= James_Willard

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= James_Willard_Schultz =
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Introduction
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James Willard Schultz, or Apikuni, (August 26, 1859 - June 11, 1947)
was an American writer, explorer, Glacier National Park guide, fur
trader and historian of the Blackfeet Indians. He operated a fur
trading post at Carroll, Montana and lived among the Pikuni tribe
during the period 1880-82. He was given the name Apikuni by the Pikuni
chief, Running Crane. 'Apikuni' in Blackfeet means "Spotted Robe."
Schultz is most noted for his 37 books, most about Blackfoot life, and
for his contributions to the naming of prominent features in Glacier
National Park.

Early life
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Schultz was born August 26, 1859, in Boonville, New York to
well-to-do parents, Frances and Philander Bushrod Schults [as they
spelled it]. The house where he was born is marked with a plaque as a
New York State Historic Landmark. Young James enjoyed the outdoors
and his father ensured he was mentored by experienced outdoorsmen and
hunters in the Adirondacks during camping and hunting trips. He
became an experienced shooter at an early age.

Early years in Montana
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As a young adult, Schultz moved to Fort Conrad, Montana, on the Marias
River. He worked at various trading posts as a clerk for fur trader
James Kipp, and he established a trading post at Fort Conrad in 1880.
During that time he traded with the Pikuni and the Bloods and
established another trading post at Carroll, Montana, on the Missouri
River, where he also traded with the Cree.

Glacier National Park
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In the mid-1880s, Schultz began to spend more time in the Two Medicine
and Saint Mary Lakes region of what is now Glacier National Park
guiding and outfitting local hunters. In late 1884 he sent an article
entitled "To Chief Mountain" to 'Forest and Stream,' one of his first
literary efforts. The article was published in 1885. At the time
George Bird Grinnell was the magazine's editor, and he became
intrigued with Schultz and the Glacier region. Grinnell solicited
Schultz to outfit and guide him on a hunting trip in Glacier in
September 1885. Although the trip was not a great success for
Grinnell, he did kill a Bighorn ram on a mountain near the Upper Saint
Mary Lake with a single shot.

Schultz promptly named the mountain Singleshot Mountain to honor
Grinnell's feat. Thus began decades of Schultz naming features in the
Glacier regions for clients and friends, and to honor traditional
Indian names. Montana State University Library has a digital library
of papers and photographs documenting Schultz's time in Montana and
Glacier National Park, as well as the physical materials that are part
of James Willard Schultz's collection, which are held at the Montana
State University's Archives and Special Collections.

Glacier features named by Schultz
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* Divide Mountain
* Flattop Mountain - : 8356 ft
* Grinnell Glacier was named by Lt. John H. Beacom of the USGS in
1887. This fact is verifiable in both journals kept by George Bird
Grinnell and John H. Beacom. Schultz was in the group that first
heard the name.
* Grinnell Mountain was also named by Lt. John H. Beacom in 1887.
* Grinnell Lake Schultz was among a small group of men who named
Grinnell Lake in 1887 or 1889.
* Going-to-the-Sun Mountain - : 9642 ft
* Singleshot Mountain
* White Fish Mountain, originally named Yellow Fish Mountain by
Schultz

Glacier features named for Schultz
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Source:

* Apikuni Creek - , el. 4793 ft
* Apikuni Flat - , el. 4869 ft
* Apikuni Falls - , el. 5522 ft
* Apikuni Mountain - , el. 8989 ft

Arizona
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Schultz first visited Arizona in 1906-07, during which time he
assisted J. Walter Fewkes in the excavation and restoration of the
pueblo ruins at Casa Grande. Due to his success as a writer and
explorer, in 1913 he became the first non-resident to build a cabin in
the remote White Mountains, near Greer, Arizona. He would use the
cabin as a seasonal retreat for decades.

Author
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James Willard Schultz started writing at the age of 21, publishing
articles and stories in 'Forest and Stream' for 15 years. He did not
write his first book until 1907 at age 48. The memoir 'My Life as an
Indian' tells the story of his first year living with the Pikuni tribe
of Blackfeet Indians east of Glacier. In 1911, he associated himself
with publishers Houghton Mifflin; the firm published Schultz's
subsequent books for the next 30 years. In 1918 he authored 'Bird
Woman', a novel about Sacajawea. His son, Lone Wolf, provided the
illustrations for the novel, and Schultz dedicated the book to him:
"Born near the close of the buffalo days he was, and ever since with
his baby hands he began to model statuettes of horses and buffalo and
deer with clay from the river banks, his one object has been the world
of art."

