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=                            Isaac_Asimov                            =
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                            Introduction
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Isaac Asimov ( ;  - April 6, 1992) was an American writer and
professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime,
Asimov was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers,
along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer,
he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated
90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction,
Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as popular science
and other non-fiction.

Asimov's most famous work is the 'Foundation' series, the first three
books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series"
in 1966. His other major series are the 'Galactic Empire' series and
the 'Robot' series. The 'Galactic Empire' novels are set in the much
earlier history of the same fictional universe as the 'Foundation'
series. Later, with 'Foundation and Earth' (1986), he linked this
distant future to the 'Robot' series, creating a unified "future
history" for his works. He also wrote more than 380 short stories,
including the social science fiction novelette "Nightfall", which in
1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the
Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the 'Lucky Starr'
series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul
French.

Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical
way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in
question was at its simplest stage. Examples include 'Guide to
Science', the three-volume 'Understanding Physics', and 'Asimov's
Chronology of Science and Discovery'. He wrote on numerous other
scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy,
mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism.

He was the president of the American Humanist Association. Several
entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020)
Asimov, a crater on Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's
humanoid robot ASIMO, and four literary awards.


==Surname==

Asimov's family name derives from the first part of  (), meaning
'winter grain' (specifically rye) in which his
great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian surname ending
'-ov' added. Azimov is spelled  in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the
family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be
spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S,
believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so
it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories,
"Spell My Name with an S".

Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a
pseudonym, believing that its recognizability helped his career. After
becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that "Isaac Asimov"
was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.


Early life
============
Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date
between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov
celebrated his birthday on January 2.

Asimov's parents were Russian Jews, Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah
Asimov, the son of a miller. He was named Isaac after his mother's
father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, "My father, for all
his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart",
noting that "he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every
action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me."

In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double
pneumonia. Only Asimov survived. He had two younger siblings: a
sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 - April 2, 2011), and a
brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 - August 16, 1995), who would become
vice-president of 'Newsday'.

Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the
RMS 'Baltic', arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years
old. His parents spoke Yiddish and English to him; he never learned
Russian, his parents using it as a secret language "when they wanted
to discuss something privately that my big ears were not to hear".
Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the
age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her
to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first
grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In
third grade he learned about the "error" and insisted on an official
correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S.
citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.

After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession
of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.
The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, which Asimov credited
as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it
presented him as a child with an unending supply of new reading
material (including pulp science fiction magazines) that he could not
have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age
nine, at the time that the genre was becoming more science-centered.
Asimov was also a frequent patron of the Brooklyn Public Library
during his formative years.


Education and career
======================
Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including
Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City
College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at
Seth Low Junior College. This was a branch of Columbia University in
Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the academically
qualified Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to the more
prestigious Columbia College but exceeded the unwritten ethnic
admission quotas which were common at the time. Originally a zoology
major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because
he disapproved of "dissecting an alley cat". After Seth Low Junior
College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree
at Columbia's Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia
University School of General Studies) in 1939. (In 1983, Dr. Robert
Pollack [dean of Columbia College, 1982-1989] granted Asimov an
honorary doctorate from Columbia College after requiring that Asimov
place his foot in a bucket of water to pass the college's swimming
requirement.)

After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to
the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he
was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis. He
completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a
Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry
studies, he also learned French and German.


From 1942 to 1945 during World War II, between his masters and
doctoral studies, Asimov worked as a civilian chemist at the
Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station and lived in
the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia. In September 1945, he
was conscripted into the post-war U.S. Army; if he had not had his
birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26
years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his
military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force
days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear
weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He was  promoted to corporal on July 11
before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.

After completing his doctorate and a postdoctoral year with Robert
Elderfield, Asimov was offered the position of associate professor of
biochemistry at the Boston University School of Medicine. This was in
large part due to his years-long correspondence with William Boyd, a
former associate professor of biochemistry at Boston University, who
initially contacted Asimov to compliment him on his story 'Nightfall'.
Upon receiving a promotion to professor of immunochemistry, Boyd
reached out to Asimov, requesting him to be his replacement. The
initial offer of professorship was withdrawn and Asimov was offered
the position of instructor of biochemistry instead, which he accepted.
He began work in 1949 with a $5,000 salary (5000), maintaining this
position for several years. By 1952, however, he was making more money
as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing
research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In
1955, he was promoted to tenured associate professor. In December
1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from
June 30, 1958, due to his lack of research. After a struggle over two
years, he reached an agreement with the university that he would keep
his titleMultiple sources:
* Asimov, Isaac (1975) 'Buy Jupiter and Other Stories', VGSF (1988
ed.), p. 112
*
*  and give the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class. On
October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him
to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965
onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to
which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.

In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend
and a scientist on the U.S. missile defense project, Asimov was
approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the
grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he
receive classified information, but submitted a paper to DARPA titled
"On Creativity" containing ideas on how government-based science
projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.


Personal life
===============
Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (May 16, 1917, Toronto,
Canada - October 17, 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February
14, 1942, and married her on July 26. The couple lived in an apartment
in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia
Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and
Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the
Army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to
Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May
1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May
1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David
(born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and
Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of
Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He began seeing
Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and
married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from
Gertrude.

Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the
third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to
own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which
he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains
while reading.

Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course
of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning
home from Oʻahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great
distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such
as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the 'Robot' novels featuring
Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on
cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch
from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the
entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such
as the 'Queen Elizabeth 2'. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the
for a trip mostly devoted to lectures in London and Birmingham, though
he also found time to visit Stonehenge and Shakespeare's birthplace.

Asimov was a teetotaler.

