Subject: What protocol do mice use?
Date: 09/16/97
Updated: 11/16/00 This document was adapated from a web page produced by
Tomi Engdahl <[email protected]>
Microsoft serial mouse

== Description ============================================================

The Microsoft serial mouse is the most popular 2 button mouse. It is
supported by all major operating systems. The maximum tracking rate for a
Microsoft mouse is 40 reports/second * 127 counts per report, in other
words, 5080 counts per second. The most common range for mice is is 100 to
400 CPI (counts per inch) but can be up to 1000 CPI. A 100CPI mouse can
discriminate motion up to 50.8 inches/second while a 400 CPI mouse can only
discriminate motion up to 12.7 inches/second.

== Pinout =================================================================

9 pin  25 pin    Line    Comments
shell  1         GND
3      2         TD      Serial data from host to mouse (only for power)
2      3         RD      Serial data from mouse to host
7      4         RTS     Positive voltage to mouse
8      5         CTS
6      6         DSR
5      7         SGND
4      20        DTR     Positive voltage to mouse and reset/detection

RTS = Request to Send   CTS  = Clear to Send
DSR = Data Set Ready    DTR  = Data Terminal Ready
GND = Protective Ground SGND = Signal Ground

To function correctly, both the RTS and DTR lines must be positive. DTR/DSR
and RTS/CTS must NOT be shorted. RTS may be toggled negative for at least
100ms to reset the mouse. (After a cold boot, the RTS line is usually
negative. This provides an automatic toggle when RTS is brought positive).
When DTR is toggled the mouse should send a single byte 0x45 (ASCII 'M').

Serial data parameters:
1200bps, 7 databits, 1 stop-bit

== Data packet format =====================================================

Data is sent in 3 byte packets for each event (a button is pressed or
released or the mouse moves):

       D7      D6      D5      D4      D3      D2      D1      D0

Byte 1  X       1       LB      RB      Y7      Y6      X7      X6
Byte 2  X       0       X5      X4      X3      X2      X1      X0
Byte 3  X       0       Y5      Y4      Y3      Y2      Y1      Y0

LB is the state of the left button (1 means down)
RB is the state of the right button (1 means down)
X7-X0 movement in X direction since last packet (signed byte)
Y7-Y0 movement in Y direction since last packet (signed byte)

The high order bit of each byte (D7) is ignored. Bit D6 indicates the start
of an event, which allows the software to synchronize with the mouse.

Graphical representation of a packet

             1st byte        2nd byte         3rd byte
         ================  ===============  ================
          - 1 ? ? Y Y X X  - 0 X X X X X X  - 0 Y Y Y Y Y Y
         ================  ===============  ================
              | | \ / \ /      \---------/      \---------/
              | |  |   |            |                |
              | |  |   \----\       |                |
              | |  \--------|-------|--------\       |
              | |          / \ /---------\  / \ /---------\
              | |         ================ =================
              | |          0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Left Button --/ |         ================ =================
Right Button ----/            X increment      Y increment

== 3 Button Logitech extension ============================================

Logitech extended the 2 button mouse protocol to support 3 button mice by
adding a 4th byte when the middle button is pressed (and the first packet
after it is released). If a 4th byte is encountered (i.e., an extra byte
with D6 set to 0) then D5 of that byte (0x20) indicates the status of the
middle mouse button.

== Mouse systems mouse ====================================================

Serial data parameters:
1200bps, 8 databits, 1 stop-bit
5 byte Mouse Systems packet

       D7      D6      D5      D4      D3      D2      D1      D0
Byte 1  1       0       0       0       0       LB      CB      RB
Byte 2  X7      X6      X5      X4      X3      X2      X1      X0
Byte 3  Y7      Y6      Y5      Y4      Y3      Y4      Y1      Y0
Byte 4  X7'     X6'     X5'     X4'     X3'     X2'     X1'     X0'
Byte 5  Y7'     Y6'     Y5'     Y4'     Y3'     Y4'     Y1'     Y0'

LB is left button state (0 = pressed, 1 = released)
CB is center button state (0 = pressed, 1 = released)
RB is right button state (0 = pressed, 1 = released)
X7-X0 movement in X direction since last packet in signed byte
     format (-128..+127), positive direction right
Y7-Y0 movement in Y direction since last packet in signed byte
     format (-128..+127), positive direction up
X7'-X0' movement in X direction since sending of X7-X0 packet in signed
     byte format (-128..+127), positive direction right
Y7'-Y0' movement in Y direction since sending of Y7-Y0 in signed byte
     format (-128..+127), positive direction up

The last two bytes in the packet (bytes 4 and 5) contain information about
movement data changes which have occured after data bytes 2 and 3 have been
sent.

== PS/2 mouse =============================================================

The standard PS/2 mouse (such as the Logitech mouse) defaults to 160 CPI
and can be switched to 40, 80, 160 or 320 CPI via software. The Microsoft
mouse driver for Windows 3.x and Windows 95 defaults to 160 counts per
inch. The maximum tracking rate for PS/2 mouse is 40 reports/second * 255
counts per report, or 10200 counts per second. A 100 CPI mouse could
discriminate motion up to 102 inches per second while a 400 CPI mouse could
discriminate motion up to 25.2 inches per second.

Connector pinout

Pin     Wire Name
1       DATA
2       Reserved
3       Ground
4       +5V Supply
5       CLK
6       Reserved
Shield  Chassis

Packet Format

       D7      D6      D5      D4      D3      D2      D1      D0
Byte 1  XV      XV      YS      XS       1       M       R       L
Byte 2  X7      X6      X5      X4      X3      X2      X1      X0
Byte 3  Y7      Y6      Y5      Y4      Y3      Y2      Y1      Y0

L       Left button state (1 = pressed down)
M       Middle button state (1 = pressed down)
R       Right button state (1 = pressed down)
X0-X7   Movement in X direction
Y0-Y7   Movement in Y direction
XS,YS   Movement data sign bits (1 = negative)
XV,YV   Movement data overflow bits (1 = overflow has occured)

Physical connector

The PS/2 mouse connector has the following pinout when looking at the
connector on the back of the computer:

       4 u 6
      1  .  2
       3   5

1. GND
2. +5V
3. DATA
4. CLOCK
5. Not used
6. Not used

Bi-directional transmission is controlled by the CLK and DATA lines. Both
are fed by an open collector device which lets either host or mouse force
the line to "0". During non-transmission, CLK is at "1" and DATA can be at
"0" or "1".

The host can inhibit mouse transmission by forcing CLK to "0". If the host
inhibits the mouse while it is transmitting, the byte must be retransmitted
(if the inhibit state arrived before the 11th clock).

Receiving data: Check 'clock'. If inactive, there is a bit on the 'data'
line. Each transmission unit is one start bit, eight data bits, odd parity
and one stop bit. Start bits are low, stop bits high. Each clock active or
inactive period is 30 to 50 microseconds. Data transition to falling edge
of clock is 5 to 25 microseconds.

Sending: Check that both clock and data are high. Pull down data for start
        bit, and start clocking.

NOTE: Logitech has made the extension to this protocol to allow three
     buttons (the M bit is always 0 on 2 button mice).

== References =============================================================

* Original PC mouse info page by Tomi Engdahl
* PC Magazine May 28, 1991
* Programmer's Reference to Genius Mouse
* Logitech Pointing Device Hardware Information Product Support
  Document #1410
* Mice: How do they work? by Richard Torrens
* In Pursuit Of The Perfect Portable Pointer by Intelink Electronics from
  EDN Products Edition April 16, 1977 pages 43-45
* Programming the Microsoft Mouse

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