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=                       The_Elements_of_Style                        =
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                            Introduction
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'The Elements of Style' (also called 'Strunk & White)' is a style
guide for formal grammar used in American English writing. The first
publishing was written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and published by
Harcourt in 1920, comprising eight "elementary rules of usage," ten
"elementary principles of composition," "a few matters of form," a
list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused," and a list of 57
"words often misspelled." Writer and editor E. B. White greatly
enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan in 1959.
That was the first edition of the book, which 'Time' recognized in
2011 as one of the 100 best and most influential non-fiction books
written in English since 1923.

American wit Dorothy Parker said, regarding the book:


                              History
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Cornell University English professor William Strunk Jr. wrote 'The
Elements of Style' in 1918 and privately published it in 1919, for use
at the university. Harcourt republished it in 52-page format in 1920.
Strunk and editor Edward A. Tenney later revised it for publication as
'The Elements and Practice of Composition' (1935). In 1957, the style
guide reached the attention of E.B. White at 'The New Yorker'. White
had studied writing under Strunk in 1919 but had since forgotten "the
little book" that he described as a "forty-three-page summation of the
case for cleanliness, accuracy, and brevity in the use of English."
Weeks later, White wrote about Strunk's devotion to lucid English
prose in his column.

Strunk died in 1946.  Macmillan and Company subsequently commissioned
White to revise 'The Elements' for a 1959 edition. White's expansion
and modernization of Strunk and Tenney's 1935 revised edition yielded
the writing style manual informally known as "Strunk & White', the
first edition of which sold about two million copies in 1959. More
than ten million copies of three editions were later sold. Mark Garvey
relates the history of the book in 'Stylized: A Slightly Obsessive
History of Strunk & White's The Elements of Style' (2009).

Maira Kalman, who provided the illustrations for 'The Elements of
Style Illustrated' (2005, see below), asked Nico Muhly to compose a
cantata based on the book. It was performed at the New York Public
Library in October 2005.

Audiobook versions of 'The Elements' now feature changed wording,
citing "gender issues" with the original.


                              Content
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Strunk concentrated on the cultivation of good writing and
composition; the original 1918 edition exhorted writers to "omit
needless words," use the active voice, and employ parallelism
appropriately.

The 1959 edition features White's expansions of preliminary sections,
the "Introduction" essay (derived from his magazine story about
Strunk), and the concluding chapter, "An Approach to Style," a
broader, prescriptive guide to writing in English. He also produced
the second (1972) and third (1979) editions of 'The Elements of
Style', by which time the book's length had extended to 85 pages.

The third edition of 'The Elements of Style' (1979) features 54
points: a list of common word-usage errors; 11 rules of punctuation
and grammar; 11 principles of writing; 11 matters of form; and, in
Chapter V, 21 reminders for better style. The final reminder, the
21st, "Prefer the standard to the offbeat," is thematically integral
to the subject of 'The Elements of Style', yet it does stand as a
discrete essay about writing lucid prose. To write well, White advises
writers to have the proper mindset, that they write to please
themselves, and that they aim for "one moment of felicity," a phrase
by Robert Louis Stevenson. Thus Strunk's 1918 recommendation:



Strunk Jr.  no longer has a comma in his name in the 1979 and later
editions, due to the modernized style recommendation about punctuating
such names.

The fourth edition of 'The Elements of Style' (1999) omits Strunk's
advice about masculine pronouns: "unless the antecedent is or must be
feminine". In its place, the book reads, "many writers find the use of
the generic 'he' or 'his' to rename indefinite antecedents limiting or
offensive." The re-titled entry "They. He or She", in Chapter IV:
Misused Words and Expressions, advises the writer to avoid an
"unintentional emphasis on the masculine".

Components new to the fourth edition include a foreword by essayist
and E. B. White stepson Roger Angell, a glossary, and an index. Five
years later, the fourth edition text was re-published as 'The Elements
of Style Illustrated' (2005), with illustrations by the designer Maira
Kalman.


                             Reception
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'The Elements of Style' was listed as one of the 100 best and most
influential non-fiction books written in English since 1923 by 'Time'
in its 2011 list. Upon its release, Charles Poor, writing for 'The New
York Times', called it "a splendid trophy for all who are interested
in reading and writing."

In 'On Writing' (2000, p. 11), Stephen King writes: "There is little
or no detectable bullshit in that book. (Of course, it's short; at
eighty-five pages it's much shorter than this one.) I'll tell you
right now that every aspiring writer should read 'The Elements of
Style'. Rule 17 in the chapter titled Principles of Composition is
'Omit needless words.' I will try to do that here."