He was an able public speaker and was regularly invited to give talks
about science in his distinct New York accent. He participated in many
science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable.
He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail
with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium
height,  and stocky build. In his later years, he adopted a signature
style of "mutton-chop" sideburns. He took to wearing bolo ties after
his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. He never learned to
swim or ride a bicycle, but did learn to drive a car after he moved to
Boston. In his humor book 'Asimov Laughs Again', he describes Boston
driving as "anarchy on wheels".

Asimov's wide interests included his participation in later years in
organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.
Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He
was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading
Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that
Professor Moriarty's work "The Dynamics of An Asteroid" involved the
willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a
member of the male-only literary banqueting club the Trap Door
Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery
solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's
work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, "The Ultimate Crime",
which appeared in 'More Tales of the Black Widowers'.

In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the
Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the 'Humanist
Manifesto'. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as honorary
president of the AHA, and was succeeded by his friend and fellow
writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of 'Star Trek'
creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as "special
science consultant" on 'Star Trek: The Motion Picture' for his advice
during production.

Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific
Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee
for Skeptical Inquiry)*
*
*  and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with
James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick
Frazier said that Asimov was "a key figure in the Skeptical movement
who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the
public eye back then." He said that Asimov's being associated with
CSICOP "gave it immense status and authority" in his eyes.

Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met
whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the
computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.
Asimov was an on-and-off member and honorary vice president of Mensa
International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that
organization as "brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs".

After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah
Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University.

In 2006, he was named by Carnegie Corporation of New York to the
inaugural class of winners of the Great Immigrants Award.


Illness and death
===================
In 1977, Asimov had a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple
bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV
from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of
concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family
members.

He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of
death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following
Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story
should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his
autobiography, 'It's Been a Good Life'.


Overview
==========
Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career,
dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and
novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after
publication of 'The Naked Sun' (1957). He began publishing nonfiction
as co-author of a college-level textbook called 'Biochemistry and
Human Metabolism'. Following the brief orbit of the first human-made
satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, he wrote more nonfiction,
particularly popular science books, and less science fiction. Over the
next quarter-century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, and
120 nonfiction books.

Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began
with the publication of 'Foundation's Edge'. From then until his
death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his
existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally
anticipated, making a unified series. There are many inconsistencies
in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and
Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work up to 1969, Asimov
stating that "both represent a father image".

Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his "Three
Laws of Robotics" and the 'Foundation' series. The 'Oxford English
Dictionary' credits his science fiction for introducing into the
English language the words "robotics", "positronic" (an entirely
fictional technology), and "psychohistory" (which is also used for a
different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term
"robotics" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at
the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such
as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word
"psychohistory", the word "robotics" continues in mainstream technical
use with Asimov's original definition. 'Star Trek: The Next
Generation' featured androids with "positronic brains" and the
first-season episode "Datalore" called the positronic brain "Asimov's
dream".

Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span
all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for
category 100, philosophy and psychology. However, he wrote several
essays about psychology, and forewords for the books 'The Humanist
Way' (1988) and 'In Pursuit of Truth' (1982), which were classified in
the 100s category, but none of his own books were classified in that
category.

According to UNESCO's 'Index Translationum database', Asimov is the
world's 24th-most-translated author.


Science fiction
=================
Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the
pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father
forbade reading pulps until Asimov persuaded him that because the
science fiction magazines had "Science" in the title, they must be
educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan
club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction
writers or editors.

Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating 'The Rover Boys' with
eight chapters of 'The Greenville Chums at College'. His father bought
him a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a
humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's
literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing
professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story,
"Cosmic Corkscrew" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by
a change in the schedule of 'Astounding Science Fiction', Asimov
visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the
visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally
submitted it to 'Astounding' editor John W. Campbell two days later.
Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read
the story himself. Two days later he received a detailed rejection
letter. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with
the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in
1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a
personal friend.

By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, "Stowaway".
Campbell rejected it on July 22 but--in "the nicest possible letter
you could imagine"--encouraged him to continue writing, promising that
Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of
practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished,
"Marooned Off Vesta", to 'Amazing Stories', edited by Raymond A.
Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64
(64), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, "The
Weapon Too Dreadful to Use" in the May 'Amazing' and "Trends" in the
July 'Astounding', the issue fans later selected as the start of the
Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories
in four different pulp magazines, including one in 'Astounding'. His
earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough
for him to become a full-time writer.

He later said that unlike other Golden Age writers Heinlein and A. E.
van Vogt--also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom
were immediately obvious--Asimov "(this is not false modesty) came up
only gradually". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25
months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that
date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published
(except for two "special cases"). By 1941 Asimov was famous enough
that Donald Wollheim told him that he purchased "The Secret Sense" for
a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue
of 'Astonishing'--featuring Asimov's name in bold--was the first
magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that
neither he nor anyone else--except perhaps Campbell--considered him
better than an often published "third rater".

Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote "Nightfall", his
32nd story, in March and April 1941, and 'Astounding' published it in
September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted
"Nightfall" the best science fiction short story ever written. In
'Nightfall and Other Stories' Asimov wrote, "The writing of
'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was
suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware
that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I
had written a 'classic'." "Nightfall" is an archetypal example of
social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in
the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from
gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human
condition.

After writing "Victory Unintentional" in January and February 1942,
Asimov did not write another story for a year. He expected to make
chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia
Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make
much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from the 28
stories he had already sold over four years. Asimov left science
fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left
the writing profession had not Heinlein and de Camp been his coworkers
at the Navy Yard and previously sold stories continued to appear.

In 1942, Asimov published the first of his 'Foundation' stories--later
collected in the 'Foundation' trilogy: 'Foundation' (1951),
'Foundation and Empire' (1952), and 'Second Foundation' (1953). The
books describe the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the
establishment of its eventual successor. They feature his fictional
science of psychohistory, whose theories could predict the future
course of history according to dynamical laws regarding the
statistical analysis of mass human actions.

Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to
"Evidence", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the
war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy
Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that
writing could support him, his wife, and future children.

