Network Working Group B. Friedman

Network Working Group B. Friedman
Request for Comments: 4813 L. Nguyen
Category: Experimental A. Roy
D. Yeung
Cisco Systems
A. Zinin
Alcatel
February 2007

OSPF Link-Local Signaling

Status of This Memo

This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

OSPF is a link-state intra-domain routing protocol used in IP
networks. OSPF routers exchange information on a link using packets
that follow a well-defined format. The format of OSPF packets is not
flexible enough to enable applications to exchange arbitrary data,
which may be necessary in certain situations. This memo describes a
vendor-specific, backward-compatible technique to perform link-local
signaling, i.e., exchange arbitrary data on a link.

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Proposed Solution ...............................................2
2.1. Options Field ..............................................3
2.2. LLS Data Block .............................................4
2.3. LLS TLVs ...................................................5
2.4. Predefined TLV .............................................5
2.4.1. Extended Options TLV ................................5
2.4.2. Cryptographic Authentication TLV ....................6
3. Backward Compatibility ..........................................7
4. Security Considerations .........................................7
5. IANA Considerations .............................................7
6. References ......................................................8
6.1. Normative References .......................................8
6.2. Informative References .....................................8
Appendix A. Acknowledgements ......................................9

1. Introduction

Formats of OSPF [RFC2328] packets are not very flexible to provide an
acceptable mechanism for opaque data transfer. However, this appears
to be very useful to allow OSPF routers to do so. An example where
such a technique could be used is exchanging some capabilities on a
link (standard OSPF utilizes the Options field in Hello and Exchange
packets, but there are not so many bits left in it).

One potential way of solving this task could be introducing a new
packet type. However, that would mean introducing extra packets on
the network, which may not be desirable, so this document describes
how to exchange data using existing, standard OSPF packet types.

2. Proposed Solution

To perform link-local signaling (LLS), OSPF routers add a special
data block at the end of OSPF packets or right after the
authentication data block when cryptographic authentication is used.
Like with OSPF cryptographic authentication, the length of the LLS-
block is not included into the length of OSPF packet, but is included
in the IP packet length. Figure 1 illustrates how the LLS data block
is attached.

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

+---------------------+ --
| IP Header | ^
| Length = HL+X+Y+Z | | Header Length
| | v
+---------------------+ --
| OSPF Header | ^
| Length = X | |
|.....................| | X
| | |
| OSPF Data | |
| | v
+---------------------+ --
| | ^
| Authentication Data | | Y
| | v
+---------------------+ --
| | ^
| LLS Data | | Z
| | v
+---------------------+ --

Figure 1: Attaching LLS Data Block

The LLS data block may be attached to OSPF packets of two types --
type 1 (OSPF Hello), and type 2 (OSPF DBD). The data included in the
LLS block attached to a Hello packet may be used for dynamic
signaling, since Hello packets may be sent at any moment in time.
However, delivery of LLS data in Hello packets is not guaranteed.
The data sent with Database Description (DBD) packets is guaranteed
to be delivered as part of the adjacency forming process.

This memo does not specify how the data transmitted by the LLS
mechanism should be interpreted by OSPF routers. The interface
between the OSPF LLS component and its clients is implementation-
specific.

2.1. Options Field

A new bit, called L (L stands for LLS), is introduced to the OSPF
Options field (see Figure 2). The value of the bit is 0x10. Routers
set the L-bit in Hello and DBD packets to indicate that the packet
contains the LLS data block.

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| * | O | DC| L |N/P| MC| E | * |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+-+-+

Figure 2: The Options Field

L-bit

This bit is set only in Hello and DBD packets. It is not set in
OSPF Link State Advertisements (LSAs) and may be used in them for
different purposes.

2.2. LLS Data Block

The data block used for link-local signaling is formatted as
described below (see Figure 3 for illustration).

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | LLS Data Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| LLS TLVs |
. .
. .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 3: Format of the LLS Data Block

Checksum

The Checksum field contains the standard IP checksum of the entire
contents of the LLS block.

LLS Length

The 16-bit LLS Data Length field contains the length (in 32-bit
words) of the LLS block including the header and payload.
Implementations should not use the Length field in the IP packet
header to determine the length of the LLS data block.

Note that if the OSPF packet is cryptographically authenticated, the
LLS data block must also be cryptographically authenticated. In this
case, the regular LLS checksum is not calculated and the LLS block
will contain a cryptographic authentication TLV (see Section 2.4.2).

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

The rest of the block contains a set of Type/Length/Value (TLV)
triplets as described in Section 2.3. All TLVs must be 32-bit
aligned (with padding if necessary).

2.3. LLS TLVs

The contents of the LLS data block is constructed using TLVs. See
Figure 4 for the TLV format.

