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=                            Jane_Addams                             =
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                            Introduction
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Laura Jane Addams (September 6, 1860May 21, 1935) was an American
settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public
administrator, philosopher,Ralston, Shane (2023). "Jane Addams and
John Dewey", in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph
Soeters (eds.), 'The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams'. pp. 169-186.
Oxford Academic.  .
and author. She was a leader in the history of social work and
women's suffrage. In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House, one of
America's most famous settlement houses, in Chicago, Illinois,
providing extensive social services to poor, largely immigrant
families. Philosophically a "radical pragmatist", she was arguably the
first woman public philosopher in the United States. In the
Progressive Era, when even presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and
Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and might be seen as
social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers.

An advocate for world peace, and recognized as the founder of the
social work profession in the United States, in 1931 Addams became the
first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; she shared
the win with Nicholas Murray Butler. Earlier, Addams was awarded an
honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale University in 1910, becoming
the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school. In
1920, she was a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU).

Addams helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern
to mothers, as well as the domestic work assigned to women, such as
the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her
essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the
connection between the workings of government and the household,
stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and
the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's
roles in the private sphere. When she died in 1935, Addams was the
best-known female public figure in the United States.


                             Early life
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Born in Cedarville, Illinois, Jane Addams was the youngest of eight
children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of
English-American descent which traced back to colonial Pennsylvania.
In 1863, when Addams was two years old, her mother, Sarah Addams (née
Weber), died while pregnant with her ninth child. Thereafter Addams
was cared for mostly by her older sisters. By the time Addams was
eight, four of her siblings had died: three in infancy and one at the
age of 16.

Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors, and
attending Sunday school. When she was four she contracted tuberculosis
of the spine, known as Potts's disease, which caused a curvature in
her spine and lifelong health problems. This made it complicated as a
child to function with the other children, considering she had a limp
and could not run as well. As a child, she thought she was ugly and
later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father, when he was
dressed in his Sunday best, by walking down the street with him.

Jane Addams adored her father, John H. Addams, when she was a child,
as she made clear in the stories in her memoir, 'Twenty Years at Hull
House' (1910). He was a founding member of the Illinois Republican
Party, served as an Illinois State Senator (1855-70), and supported
his friend Abraham Lincoln in his candidacies for senator (1854) and
the presidency (1860). He kept a letter from Lincoln in his desk, and
Addams loved to look at it as a child. Her father was an agricultural
businessman with large timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings;
flour and timber mills and a wool factory. He was the president of The
Second National Bank of Freeport, Illinois. He remarried in 1868 when
Addams was eight years old. His second wife was Anna Hosteler
Haldeman, the widow of a miller in Freeport.

During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing something useful
in the world. As a voracious reader, she became interested in the poor
from her reading of Charles Dickens. Inspired by his works and by her
own mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, Addams decided to become
a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor.

Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but close to
home. She was eager to attend the new college for women, Smith College
in Massachusetts, but her father required her to attend nearby
Rockford Female Seminary (now Rockford University), in Rockford,
Illinois.

Her experience at Rockford put her in the first wave of U.S. women to
receive a college education. She excelled in this all-women
environment. She edited the college newspaper, was the valedictorian,
participated in the debate club and led the class of 1881. Addams
recognized that she and others who were engaged in post-secondary
education would have new opportunities and challenges. She expressed
this in 'Bread Givers' (1880), a speech she gave during her junior
year. She noted the "change which has taken place... in the ambition
and aspirations of women." In the process of developing their
intellect and direct labor, something new was emerging. Educated women
of her generation wished "not to be a man nor like a man" but claimed
"the same right to independent thought and action." Each young woman
was gaining "a new confidence in her possibilities, and a fresher hope
in her steady progress." At 20, Addams recognized a changing cultural
environment and was learning the skills at Rockford to lead the future
settlement movement.

Whilst at Rockford, her readings of Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Leo
Tolstoy and others became significant influences. After graduating
from Rockford in 1881, with a collegiate certificate and membership in
Phi Beta Kappa, she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A.
That summer, her father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of
appendicitis. Each child inherited roughly $50,000 (equivalent to $ in
2016).

That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their
stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams, moved to Philadelphia so that the
three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already
trained in medicine and did further studies at the University of
Pennsylvania. Jane and Alice completed their first year of medical
school at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, but Jane's
health problems, a spinal operation and a nervous breakdown prevented
her from completing the degree. She was filled with sadness at her
failure. Her stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family
canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville. her
brother-in-law Harry performed surgery on her back, to straighten it.
He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In
August 1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her
stepmother, traveling some of the time with friends and family who
joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor
to be able to help the poor.

Upon her return home in June 1887, she lived with her stepmother in
Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, still
filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future
and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a
well-to-do young woman. She wrote long letters to her friend from
Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, mostly about Christianity and
books but sometimes about her despair.

Her nephew was James Weber Linn (1876-1939) who taught English at the
University of Chicago and served in the Illinois General Assembly.
Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles.


                          Settlement house
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Meanwhile, Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated
by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book 'My Religion', she was
baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church in the
summer of 1886. Reading Giuseppe Mazzini's 'Duties of Man', she began
to be inspired by the idea of democracy as a social ideal. Yet she
felt confused about her role as a woman. John Stuart Mill's 'The
Subjection of Women' made her question the social pressures on a woman
to marry and devote her life to family.

In the summer of 1887, Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of
starting a settlement house. She decided to visit the world's first,
Toynbee Hall, in London. She and several friends, including Ellen
Gates Starr, traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer
of 1888. After watching a bullfight in Madrid, fascinated by what she
saw as an exotic tradition, Addams condemned this fascination and her
inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls.
At first, Addams told no one about her dream to start a settlement
house, but, she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream.
Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it, she told
Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the idea and agreed to join Addams in
starting a settlement house.

Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was
busy. Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as
"a community of University men who live there, have their recreation
clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in
which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of
'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive
of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal."
Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as
they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of
institution.

The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which
unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow
boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They
doubled as community arts centers and social service facilities. They
laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space
within which different communities and ideologies could learn from
each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of
the settlement house was an "unending effort to make culture and 'the
issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of
her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by
reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities
in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.


                             Hull House
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In 1889 Addams and her college friend and paramour Ellen Gates Starr
co-founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago. The run-down
mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and
upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses
(repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, buying
furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from
individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams
was able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the
annual budget grew rapidly. Some wealthy women became long-term donors
to the House, including Helen Culver, who managed her first cousin
Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to
use the house rent-free. Other contributors were Louise DeKoven Bowen,
Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, and others.

Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which
would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its height,
Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. Hull House was
a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well
as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations
with the neighborhood. Among the aims of Hull House was to give
privileged, educated young people contact with the real life of the
majority of the population. Residents of Hull House conducted
investigations on housing, midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis, typhoid,
garbage collection, cocaine, and truancy. The core Hull House
residents were well-educated women bound together by their commitment
to labour unions, the National Consumers League and the suffrage
movement. Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice joined Hull House to provide
medical treatment for poor families. Its facilities included a night
school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an art
gallery, a gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music
school, a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting
rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.
Her adult night school was a forerunner of the continuing education
classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making
available social services and cultural events for the largely
immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an
opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually,
Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a
playground and a summer camp (known as Bowen Country Club).

One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams
was the Art Program. The art program at Hull House allowed Addams to
challenge the system of industrialized education, which "fitted" the
individual to a specific job or position. She wanted the house to
provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to think
independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of
the city through collective interaction, mutual self-discovery,
recreation and the imagination. Art was integral to her vision of
community, disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and
interaction on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual
rewriting of cultural identities through variation and
interculturalism.

With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and
studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House. On the first
floor of the new addition there was a branch of the Chicago Public
Library, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured
recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists.
Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents
and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or
to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked. As Hull House
grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that
opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet
of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse
communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important
part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon
children caught on to the trend. These working-class children were
offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the
Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these
classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors.
Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public
School Art Society (CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the
art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided public schools
with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to
teach children how to create art, and also took the students on field
trips to Chicago's many art museums.


Near west side neighborhood
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The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that
had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century. That
mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social and philanthropic
elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. The
ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center:
"Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth
Street) ... The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted Street, and
Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the
north and the French Canadians to the northwest." Italians resided
within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood ... from the
river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be
known as Little Italy. Greeks and Jews, along with the remnants of
other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in
the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and
thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and
well beyond the ultimate d three "ethical principles" for social
settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to
practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social
relations across class lines." Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive
program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities
and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, including
William Lyon Mackenzie King, a graduate student from Harvard
University who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s
Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and other residents of the house made
it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the
latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study
overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading,
newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to
improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became
involved in city and statewide campaigns for better housing,
improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and
protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from
around the world and had close links with leading Chicago
intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912, she helped start the new
Progressive Party and supported the presidential campaign of Theodore
Roosevelt.

"Addams' philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering
commitment to social improvement through cooperative efforts. Although
she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and pacifists, Addams
refused to be labeled. This refusal was pragmatic rather than
ideological."


Emphasis on children
======================
Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the
Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also
fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of
leisure, youth, and human services. Addams argued in 'The Spirit of
Youth and the City Streets' (1909) that play and recreation programs
are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Hull
House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten
classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups,
college extension courses, along with public baths, a gymnasium, a
labor museum and playground, all within a free-speech atmosphere. They
were all designed to foster democratic cooperation, collective action
and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement
code and the first factory laws.

Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in 1901 Jane Addams founded
what would become the Juvenile Protective Association. JPA provided
the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the
United States until this became a government function. From 1907 until
the 1940s, JPA engaged in many studies examining such subjects as
racism, child labor and exploitation, drug abuse and prostitution in
Chicago and their effects on child development. Through the years,
their mission has now become improving the social and emotional
well-being and functioning of vulnerable children so they can reach
their fullest potential at home, in school, and in their communities.


Documenting social illnesses
==============================
Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography of typhoid
fever and reported that poor workers were bearing the brunt of the
illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice
that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and
building codes. Linking environmental justice and municipal reform,
she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable
distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices.
Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring
together the classes of a community in the keeping them apart." Addams
worked with the Chicago Board of Health and served as the first
vice-president of the Playground Association of America.


Emphasis on prostitution
==========================
In 1912, Addams published 'A New Conscience and Ancient Evil', about
prostitution. This book was extremely popular. Addams believed that
prostitution was a result of kidnapping only. Her book later inspired
Stella Wynne Herron's 1916 short story 'Shoes', which Lois Weber
adapted into a groundbreaking 1916 film of the same name.


Feminine ideals
=================
Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a
transmission device to bring the values of the college-educated high
culture to the masses, including the Efficiency Movement, a major
movement in industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought
to identify and eliminate waste in the economy and society, and to
develop and implement best practices. However, over time, the focus
changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as
evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to responding to
the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational
opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull House became more than a
proving ground for the new generation of college-educated,
professional women: it also became part of the community in which it
was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.
Addams called on women, especially middle-class women with leisure
time and energy as well as rich philanthropists, to exercise their
civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of
"civic housekeeping". Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic
duty to include roles for women beyond motherhood (which involved
child rearing). Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care,
and obligation", which represented the source of women's power. This
notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping
role that Addams defined and gave added weight to the women's suffrage
movement that Addams supported. Addams argued that women, as opposed
to men, were trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and
needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be
civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform
efforts regarding poisonous sewage, impure milk (which often carried
tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams
led the "garbage wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed
as sanitary inspector of Chicago's 19th Ward. With the help of the
Hull House Women's Club, within a year over 1,000 health department
violations were reported to city council and garbage collection
reduced death and disease.

Addams had long discussions with philosopher John Dewey in which they
redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an
emphasis more on duty and less on rights. The two leading perspectives
that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more
concerned with efficiency were the need to extend to social and
economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been
limited to the political sphere, as in Addams's programmatic support
of trade unions and second, their call for a new social ethic to
supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in
modern society.

Addams's construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality,
wifehood, and motherhood. In both of her autobiographical volumes,
'Twenty Years at Hull-House' (1910) and 'The Second Twenty Years at
Hull-House' (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the
Progressive-Era ideology she championed. In 'A New Conscience and an
Ancient Evil' (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex
slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors among working-class
women in American industrial centers from 1890 to 1910. Addams's
autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her
popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work", in
the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron who served
the suffering immigrant masses through Hull House, as if they were her
own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother
to the nation", identified with motherhood in the sense of protective
care of her people.


                              Teaching
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Addams kept up her heavy schedule of public lectures around the
country, especially at college campuses. In addition, she offered
college courses through the Extension Division of the University of
Chicago. She declined offers from the university to become directly
affiliated with it, including an offer from Albion Small, chair of the
Department of Sociology, of a graduate faculty position. She declined
in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia. Her
goal was to teach adults not enrolled in formal academic institutions,
because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore, she
wanted no university controls over her political activism.

Addams was appointed to serve on the Chicago Board of Education.
Addams was a charter member of the American Sociological Society,
founded in 1905. She gave papers to it in 1912, 1915, and 1919. She
was the most prominent woman member during her lifetime.


                           Relationships
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Generally, Addams was close to a wide set of other women and was very
good at eliciting their involvement from different classes in Hull
House's programs. Nevertheless, throughout her life Addams did have
romantic relationships with a few of these women, including Mary Rozet
Smith and Ellen Starr. Her relationships offered her the time and
energy to pursue her social work while being supported emotionally and
romantically. From her exclusively romantic relationships with women,
she would most likely be described as a lesbian in contemporary terms,
similar to many leading figures in the Women's International League
for Peace and Freedom of the time.

Her first romantic partner was Ellen Starr, with whom she founded Hull
House, who she met when both were students at Rockford Female
Seminary. In 1889, the two visited Toynbee Hall together and started
their settlement house project, purchasing a house in Chicago.

Her second romantic partner was Mary Rozet Smith, who was wealthy and
supported Addams's work at Hull House, and with whom she shared a
house. Historian Lilian Faderman wrote that Jane was in love and she
addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and
concluded that they shared the intimacy of a married couple. They
remained together until 1934, when Mary died of pneumonia, after 40
years together.
It was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the highest
and clearest note in the music that was Jane Addams' personal life".
Together they owned a summer house in Bar Harbor, Maine. When apart,
they would write to each other at least once a day - sometimes twice.
Addams would write to Smith, "I miss you dreadfully and am yours 'til
death". The letters also show that the women saw themselves as a
married couple: "There is reason in the habit of married folks keeping
together", Addams wrote to Smith.


                   Religion and religious motives
======================================================================
Addams's religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life
experience. She saw her settlement work as part of the "social
Christian" movement. Addams learned about social Christianity from the
co-founders of Toynbee Hall, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The
Barnetts held a great interest in converting others to Christianity,
but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the
world and, in the words of one of the leaders of the social Christian
movement in England, W. H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with
the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love".

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian
settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to
epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however,
"reinvented" by the Christian churches.

According to Joslin (2004), "The new humanism, as [Addams] interprets
it comes from a secular, and not a religious, pattern of belief".

According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social
settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like
Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."

Hilda Satt Polacheck, a former resident of Hull House, stated that
Addams firmly believed in religious freedom and bringing people of all
faiths into the social, secular fold of Hull House. The one exception,
she notes, was the annual Christmas Party, although Addams left the
religious side to the church.

The Bible served Addams as both a source of inspiration for her life
of service and a manual for pursuing her calling. The emphasis on
following Jesus' example and actively advancing the establishment of
God's Kingdom on earth is also evident in Addams's work and the Social
Gospel movement.


Peace movement
================
In 1898, Addams joined the Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition to
the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. A staunch supporter of the
Progressive Party, she nominated Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency
during the Party Convention, held in Chicago in August 1912. She
signed up on the party platform, even though it called for building
more battleships. She went on to speak and campaign extensively for
Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign.

In January 1915, she became involved in the Woman's Peace Party and
was elected national chairman. Addams was invited by European women
peace activists to preside over the International Congress of Women in
The Hague, April 28-30, 1915, and was chosen to head the commission to
find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral
countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation. This was the
first significant international effort against the war. Addams, along
with co-delegates Emily Balch and Alice Hamilton, documented their
experiences of this venture, published as a book, 'Women at The Hague'
(University of Illinois).

In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April
1915):
Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, so eager to
understand and sympathize, so patient of anarchy and even ego, yet
always there, strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no keeping
dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a radiating wisdom and
power of judgement.

Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women
for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work of the Hague
Congress, at a conference in 1919 in Zürich, Switzerland. The
International Committee developed into the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Addams continued as president, a
position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia.
In 1917, she also became a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation
USA (American branch of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation
founded in 1919) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until
1933. When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams started to be
strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and
criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at Carnegie Hall
received negative coverage by newspapers such as 'The New York Times',
which branded her as unpatriotic. Later, during her travels, she spent
time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and
reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to
preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of
the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931; she shared the award with
Nicholas Murray Butler. As the first U.S. woman to win the prize,
Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American
democracy." She donated her share of the prize money to the Women's
International League for Peace and Freedom.


Pacifism
==========
Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and
international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and
leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian
novelist Leo Tolstoy and by the pragmatism of philosophers John Dewey
and George Herbert Mead. Her books, particularly 'Newer Ideals of
Peace' and 'Peace and Bread in Time of War', and her peace activism
informed early feminist theories and perspectives on peace and war.
She envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually
reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one.
Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the
anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish-American War. Her
book 'Newer Ideals of Peace' (1907) reshaped the peace movement
worldwide to include ideals of social justice. She recruited social
justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley,
and Emily Greene Balch to join her in the new international women's
peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World
War I, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social
justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.

In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an
innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague. These
conferences produced Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. A 1914
conference was canceled due to World War I. The void was filled by an
unofficial conference convened by Women at the Hague. At the time,
both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams chaired this
pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague, which
included almost 1,200 participants from 12 warring and neutral
countries. Their goal was to develop a framework to end the violence
of war. Both national and international political systems excluded
women's voices. The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women
from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace resulted in
flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions
addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and
women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes
at war's end. Following the conference, Addams and a congressional
delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen
groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during
the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions
were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Addams was opposed to U.S. interventionism and expansionism and
ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad. In
1915, she gave a speech at Carnegie Hall and was booed offstage for
opposing U.S. intervention into World War I. Addams damned war as a
cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic
friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle. In turn,
her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during
World War I (1917-18). Oswald Garrison Villard came to her defense
when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before
major ground attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what
abuse did not the [New York] 'Times' cover her, one of the noblest of
our women, because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops
were often given liquor or drugs before charging across No Man's Land.
Yet when the facts came out at the hands of Sir Philip Gibbs and
others not one word of apology was ever forthcoming." Even after the
war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by
opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and
unfeminine. Young veterans in the American Legion, supported by some
members of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and the
League of Women Voters, were ill-prepared to confront the older,
better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women
of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from
membership in their organization. The Legion's efforts to portray the
WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working
class audiences, but President Calvin Coolidge and the middle classes
supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit poison
gas and outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as
the greatest woman of the Progressive Era. In 1931, the award of the
Nobel Peace prize to her and Nicholas Murray Butler earned her
near-unanimous acclaim.


Philosophy and "peaceweaving"
===============================
Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace. Peace theorists often
distinguish between negative and positive peace. Negative peace deals
with the absence of violence or war. Positive peace is more
complicated. It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can
take into account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of
relationships, freedom, order and harmony. Jane Addams's philosophy of
peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters
(2017) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term
'Peaceweaving'. They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes
connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both
flexible and strong. Further, weaving is an activity in which men and
women have historically engaged. Addams's 'peaceweaving' is a process
which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships.
Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical
problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while
recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the
vulnerable"


Eugenics
==========
Addams supported eugenics and was vice president of the American
Social Hygiene Association, which advocated eugenics in an effort to
improve the social 'hygiene' of American society.Haller, M. H. (1963).
Eugenics: Hereditarian attitudes in American thought. New Brunswick,
NJ: Rutgers
University Press She was a close friend of noted eugenicists David
Starr Jordan and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and was an avid proponent
of the ideas of G. Stanley Hall. Addams belief in eugenics was tied to
her desire to eliminate what she perceived to be 'social ills':


Prohibition
=============
While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of
the eighteenth amendment", she nonetheless supported prohibition on
the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a necessary
element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social
standpoint." She repeated the claim that "professional houses of
prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of
alcohol.'"


                               Death
======================================================================
While Addams was often troubled by health problems in her youth and
throughout her life, her health began to take a more serious decline
after she suffered a heart attack in 1926.

She died on May 21, 1935, at the age of 74, in Chicago and is buried
in her hometown of Cedarville, Illinois.


                       Adult life and legacy
======================================================================
Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key
tangible pillars of Addams's legacy. While her life focused on the
development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social,
political and economic reform in the United States, as well as
internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house,
Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and social
work.

Willard Motley, a resident artist of Hull House, extracting from
Addams' central theory on symbolic interactionism, used the
neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller, 'Knock on
Any Door'. His novel later became a well known court-room film in
1949. This book and film brought attention to how a resident lived an
everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship with Jane
Addams.

Addams's role as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at
and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago
neighborhood. Although contemporary academic sociologists defined her
engagement as "social work", Addams's efforts differed significantly
from activities typically labeled as "social work" during that time
period. Before Addams's powerful influence on the profession, social
work was largely informed by a "friendly visitor" model in which
typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished
individuals and, through systematic assessment and intervention, aimed
to improve the lives of the poor. Addams rejected the friendly visitor
model in favor of a model of social reform/social theory-building,
thereby introducing the now-central tenets of social justice and
reform to the field of social work.

Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the
first juvenile court law, tenement-house regulation, an eight-hour
working day for women, factory inspection, and workers' compensation.
She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and
crime, and she supported women's suffrage. She was a strong advocate
of justice for immigrants, African Americans, and minority groups by
becoming a chartered member of the NAACP. Among the projects that the
members of Hull House opened were the Immigrants' Protective League,
the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the
United States, and a juvenile psychopathic clinic.

Addams's influential writings and speeches, on behalf of the formation
of the League of Nations and as a peace advocate, influenced the later
shape of the United Nations.

Jane Addams also sponsored the work of Neva Boyd, who founded the
Recreational Training School at Hull House, a one-year educational
program in group games, gymnastics, dancing, dramatic arts, play
theory, and social problems. At Hull House, Neva Boyd ran movement and
recreational groups for children, using games and improvisation to
teach language skills, problem-solving, self-confidence and social
skills. During the Great Depression, Boyd worked with the Recreational
Project in the Works Progress Administration, (WPA) as The Chicago
Training School for Playground Workers, which subsequently became the
foundation for the Recreational Therapy and Educational Drama
movements in the U.S. One of her best known disciples, Viola Spolin
taught in the Recreational Theater Program at Hull House during the
WPA era. Spolin went on to be a pioneer in the improvisational theater
movement in the US and the inventor of Theater Games.

The main legacy left by Jane Addams includes her involvement in the
creation of the Hull House, impacting communities and the whole social
structure, reaching out to colleges and universities in hopes of
bettering the educational system, and passing on her knowledge to
others through speeches and books. She is also known for co-winning
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 with Nicholas Murray Butler.

The Jane Addams Papers Project, originally housed at the University of
Illinois at Chicago and Duke University, was relocated to Ramapo
College in 2015. The project's digital edition actively engages
students and the world with the work and correspondence of Jane
Addams.

The Addams neighborhood and elementary school in Long Beach,
California are named for her.


Sociology
===========
Jane Addams was intimately involved with the founding of sociology as
a field in the United States. Hull House enabled Addams to befriend
and become a colleague to early members of the Chicago School of
Sociology. She actively contributed to the sociology academic
literature, publishing five articles in the 'American Journal of
Sociology' between 1896 and 1914. Her influence, through her work in
applied sociology, impacted the thought and direction of the Chicago
School of Sociology's members. In 1893, she co-authored the
compilation of essays written by Hull House residents and workers
titled, 'Hull-House Maps and Papers'. These ideas helped shape and
define the interests and methodologies of the Chicago School. She
worked with American philosopher George Herbert Mead and John Dewey on
social reform issues, including promoting women's rights, ending child
labor, and mediating during the 1910 Garment Workers' Strike. This
strike in particular bent thoughts of protests because it dealt with
women workers, ethnicity, and working conditions. All of these
subjects were key items that Addams wanted to see in society.


The University of Chicago Sociology department was established in
1892, three years after Hull House was established (1889). Members of
Hull House welcomed the first group of professors, who soon were
"intimately involved with Hull House" and assiduously engaged with
applied social reform and philanthropy". In 1893, for example, faculty
(Vincent, Small and Bennis) worked with Jane Addams and fellow Hull
House resident Florence Kelley to pass legislation "banning sweat
shops and employment of children"  Albion Small, chair of the Chicago
Department of Sociology and founder of the 'American Journal of
Sociology', called for a sociology that was active "in the work of
perfecting and applying plans and devices for social improvement and
amelioration", which took place in the "vast sociological laboratory"
that was 19th-century Chicago. Although untenured, women residents of
Hull House taught classes in the Chicago Sociology Department. During
and after World War I, the focus of the Chicago Sociology Department
shifted away from social activism toward a more scholarly orientation.
Social activism was also associated with Communism and a "weaker"
woman's work orientation. In response to this change, women
sociologists in the department "were moved inmasse out of sociology
and into social work" in 1920. The contributions of Jane Addams and
other Hull House residents were buried in history.

Mary Jo Deegan, in her 1988 book 'Jane Addams and the Men of the
Chicago School, 1892-1918' was the first person to recover Addams'
influence on sociology. Deegan's work has led to recognition of
Addams's place in sociology. In a 2001 address, for example, Joe
Feagin, then president of the American Sociology Association,
identified Addams as a "key founder" and he called for sociology to
again claim its activist roots and commitment to social justice.


Remembrances
==============
On December 10, 2007, Illinois celebrated the first annual Jane Addams
Day. Jane Addams Day was initiated by a dedicated school teacher from
Dongola, Illinois, assisted by the Illinois Division of the American
Association of University Women (AAUW). Chicago activist Jan Lisa
Huttner traveled throughout Illinois as Director of International
Relations for AAUW-Illinois to help publicize the date, and later gave
annual presentations about Jane Addams Day in costume as Jane Addams.
In 2010, Huttner appeared as Jane Addams at a 150th Birthday Party
sponsored by Rockford University (Jane Addams' alma mater), and in
2011, she appeared as Jane Addams at an event sponsored by the Chicago
Park District.

There is a Jane Addams Memorial Park located near Navy Pier in
Chicago. A six-piece sculptural grouping honoring Addams by Louise
Bourgeois called "Helping Hands" was originally installed in 1993 at
Addams Memorial Park. However, they were "relocated to Chicago Women's
Park and Gardens" in 2011 after being vandalized. The Jane Addams
memorial sculpture was Chicago's first major artwork to honor an
important woman. In 2007, the state of Illinois renamed the Northwest
Tollway as the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway. Hull House buildings were
mostly demolished for the establishment of the campus of the
University of Illinois at Chicago in 1963, or relocated. The Hull
residence itself and a related building are preserved as a museum and
monument to Jane Addams.

The Jane Addams College of Social Work is a professional school at the
University of Illinois at Chicago. Jane Addams Business Careers Center
is a high school in Cleveland, Ohio. Jane Addams High School For
Academic Careers is a high school in The Bronx, NY. Jane Addams House
is a residence hall built in 1936 at Connecticut College.

In 1973, Jane Addams was inducted into the National Women's Hall of
Fame. In 2008 Jane Addams was inducted into the Chicago Gay and
Lesbian Hall of Fame. Addams was inducted into the Chicago Literary
Hall of Fame in 2012. Also, in 2012 she was inducted into the Legacy
Walk, an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBTQ history and
people. In 2014, Jane Addams was one of the first 20 honorees awarded
a 3-foot x 3-foot bronze plaque on San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk
(www.rainbowhonorwalk.org) paying tribute to LGBT heroes and heroines.
In 2015, Addams was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons
of the 2015 LGBT History Month.


Books
=======
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924032570180/page/n7/mode/2up
'Democracy and Social Ethics']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1902.
*[https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog/page/n10/mode/2up
'Newer Ideals of Peace']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1907.
*[https://archive.org/details/spirityouthandc00addagoog/page/n4/mode/2up
'The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets']. New York, The Macmillan
Company, 1909.
*[https://archive.org/details/twentyyearsathul0000hane 'Twenty Years
at Hull House. With autobiographical notes']. New York, The Macmillan
Company, 1910.
* [https://archive.org/details/jstor-1011876/page/n1/mode/2up
'Symposium: child labor on the stage']. National Child Labor
Committee, New York [1911?].
*[https://archive.org/details/anewconsciencea00addagoog/page/n6/mode/2up
'A New Conscience And An Ancient Evil,']. New York, The Macmillan
company, 1912.
*[https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm02addagoog/page/n6/mode/2up
'The Long Road of Woman's Memory']. New York, The Macmillan Company,
1916.
*[https://archive.org/details/peaceandbreadin00addagoog/page/n5/mode/2up
'Peace and Bread in Time of War']. New York, The Macmillan Company,
1922.
*[https://archive.org/details/secondtwentyyear0000adda 'The Second
Twenty Years at Hull House']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1930.
*[https://archive.org/details/excellentbecomes006105mbp/page/n5/mode/2up
'The Excellent Becomes the Permanent']. New York, The Macmillan
Company, 1932.
*[https://archive.org/details/myfriendjulialat0000adda 'My Friend
Julia Lathrop']. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1935. (ed. 2004,
Urbana, University of Illinois Press)


Collaborative Works
=====================
*'Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women', with Alice
Hamilton and Emily Greene Balch, Macmillan Company
1915.[https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/women-working-1800-1930/catalog/45-990013349750203941
Women at the Hague ; the International Congress of Women and its
results - Women Working, 1800-1930 - CURIOSity Digital Collections]


Personal Papers
=================
*[https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/ 'Jane Addams Digital
Edition'] Jane Addams Papers Project, Ramapo College of New Jersey.


                              See also
======================================================================
* Jane Addams Burial Site
* Jane Addams School for Democracy
* Jane Addams Middle School
* Jane Addams Children's Book Award
* John H. Addams Homestead
* List of American philosophers
* List of female Nobel laureates
* List of peace activists
* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* List of women's rights activists
* John Dewey
* Florence Kelley
* Flora Dunlap
* Mary Treglia
* Elizabeth Harrison (educator)
* Community practice social work
* Stanton Street Settlement
* Progressive Party (United States, 1912)
* American philosophy
* International Fellowship of Reconciliation
* Addams (crater)


Archival resources
====================
*
[http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.html
Jane Addams Collection, 1838-date (bulk 1880-1935)]  (130 ft) is
housed at Swarthmore College Peace Collection.
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480 Jane
Addams Papers, 1904-1960 (bulk 1904-1936)] (1.5 ft) is housed at Smith
College Sophia Smith Collection. In 2015, The Jane Addams Papers
Project relaunched at Ramapo College led by Cathy Moran Hajo, and
others  [https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu Home]
*For more information on the history and current archival efforts see
Moran Hajo, Cathy, (2023) 'Making the Jane Addams Papers Accessible to
New Audiences', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph
Soeters (eds), 'The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams' Oxford Academic,
.
* Jane Addams Correspondence, 1872-1935 (inclusive) (23 reels) is
housed at Harvard University Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study.


Biographies
=============
*
*
* Davis, Allen F. 'American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane
Addams' (1973), 339pp, solid scholarship but tends toward debunking
* Diliberto, Gioia. 'A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams.'
(1999). 318 pp.
* Elshtain, Jean Bethke. 'Jane Addams and the Dream of American
Democracy: A Life' Basic Books: 2002
[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100438832 online edition] ,
by a leading conservative scholar
* Haldeman-Julius, Marcet. 'Jane Addams As I Knew Her'. Girard,
Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Publications, ca. 1936. Marcet was Addams's
niece.
* Knight, Louise W. 'Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for
Democracy.' (2005). 582 pp.; biography to 1899
[https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-addams-and-the-struggle-for-democracy
online edition]
* Knight, Louise W. 'Jane Addams: Spirit in Action.' (2010). 334 pp.,
complete biography aimed at a broader audience.
* Joslin, Katherine. 'Jane Addams: A Writer's Life.' (2004). 306 pp.
* Linn, James W. 'Jane Addams: A Biography.' (1935) 457 pp, by her
admiring nephew