His "positronic" robot stories--many of which were collected in 'I,
Robot' (1950)--were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a
set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and
intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and
thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his
introduction to the short story collection 'The Complete Robot' (1982)
that he was largely inspired by the tendency of robots up to that time
to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed
their creators. The 'Robot' series has led to film adaptations. With
Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a
screenplay of 'I, Robot' that Asimov hoped would lead to "the first
really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made". The
screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book
form in 1994. The 2004 movie 'I, Robot', starring Will Smith, was
based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled 'Hardwired', with
Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title
were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had
previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of
Asimov's robot short stories, "The Bicentennial Man", was expanded
into a novel 'The Positronic Man' by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and
this was adapted into the 1999 movie 'Bicentennial Man', starring
Robin Williams.

In 1966 the 'Foundation' trilogy won the Hugo Award for the all-time
best series of science fiction and fantasy novels, and they along with
the 'Robot' series are his most famous science fiction. Besides
movies, his 'Foundation' and 'Robot' stories have inspired other
derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and
established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory
Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these
appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of,
Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.

In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, "The Endochronic
Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline". At the time, Asimov was
preparing his own doctoral dissertation, which would include an oral
examination. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school
evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that
it be released under a pseudonym. When it nevertheless appeared under
his own name, Asimov grew concerned that his doctoral examiners might
think he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the
examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, "What can
you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the
compound known as thiotimoline". Laughing hysterically with relief,
Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was
summoned back into the room and congratulated as "Dr. Asimov".

Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s, making
it possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book
publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury
accepted Asimov's unpublished "Grow Old with Me" (40,000 words), but
requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The
book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the
title of 'Pebble in the Sky'. Doubleday published five more original
science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six
juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym "Paul
French". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short
stories, beginning with 'The Martian Way and Other Stories' in 1955.
The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of
Asimov's positronic robot stories as 'I, Robot' and his 'Foundation'
stories and novelettes as the three books of the 'Foundation trilogy'.
More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as 'The
Rest of the Robots'.

Book publishers and the magazines 'Galaxy' and 'Fantasy & Science
Fiction' ended Asimov's dependence on 'Astounding'. He later described
the era as his "'mature' period". Asimov's "The Last Question" (1956),
on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the
process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.

In 1972, his stand-alone novel 'The Gods Themselves' was published to
general acclaim, winning Best Novel in the Hugo, Nebula, and Locus
Awards.

In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and
asked him to write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.
McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue,
about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated
by extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be
played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.
Though not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov was intrigued by the
idea and quickly produced a treatment outline of the story adhering to
McCartney's overall idea but omitting McCartney's scrap of dialogue.
McCartney rejected it, and the treatment now exists only in the Boston
University archives.

Asimov said in 1969 that he had "the happiest of all my associations
with science fiction magazines" with 'Fantasy & Science Fiction';
"I have no complaints about 'Astounding', 'Galaxy', or any of the
rest, heaven knows, but 'F&SF' has become something special to
me". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to 'Isaac Asimov's
Science Fiction Magazine' (now 'Asimov's Science Fiction') and wrote
an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived 'Asimov's SF
Adventure Magazine' and a companion 'Asimov's Science Fiction
Anthology' reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner
as the stablemates 'Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine's' and 'Alfred
Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine's' "anthologies").

Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his
'Foundation' series, he did so with 'Foundation's Edge' (1982) and
'Foundation and Earth' (1986), and then went back to before the
original trilogy with 'Prelude to Foundation' (1988) and 'Forward the
Foundation' (1992), his last novel.

He also helped Leonard Nimoy fleshing out the premise of the science
fiction comic Primortals (1995-1997).


Popular science
=================
Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more
editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov
substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four
adult novels between 1957's 'The Naked Sun' and 1982's 'Foundation's
Edge', two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his
nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of
Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a "science gap". Asimov
explained in 'The Rest of the Robots' that he had been unable to write
substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood
him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently
interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that "the United States went into
a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to
write popular science for an America that might be in great danger
through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an
equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason".

'Fantasy and Science Fiction' invited Asimov to continue his regular
nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion
magazine 'Venture Science Fiction Magazine'. The first of 399 monthly
'F&SF' columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until
his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books
by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a "Great Explainer" of
science; he described them as his only popular science writing in
which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the
part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular
science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about
contemporary social issues in essays such as "Thinking About Thinking"
and "Knock Plastic!". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: "I get more
pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment."

Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, 'The Intelligent Man's
Guide to Science' (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and
in 1963 he won a Hugo Award--his first--for his essays for 'F&SF'.
The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from
them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become
a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction
writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that "the
knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in
contracts", with "twice as much work as he can possibly handle".

The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted
Kurt Vonnegut to ask, "How does it feel to know everything?" Asimov
replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of
omniscience: "Uneasy". Floyd C. Gale said that "Asimov has a rare
talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts", and
"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain".
Asimov said that "Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction,
adult, or juvenile, these 'F & SF' articles are by far the most
fun". He regretted, however, that he had less time for
fiction--causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of
complaint--stating in 1969 that "In the last ten years, I've done a
couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's
'nothing'".

In his essay "To Tell a Chemist" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple
shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the
person to read the word "unionized". Chemists, he noted, will read
'un'-'ionized' (electrically neutral), while non-chemists will read
'union-ized' (belonging to a trade union).


Coined terms
==============
Asimov coined the term "robotics" in his 1941 story "Liar!", though he
later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an
existing word, as he stated in 'Gold' ("The Robot Chronicles"). While
acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states
that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the
first column of page 100 in the March 1942 issue of 'Astounding
Science Fiction' - the printing of his short story "Runaround".

In the same story, Asimov also coined the term "positronic" (the
counterpart to "electronic" for positrons).

