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= James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce =
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Introduction
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James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (10 May 1838 - 22 January 1922), was
a British academic, jurist, historian, and Liberal politician.
According to Keith Robbins, he was a widely traveled authority on law,
government, and history whose expertise led to high political offices
culminating with his successful role as ambassador to the United
States, 1907-13. In that era, he represented the interests of the vast
British Empire to the United States. His intellectual influence was
greatest in 'The American Commonwealth' (1888), an in-depth study of
American politics that shaped the understanding of America in Britain
and in the United States as well. In 1895, he chaired the Royal
Commission on Secondary Education.
Background and education
======================================================================
Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast, County Antrim, in Ulster,
the son of Margaret, daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey, and James
Bryce, LLD, from near Coleraine, County Londonderry. The first eight
years of his life were spent residing at his grandfather's Whiteabbey
residence, often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque
shoreline. Annan Bryce was his younger brother. He was educated at
Glasgow High School, where his father taught, and for a year under his
uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy. From there he
proceeded to the University of Glasgow, and Trinity College, Oxford.
He was elected a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1862, without
conforming to the Established Church, and may arguably be counted the
first nonconformist college fellow at Oxford or Cambridge. He was
called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, in 1867. His days studying at the
University of Heidelberg under Vangerow gave him a long-life
admiration of German historical and legal scholarship. He became a
believer in "Teutonic freedom", an ill-defined concept that was held
to bind Germany, Britain and the United States together. For him, the
United States, the British Empire and Germany were "natural friends".
Academic career
======================================================================
Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few
years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of
Civil Law, a position he held from 1870 to 1893. From 1870 to 1875 he
was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College, Manchester. His
reputation as a historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work
on the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic
sagas, as he was a great admirer of 'Njáls saga'. In 1876 he ventured
through Russia and climbed Mount Ararat, one of the first climbers to
do so, and was wrily amused to be thought the first man since Noah to
stand atop the mountain. There is no truth in the notion that he
believed that he had found a relic of the Ark.
In 1872 Bryce, a proponent of higher education, particularly for
women, joined the Central Committee of the National Union for
Improving the Education of Women of All Classes (NUIEWC).
Member of Parliament
======================================================================
In 1880 Bryce, an ardent Liberal in politics, was elected to the House
of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London.
In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there
on succeeding occasions. He remained a Member of Parliament until
1907.
Bryce's intellectual distinction and political industry made him a
valuable member of the Liberal Party. As early as the late 1860s he
served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education. In
1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under
William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals
were defeated in the general election later that year. In 1892 he
joined Gladstone's last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of
Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time.
In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new
cabinet of Lord Rosebery, but had to leave this office, along with the
whole Liberal cabinet, the following year. The Liberals remained out
of office for the next ten years.
In 1897, after a visit to South Africa, Bryce published a volume of
'Impressions' of that country that had considerable influence in
Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed. He
devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of
South Africa, various social and economic details about the country,
and his experiences while travelling with his party.
In 1900 he introduced a Private Member's Bill to secure access for the
public to the mountains and moorlands in Scotland.
The "still radical" Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in
Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's cabinet in 1905 and
remained in office throughout 1906. Bryce was critical of many of the
social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government, including old-age
pensions, the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive "People's
Budget," which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to
socialism.
''The American Commonwealth'' (1888)
======================================================================
Bryce had become well known in America for his book 'The American
Commonwealth' (1888), a thorough examination of the institutions of
the United States from the point of view of a historian and
constitutional lawyer. Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of
Alexis de Tocqueville, who wrote 'Democracy in America' (1835-1840).
Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century
America, but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality: "Sixty years
ago, there were no great fortunes in America, few large fortunes, no
poverty. Now there is some poverty ... and a greater number of
gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world" and "As
respects education ... the profusion of...elementary schools tends to
raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe ... [but] there is an
increasing class that has studied at the best universities. It appears
that equality has diminished [in this regard] and will diminish
further." The work was heavily used in academia, partly as a result of
Bryce's close friendships with men such as James B. Angell, President
of the University of Michigan and successively Charles W. Eliot and
Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard. The work also became a key text for
American writers seeking to popularise a view of American history as
distinctively Anglo-Saxon. 'The American Commonwealth' contains
Bryce's observation that "the enormous majority" of those American
women he had spoken to opposed their own right to vote.