In 2011, University of Vienna professor in biochemistry Tim Skern
argued in 'Writing Scientific English: A Workbook' that 'The Elements
of Style' "remains the best book available on writing good English".

In 2013, Nevile Gwynne reproduced 'The Elements of Style' in his work
'Gwynne's Grammar'. Britt Peterson of 'The Boston Globe' wrote that
his inclusion of the book was a "curious addition".

In 2016, the Open Syllabus Project lists 'The Elements of Style' as
the most frequently assigned text in US academic syllabuses, based on
an analysis of 933,635 texts appearing in over 1 million syllabuses.

Criticism of 'Strunk & White' has largely focused on claims that
it has a prescriptivist nature, or that it has become a general
anachronism in the face of modern English usage.  In criticizing 'The
Elements of Style', Geoffrey Pullum, professor of linguistics at the
University of Edinburgh, and co-author of 'The Cambridge Grammar of
the English Language' (2002), said that:

Pullum has argued, for example, that the authors misunderstood what
constitutes the passive voice, and he criticized their proscription of
established and unproblematic English usages, such as the split
infinitive and the use of 'which' in a restrictive relative clause. On
'Language Log', a blog about language written by linguists, he further
criticized 'The Elements of Style' for promoting linguistic
prescriptivism and hypercorrection among Anglophones, and called it
"the book that ate America's brain".

Jan Freeman, reviewing for 'The Boston Globe' in 2005 described the
latest edition of 'The Elements of Style Illustrated' (2005), with
illustrations by Maira Kalman, as an "aging zombie of a book ... a
hodgepodge, its now-antiquated pet peeves jostling for space with
1970s taboos and 1990s computer advice".


Strunk
========
* 'The Elements of Style'. Composed in 1918 and privately printed in
1919. 43 pages. .
* 'The Elements of Style'. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920.
52-page publication of the original.

Because Strunk's text is now in the public domain, publishers can and
do reprint it.


Strunk & Edward A. Tenney
===========================
* 'The Elements and Practice of Composition'. New York: Harcourt,
Brace, 1935.  (Despite the new title, it is a revision of 'The
Elements of Style'. Tenney was a fellow instructor at Cornell.  This
edition included student exercises.)


Strunk & White
================
* [https://archive.org/details/elementsofstyle0000unse_j8x6/page/n3/
'The Elements of Style']. New York: Macmillan, 1959. .
* [https://archive.org/details/elementsofstyle0000stru/page/n5/ 'The
Elements of Style']. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan; London:
Collier-Macmillan, 1972. .
* [https://archive.org/details/lccn_780184443/page/n5/ 'The Elements
of Style']. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1979.  (hardback),
(paperback).
* 'The Elements of Style'. 4th ed. S.l.: Longman, 1999. Hardback.
(hardback). S.l.: Longman, 2000.  (paperback). With a foreword by
Roger Angell.
* 'The Elements of Style'. Fiftieth Anniversary Edition. New York:
Pearson Longman, 2009. . (Contains 4th ed. text)


Illustrated edition
=====================
* 'The Elements of Style Illustrated'. With illustrations by Maira
Kalman. Penguin, 2005.  (hardback). Penguin, 2005.  (hardback).
Penguin.  (paperback).  Penguin, 2008.  (paperback).


                              See also
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* 'A Dictionary of Modern English Usage' (1926) by H. W. Fowler
* 'The Complete Plain Words' (1954) by Sir Ernest Gowers
* 'Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace' (1981) by Joseph M. Williams
Several books were titled paying homage to Strunk's, for example:

* 'The Elements of Programming Style'
* 'The Elements of Typographic Style'


                           External links
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*  (Strunk 1918)
*  (Strunk 1918)
* [http://vrici.lojban.org/~cowan/style-revised.html Self-published
revised edition based on Strunk's original 1918 text] (2006-2008),
written by John W. Cowan, a programmer.
*
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4985137
"'Elements of Style' Goes Beyond Words" (2005)] from NPR, discussing
illustrated 'Strunk & White' book and the musical adaptation by
Nico Muhly
* Catherine Prendergast:
"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130521234548/http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/schaffner/teaching/fall2010/505/readings/Prendergast.Unabomber.pdf
The Fighting Style: Reading the Unabomber's Strunk and White (archived
2005)]", 'College English', Volume 72, Number 1, September 2009.


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