Asimov coined the term "psychohistory" in his 'Foundation' stories to
name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology,
and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the
future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic
Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it
psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories
(1942-1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel
'Foundation'. Somewhat later, the term "psychohistory" was applied by
others to research of the effects of psychology on history.


Other writings
================
In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in
history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books,
including 'The Greeks: A Great Adventure' (1965), 'The Roman Republic'
(1966), 'The Roman Empire' (1967), 'The Egyptians' (1967) 'The Near
East: 10,000 Years of History' (1968), and 'Asimov's Chronology of the
World' (1991).

He published 'Asimov's Guide to the Bible' in two volumes--covering
the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969--and then
combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps
and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order,
explaining the history of each one and the political influences that
affected it, as well as biographical information about the important
characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several
annotations of literary works, including 'Asimov's Guide to
Shakespeare' (1970), 'Asimov's Annotated Don Juan' (1972), 'Asimov's
Annotated Paradise Lost' (1974), and 'The Annotated Gulliver's
Travels' (1980).

Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to
'Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'. He began by writing science fiction
mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to
writing "pure" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels,
and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met
monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for
the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap
Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of
the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were
modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, "An
Evening with the White Divorcés," was written by author, critic, and
librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, "all I can do ... is to wait
until I catch him in a dark alley, someday."

Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections
of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with 'Lecherous
Limericks', which appeared in 1975. 'Limericks: Too Gross', whose
title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov
and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of
Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in 'Azazel, The
Two Centimeter Demon'. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over
dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of "George" and his
friend Azazel. Asimov's 'Treasury of Humor' is both a working joke
book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According
to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in
point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to
the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.

Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an
image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the
popularity of sexual guidebooks such as 'The Sensuous Woman' (by "J")
and 'The Sensuous Man' (by "M"), Asimov published 'The Sensuous Dirty
Old Man' under the byline "Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed
on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016,
Asimov's habit of groping women was seen as sexual harassment and came
under criticism, and was cited as an early example of inappropriate
behavior that can occur at science fiction conventions.

Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. 'In Memory Yet Green'
(1979) and 'In Joy Still Felt' (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The
third volume, 'I. Asimov: A Memoir' (1994), covered his whole life
(rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The
epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The
book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited 'It's Been a Good
Life' (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He
also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, 'Opus
100' (1969), 'Opus 200' (1979), and 'Opus 300' (1984).

In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote 'How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and
Comfort'. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive
attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement,
distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes
many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about
the ups and downs of being an author.

Asimov and 'Star Trek' creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique
relationship during 'Star Trek's' initial launch in the late 1960s.
Asimov wrote a critical essay on 'Star Trek's' scientific accuracy for
'TV Guide' magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal
letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly
series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to 'TV Guide'
claiming that despite its inaccuracies, 'Star Trek' was a fresh and
intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two
remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor
on a number of 'Star Trek' projects.


In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the
World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named
A-D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g.,
"D-73" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of
the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365
days.


Awards and recognition
========================
Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of
science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards.
He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.
* 1955 - Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention
* 1957 - Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for
youth, for 'Building Blocks of the Universe'
* 1960 - Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association
for 'The Living River'
* 1962 - Boston University's Publication Merit Award
* 1963 - A special Hugo Award for "adding science to science fiction,"
for essays published in 'The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction'
* 1963 - Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1964 - The Science Fiction Writers of America voted "Nightfall"
(1941) the all-time best science fiction short story
* 1965 - James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now
called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting
Chemistry)
* 1966 - Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the 'Foundation'
trilogy
* 1967 - Edward E. Smith Memorial Award
* 1967 - AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing,
for essay "Over the Edge of the Universe" (in the March 1967 'Harper's
Magazine')
* 1972 - Nebula Award for Best Novel for 'The Gods Themselves'
* 1973 - Hugo Award for Best Novel for 'The Gods Themselves'
* 1973 - Locus Award for Best Novel for 'The Gods Themselves'
* 1975 - Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
* 1975 - Klumpke-Roberts Award "for outstanding contributions to the
public understanding and appreciation of astronomy"
* 1975 - Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for 'Before the Golden
Age'
* 1977 - Hugo Award for Best Novelette for 'The Bicentennial Man'
* 1977 - Nebula Award for Best Novelette for 'The Bicentennial Man'
* 1977 - Locus Award for Best Novelette for 'The Bicentennial Man'
* 1981 - An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor
* 1981 - Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for 'In Joy Still Felt:
The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954-1978'
* 1983 - Hugo Award for Best Novel for 'Foundation's Edge'
* 1983 - Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for 'Foundation's
Edge'
* 1984 - Humanist of the Year
* 1986 - The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him
its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).
* 1987 - Locus Award for Best Short Story for "Robot Dreams"
* 1992 - Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "Gold"
* 1995 - Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for 'I. Asimov: A
Memoir'
* 1995 - Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for 'I. Asimov: A
Memoir'
* 1996 - A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the
1996 WorldCon for "The Mule", the 7th Foundation story, published in
'Astounding Science Fiction'
* 1997 - The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov
in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with
H. G. Wells.
* 2000 - Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel
* 2001 - The
[https://www.amnh.org/our-research/hayden-planetarium/asimov-debate
Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates] at the Hayden Planetarium in New York
were inaugurated
* 2009 - A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor
* 2010 - In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National
Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as
follows:
** "Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as
'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac
Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books
for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the
Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it
resolved ..."
* 2015 - Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of
Fame.
* 2016 - A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at
the 2016 WorldCon for 'Robbie', his first positronic robot story,
published in 'Super Science Stories', September 1940
* 2018 - A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at
the 2018 WorldCon for 'Foundation', published in 'Astounding
Science-Fiction', May 1942


                           Writing style
======================================================================
Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and
literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard
at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning,
then "let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it".
(Asimov used an outline only once, later describing it as "like trying
to play the piano from inside a straitjacket".) After correcting a
draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made
one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did
not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft
was unchanged.

