 1113
(2006).
*
* Kesler, Charles R. 'Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and
the American Founding'. New York: 1987.
*
* Patrick, John J., and Clair W. Keller. 'Lessons on the Federalist
Papers: Supplements to High School Courses in American History,
Government and Civics'. Bloomington, IN: Organization of American
Historians in association with ERIC/ChESS, 1987. ED 280 764.
* Schechter, Stephen L. 'Teaching about American Federal Democracy'.
Philadelphia: Center for the Study of Federalism at Temple University,
1984. ED 248 161.
* Scott, Kyle. 'The Federalist Papers: A Reader's Guide' (New York:
Bloomsbury Press, 2013).
* Sunstein, Cass R.
"[https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/03/26/the-enlarged-republicthen-and-now/
The Enlarged Republic--Then and Now]", 'The New York Review of Books'
(March 26, 2009): Volume LVI, Number 5, p. 45.
* Webster, Mary E. 'The Federalist Papers: In Modern Language Indexed
for Today's Political Issues.' Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1999.
* White, Morton. 'Philosophy, The Federalist, and the Constitution'.
New York: 1987.
* Whitten, Roger D. (ed.). 'The Federalist Papers, or, How Government
Is Supposed to Work', "Edited for Readability". Oakesdale, WA: Lucky
Zebra Press, 2007. . .

External links
======================================================================
*
*
[https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbc0001/2014/2014jeff21562v1/2014jeff21562v1.pdf
'The Federalist: A Collection of Essays']
* [https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/full-text "Full Text of
'The Federalist Papers'"]
* [http://pudl.princeton.edu/objects/4t64gn930#page/380/mode/2up 'The
Federalist Papers', original 1788 printing]

* [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-04-02-0151-0001
National Archives on 'The Federalist']
*
[http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/bill_of_rightss7.html
'The Federalist Papers' on the Bill of Rights]
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-928/papers.htm Teaching 'The
Federalist Papers']
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?161212-1/federalist 'Booknotes'
interview with Robert Scigliano on Scigliano's Modern Library edition
of 'The Federalist Papers', January 21, 2001.]
*
[https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers
Collection of 'The Federalist Papers']
*
[https://edsitement.neh.gov/curricula/federalist-and-anti-federalist-debates-diversity-and-extended-republic
EDSITEment on 'The Federalist' and Anti-Federalist debates on
diversity and the extended republic]
*
*

License
=========
All content on Gopherpedia comes from Wikipedia, and is licensed under CC-BY-SA
License URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Original Article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers