Digitized by Harry Plantinga, [email protected], 1993.
This text is in the public domain.




            AUGUSTINE: CONFESSIONS & ENCHIRIDION


                Newly translated and edited

                             by

               ALBERT C. OUTLER, Ph.D., D.D.


                   Professor of Theology
                Perkins School of Theology
               Southern Methodist University
                       Dallas, Texas



                   First published MCMLV




                        Introduction

LIKE A COLOSSUS BESTRIDING TWO WORLDS, Augustine stands as the  last patristic and
the first medieval father of Western
Christianity.  He gathered together and conserved all the main  motifs of Latin Christianity from
Tertullian to Ambrose; he  appropriated the heritage of Nicene orthodoxy; he was a
Chalcedonian before Chalcedon -- and he drew all this into an  unsystematic synthesis which is
still our best mirror of the heart  and mind of the Christian community in the Roman Empire.
More  than this, he freely received and deliberately reconsecrated the  religious philosophy of the
Greco-Roman world to a new apologetic  use in maintaining the intelligibility of the Christian
proclamation.  Yet, even in his role as summator of tradition, he  was no mere eclectic.  The
center of his "system" is in the Holy  Scriptures, as they ordered and moved his heart and mind.  It
was  in Scripture that, first and last, Augustine found the focus of  his religious authority.
    At the same time, it was this essentially conservative genius  who recast the patristic tradition
into the new pattern by which  European Christianity would be largely shaped and who, with
relatively little interest in historical detail, wrought out the  first comprehensive "philosophy of
history." Augustine regarded  himself as much less an innovator than a summator.  He was less a
reformer of the Church than the defender of the Church's faith.   His own self-chosen project was
to save Christianity from the  disruption of heresy and the calumnies of the pagans, and, above
everything else, to renew and exalt the faithful hearing of the  gospel of man's utter need and
God's abundant grace.  But the  unforeseen result of this enterprise was to furnish the motifs of
the Church's piety and doctrine for the next thousand years and  more.  Wherever one touches the
Middle Ages, he finds the marks of  Augustine's influence, powerful and pervasive -- even
Aquinas is  more of an Augustinian at heart than a "proper" Aristotelian.  In  the Protestant
Reformation, the evangelical elements in
Augustine's thought were appealed to in condemnation of the  corruptions of popular Catholicism
-- yet even those corruptions  had a certain right of appeal to some of the non-evangelical  aspects
of Augustine's thought and life.  And, still today, in the  important theological revival of our own
time, the influence of  Augustine is obviously one of the most potent and productive  impulses at
work.
    A succinct characterization of Augustine is impossible, not  only because his thought is so
extraordinarily complex and his  expository method so incurably digressive, but also because
throughout his entire career there were lively tensions and  massive prejudices in his heart and
head.  His doctrine of God  holds the Plotinian notions of divine unity and remotion in  tension
with the Biblical emphasis upon the sovereign God's active  involvement in creation and
redemption.  For all his devotion to  Jesus Christ, this theology was never adequately
Christocentric,  and this reflects itself in many ways in his practical conception  of the Christian
life.  He did not invent the doctrines of  original sin and seminal transmission of guilt but he did
set them  as cornerstones in his "system," matching them with a doctrine of  infant baptism which
cancels, ex opere operato, birth sin and  hereditary guilt.  He never wearied of celebrating God's
abundant  mercy and grace -- but he was also fully persuaded that the vast  majority of mankind
are condemned to a wholly just and appalling  damnation.  He never denied the reality of human
freedom and never  allowed the excuse of human irresponsibility before God -- but  against all
detractors of the primacy of God's grace, he
vigorously insisted on both double predestination and irresistible  grace.
    For all this the Catholic Church was fully justified in  giving Augustine his aptest title, Doctor
Gratiae.  The central  theme in all Augustine's writings is the sovereign God of grace  and the
sovereign grace of God.  Grace, for Augustine, is God's  freedom to act without any external
necessity whatsoever -- to act  in love beyond human understanding or control; to act in creation,
judgment, and redemption; to give his Son freely as Mediator and  Redeemer; to endue the
Church with the indwelling power and  guidance of the Holy Spirit; to shape the destinies of all
creation and the ends of the two human societies, the "city of  earth" and the "city of God." Grace
is God's unmerited love and  favor, prevenient and occurrent.  It touches man's inmost heart
and will.  It guides and impels the pilgrimage of those called to  be faithful.  It draws and raises
the soul to repentance, faith,  and praise.  It transforms the human will so that it is capable of
doing good.  It relieves man's religious anxiety by forgiveness  and the gift of hope.  It establishes
the ground of Christian  humility by abolishing the ground of human pride.  God's grace  became
incarnate in Jesus Christ, and it remains immanent in the  Holy Spirit in the Church.
    Augustine had no system -- but he did have a stable and  coherent Christian outlook.
Moreover, he had an unwearied, ardent  concern: man's salvation from his hopeless plight,
through the  gracious action of God's redeeming love.  To understand and  interpret this was his
one endeavor, and to this task he devoted  his entire genius.
    He was, of course, by conscious intent and profession, a  Christian theologian, a pastor and
teacher in the Christian  community.  And yet it has come about that his contributions to
the larger heritage of Western civilization are hardly less  important than his services to the
Christian Church. He was far  and away the best -- if not the very first -- psychologist in the
ancient world.  His observations and descriptions of human motives  and emotions, his depth
analyses of will and thought in their  interaction, and his exploration of the inner nature of the
human  self -- these have established one of the main traditions in  European conceptions of
human nature, even down to our own time.   Augustine is an essential source for both
contemporary depth  psychology and existentialist philosophy.  His view of the shape  and process
of human history has been more influential than any  other single source in the development of the
Western tradition  which regards political order as inextricably involved in moral  order.  His
conception of a societas as a community identified and  held together by its loyalties and love has
become an integral  part of the general tradition of Christian social teaching and the  Christian
vision of "Christendom." His metaphysical explorations  of the problems of being, the character of
evil, the relation of  faith and knowledge, of will and reason, of time and eternity, of  creation and
cosmic order, have not ceased to animate and enrich  various philosophic reflections throughout
the succeeding  centuries.  At the same time the hallmark of the Augustinian  philosophy is its
insistent demand that reflective thought issue  in practical consequence; no contemplation of the
end of life  suffices unless it discovers the means by which men are brought to  their proper goals.
In sum, Augustine is one of the very few men  who simply cannot be ignored or depreciated in
any estimate of  Western civilization without serious distortion and impoverishment  of one's
historical and religious understanding.
    In the space of some forty-four years, from his conversion in  Milan (A.D.  386) to his death in
Hippo Regius (A.D.  430),  Augustine wrote -- mostly at dictation -- a vast sprawling library
of books, sermons, and letters, the remains of which (in the  Benedictine edition of St.  Maur) fill
fourteen volumes as they  are reprinted in Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, Series  Latina
(Vols.  32-45).  In his old age, Augustine reviewed his  authorship (in the Retractations) and has
left us a critical  review of ninety-three of his works he judged most important.   Even a cursory
glance at them shows how enormous was his range of  interest.  Yet almost everything he wrote
was in response to a  specific problem or an actual crisis in the immediate situation.   One may
mark off significant developments in his thought over this  twoscore years, but one can hardly
miss the fundamental
consistency in his entire life's work.  He was never interested in  writing a systematic summa
theologica, and would have been  incapable of producing a balanced digest of his multifaceted
teaching.  Thus, if he is to be read wisely, he must be read  widely -- and always in context, with
due attention to the  specific aim in view in each particular treatise.
    For the general reader who wishes to approach Augustine as  directly as possible, however, it
is a useful and fortunate thing  that at the very beginning of his Christian ministry and then  again
at the very climax of it, Augustine set himself to focus his  experience and thought into what
were, for him, summings up.  The  result of the first effort is the Confessions, which is his most
familiar and widely read work.  The second is in the Enchiridion,  written more than twenty years
later.  In the Confessions, he  stands on the threshold of his career in the Church. In the
Enchiridion, he stands forth as triumphant champion of orthodox  Christianity.  In these two
works -- the nearest equivalent to  summation in the whole of the Augustinian corpus -- we can
find  all his essential themes and can sample the characteristic flavor  of his thought.
    Augustine was baptized by Ambrose at Milan during Eastertide,  A.D.  387.  A short time later
his mother, Monica, died at Ostia  on the journey back to Africa.  A year later, Augustine was
back  in Roman Africa living in a monastery at Tagaste, his native town.   In 391, he was ordained
presbyter in the church of Hippo Regius (a  small coastal town nearby).  Here in 395 -- with grave
misgivings  on his own part (cf. Sermon CCCLV, 2) and in actual violation of  the eighth canon of
Nicea (cf. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum, II,  671, and IV, 1167) -- he was consecrated assistant
bishop to the  aged Valerius, whom he succeeded the following year.  Shortly  after he entered
into his episcopal duties he began his
Confessions, completing them probably in 398 (cf. De Labriolle, I,  vi (see Bibliography), and di
Capua, Miscellanea Agostiniana, II,  678).
    Augustine had a complex motive for undertaking such a self- analysis.[1]  His pilgrimage of
grace had led him to a most  unexpected outcome.  Now he felt a compelling need to retrace the
crucial turnings of the way by which he had come.  And since he  was sure that it was God's grace
that had been his prime mover on  that way, it was a spontaneous expression of his heart that cast
his self-recollection into the form of a sustained prayer to God.      The Confessions are not
Augustine's autobiography.  They are,  instead, a deliberate effort, in the permissive atmosphere of
God's felt presence, to recall those crucial episodes and events  in which he can now see and
celebrate the mysterious actions of  God's prevenient and provident grace.  Thus he follows the
windings of his memory as it re-presents the upheavals of his  youth and the stages of his
disorderly quest for wisdom.  He omits  very much indeed.  Yet he builds his successive climaxes
so  skillfully that the denouement in Book VIII is a vivid and  believable convergence of
influences, reconstructed and "placed"  with consummate dramatic skill.  We see how Cicero's
Hortensius  first awakened his thirst for wisdom, how the Manicheans deluded  him with their
promise of true wisdom, and how the Academics upset  his confidence in certain knowledge --
how they loosed him from  the dogmatism of the Manicheans only to confront him with the
opposite threat that all knowledge is uncertain.  He shows us (Bk.  V, Ch. X, 19) that almost the
sole cause of his intellectual  perplexity in religion was his stubborn, materialistic prejudice
that if God existed he had to exist in a body, and thus had to  have extension, shape, and finite
relation.  He remembers how the  "Platonists" rescued him from this "materialism" and taught him
how to think of spiritual and immaterial reality -- and so to  become able to conceive of God in
non-dualistic categories.  We  can follow him in his extraordinarily candid and plain report of
his Plotinian ecstasy, and his momentary communion with the One  (Book VII).  The "Platonists"
liberated him from error, but they  could not loose him from the fetters of incontinence.  Thus,
with  a divided will, he continues to seek a stable peace in the  Christian faith while he stubbornly
clings to his pride and  appetence.
    In Book VIII, Augustine piles up a series of remembered  incidents that inflamed his desire to
imitate those who already  seemed to have gained what he had so long been seeking.  First of
all, there had been Ambrose, who embodied for Augustine the  dignity of Christian learning and
the majesty of the authority of  the Christian Scriptures.  Then Simplicianus tells him the moving
story of Victorinus (a more famous scholar than Augustine ever  hoped to be), who finally came
to the baptismal font in Milan as  humbly as any other catechumen.  Then, from Ponticianus he
hears  the story of Antony and about the increasing influence of the  monastic calling.  The story
that stirs him most, perhaps, relates  the dramatic conversion of the two "special agents of the
imperial  police" in the garden at Treves -- two unlikely prospects snatched  abruptly from their
worldly ways to the monastic life.
    He makes it plain that these examples forced his own feelings  to an intolerable tension.  His
intellectual perplexities had  become resolved; the virtue of continence had been consciously
preferred; there was a strong desire for the storms of his breast  to be calmed; he longed to imitate
these men who had done what he  could not and who were enjoying the peace he longed for.
    But the old habits were still strong and he could not muster  a full act of the whole will to
strike them down.  Then comes the  scene in the Milanese garden which is an interesting parallel
to  Ponticianus' story about the garden at Treves.  The long struggle  is recapitulated in a brief
moment; his will struggles against and  within itself.  The trivial distraction of a child's voice,
chanting, "Tolle, lege,"  precipitates the resolution of the  conflict.  There is a radical shift in
mood and will, he turns  eagerly to the chance text in Rom. 13:13 -- and a new spirit rises  in his
heart.
    After this radical change, there was only one more past event  that had to be relived before his
personal history could be seen  in its right perspective.  This was the death of his mother and  the
severance of his strongest earthly tie.  Book IX tells us this  story.  The climactic moment in it is,
of course, the vision at  Ostia where mother and son are uplifted in an ecstasy that  parallels -- but
also differs significantly from -- the Plotinian  vision of Book VII.  After this, the mother dies and
the son who  had loved her almost too much goes on alone, now upheld and led by  a greater and
a wiser love.
    We can observe two separate stages in Augustine's
"conversion." The first was the dramatic striking off of the  slavery of incontinence and pride
which had so long held him from  decisive commitment to the Christian faith.  The second was the
development of an adequate understanding of the Christian faith  itself and his baptismal
confession of Jesus Christ as Lord and  Saviour.  The former was achieved in the Milanese
garden.  The  latter came more slowly and had no "dramatic moment." The  dialogues that
Augustine wrote at Cassiciacum the year following  his conversion show few substantial signs of a
theological  understanding, decisively or distinctively Christian.  But by the  time of his ordination
to the presbyterate we can see the basic  lines of a comprehensive and orthodox theology firmly
laid out.   Augustine neglects to tell us (in 398) what had happened in his  thought between 385
and 391.  He had other questions, more  interesting to him, with which to wrestle.
    One does not read far in the Confessions before he recognizes  that the term "confess" has a
double range of meaning.  On the one  hand, it obviously refers to the free acknowledgment,
before God,  of the truth one knows about oneself -- and this obviously meant,  for Augustine, the
"confession of sins." But, at the same time,  and more importantly, confiteri means to
acknowledge, to God, the  truth one knows about God.  To confess, then, is to praise and  glorify
God; it is an exercise in self-knowledge and true humility  in the atmosphere of grace and
reconciliation.
    Thus the Confessions are by no means complete when the  personal history is concluded at the
end of Book IX.  There are  two more closely related problems to be explored: First, how does
the finite self find the infinite God (or, how is it found of  him?)?  And, secondly, how may we
interpret God's action in  producing this created world in which such personal histories and
revelations do occur?  Book X, therefore, is an exploration of  _man's way to God_, a way which
begins in sense experience but  swiftly passes beyond it, through and beyond the awesome
mystery  of memory, to the ineffable encounter between God and the soul in  man's inmost
subject-self.  But such a journey is not complete  until the process is reversed and man has looked
as deeply as may  be into the mystery of creation, on which all our history and  experience
depend.  In Book XI, therefore, we discover why _time_  is such a problem and how "In the
beginning God created the  heavens and the earth" is the basic formula of a massive Christian
metaphysical world view.  In Books XII and XIII, Augustine  elaborates, in loving patience and
with considerable allegorical  license, the mysteries of creation -- exegeting the first chapter  of
Genesis, verse by verse, until he is able to relate the whole  round of creation to the point where
we can view the drama of  God's enterprise in human history on the vast stage of the cosmos
itself.  The Creator is the Redeemer!  Man's end and the beginning  meet at a single point!
    The Enchiridion is a briefer treatise on the grace of God and  represents Augustine's fully
matured theological perspective --  after the magnificent achievements of the De Trinitate and the
greater part of the De civitate Dei, and after the tremendous  turmoil of the Pelagian controversy
in which the doctrine of grace  was the exact epicenter.  Sometime in 421, Augustine received a
request from one Laurentius, a Christian layman who was the  brother of the tribune Dulcitius (for
whom Augustine wrote the De  octo dulcitii quaestionibus in 423-425).  This Laurentius wanted a
handbook (enchiridion)  that would sum up the essential Christian  teaching in the briefest possible
form.  Augustine dryly comments  that the shortest complete summary of the Christian faith is that
God is to be served by man in faith, hope, and love.  Then,  acknowledging that this answer might
indeed be _too_ brief, he  proceeds to expand it in an essay in which he tries unsuccessfully  to
subdue his natural digressive manner by imposing on it a  patently artificial schematism.  Despite
its awkward form,  however, the Enchiridion is one of the most important of all of  Augustine's
writings, for it is a conscious effort of the  theological magistrate of the Western Church to stand
on final  ground of testimony to the Christian truth.
    For his framework, Augustine chooses the Apostles' Creed and  the Lord's Prayer.  The
treatise begins, naturally enough, with a  discussion of God's work in creation.  Augustine makes
a firm  distinction between the comparatively unimportant knowledge of  nature and the
supremely important acknowledgment of the Creator  of nature.  But creation lies under the
shadow of sin and evil and  Augustine reviews his famous (and borrowed!) doctrine of the
privative character of evil.  From this he digresses into an  extended comment on error and lying
as special instances of evil.   He then returns to the hopeless case of fallen man, to which God's
wholly unmerited grace has responded in the incarnation of the  Mediator and Redeemer, Jesus
Christ.  The questions about the  appropriation of God's grace lead naturally to a discussion of
baptism and justification, and beyond these, to the Holy Spirit  and the Church. Augustine then
sets forth the benefits of  redeeming grace and weighs the balance between faith and good  works
in the forgiven sinner.  But redemption looks forward toward  resurrection, and Augustine feels
he must devote a good deal of  energy and subtle speculation to the questions about the manner
and mode of the life everlasting.  From this he moves on to the  problem of the destiny of the
wicked and the mystery of
predestination.  Nor does he shrink from these grim topics;  indeed, he actually _expands_ some
of his most rigid ideas of  God's ruthless justice toward the damned.  Having thus treated the
Christian faith and Christian hope, he turns in a too-brief  concluding section to the virtue of
Christian love as the heart of  the Christian life.  This, then, is the "handbook" on faith, hope,  and
love which he hopes Laurence will put to use and not leave as  "baggage on his bookshelf."
    Taken together, the Confessions and the Enchiridion give us  two very important vantage
points from which to view the
Augustinian perspective as a whole, since they represent both his  early and his mature
formulation.  From them, we can gain a  competent -- though by no means complete --
introduction to the  heart and mind of this great Christian saint and sage.  There are  important
differences between the two works, and these ought to be  noted by the careful reader.  But all the
main themes of
Augustinian Christianity appear in them, and through them we can  penetrate to its inner dynamic
core.
    There is no need to justify a new English translation of  these books, even though many good
ones already exist.  Every  translation is, at best, only an approximation -- and an
interpretation too.  There is small hope for a translation to end  all translations.  Augustine's Latin
is, for the most part,  comparatively easy to read.  One feels directly the force of his  constant
wordplay, the artful balancing of his clauses, his  laconic use of parataxis, and his deliberate
involutions of  thought and word order.  He was always a Latin rhetor; artifice of  style had come
to be second nature with him -- even though the  Latin scriptures were powerful modifiers of his
classical literary  patterns.  But it is a very tricky business to convey such a Latin  style into
anything like modern English without considerable  violence one way or the other.  A literal
rendering of the text is  simply not readable English.  And this falsifies the text in  another way,
for Augustine's Latin is eminently readable!  On the  other side, when one resorts to the
unavoidable paraphrase there  is always the open question as to the point beyond which the
thought itself is being recast.  It has been my aim and hope that  these translations will give the
reader an accurate medium of  contact with Augustine's temper and mode of argumentation.
There  has been no thought of trying to contrive an English equivalent  for his style.  If
Augustine's ideas come through this translation  with positive force and clarity, there can be no
serious reproach  if it is neither as eloquent nor as elegant as Augustine in his  own language.  In
any case, those who will compare this
translation with the others will get at least a faint notion of  how complex and truly brilliant the
original is!
    The sensitive reader soon recognizes that Augustine will not  willingly be inspected from a
distance or by a neutral observer.   In all his writings there is a strong concern and moving power
to  involve his reader in his own process of inquiry and perplexity.   There is a manifest eagerness
to have him share in his own flashes  of insight and his sudden glimpses of God's glory.
Augustine's  style is deeply personal; it is therefore idiomatic, and often  colloquial.  Even in his
knottiest arguments, or in the
labyrinthine mazes of his allegorizing (e.g., Confessions, Bk.  XIII, or Enchiridion, XVIII), he
seeks to maintain contact with  his reader in genuine respect and openness.  He is never content
to seek and find the truth in solitude.  He must enlist his  fellows in seeing and applying the truth
as given.  He is never  the blind fideist; even in the face of mystery, there is a  constant reliance on
the limited but real powers of human reason,  and a constant striving for clarity and intelligibility.
In this  sense, he was a consistent follower of his own principle of  "Christian Socratism,"
developed in the De Magistro and the De  catechezandis rudibus.
    Even the best of Augustine's writing bears the marks of his  own time and there is much in
these old books that is of little  interest to any but the specialist.  There are many stones of
stumbling in them for the modern secularist -- and even for the  modern Christian!  Despite all
this, it is impossible to read him  with any attention at all without recognizing how his genius and
his piety burst through the limitations of his times and his  language -- and even his English
translations!  He grips our  hearts and minds and enlists us in the great enterprise to which
his whole life was devoted: the search for and the celebration of  God's grace and glory by which
his faithful children are sustained  and guided in their pilgrimage toward the true Light of us all.
The most useful critical text of the Confessions is that of  Pierre de Labriolle (fifth edition, Paris,
1950).  I have collated  this with the other major critical editions: Martin Skutella, S.   Aureli
Augustini Confessionum Libri Tredecim (Leipzig, 1934) --  itself a recension of the Corpus
Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum  Latinorum XXXIII text of Pius Knoll (Vienna, 1896) -- and the
second edition of John Gibb and William Montgomery (Cambridge,  1927).
    There are two good critical texts of the Enchiridion and I  have collated them: Otto Scheel,
Augustins Enchiridion (zweite  Auflage, Tubingen, 1930), and Jean Riviere, Enchiridion in the
Bibliotheque Augustinienne, Oeuvres de S.  Augustin, premiere  serie: Opuscules, IX: Exposes
generaux de la foi (Paris, 1947).      It remains for me to express my appreciation to the General
Editors of this Library for their constructive help; to Professor  Hollis W.  Huston, who read the
entire manuscript and made many  valuable suggestions; and to Professor William A.  Irwin, who
greatly aided with parts of the Enchiridion.   These men share the  credit for preventing many
flaws, but naturally no responsibility  for those remaining.  Professors Raymond P.  Morris, of the
Yale  Divinity School Library; Robert Beach, of the Union Theological  Seminary Library; and
Decherd Turner, of our Bridwell Library here  at Southern Methodist University, were especially
generous in  their bibliographical assistance.  Last, but not least, Mrs.   Hollis W.  Huston and my
wife, between them, managed the difficult  task of putting the results of this project into fair copy.
To  them all I am most grateful.



      AUGUSTINE'S TESTIMONY CONCERNING THE CONFESSIONS

I.  THE Retractations, II, 6 (A.D.  427)

    1.  My Confessions, in thirteen books, praise the righteous  and good God as they speak either
of my evil or good, and they are  meant to excite men's minds and affections toward him.  At least
as far as I am concerned, this is what they did for me when they  were being written and they still
do this when read.  What some  people think of them is their own affair [ipse viderint];  but I  do
know that they have given pleasure to many of my brethren and  still do so.  The first through the
tenth books were written about  myself; the other three about Holy Scripture, from what is
written  there, In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,[2]  even as far as the
reference to the Sabbath rest.[3]
    2.  In Book IV, when I confessed my soul's misery over the  death of a friend and said that our
soul had somehow been made one  out of two souls, "But it may have been that I was afraid to
die,  lest he should then die wholly whom I had so greatly loved" (Ch.  VI, 11) -- this now seems
to be more a trivial declamation than a  serious confession, although this inept expression may be
tempered  somewhat by the "may have been" [forte]  which I added.  And in  Book XIII what I
said -- "The firmament was made between the  higher waters (and superior) and the lower (and
inferior) waters"  -- was said without sufficient thought.  In any case, the matter  is very obscure.
    This work begins thus: "Great art thou, O Lord."

II.  De Dono Perseverantiae, XX, 53 (A.D.  428)

    Which of my shorter works has been more widely known or given  greater pleasure than the
[thirteen] books of my Confessions?    And, although I published them long before the Pelagian
heresy had  even begun to be, it is plain that in them I said to my God, again  and again, "Give
what thou commandest and command what thou wilt."  When these words of mine were repeated
in Pelagius' presence at  Rome by a certain brother of mine (an episcopal colleague), he  could not
bear them and contradicted him so excitedly that they  nearly came to a quarrel.  Now what,
indeed, does God command,  first and foremost, except that we believe in him?  This faith,
therefore, he himself gives; so that it is well said to him, "Give  what thou commandest."
Moreover, in those same books, concerning  my account of my conversion when God turned me
to that faith which  I was laying waste with a very wretched and wild verbal assault,[4  ]do you
not remember how the narration shows that I was given as a  gift to the faithful and daily tears of
my mother, who had been  promised that I should not perish?  I certainly declared there  that God
by his grace turns men's wills to the true faith when  they are not only averse to it, but actually
adverse.  As for the  other ways in which I sought God's aid in my growth in
perseverance, you either know or can review them as you wish (PL,  45, c.  1025).

III.  Letter to Darius (A.D.  429)

    Thus, my son, take the books of my Confessions and use them  as a good man should -- not
superficially, but as a Christian in  Christian charity.  Here see me as I am and do not praise me for
more than I am.  Here believe nothing else about me than my own  testimony.  Here observe what
I have been in myself and through  myself.  And if something in me pleases you, here praise Him
with  me -- him whom I desire to be praised on my account and not  myself.  "For it is he that hath
made us and not we ourselves."[5]   Indeed, we were ourselves quite lost; but he who made us,
remade  us [sed qui fecit, refecit].  As, then, you find me in these  pages, pray for me that I shall
not fail but that I may go on to  be perfected.  Pray for me, my son, pray for me! (Epist.
CCXXXI,  PL, 33, c.  1025).




             The Confessions of Saint Augustine



                          BOOK ONE

    In God's searching presence, Augustine undertakes to plumb  the depths of his memory to
trace the mysterious pilgrimage of  grace which his life has been -- and to praise God for his
constant and omnipotent grace.  In a mood of sustained prayer, he  recalls what he can of his
infancy, his learning to speak, and his  childhood experiences in school.  He concludes with a
paean of  grateful praise to God.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  "Great art thou, O Lord, and greatly to be praised; great  is thy power, and infinite is thy
wisdom."[6]  And man desires to  praise thee, for he is a part of thy creation; he bears his
mortality about with him and carries the evidence of his sin and  the proof that thou dost resist the
proud.  Still he desires to  praise thee, this man who is only a small part of thy creation.   Thou
hast prompted him, that he should delight to praise thee, for  thou hast made us for thyself and
restless is our heart until it  comes to rest in thee.  Grant me, O Lord, to know and understand
whether first to invoke thee or to praise thee; whether first to  know thee or call upon thee.  But
who can invoke thee, knowing  thee not?  For he who knows thee not may invoke thee as another
than thou art.  It may be that we should invoke thee in order that  we may come to know thee.
But "how shall they call on him in whom  they have not believed?  Or how shall they believe
without a  preacher?"[7]  Now, "they shall praise the Lord who seek him,"[8]  for "those who
seek shall find him,"[9] and, finding him, shall  praise him.  I will seek thee, O Lord, and call upon
thee.  I call  upon thee, O Lord, in my faith which thou hast given me, which  thou hast inspired in
me through the humanity of thy Son, and  through the ministry of thy preacher.[10]


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  And how shall I call upon my God -- my God and my Lord?   For when I call on him I ask
him to come into me.  And what place  is there in me into which my God can come?  How could
God, the God  who made both heaven and earth, come into me?  Is there anything  in me, O Lord
my God, that can contain thee?  Do even the heaven  and the earth, which thou hast made, and in
which thou didst make  me, contain thee?  Is it possible that, since without thee nothing  would be
which does exist, thou didst make it so that whatever  exists has some capacity to receive thee?
Why, then, do I ask  thee to come into me, since I also am and could not be if thou  wert not in
me?  For I am not, after all, in hell -- and yet thou  art there too, for "if I go down into hell, thou
art there."[11]   Therefore I would not exist -- I would simply not be at all --  unless I exist in
thee, from whom and by whom and in whom all  things are.  Even so, Lord; even so.  Where do I
call thee to,  when I am already in thee?  Or from whence wouldst thou come into  me?  Where,
beyond heaven and earth, could I go that there my God  might come to me -- he who hath said, "I
fill heaven and
earth"?[12]


                        CHAPTER III

    3.  Since, then, thou dost fill the heaven and earth, do they  contain thee?  Or, dost thou fill
and overflow them, because they  cannot contain thee?  And where dost thou pour out what
remains of  thee after heaven and earth are full?  Or, indeed, is there no  need that thou, who dost
contain all things, shouldst be contained  by any, since those things which thou dost fill thou fillest
by  containing them?  For the vessels which thou dost fill do not  confine thee, since even if they
were broken, thou wouldst not be  poured out.  And, when thou art poured out on us, thou art
not  thereby brought down; rather, we are uplifted.  Thou art not  scattered; rather, thou dost
gather us together.  But when thou  dost fill all things, dost thou fill them with thy whole being?
Or, since not even all things together could contain thee  altogether, does any one thing contain a
single part, and do all  things contain that same part at the same time?  Do singulars  contain thee
singly?  Do greater things contain more of thee, and  smaller things less?  Or, is it not rather that
thou art wholly  present everywhere, yet in such a way that nothing contains thee  wholly?


                         CHAPTER IV

    4.  What, therefore, is my God?  What, I ask, but the Lord  God?  "For who is Lord but the
Lord himself, or who is God besides  our God?"[13]  Most high, most excellent, most potent,
most  omnipotent; most merciful and most just; most secret and most  truly present; most
beautiful and most strong; stable, yet not  supported; unchangeable, yet changing all things; never
new, never  old; making all things new, yet bringing old age upon the proud,  and they know it
not; always working, ever at rest; gathering, yet  needing nothing; sustaining, pervading, and
protecting; creating,  nourishing, and developing; seeking, and yet possessing all  things.  Thou
dost love, but without passion; art jealous, yet  free from care; dost repent without remorse; art
angry, yet  remainest serene.  Thou changest thy ways, leaving thy plans  unchanged; thou
recoverest what thou hast never really lost.  Thou  art never in need but still thou dost rejoice at
thy gains; art  never greedy, yet demandest dividends.  Men pay more than is  required so that
thou dost become a debtor; yet who can possess  anything at all which is not already thine?  Thou
owest men  nothing, yet payest out to them as if in debt to thy creature, and  when thou dost
cancel debts thou losest nothing thereby.  Yet, O  my God, my life, my holy Joy, what is this that I
have said?  What  can any man say when he speaks of thee?  But woe to them that keep  silence --
since even those who say most are dumb.


                         CHAPTER V

    5.  Who shall bring me to rest in thee?  Who will send thee  into my heart so to overwhelm it
that my sins shall be blotted out  and I may embrace thee, my only good?  What art thou to me?
Have  mercy that I may speak.  What am I to thee that thou shouldst  command me to love thee,
and if I do it not, art angry and  threatenest vast misery?  Is it, then, a trifling sorrow not to
love thee?  It is not so to me.  Tell me, by thy mercy, O Lord, my  God, what thou art to me.
"Say to my soul, I am your
salvation."[14]  So speak that I may hear.  Behold, the ears of my  heart are before thee, O Lord;
open them and "say to my soul, I am  your salvation." I will hasten after that voice, and I will lay
hold upon thee.  Hide not thy face from me.  Even if I die, let me  see thy face lest I die.
    6.  The house of my soul is too narrow for thee to come in to  me; let it be enlarged by thee.  It
is in ruins; do thou restore  it.  There is much about it which must offend thy eyes; I confess
and know it.  But who will cleanse it?  Or, to whom shall I cry  but to thee?  "Cleanse thou me
from my secret faults," O Lord,  "and keep back thy servant from strange sins."[15]  "I believe,
and therefore do I speak."[16]  But thou, O Lord, thou knowest.   Have I not confessed my
transgressions unto thee, O my God; and  hast thou not put away the iniquity of my heart?[17]  I
do not  contend in judgment with thee,[18] who art truth itself; and I  would not deceive myself,
lest my iniquity lie even to itself.  I  do not, therefore, contend in judgment with thee, for "if thou,
Lord, shouldst mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand?"[19]

                         CHAPTER VI

    7.  Still, dust and ashes as I am, allow me to speak before  thy mercy.  Allow me to speak, for,
behold, it is to thy mercy  that I speak and not to a man who scorns me.  Yet perhaps even
thou mightest scorn me; but when thou dost turn and attend to me,  thou wilt have mercy upon
me.  For what do I wish to say, O Lord  my God, but that I know not whence I came hither into
this life- in-death.  Or should I call it death-in-life?  I do not know.  And  yet the consolations of
thy mercy have sustained me from the very  beginning, as I have heard from my fleshly parents,
from whom and  in whom thou didst form me in time -- for I cannot myself  remember.  Thus
even though they sustained me by the consolation  of woman's milk, neither my mother nor my
nurses filled their own  breasts but thou, through them, didst give me the food of infancy
according to thy ordinance and thy bounty which underlie all  things.  For it was thou who didst
cause me not to want more than  thou gavest and it was thou who gavest to those who nourished
me  the will to give me what thou didst give them.  And they, by an  instinctive affection, were
willing to give me what thou hadst  supplied abundantly.  It was, indeed, good for them that my
good  should come through them, though, in truth, it was not from them  but by them.  For it is
from thee, O God, that all good things  come -- and from my God is all my health.  This is what I
have  since learned, as thou hast made it abundantly clear by all that I  have seen thee give, both to
me and to those around me.  For even  at the very first I knew how to suck, to lie quiet when I
was  full, and to cry when in pain -- nothing more.
    8.  Afterward I began to laugh -- at first in my sleep, then  when waking.  For this I have been
told about myself and I believe  it -- though I cannot remember it -- for I see the same things in
other infants.  Then, little by little, I realized where I was and  wished to tell my wishes to those
who might satisfy them, but I  could not!  For my wants were inside me, and they were outside,
and they could not by any power of theirs come into my soul.  And  so I would fling my arms and
legs about and cry, making the few  and feeble gestures that I could, though indeed the signs were
not  much like what I inwardly desired and when I was not satisfied --  either from not being
understood or because what I got was not  good for me -- I grew indignant that my elders were
not subject to  me and that those on whom I actually had no claim did not wait on  me as slaves --
and I avenged myself on them by crying.  That  infants are like this, I have myself been able to
learn by  watching them; and they, though they knew me not, have shown me  better what I was
like than my own nurses who knew me.
    9.  And, behold, my infancy died long ago, but I am still  living.  But thou, O Lord, whose life
is forever and in whom  nothing dies -- since before the world was, indeed, before all  that can be
called "before," thou wast, and thou art the God and  Lord of all thy creatures; and with thee
abide all the stable  causes of all unstable things, the unchanging sources of all  changeable things,
and the eternal reasons of all non-rational and  temporal things -- tell me, thy suppliant, O God,
tell me, O  merciful One, in pity tell a pitiful creature whether my infancy  followed yet an earlier
age of my life that had already passed  away before it.  Was it such another age which I spent in
my  mother's womb?  For something of that sort has been suggested to  me, and I have myself
seen pregnant women.  But what, O God, my  Joy, preceded _that_ period of life?  Was I, indeed,
anywhere, or  anybody?  No one can explain these things to me, neither father  nor mother, nor
the experience of others, nor my own memory.  Dost  thou laugh at me for asking such things?
Or dost thou command me  to praise and confess unto thee only what I know?
    10.  I give thanks to thee, O Lord of heaven and earth,  giving praise to thee for that first being
and my infancy of which  I have no memory.  For thou hast granted to man that he should
come to self-knowledge through the knowledge of others, and that  he should believe many things
about himself on the authority of  the womenfolk.  Now, clearly, I had life and being; and, as my
infancy closed, I was already learning signs by which my feelings  could be communicated to
others.
    Whence could such a creature come but from thee, O Lord?  Is  any man skillful enough to
have fashioned himself?  Or is there  any other source from which being and life could flow into
us,  save this, that thou, O Lord, hast made us -- thou with whom being  and life are one, since
thou thyself art supreme being and supreme  life both together.  For thou art infinite and in thee
there is no  change, nor an end to this present day -- although there is a  sense in which it ends in
thee since all things are in thee and  there would be no such thing as days passing away unless
thou  didst sustain them.  And since "thy years shall have no end,"[20]  thy years are an
ever-present day.  And how many of ours and our  fathers' days have passed through this thy day
and have received  from it what measure and fashion of being they had?  And all the  days to come
shall so receive and so pass away.  "But thou art the  same"![21]  And all the things of tomorrow
and the days yet to  come, and all of yesterday and the days that are past, thou wilt  gather into
this thy day.  What is it to me if someone does not  understand this?  Let him still rejoice and
continue to ask, "What  is this?"  Let him also rejoice and prefer to seek thee, even if  he fails to
find an answer, rather than to seek an answer and not  find thee!