After disliking making multiple revisions of "Black Friar of the
Flame", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial
revisions ("like chewing used gum"), stating that "too large a
revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is
a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I
could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the
process". He submitted "failures" to another editor.

Asimov's fiction style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science
fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of 'I, Robot':



Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of 'Nemesis':



Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of
"Liar!". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his
storylines: Susan Calvin in "Liar!" and "Evidence", Arkady Darell in
'Second Foundation', Elijah Baley in 'The Caves of Steel', and Hari
Seldon in the 'Foundation' prequels.

Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, there is relatively
little literary criticism on Asimov (particularly when compared to the
sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's 'Dictionary of
Literary Biography' (1981) gives a possible reason:



Gunn's and Patrouch's studies of Asimov both state that a clear,
direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in
detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's
fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in 'The Caves of
Steel' "reminiscent of Proust". When discussing how that novel depicts
night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's
prose "need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society".

Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which
he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973
that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer
stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters
in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this,
complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and
adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first
third of 'The Gods Themselves' begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks
to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin
his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov
create "Reason", one of the early 'Robot' stories). Patrouch found
that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of 'The Currents of Space'
did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a
"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan" could enjoy it. In his later novel
'Nemesis' one group of characters lives in the "present" and another
group starts in the "past", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually
moving toward the time of the first group.


Alien life
============
Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came
from an incident early in his career when 'Astounding's' editor John
Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien
characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the
rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias
towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to
write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would
jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not
write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these
criticisms, he wrote 'The Gods Themselves', which contains aliens and
alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and
the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his
writings, he was most proud of the middle section of 'The Gods
Themselves', the part that deals with those themes.

In the Hugo Award-winning novelette "Gold", Asimov describes an
author, based on himself, who has one of his books ('The Gods
Themselves') adapted into a "compu-drama", essentially photo-realistic
computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov
("Gregory Laborian") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making
it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies
on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points
across.


Romance and women
===================
In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt
that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction
stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and
technology. Isaac Asimov was a supporter of this point of view,
expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to 'Astounding', where he described
such elements as "mush" and "slop". To his dismay, these letters were
met with a strong opposition.

Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the
"early imprinting" from starting his writing career when he had never
been on a date and "didn't know anything about girls". He was
sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of
extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote
'The Gods Themselves' (1972) to respond to these criticisms, which
often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.
The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with
three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively
depicted.


Religion
==========
Asimov was an atheist, and a humanist. He did not oppose religious
conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious
and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as
genuine science. During his childhood, his parents observed the
traditions of Orthodox Judaism less stringently than they had in
Petrovichi; they did not force their beliefs upon young Isaac, and  he
grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that
the 'Torah' represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the
'Iliad' recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have
a bar mitzvah. As his books 'Treasury of Humor' and 'Asimov Laughs
Again' record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan,
the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing
the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than
hours of philosophical discussion.

For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy
the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, "shine as a learned
scholar" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed
for his later authorship and publication of 'Asimov's Guide to the
Bible', an analysis of the historic foundations for the Old and New
Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; he
considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did
not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself
as a "humanist" and considered that term more practical. Asimov
continued to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his
introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction,
'Wandering Stars': "I attend no services and follow no ritual and have
never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't
matter. I am Jewish."

When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov
replied,



Likewise, he said about religious education: "I would not be satisfied
to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them
out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to
smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental
to mind or body."

In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote,



The same memoir states his belief that Hell is "the drooling dream of
a sadist" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human
governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments,
wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be
restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human
belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife
existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be
reserved for those who "slandered God by inventing Hell".

Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing:


Politics
==========
Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the
New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal
opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview
during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was
unhappy about what he considered an "irrationalist" viewpoint taken by
many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In
his second volume of autobiography, 'In Joy Still Felt', Asimov
recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's
impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an
emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a "no-man's
land of the spirit" from which he wondered if they would ever return.

Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him "a crook and
a liar". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the
president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon
extended to Nixon by his successor Gerald Ford: "I was not impressed
by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of
thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never
happen again."

After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the
Communist Party USA "considered amenable" to its goals, the FBI
investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau
briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy
ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.

Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his
first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of
Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third
autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a
Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having
nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single
humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given
that it had been created among Muslim neighbors "who will never
forgive, never forget and never go away", and said that Jews had
merely created for themselves another "Jewish ghetto".


Social issues
===============
Asimov believed that "'science' fiction ... serve[s] the good of
humanity". He considered himself a feminist even before women's
liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of
women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.
Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a
"moral right" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult
sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many
appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated
by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.

In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided
learning, where people would use computers to find information on
subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make
learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to
choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the
world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their
own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by 2019.

In 1983 Asimov wrote:


He continues on education:


Sexual harassment
===================
Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and
elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec
Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography  and writer on the history
of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from
showing objections, these women cooperated. In a 1971 satirical piece,
'The Sensuous Dirty Old Man', Asimov wrote: "The question then is not
whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where,
when, and how she should be touched."

According to Nevala-Lee, however, "many of these encounters were
clearly nonconsensual." He wrote that Asimov's behavior, as a leading
science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable
atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.
In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary
fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik
Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Additional specific
incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman,
long-time editor of 'The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction',
who wrote "...instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her 'left
breast'.


Environment and population
============================
Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power, even after
the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident, damaged his
relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in
'Yours, Isaac Asimov', he states that although he would prefer living
in "no danger whatsoever" to living near a nuclear reactor, he would
still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant to a slum on Love Canal
or near "a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate", the
latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.

In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of
the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the
shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs,
though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay
for social programs. His last nonfiction book, 'Our Angry Earth'
(1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author
Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such
as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the
destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill
Moyers with the question "What do you see happening to the idea of
dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its
present rate?", Asimov responded:


Other authors
===============
Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and used 'The Lord of
the Rings' as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled 'Nothing
like Murder'. In the essay "All or Nothing" (for 'The Magazine of
Fantasy and Science Fiction,' Jan 1981), Asimov said that he admired
Tolkien and that he had read 'The Lord of the Rings' five times. (The
feelings were mutual, with Tolkien saying that he had enjoyed Asimov's
science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's
earlier claim that he rarely found "any modern books" that were
interesting to him.)

He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying
of Harlan Ellison, "He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in
the world, far more skilled at the art than I am." Asimov disapproved
of the New Wave's growing influence, stating in 1967 "I want science
fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it
lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the
better and truer the science fiction".

The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C.
Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called "Clarke-Asimov Treaty of
Park Avenue", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated
that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science
fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while
Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer
in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication
in Clarke's book 'Report on Planet Three' (1972) reads: "In accordance
with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science
writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer."

In 1980, Asimov wrote a highly critical review of George Orwell's
'1984'. Though dismissive of his attacks, James Machell has stated
that they "are easier to understand when you consider that Asimov
viewed 1984 as dangerous literature. He opines that if communism were
to spread across the globe, it would come in a completely different
form to the one in 1984, and by looking to Orwell as an authority on
totalitarianism, 'we will be defending ourselves against assaults from
the wrong direction and we will lose'."

Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science
fiction. He preferred to read the former because "I read every
[science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine,
in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better,
in which case I felt miserable". Asimov wrote "I make no secret of the
fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my
opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the
Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective
fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the
best?" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle
to be "a slapdash and sloppy writer."

Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G.
Wodehouse.

In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style
of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.
On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this,
to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.


                             Influence
======================================================================
Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's
concept of psychohistory inspired him to become an economist.

John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written
output, once observed, "It has been pointed out that most science
fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either
modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his
style." Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper,
Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished
interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. "Few individuals", writes
James L. Christian, "understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic
thinking is all about. His almost 500 books--which he wrote as a
specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited
layman--range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences,
history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction."

In 2024, DARPA named one of its programs after Asimov, inspired by his
“Three Laws of Robotics.” The program, Autonomy Standards and Ideals
with Military Operational Values (ASIMOV), aims to develop benchmarks
objectively and quantitatively assessing the ethical challenges and
readiness of utilizing autonomous systems for military operations.


            Bibliography{{anchor|Selected_bibliography}}
======================================================================
Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles,
charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books
in Asimov's bibliography--as well as his individual short stories,
individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th
books (based on his personal count), Asimov published 'Opus 100'
(1969), 'Opus 200' (1979), and 'Opus 300' (1984), celebrating his
writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been
compiled by Ed Seiler.  His book writing rate was analysed, showing
that he wrote faster as he wrote more.

An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually
complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and
descriptions of some of his more than 600 books, games, audio
recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed
editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and
autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of
children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials
in the collection.


"Greater Foundation" series
=============================
The 'Robot' series was originally separate from the 'Foundation'
series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent
stories, set earlier in the same future as 'Foundation'. Later in
life, Asimov synthesized the 'Robot' series into a single coherent
"history" that appeared in the extension of the 'Foundation' series.

All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the
original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome
Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.
* The Robot series:
**  (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel)
**  (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel)
**  (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel)
**  (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy)
* Galactic Empire novels:
**  (early Galactic Empire)
**  (long before the Empire)
**  (Republic of Trantor still expanding)
* Foundation prequels:
**
**
* Original 'Foundation' trilogy:
**
**  (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as
a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952)
**
* Extended Foundation series:
**
**


Lucky Starr series (as Paul French)
=====================================
All published by Doubleday & Co
* 'David Starr, Space Ranger' (1952)
* 'Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids' (1953)
* 'Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus' (1954)
* 'Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury' (1956)
* 'Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter' (1957)
* 'Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn' (1958)


Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov)
======================================
All published by Walker & Company
* 'Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot' (1983)
* 'Norby's Other Secret' (1984)
* 'Norby and the Lost Princess' (1985)
* 'Norby and the Invaders' (1985)
* 'Norby and the Queen's Necklace' (1986)
* 'Norby Finds a Villain' (1987)
* 'Norby Down to Earth' (1988)
* 'Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure' (1989)
* 'Norby and the Oldest Dragon' (1990)
* 'Norby and the Court Jester' (1991)


Novels not part of a series
=============================
Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to
'Foundation' universe.
* 'The End of Eternity' (1955), Doubleday (*)
* 'Fantastic Voyage' (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton
Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie)
* 'The Gods Themselves' (1972), Doubleday
* 'Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain' (1987), Doubleday (not a
sequel to 'Fantastic Voyage,' but a similar, independent story)
* 'Nemesis' (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*)
* 'Nightfall' (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on
"Nightfall", a 1941 short story written by Asimov)
* 'Child of Time' (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert
Silverberg (based on "The Ugly Little Boy", a 1958 short story written
by Asimov)
* 'The Positronic Man' (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert
Silverberg (*) (based on 'The Bicentennial Man', a 1976 novella
written by Asimov)


Novels
========
* 'The Death Dealers' (1958), Avon Books, republished as 'A Whiff of
Death' by Walker & Company
* 'Murder at the ABA' (1976), Doubleday, also published as 'Authorized
Murder'


Black Widowers series
=======================
* 'Tales of the Black Widowers' (1974), Doubleday
* 'More Tales of the Black Widowers' (1976), Doubleday
* 'Casebook of the Black Widowers' (1980), Doubleday
* 'Banquets of the Black Widowers' (1984), Doubleday
* 'Puzzles of the Black Widowers' (1990), Doubleday
* 'The Return of the Black Widowers' (2003), Carroll & Graf


Other mysteries
=================
* 'Asimov's Mysteries' (1968), Doubleday
* 'The Key Word and Other Mysteries' (1977), Walker
* 'The Union Club Mysteries' (1983), Doubleday
* 'The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries' (1985), Walker
* 'The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov' (1986), Doubleday


Collections of Asimov's essays for ''F&SF''
=============================================
The following books collected essays which were originally published
as monthly columns in 'The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction'
and collected by Doubleday & Co
# 'Fact and Fancy' (1962)
# 'View from a Height' (1963)
# 'Adding a Dimension' (1964)
# 'Of Time and Space and Other Things' (1965)
# 'From Earth to Heaven' (1966)
# 'Science, Numbers, and I' (1968)
# 'The Solar System and Back' (1970)
# 'The Stars in Their Courses' (1971)
# 'The Left Hand of the Electron' (1972)
# 'The Tragedy of the Moon' (1973)
# 'Asimov On Astronomy' (updated version of essays in previous
collections) (1974)
# 'Asimov On Chemistry' (updated version of essays in previous
collections) (1974)
# 'Of Matters Great and Small' (1975)
# 'Asimov On Physics' (updated version of essays in previous
collections) (1976)
# 'The Planet That Wasn't' (1976)
# 'Asimov On Numbers' (updated version of essays in previous
collections) (1976)
# 'Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright' (1977)
# 'The Road to Infinity' (1979)
# 'The Sun Shines Bright' (1981)
# 'Counting the Eons' (1983)
# 'X Stands for Unknown' (1984)
# 'The Subatomic Monster' (1985)
# 'Far as Human Eye Could See' (1987)
# 'The Relativity of Wrong' (1988)
# 'Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959-1989' (1989)
(features the first essay in the introduction)
# 'Out of the Everywhere' (1990)
# 'The Secret of the Universe' (1991)


Other general science essay collections
=========================================
* 'Only a Trillion' (1957), Abelard-Schuman, ; (1976) revised and
updated ed.
* 'Is Anyone There?' (1967), Doubleday,  (which includes the article
in which he coined the term "spome")
* 'Today and Tomorrow and--' (1973), Doubleday
* 'Science Past, Science Future' (1975), Doubleday,
* 'Please Explain' (1975), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Life and Time' (1978), Doubleday
* 'The Roving Mind' (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997,
* 'The Dangers of Intelligence' (1986), Houghton Mifflin
* 'Past, Present and Future' (1987), Prometheus Books,
* 'The Tyrannosaurus Prescription' (1989), Prometheus Books
* 'Frontiers' (1990), Dutton
* 'Frontiers II' (1993), Dutton


Other science books by Asimov
===============================
* 'The Chemicals of Life' (1954), Abelard-Schuman
* 'Inside the Atom' (1956), Abelard-Schuman,
* 'Building Blocks of the Universe' (1957; revised 1974),
Abelard-Schuman,
* 'The World of Carbon' (1958), Abelard-Schuman,
* 'The World of Nitrogen' (1958), Abelard-Schuman,
* 'Words of Science and the History Behind Them' (1959), Houghton
Mifflin
* 'The Clock We Live On' (1959), Abelard-Schuman,
* 'Breakthroughs in Science' (1959), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Realm of Numbers' (1959), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Realm of Measure' (1960), Houghton Mifflin
* 'The Wellsprings of Life' (1960), Abelard-Schuman,
* 'Life and Energy' (1962), Doubleday,
* 'The Genetic Code' (1962), The Orion Press
* 'The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation' (1963), Houghton
Mifflin, ,  (revised)
* 'The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions' (1963), Houghton
Mifflin,
* 'Planets for Man' (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House,
reprinted by RAND in 2007
* 'An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule' (1965), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science' (1965), Basic Books
** The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being
'Asimov's New Guide to Science' (1984)
* 'The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar' (1966), Walker,
* 'The Neutrino' (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W
* 'Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat' (1966),
Walker,
* 'Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity'
(1966), Walker,
* 'Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron'
(1966), Walker,
* 'Photosynthesis' (1969), Basic Books,
* 'Our World in Space' (1974), New York Graphic,
* 'Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope' (1976), Andre
Deutsch Limited,
* 'The Collapsing Universe' (1977), Walker,
* 'Extraterrestrial Civilizations' (1979), Crown,
* 'A Choice of Catastrophes' (1979), Simon & Schuster,
* 'Visions of the Universe' with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki
(1981), Cosmos Store,
* 'Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos' (1982), Crown,
* 'The Measure of the Universe' (1983), Harper & Row
* 'Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?' with
co-author Frank White (1989), Walker
* 'Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery' (1989), Harper &
Row, second edition adds content thru 1993,
* 'Beginnings: The Story of Origins' (1989), Walker
* 'Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space' (1991), Random House,
* 'Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos' (1991), Dutton,
* 'Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes' (1994)
* 'Earth's Moon' (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard
Hantula
* 'The Sun' (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula
* 'The Earth' (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard
Hantula
* 'Jupiter' (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula
* 'Venus' (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula


Literary works
================
All published by Doubleday
* 'Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare', vols I and II (1970),
* 'Asimov's Annotated "Don Juan"' (1972)
* 'Asimov's Annotated "Paradise Lost"' (1974)
* 'Familiar Poems, Annotated' (1976)
* 'Asimov's The Annotated "Gulliver's Travels"' (1980)
* 'Asimov's Annotated "Gilbert and Sullivan"' (1988)


The Bible
===========
* 'Words from Genesis' (1962), Houghton Mifflin
* 'Words from the Exodus' (1963), Houghton Mifflin
* 'Asimov's Guide to the Bible', vols I and II (1967 and 1969,
one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday,
* 'The Story of Ruth' (1972), Doubleday,
* 'In the Beginning' (1981), Crown