Specialty studies
===================
* Agnew, Elizabeth N. "A Will to Peace: Jane Addams, World War I, and
'Pacifism in Practice'" 'Peace & Change' (2017) 42#1 pp 5-31 |
* Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Nobel Peace Laureates, Jane Addams And Emily
Greene Balch: Two Women of the Women's International League for Peace
and Freedom". 'Journal of Women's History' 1995 7(2): 6-26.
* Beauboeuf-Lafontant, Tamara. "Becoming Jane Addams: Feminist
Developmental Theory and' The College Woman'" 'Girlhood Studies'
(2014) 7#2 pp: 61-78.
* Beer, Janet and Joslin, Katherine. "Diseases of the Body Politic:
White Slavery in Jane Addams' "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil"
and "Selected Short Stories" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman". 'Journal of
American Studies' 1999 33(1): 1-18.
* Bowen, Louise de Koven. 'Growing up with Pity'. New York: The
Macmillan Company, 1926.
* Brinkmann, Tobias. 'Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in
Chicago' (2012), on Addams relationship with Chicago Jews.
* Bryan, Mary Linn McCree, and Allen F. Davis. 'One Hundred Years at
Hull-House' (1990), a history of the programs there
* Burnier, D. (2022) The long road of administrative memory: Jane
Addams, Frances Perkins, and care-centered administration. In Shields,
P. and Elias, N. eds. 'The Handbook of Gender and Public
Administration'. pp. 53-67. Edward Elgar.
[https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00012.xml
]
* Craraft, James. 'Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and
the Quest for Global Peace' (Lanham: Lexington, 2012).179 pp.
* Carson, Minal. 'Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American
Settlement Movement, 1885-1930' (1990)
* Chansky, Dorothy. "Re-visioning Reform", 'American Quarterly' vol 55
#3 (2003) 515-523 online at Project MUSE
* Curti, Merle. "Jane Addams on Human Nature", 'Journal of the History
of Ideas' Vol. 22, No. 2 (Apr. 1961), pp. 240-253
[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2707835 in JSTOR]
* Danielson, Caroline Page. "Citizen Acts: Citizenship and Political
Agency in the Works of Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emma
Goldman". PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1996. 331 pp. DAI 1996
57(6): 2651-A. DA9635502 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Dawley, Alan. 'Changing the World: American Progressives in War and
Revolution' (2003)
* Deegan, Mary Jo. "Jane Addams, the Hull-House School of Sociology,
and Social Justice, 1892 to 1935". 'Humanity & Society' (2013)
37#3 pp: 248-258.
* Deegan, Mary Jo. 'Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School,
1892-1918'. (Transaction, Inc., 1988).
* Donovan, Brian. 'White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice
Activism, 1887-1917.' (U of Illinois Press. 2006). 186 pp.
* Duffy, William. "Remembering is the Remedy: Jane Addams's Response
to Conflicted Discourse". 'Rhetoric Review' (2011) 30#2 pp: 135-152.
* Fischer, Marilyn; Nackenoff, Carol; Chmielewski, Wendy eds. 'Jane
Addams and the Practice of Democracy' (2009), 230 pp; 11 specialized
essays by scholars.
* Foust, Mathew A. "Perplexities of Filiality: Confucius and Jane
Addams on the Private/Public Distinction", 'Asian Philosophy' (2008)
18(2): 149-166.
* Grimm, Robert Thornton Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution:
Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood,
1900-1916". 'Illinois Historical Journal' 1997 90(1): 47-64.
* Gustafson, Melanie. 'Women and the Republican Party, 1854-1924'
(University of Illinois Press, 2001).
* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams", 'Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy' (2007) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/
online edition], Addams as philosopher
* Hamington, Maurice. 'Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice
Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics' (2004)
[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252029283 excerpt and online search at
amazon.com]
* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams and a Politics of Embodied Care",
'The Journal of Speculative Philosophy' v 15 #2 2001, pp. 105-121
online at Project MUSE
* Hamington, Maurice. "Public Pragmatism: Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells
on Lynching", 'The Journal of Speculative Philosophy' v. 19#2 (2005),
pp. 167-174 online at Project MUSE
* Hansen, Jonathan M. "Fighting Words: The Transnational Patriotism of
Eugene V. Debs, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois". PhD dissertation
Boston U. 1997. 286 pp. DAI 1997 57(10): 4511-A. DA9710148 Fulltext:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Henderson, Karla A. "Jane Addams: Leisure Services Pioneer".
'Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance', (1982) 53#2
pp. 42-45
* Imai, Konomi, and 今井小の実. "The Women's Movement and the Settlement
Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House
and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō". 'Kwansei Gakuin University
humanities review' 17 (2013): 85-109.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113185429/http://kgur.kwansei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10236/10536/1/17-6.PDF
online]
* Jackson, Shannon. 'Lines of Activity: Performance, Historiography,
Hull-House Domesticity' (2000). 384 pp.
* Joslin, Katherine. 'Jane Addams: A writer's Life' (2009)
[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252076346/ excerpt and text search]
* Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams
Meets John Dewey". 'School Business Affairs', v67 n8 pp. Aug 4-8,
2001.
* Knight, Louise W. "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the
Oratorical Tradition". 'Gender & History' 1998 10(2): 217-251.
Fulltext: Ebsco
* Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence
and Justice in Jane Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" 'Journal of Women's
History' 1997 9(1): 111-138.  Fulltext: Ebsco
* Knight, Louise W., (2023)'A Biographer's Angle on Jane Addams's
Feminism', in P. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), The
Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams. pp. 279-304. Oxford Academic,
[https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.2 A Biographer’s
Angle on Jane Addams’s Feminism]
* Lissak, R. S. 'Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New
Immigrants.' (1989)
* Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the
Turn of the Century". 'Children's Theatre Review', Oct 1983. v32 n4 pp
13-15
* Morton, Keith. "Addams, Day, and Dewey: The Emergence of Community
Service in American Culture". 'Michigan Journal of Community Service
Learning', Fall 1997 v4 pp 137-49 * Oakes, Jeannie. 'Becoming Good
American Schools: The Struggle for Civic Virtue in Education Reform.'
(2000).
* Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of
Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman". PhD
dissertation Fordham U. 2004. 240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022
Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art
Education". 'Art Education', 29, 1, 9-12, Jan 76.
* Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". 'History of
Education Quarterly', 14, 1, 49-68, Spr 74.
* Philpott, Thomas. L. 'The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks,
and Reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930.' (1991).
* Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class,
Politics, and Public Health in Chicago, 1890-1930". 'Environmental
History' 2000 5(2): 194-222.
* Polacheck, Hilda Satt. 'I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House
Girl'. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
* Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic". PhD
dissertation Northwestern U. 1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A.
DA9714673 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social
Justice Movement, 1889-1912". PhD dissertation City U. of New York
1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A. DA9924849 Fulltext: ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses
* Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to
War". 'Journal of the History of Ideas' 1993 54(2): 241-254.
[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709981 in JSTOR]
* Seigfried, Charlene H. "A Pragmatist Response to Death: Jane Addams
on the Permanent and the Transient". 'Journal of Speculative
Philosophy' (2007) 21(2): 133-141.
* Shields, Patricia M. 2006. "Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics
of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration". 'Administrative
Theory & Praxis', vol. 28, no. 3, September, pp. 418-443.
[https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3959 Democracy and
the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public
Administration]
* Shields, Patricia M. 2011. "Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and
Social Ethics: Incorporating a Feminist Perspective". In 'Women in
Public Administration: Theory and Practice.' Edited by Maria
D'Agostiono and Helisse Levine, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlet.
* Shields, Patricia M. 2017. "Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of
Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration".
New York: Springer.
* Shields, Patricia M. and Soeters, Joseph. 2017. Peaceweaving: Jane
Addams, Positive Peace and Public Administration. The 'American Review
of Public Administration' Vol. 47, no 3 pp. 323-399.
doi/10.1177/0275074015589629.
* Shields, Patricia M., Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds).
(2023) 'The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams' Oxford academic.
[https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001 The Oxford
Handbook of Jane Addams]
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women
Reformers", 'Signs,' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp. 658-677
[https://www.jstor.org/pss/3174308 in JSTOR]
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric':
Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907-1919". 'Journal of
the Gilded Age and Progressive Era' 2003 2(1): 80-96.
* Soeters, Joseph. 2018. "Jane Addams: From Peace Activism to
Pragmatic Peacekeeper" Chapter 5 in 'Sociology and Military Studies:
Classical and Current Foundations' New York: Routledge
* Stebner, E. J. 'The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality,
Vocation, and Friendship.' (1997).
* Stiehm, Judith Hicks. 'Champions for Peace: Women Winners of the
Nobel Peace Prize.' Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
* Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: Echoes from the early
20th century". 'Social Work', Sep. 93; 38(5): 513-520.
[http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=1994187242&site=ehost-live
EBSCO]
* Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S. "Progressive Maternalists and the
Citizenship Status of Low-Income Single Mothers". 'Social Service
Review' 2004 78(3): 447-465.  Fulltext: Ebsco