Ambassador to the United States
======================================================================
In February 1907 Bryce was appointed Ambassador to the United States.
He held this office until 1913, and was very efficient in
strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship. The appointment,
criticised at the time as withdrawing from the regular diplomatic
corps one of its most coveted posts, proved a great success. The
United States had been in the habit of sending, as minister or
ambassador to the Court of St James's, one of its leading citizens: a
statesman, a man of letters, or a lawyer whose name and reputation
were already well known in the United Kingdom. For the first time the
United Kingdom responded in kind. Bryce, already favourably regarded
in America as the author of 'The American Commonwealth', made himself
thoroughly at home in the country; and, after the fashion of American
ministers or ambassadors in England, he took up with eagerness and
success the role of public orator on matters outside party politics,
so far as his diplomatic duties permitted.
He made many personal friends among American politicians, such as
President Theodore Roosevelt. The German ambassador in Washington,
Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff, later stated how relieved he felt that
Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First
World War, even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States
from declaring war until 1917.
Most of the questions with which he had to deal related to the
relations between the United States and Canada, and in this connection
he paid several visits to Canada to confer with the Governor General
and his ministers. At the close of his embassy he told the Canadians
that probably three-fourths of the business of the British embassy at
Washington was Canadian, and of the eleven or twelve treaties he had
signed nine had been treaties relating to the affairs of Canada. "By
those nine treaties," he said, "we have, I hope, dealt with all the
questions that are likely to arise between the United States and
Canada questions relating to boundary; questions relating to the
disposal and the use of boundary waters; questions relating to the
fisheries in the international waters where the two countries adjoin
one another; questions relating to the interests which we have in
sealing in the Behring Sea, and many other matters." He could boast
that he left the relations between the United States and Canada on an
excellent footing.
Peerage
======================================================================
In 1914, after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain,
Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce, 'of Dechmount in
the County of Lanark'. Thus he became a member of the House of Lords,
the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911.
First World War
======================================================================
Along with other English scholars, who had ties of close association
with German learning, he was reluctant in the last days of July 1914
to contemplate the possibility of war with Germany, but the violation
of Belgian neutrality and the stories of outrages committed in Belgium
by German troops brought him speedily into line with national feeling.
Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned
by Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to write what became known as 'The
Bryce Report' in which he described German atrocities in Belgium. The
report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour
against civilians. Bryce's account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman
Kellogg, the Director of the American Commission for Relief in
Belgium, who told the 'New York Times' that the German military had
enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers, and abused and
maimed many of them in the process.
Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire
mainly in 1915. Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in
the House of Lords, in July 1915. Later, with the assistance of the
historian Arnold J. Toynbee, he produced a documentary record of the
massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government
in 1916. In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also
claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire
and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them.
Beliefs
======================================================================
According to Moton Keller: Bryce believed in Liberalism, the classic
19th century Liberalism of John Bright and William Gladstone, of free
trade, free speech and press, personal liberty, and responsible
leadership. This notably genial gregarious man had his hates, chief
among them illiberal regimes: the Turkish oppressors of Bulgars and
Armenians, and, later the Kaiser's Reich in World War I.
Bryce had a distrust of current democratic practices seen as late as
his 'Modern Democracy' (1921), which was a comparative study of a
certain number of popular governments in their actual working. On the
other hand, he was a leader in promoting international organizations.
During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the
International Court in The Hague, and promoted the establishment of
the League of Nations.
Honours and other public appointments
======================================================================
Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign
universities. In September 1901, he received the degree of Doctor of
Laws from Dartmouth College, and in October 1902 he received an
honorary degree (LLD) from the University of St Andrews, and in 1914
he received an honorary degree from Oxford.
He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894.
In earlier life, he was a notable mountain climber, ascending Mount
Ararat in 1876, and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in
1877; in 1899 to 1901, he was the president of the Alpine Club. From
his Caucasian journey, he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule
in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people.