Autobiography
===============
* 'In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920-1954'
(1979, Doubleday)
* 'In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954-1978'
(1980, Doubleday)
* 'I. Asimov: A Memoir' (1994, Doubleday)
* 'It's Been a Good Life' (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of
Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet
Jeppson Asimov


History
=========
All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated
* 'The Kite That Won the Revolution' (1963),
* 'The Greeks: A Great Adventure' (1965)
* 'The Roman Republic' (1966)
* 'The Roman Empire' (1967)
* 'The Egyptians' (1967)
* 'The Near East' (1968)
* 'The Dark Ages' (1968)
* 'Words from History' (1968)
* 'The Shaping of England' (1969)
* 'Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire' (1970)
* 'The Land of Canaan' (1971)
* 'The Shaping of France' (1972)
* 'The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763' (1973)
* 'The Birth of the United States: 1763-1816' (1974)
* 'Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865' (1975),
* 'The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918' (1977)
* 'Asimov's Chronology of the World' (1991), HarperCollins,
* 'The March of the Millennia' (1991), with co-author Frank White,
Walker & Company,


Humor
=======
*  'The Sensuous Dirty Old Man' (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker &
Company,
* 'Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor' (1971), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Lecherous Limericks' (1975), Walker,
* 'More Lecherous Limericks' (1976), Walker,
* 'Still More Lecherous Limericks' (1977), Walker,
* 'Limericks, Two Gross', with John Ciardi (1978), Norton,
* 'A Grossery of Limericks', with John Ciardi (1981), Norton,
* 'Limericks for Children' (1984), Caedmon
* 'Asimov Laughs Again' (1992), HarperCollins


On writing science fiction
============================
* 'Asimov on Science Fiction' (1981), Doubleday
* 'Asimov's Galaxy' (1989), Doubleday


Other nonfiction
==================
* 'Opus 100' (1969), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology'
(1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, )
* 'Opus 200' (1979), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts' (1979), Grosset & Dunlap,
* 'Opus 300' (1984), Houghton Mifflin,
* 'Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb' (1991), with co-author
Frederik Pohl, Tor, .


              Television, music, and film appearances
======================================================================
* 'I Robot', a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined
some of Asimov's work
* 'The Last Word' (1959)
* 'The Dick Cavett Show', four appearances 1968-71
* 'The Nature of Things' (1969)
* ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by
Rod Serling
* David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he
had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov
answered, "God is much more intelligent than I am--let him try to find
me."
* BBC Horizon "It's About Time" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore
* 'Target ... Earth?' (1980)
* 'The David Letterman Show' (1980)
* NBC TV 'Speaking Freely', interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982)
* ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin,
approximately (1982)
* 'Oltre New York' (1986)
* 'Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond' (1986)
* 'Gandahar' (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René
Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.
* Bill Moyers interview (1988)
* 'Stranieri in America' (1988)


                            Adaptations
======================================================================
* Several of his stories ("The Dead Past", "Sucker Bait",
"Satisfaction Guaranteed", "Reason", "Liar!", and "The Naked Sun")
were adapted as television plays for the first three series of the
science-fiction (later horror) anthology series 'Out of the Unknown'
between 1965 and 1969. Only "The Dead Past" and "Sucker Bait" are
known to still exist entirely as 16mm telerecordings. Tele-snaps,
brief audio recordings and video clips exist for "Satisfaction
Guaranteed" and "The Prophet" (adapted from "Reason"), while only
production stills, brief audio recordings and video clips exist for
"Liar!". Production stills and an almost complete audio recording
exist for "The Naked Sun".
* 'El robot embustero' (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de
Gavilán, based on short story "Liar!"
* 'A halhatatlanság halála' (1977), TV movie directed by András
Rajnai, based on novel 'The End of Eternity'
* 'The Ugly Little Boy' (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and
Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette 'The Ugly Little Boy'
* 'The End of Eternity' (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based
on novel 'The End of Eternity'
* 'Nightfall' (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on
novelette "Nightfall"
* 'Robots' (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on
the 'Robot' series
* 'Robot City' (1995), an adventure game released for Windows and Mac
OS, based on the book series of the same name that consists of science
fiction novels written by multiple authors, inspired by the 'Robot'
series.
* 'Bicentennial Man' (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on
novelette "The Bicentennial Man" and on novel 'The Positronic Man'
* 'Nightfall' (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on
novelette "Nightfall"
* 'I, Robot' (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, with very tenuous
connections with the short stories of the 'Robot' series
* 'Eagle Eye' (2008), film directed by D. J. Caruso, loosely based on
short story "All the Troubles of the World"
* 'Formula of Death' (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini,
based on novel 'The Death Dealers'
* 'Spell My Name with an S' (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali,
based on short story "Spell My Name with an S"
* 'Foundation' (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh
Friedman, based on the 'Foundation' series


General and cited sources
===========================
* Asimov, Isaac. 'Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor' (1971), Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, .
: 'In Memory Yet Green' (1979), New York: Avon, .
: 'In Joy Still Felt' (1980), New York: Avon .
: 'I. Asimov: A Memoir' (1994),  (hc),  (pb).
: 'Yours, Isaac Asimov' (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York:
Doubleday .
: 'It's Been a Good Life' (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. .
* Goldman, Stephen H., "Isaac Asimov", in 'Dictionary of Literary
Biography,' Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp.
15-29.
* Gunn, James. "On Variations on a Robot", 'IASFM', July 1980, pp.
56-81.
: 'Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction' (1982). .
: 'The Science of Science-Fiction Writing' (2000). .
*
*


                           External links
======================================================================
* [http://www.asimovonline.com/ Asimov Online], a vast repository of
information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward
Seiler
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* [http://www.asimovreviews.net/ Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac
Asimov], reviews of all of Asimov's books


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