The Type field contains the TLV ID that is unique for each type of
TLVs. The Length field contains the length of the Value field (in
bytes) that is variable and contains arbitrary data.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. .
. Value .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 4: Format of LLS TLVs

Note that TLVs are always padded to 32-bit boundary, but padding
bytes are not included in the TLV Length field (though it is included
in the LLS Data Length field of the LLS block header).

2.4. Predefined TLV

2.4.1. Extended Options TLV

This subsection describes a TLV called Extended Options (EO) TLV.
The format of EO-TLV is shown in Figure 5.

Bits in the Value field do not have any semantics from the point of
view of the LLS mechanism. This field may be used to announce some
OSPF capabilities that are link-specific. Also, other OSPF
extensions may allocate bits in the bit vector to perform boolean
link-local signaling.

The length of the Value field in EO-TLV is 4 bytes.

The value of the Type field in EO-TLV is 1.

EO-TLV should only appear once in the LLS data block.

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 1 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Extended Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 5: Format of EO-TLV

Currently, [RFC4811] and [RFC4812] use bits in the Extended Options
field of the EO-TLV. The Extended Options bits are also defined in
Section 5.

2.4.2. Cryptographic Authentication TLV

This document defines a special TLV that is used for cryptographic
authentication (CA-TLV) of the LLS data block. This TLV should be
included in the LLS block when the cryptographic (MD5) authentication
is enabled on the corresponding interface. The message digest of the
LLS block should be calculated using the same key as that used for
the main OSPF packet. The cryptographic sequence number is included
in the TLV and must be the same as the one in the main OSPF packet
for the LLS block to be considered authentic.

The TLV is constructed as shown Figure 6.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 2 | AuthLen |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. .
. AuthData .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 6: Format of Cryptographic Authentication TLV

The value of the Type field for CA-TLV is 2.

The Length field in the header contains the length of the data
portion of the TLV that includes 4 bytes for the sequence number and
the length of the message digest (MD5) block for the whole LLS block

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

in bytes (this will always be 16 bytes for MD5). So the AuthLen
field will have value of 20.

The Sequence Number field contains the cryptographic sequence number
that is used to prevent simple replay attacks. For the LLS block to
be considered authentic, the sequence number in the CA-TLV must match
the sequence number in the OSPF packet.

The AuthData field contains the message digest calculated for the LLS
data block.

The CA-TLV may appear in the LLS block only once. Also, when
present, this TLV should be the last in the LLS block.

3. Backward Compatibility

The modifications to OSPF packet formats are compatible with standard
OSPF because LLS-incapable routers will not consider the extra data
after the packet; i.e., the LLS data block will be ignored by routers
that do not support the LLS extension.

4. Security Considerations

The function described in this document does not create any new
security issues for the OSPF protocol. The described technique
provides the same level of security as the OSPF protocol by allowing
LLS data to be authenticated (see Section 2.4.2 for more details).

5. IANA Considerations

LLS TLV types are maintained by the IANA. Extensions to OSPF that
require a new LLS TLV type must be reviewed by a designated expert
from the routing area.

Following the policies outlined in [RFC2434], LLS type values in the
range of 0-32767 are allocated through an IETF consensus action, and
LLS type values in the range of 32768-65536 are reserved for private
and experimental use.

This document assigns LLS types 1 and 2, as follows:

LLS Type Name Reference
0 Reserved
1 Extended Options [RFC4813]
2 Cryptographic Authentication [RFC4813]
3-32767 Reserved for assignment by the IANA
32768-65535 Private Use

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

This document also assigns the following bits for the Extended
Options bits field in the EO-TLV outlined in Section 2.4.1:

Extended Options Bit Name Reference
0x00000001 LSDB Resynchronization (LR) [RFC4811]
0x00000002 Restart Signal (RS-bit) [RFC4812]

Other Extended Options bits will be allocated through an IETF
consensus action.

6. References

6.1. Normative References

[RFC2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.

[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.

6.2. Informative References

[RFC4811] Nguyen, L., Roy, A., and A. Zinin, "OSPF Out-of-Band Link
State Database (LSDB) Resynchronization", RFC 4811,
February 2007.

[RFC4812] Nguyen, L., Roy, A., and A. Zinin, "OSPF Restart
Signaling", RFC 4812, February 2007.

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

Appendix A. Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Russ White for his review of
this document.

Authors' Addresses

Barry Friedman
Cisco Systems
225 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
EMail: [email protected]

Liem Nguyen
Cisco Systems
225 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
EMail: [email protected]

Abhay Roy
Cisco Systems
225 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
EMail: [email protected]

Derek Yeung
Cisco Systems
225 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
EMail: [email protected]

Alex Zinin
Alcatel
Sunnyvale, CA
USA
EMail: [email protected]

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RFC 4813 OSPF Link-Local Signaling February 2007

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