In all, Schultz wrote and published 37 fiction and non-fiction books
dealing with the Blackfeet, Kootenai, and Flathead Indians. His works
received critical literary acclaim from the general media as well as
academia for his story telling and contributions to ethnology.
Sometime after 1902, while living in Southern California, Schultz
worked for a while as the literary editor of the 'Los Angeles Times.'

Family
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Schultz's first marriage in 1879 was to 'Natahki' (meaning 'Fine
Shield Woman'), a Piegan Blackfeet. Natahki was a survivor of the
Baker massacre in 1870. They had a son named Hart Merriam Schultz, or
Lone Wolf (1882-1965). He was named after Schultz's boyhood friend
Clinton Hart Merriam. Natahki died in 1903.

In 1907 while Schultz was living in Los Angeles as the literary editor
for the Los Angeles Times, he married Celia Hawkins of Highland Park,
IL (b. 1865, d. 1960) . It is believed that she went to Los Angeles
in response to his advertisement for a wife. Some time thereafter,
they resumed his life with the Indians. They lived in Butterfly Lodge
in Greer, occupying the cabin starting in 1914 . The dedication of
his book 'With the Indians in the Rockies' (published in 1912) reads:
"This book is affectionately dedicated to my wife Celia Hawkins
Schultz whose good comradeship and sympathy have been my greatest help
in writing this tale". The Blackfoot gave her the name "No-Coward
Woman" after she had an encounter with a grizzly bear.

She lived with Schultz from their marriage in 1907 until she left him
in 1928. This period marks the time of his most extensive literary
output as he wrote the majority of his books during this time. Their
divorce was made final in 1930, and in 1932 a settlement was finalized
in which she received half of the royalties from his works published
before 1930. Celia Hawkins Schultz died in 1960 in Highland Park, IL,
one month shy of her 95th birthday.

Schultz married again, to Jessica 'Jessie' Schultz. (Jessica Louise
Donaldson had been a teacher in a one-room schoolhouse in Grayling,
Montana, and later earned an MA in anthropology from the University of
CA. In 1926-7, as a professor of English at Montana State College, now
Montana State University-Bozeman, she helped write and produce a
play/pageant entitled 'The Masque of the Absaroka'. It focused on
Absaroka (Crow) culture, featuring numerous Native Americans from the
Crow Nation. She was a lifelong advocate for Northern Plains Indian
culture, and particularly for the welfare of women, assisting with the
development of markets for the sale of bead and leather goods.) Jessie
made arrangements to publish some of Schultz's works posthumously,
such as 'Bear Chief's War Shirt'. She married again after his death,
to Henry Graham.

Death
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James Schultz suffered from ill health for most of his last 30 years.
Guiding in the rugged Glacier area took its toll physically. He
suffered from incapacitating lung and heart infections. In 1931 he
injured his spine. In 1942 he fell, breaking his left leg and right
arm. In September 1944, a fall at his home in Denver broke his hip
and required major surgery to repair. His deteriorating health
severely reduced his ability to write and concentrate. After moving to
the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming to be close to the Native
American tribes he grew up with, he suffered a fatal heart attack and
died on June 11, 1947. He wanted to be buried in Montana and was laid
to rest on the Blackfeet Reservation near Browning, Montana, in the
old burial ground of the family of Natahki, his first wife.

Books by Schultz
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Source:

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* (published posthumously)
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External links
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* [https://arc.lib.montana.edu/finding-aids/item.php?id=3 Collection
0010: James Willard Schultz Papers, 1867-1969.] Collection includes
biographical materials, research, correspondence, memorabilia, and
photographs. Held at [https://www.lib.montana.edu/archives/ Montana
State University's Archives and Special Collections.]
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* [http://butterflylodgemuseum.org/ Butterfly Lodge Museum]
*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070827160227/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/glac2/chap1.htm
National Park Service's 'Man in Glacier'], article with mention of
Schultz's various contributions

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Original Article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Willard_Schultz