Primary sources
=================
* Addams, Jane. "A Belated Industry" 'The American Journal of
Sociology' Vol. 1, No. 5 (Mar. 1896), pp. 536-550
[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2761904 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. 'The subjective value of a social settlement' (1892)
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777422 online]
* Addams, Jane, ed. 'Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation of
Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago, Together
with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing Out of the Social
Conditions' (1896; reprint 2007)
[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252031342/ excerpts and online search from
amazon.com] [https://archive.org/details/hullhousemapsan00unkngoog
full text]
* Kelley, Florence. "Hull House" 'The New England Magazine.' Volume
24, Issue 5. (July 1898) pp. 550-566
[https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFJ3026-0024&byte=11613062
online at MOA]
* Addams, Jane. "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption",
'International Journal of Ethics' Vol. 8, No. 3 (Apr. 1898), pp.
273-291 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2375784 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. "Trades Unions and Public Duty", 'The American Journal
of Sociology' Vol. 4, No. 4 (Jan. 1899), pp. 448-462
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761726 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. "The Subtle Problems of Charity", 'The Atlantic
Monthly.' Volume 83, Issue 496 (February 1899) pp. 163-179
[https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0083&byte=297435804
online at MOA]
* Addams, Jane. 'Democracy and Social Ethics' (1902)
[https://archive.org/details/democracyandsoc04addagoog online at
Internet Archive] [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.FIG:000669764
online at Harvard Library]
** 23 editions published between 1902 and 2006 in English and held by
1,570 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. 'Child labor' 1905
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:796212 Harvard Library online]
* Addams, Jane. "Problems of Municipal Administration", 'The American
Journal of Sociology' Vol. 10, No. 4 (Jan. 1905), pp. 425-444
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762268 JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. "Child Labor Legislation - A Requisite for Industrial
Efficiency", 'Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science' Vol. 25, Child Labor (May 1905), pp. 128-136
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1010935 in JSTOR]
* Addams, Jane. 'The operation of the Illinois child labor law,'
(1906) [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460093 online at Harvard
Library]
* Addams, Jane. 'Newer Ideals of Peace' (1906)
[https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog online at
Internet Archive]
** 13 editions published between 1906 and 2007 in English and held by
686 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. 'National protection for children' 1907
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460100 online at Harvard Library]
* Addams, Jane. 'The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets' (1909)
[https://books.google.com/books?id=fMMrAAAAIAAJ online at
books.google.com], [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761798 online at
Harvard Library]
** 16 editions published between 1909 and 1972 in English and held by
1,094 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. 'Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical
Notes,' 1910
[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/addams/hullhouse/hullhouse.html
online at A Celebration of Women Writers]
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:615636 online at Harvard Library]
** 72 editions published between 1910 and 2007 in English and held by
3,250 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. 'A new conscience and an ancient evil' (1912)
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:436848 online at Harvard Library]
** 14 editions published between 1912 and 2003 in English and held by
912 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane; Balch, Emily Greene; and Hamilton, Alice. 'Women at
the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results.'
(1915) reprint ed by Harriet Hyman Alonso, (2003). 91 pp.
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777415 online at Harvard Library]
* Addams, Jane. 'The Long Road of Woman's Memory' (1916)
[https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm00addagoog online at
Internet Archive] [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:520210 online at
Harvard Library], also reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2002. 84 pp.
* Addams, Jane. 'Peace and Bread in Time of War' 1922
[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685 online edition] ,
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761799 online at Harvard Library]
** 12 editions published between 1922 and 2002 in English and held by
835 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. 'My Friend, Julia Lathrop.' (1935; reprint U. of
Illinois Press, 2004) 166 pp.
* Addams, Jane. 'Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader' (1960)
[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328 online edition]
* Bryan, Mary Lynn McCree, Barbara Bair, and Maree De Angury. eds.,
'The Selected Papers of Jane Addams Volume 1: Preparing to Lead,
1860-1881.' University of Illinois Press, 2002.
[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252027299/ online excerpt and text search]
* Elshtain, Jean B. ed. 'The Jane Addams Reader' (2002), 488pp
* Lasch, Christopher, ed. (1965). 'The Social Thought of Jane Addams'.


                           External links
======================================================================
Digital collections
*
*
*
*
* Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Women Working,
1870-1930.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050817230106/http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_addams.html
Jane Addams (1860-1935).] A full-text searchable online database with
complete access to publications written by Jane Addams.
* [https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/ Jane Addams Digital Edition,
Ramapo College of New Jersey]
*
*
[https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/addams-jane-1860-1935/
Jane Addams]: bibliographical and biographical references. - Center
for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists

Physical collections
*
[http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/Exhibits/janeaddams/addamsindex.htm
Online photograph exhibit of Jane Addams from Swarthmore College's
Peace Collection]
*
[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ADDAMSJ
Guide to the Jane Addams Collection 1894-1919] at the
[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special
Collections Research Center]
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480 Jane
Addams Papers] at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/1004 Ellen
Gates Starr Papers] at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
*

Biographical information
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/Jane%20Addams FBI file on Jane Addams]
*
[http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/eng/details.php?cps=5&canon_id=137
Jane Addams on the history of social work timeline]
* [https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/jane-addams/ Jane Addams]
National Women's Hall of Fame
* [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/addams_jane Kathi
Coon Badertscher: "Jane Addams", In: '1914-1918-online. International
Encyclopedia of the First World War']
*

Hull House links
* [http://www.hullhousemuseum.org/ Jane Addams Hull-House Museum]
* [http://maxwellhalsted.uic.edu/home/enlightened-reformer Jane
Addams's Hull-House]
*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/
Taylor Street Archives; Hull House: Bowen Country Club]

Scholarship and analysis
* Michals, Debra
[https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/jane-addams
"Jane Addams"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017.
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish et al. "How Did Changes in the Built Environment
at Hull-House Reflect the Settlement's Interaction with Its Neighbors,
1889-1912?" Sklar, Women and Social Movements in the United States,
1600-2000
*  Looks at her as "the first woman 'public philosopher' in United
States history".
* [https://www.academia.edu/6310490/ American Commission for Peace in
Ireland Interim Report]

Other links
*
* [http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/outcast.php/ The Bitter
Cry of Outcast London] by Rev. Andrew Mearns
* [http://www.ifor-mir.org/ International Fellowship of
Reconciliation]
*
[http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675026876_Laura-Jane-Addams_buildings_umbrella_people
Short historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915], on her
peace mission with Aletta Jacobs and Alice Hamilton.
*


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