In 1882, Bryce established the National Liberal Club, whose members,
in its first three decades, included fellow founder Prime Minister
Gladstone, George Bernard Shaw, David Lloyd George, H. H. Asquith and
many other prominent Liberal candidates and MP's such as Winston
Churchill and Bertrand Russell. In April 1882 Bryce was elected a
member of the American Antiquarian Society. He was elected an
International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences in 1893 and an International Member of the American
Philosophical Society in 1895.
In 1907 he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII,
At the King's death, Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service.
At the time of Bryce's memorial service at Westminster Abbey, his
wife, Elizabeth, received condolences from King George V, who
"regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I
could always turn." Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was "one of the
best informed men on all subjects I have ever met". In 1918 he was
appointed GCVO.
Bryce was president of the American Political Science Association from
1907 to 1908. He was the fourth person to hold this office. He was
president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917. In 1919 he
delivered the British Academy's inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History,
on "World History".
Bryce chaired the Conference on the Reform of the Second Chamber in
1917-1918.
Personal life
======================================================================
Bryce died while on holiday on 22 January 1922, aged 83, of heart
failure in his sleep at The Victoria Hotel, Sidmouth, Devon, on the
last of his lifelong travels. The viscountcy died with him. He was
cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, following which his ashes were
buried near to his parents at Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh.
Lady Bryce is recalled in the memoirs of Captain Peter Middleton,
grandfather of Catherine, Princess of Wales who wrote, "Nor will I
forget my terror of Lady Bryce", who was the aunt of his mother's
first cousins, sisters Elinor and Elizabeth Lupton.
Lady Bryce died in 1939. Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library.
Memorials
======================================================================
There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section
of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh, facing north at the west end of
the central east-west avenue. His ashes are buried there.
There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway, near
Wall Street in New York. A similar bust is in the U.S. Capitol
Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC.
In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the
University of Glasgow. "Government" was changed to "Politics" in 1970.
In 2013 the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to
him, near his birthplace in Belfast.
On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of Bryce's birth, a small
street off of Baghramyan Avenue in Yerevan, Armenia was named "James
Bryce Street" in 1998.
Publications
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* [
https://archive.org/details/holyromanempire00bryc/page/n5/mode/2up
revised edition 1904], many reprints.
*'Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire', 1867
*
[
https://books.google.bg/books?id=n_pu_7vSDQ8C&hl=bg&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false
via Google Books]
*'The Trade Marks Registration Act, with Introduction and Notes on
Trade Mark Law', 1877
*
[
https://archive.org/details/Travel1876BryceArarat/page/n11/mode/2up
4th ed. 1896]
*
[
https://archive.org/stream/americancommonw18brycgoog#page/n5/mode/2up
Volume I],
[
https://archive.org/stream/americancommonw14brycgoog#page/n4/mode/2up
Volume II],
[
https://archive.org/stream/americancommonw22brycgoog#page/n14/mode/2up
Volume III]
*
*
* [
https://archive.org/details/studiesinhistor02brycgoog Volume II]
*
* Reissued by Transaction Publishers, 1993, edited and with a new
Introduction by Howard G. Schneiderman
*
*
*
*
*
*
[
https://archive.org/details/moderndemocracie01bryc/page/n19/mode/2up
Volume I],
[
https://archive.org/stream/moderndemocracie02bryc#page/n7/mode/2up
Volume II]
*
His 'Studies in History and Jurisprudence' (1901) and 'Studies in
Contemporary Biography' (1903) were republications of essays.
Selected articles
===================
*
[
https://archive.org/stream/fortnightlyrevi05unkngoog#page/n386/mode/2up
"The Future of English Universities,"] 'The Fortnightly Review,' Vol.
XXXIX, 1883.
*
[
https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev39unkngoog#page/n858/mode/2up
"An Ideal University,"] 'The Contemporary Review,' Vol. XLV, June
1884.
*
[
https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev55unkngoog#page/n436/mode/2up
"The Relations of History and Geography,"] 'The Contemporary Review,'
Vol. XLIX, January/June 1886.
*
[
https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev25unkngoog#page/n22/mode/2up
"An Age of Discontent,"] 'The Contemporary Review,' Vol. LIX, January
1891.
* “[
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25102288 Thoughts on the Negro
Problem].” 'The North American Review' 153, no. 421 (1891): 641-60.
*
* [
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3508917;view=1up;seq=181
"The Teaching of Civic Duty,"] 'Educational Review', Vol. VI, 1893.
*
*
Famous quotations
======================================================================
*"Patriotism consists not in waving the flag, but in striving that our
country shall be righteous as well as strong."
*"No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none
gives back so much."
*"Life is too short for reading inferior books."
*"Excessive anger against human stupidity is itself one of the most
provoking forms of stupidity."
Portrayals
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*Charles David Richards (2024) - 'Unsinkable' (Film)
See also
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"A Wine of Wizardry" - Poem by George Sterling which Bryce indirectly
made controversial.
Further reading
======================================================================
* "Lord Bryce's Report on Turkish Atrocities in Armenia." 'Current
History' 5#2 (1916), pp. 321-34, [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/45327055
online]
* Auchincloss, Louis. "Lord Bryce" 'American Heritage' (Apr/May1981)
32#3 pp 98-104.
* Barker, Ernest. "Lord Bryce" 'English Historical Review' 37#146,
(1922), pp. 219-24, [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/552355 online].
* Becker, Carl. "Lord Bryce on modern democracies." 'Political Science
Quarterly' 36.4 (1921): 663-675
[
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2142389.pdf online].
* Bradshaw, Katherine A. "The Misunderstood Public Opinion of James
Bryce." 'Journalism History' 28.1 (2002): 16-25.
* Brock, William Ranulf. "James Bryce and the Future." 'Proceedings
of the British Academy' (2002), Vol. 88, pp. 3-27.
* DeFleur, Margaret H. "James Bryce's 19th-Century Theory of Public
Opinion in the Contemporary Age of New Communications Technologies."
'Mass Communication and Society' 1.1-2 (1998): 63-84.
* Fisher, H.A.L. 'James Bryce' (2 vol 1927); scholarly biography;
[
https://archive.org/details/jamesbryceviscou00fish/page/n5/mode/2up
vol 1 online]
* Hammack, David C. "Elite Perceptions of Power in the Cities of the
United States, 1880-1900: The Evidence of James Bryce, Moisei
Ostrogorski, and Their American Informants." 'Journal of Urban
History' 4.4 (1978): 363-396.
* Hanson, Russell L. "Tyranny of the majority or fatalism of the
multitude? Bryce on Democracy in America," in 'America Through
European Eyes. British and French Reflections on the New World from
the Eighteenth Century to the Present,' ed by Aurelian Craiutu and
Jeffrey C. Isaac (Penn State UP, 2009) pp. 213-36.
* Harvie, Christopher. "Ideology and Home Rule: James Bryce, A. V.
Dicey and Ireland, 1880-1887." 'English Historical Review' 91#359,
(1976), pp. 298-314, [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/566173 online].
* Ions, Edmund. 'James Bryce and American Democracy, 1870-1922'
(Macmillan, 1968).
[
https://archive.org/details/jamesbryceameric0000ions/page/n5/mode/2up
online]
* Jones, H.S.
'[
https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691180113/liberal-worlds?srsltid=AfmBOooBuVi6zouRt4-C-TT88XJLnh9oYQFveM5WW0TMQQeW6iLmK4cl
Liberal Worlds: James Bryce and the Democratic Intellect]' (Princeton
University Press, 2025)
* Jones, H.S.,
"[
https://doi-org.manchester.idm.oclc.org/10.7227/BJRL.100.2.4 The
Owens College Extension of 1870-3: rethinking the origins of the civic
university tradition in England]", 'Bulletin of the John Rylands
Library' 100.2 (autumn 2024), 53-74
* Jones, Stuart. "[
https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526176332.00013 James
Bryce's Manchester: the politics of the remaking of Owens College,
1865-1875]", in 'Manchester Minds: A University History of Ideas'
(Manchester University Press, 2024), 60-76
* Keller, Morton. "James Bryce and America," 'The Wilson Quarterly'
124 (1988), pp. 86-95. [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40257378. online]
* Lambert, Robert A.. "James Bryce: His Access Campaign in Scotland,
His Legacy and His Critics." in 'Contested Mountains: Nature,
Development and Environment in the Cairngorms Region of Scotland,
1880-1980' (White Horse Press, 2001), pp. 60-73,
[
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2c3k1ps.9 online].
* Lefcowitz, Allan B., et al. "James Bryce's First Visit to America:
The New England Sections of His 1870 Journal and Related
Correspondence." 'New England Quarterly' 50#2, (1977), pp. 314-31,
[
https://doi.org/10.2307/364175 online].
* Lessoff, Alan. "Progress before modernization: Foreign
interpretations of American development in James Bryce's generation."
'American Nineteenth Century History' 1.2 (2000): 69-96.
* McCulloch, Gary. "Sensing the realities of English middle-class
education: James Bryce and the Schools Inquiry Commission, 1865-1868."
'History of Education' 40.5 (2011): 599-613.
* Maddox, Graham. "James Bryce: Englishness and Federalism in America
and Australia." 'Publius: The Journal of Federalism' 34.1 (2004):
53-69. [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3331156. online]
* Monger, David. "Networking against Genocide during the First World
War: the international network behind the British Parliamentary report
on the Armenian Genocide." 'Journal of Transatlantic Studies' (2018)
16#3, pp. 295-316.
* Pollard, A. F. "Lord Bryce and Modern Democracies." 'History' 7.28
(1923): 256-265 [
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24399968 online].
* Pombeni, Paolo. "Starting in reason, ending in passion. Bryce,
Lowell, Ostrogorski and the problem of democracy." 'Historical
Journal' 37.2 (1994): 319-341.
* Posner, Russell M. "The Lord and the Drayman: James Bryce vs. Denis
Kearney." 'California Historical Quarterly' 50#3 (1971), pp. 277-84,
[
https://doi.org/10.2307/25157336 online].
* Prochaska, Frank. 'Eminent Victorians on American Democracy: The
View from Albion' (Oxford University Press, 2012).
* Robbins Keith. "History and politics: the career of James Bryce."
'Journal of Contemporary History' 7.3 (1972): 37-52.
* Robbins, Keith G. "Lord Bryce and the First World War." 'Historical
Journal' 10.2 (1967): 255-278. [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637865
online]
*
*
* Steinberg, Oded Y. "Teutonism and Romanism: James Bryce's Holy Roman
Empire." in 'Race, Nation, History: Anglo-German Thought in the
Victorian Era' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), pp. 134-56,
[
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv16t6gpk.8 online].
* Tulloch, Hugh. 'James Bryce's 'American Commonwealth: The
Anglo-American Background' (1988).
* Wilson, Francis G. "James Bryce on Public Opinion: Fifty Years
Later." 'Public Opinion Quarterly' 3#3 (1939), pp. 420-35,
[
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2744964 online].
* Wilson, Trevor. "Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German
Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15." 'Journal of Contemporary History'
14#3, (1979), pp. 369-83, [
http://www.jstor.org/stable/260012 online].
* Wright, John SF. "Anglicizing the United States Constitution: James
Bryce's Contribution to Australian Federalism." 'Publius: The Journal
of Federalism' 31.4 (2001): 107-130.
[
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3331064 online].
External links
======================================================================
*
*
*
*
*
*
[
http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bryce/TwoHistoricalStudies.pdf
James Bryce, 'Two Historical Studies: The Ancient Roman Empire and the
British Empire in India; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout
the World' (1914)]
* [
http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/brycereport.htm Text of the
Bryce report on German atrocities ]
*
[
http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=230&Itemid=28
Viscount James Bryce] at 'The Online Library of Liberty'
* James Bryce, preface to 'Shall This Nation Die?', by Joseph Naayem,
New York: 1921, quoted in [
https://ssrn.com/abstract=950428 Native
Christians Massacred, The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during
World War I], 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 (2006)
*
[
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/04/20/102692514.pdf
'Atrocities Cured Pacifist'], The New York Times, 20 April 1918, at 11
* 'The American Commonwealth,' with an Introduction by Gary L.
McDowell (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995). 2 Vols. See original text
in
[
http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1850&Itemid=99999999
The Online Library of Liberty] .
| title = Member of Parliament for Tower Hamlets
| years = 1880-1885
}}
| title = Member of Parliament for Aberdeen South
| years = 1885-1907
}}
| title = Viscount Bryce
| years = 1914-1922
}}
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