                        CHAPTER VII

    11.  "Hear me, O God!  Woe to the sins of men!"  When a man  cries thus, thou showest him
mercy, for thou didst create the man  but not the sin in him.  Who brings to remembrance the sins
of my  infancy?  For in thy sight there is none free from sin, not even  the infant who has lived but
a day upon this earth.  Who brings  this to my remembrance?  Does not each little one, in whom I
now  observe what I no longer remember of myself?  In what ways, in  that time, did I sin?  Was it
that I cried for the breast?  If I  should now so cry -- not indeed for the breast, but for food
suitable to my condition -- I should be most justly laughed at and  rebuked.  What I did then
deserved rebuke but, since I could not  understand those who rebuked me, neither custom nor
common sense  permitted me to be rebuked.  As we grow we root out and cast away  from us
such childish habits.  Yet I have not seen anyone who is  wise who cast away the good when
trying to purge the bad.  Nor was  it good, even in that time, to strive to get by crying what, if it
had been given me, would have been hurtful; or to be bitterly  indignant at those who, because
they were older -- not slaves,  either, but free -- and wiser than I, would not indulge my
capricious desires.  Was it a good thing for me to try, by  struggling as hard as I could, to harm
them for not obeying me,  even when it would have done me harm to have been obeyed?  Thus,
the infant's innocence lies in the weakness of his body and not in  the infant mind.  I have myself
observed a baby to be jealous,  though it could not speak; it was livid as it watched another
infant at the breast.
    Who is ignorant of this?  Mothers and nurses tell us that  they cure these things by I know not
what remedies.  But is this  innocence, when the fountain of milk is flowing fresh and  abundant,
that another who needs it should not be allowed to share  it, even though he requires such
nourishment to sustain his life?   Yet we look leniently on such things, not because they are not
faults, or even small faults, but because they will vanish as the  years pass.  For, although we
allow for such things in an infant,  the same things could not be tolerated patiently in an adult.
12.  Therefore, O Lord my God, thou who gavest life to the  infant, and a body which, as we see,
thou hast furnished with  senses, shaped with limbs, beautified with form, and endowed with
all vital energies for its well-being and health -- thou dost  command me to praise thee for these
things, to give thanks unto  the Lord, and to sing praise unto his name, O Most High.[22]  For
thou art God, omnipotent and good, even if thou hadst done no more  than these things, which no
other but thou canst do -- thou alone  who madest all things fair and didst order everything
according to  thy law.
    I am loath to dwell on this part of my life of which, O Lord,  I have no remembrance, about
which I must trust the word of others  and what I can surmise from observing other infants, even
if such  guesses are trustworthy.  For it lies in the deep murk of my  forgetfulness and thus is like
the period which I passed in my  mother's womb.  But if "I was conceived in iniquity, and in sin
my  mother nourished me in her womb,"[23] where, I pray thee, O my  God, where, O Lord, or
when was I, thy servant, ever innocent?   But see now, I pass over that period, for what have I to
do with a  time from which I can recall no memories?


                        CHAPTER VIII

    13.  Did I not, then, as I grew out of infancy, come next to  boyhood, or rather did it not come
to me and succeed my infancy?   My infancy did not go away (for where would it go?).  It was
simply no longer present; and I was no longer an infant who could  not speak, but now a
chattering boy.  I remember this, and I have  since observed how I learned to speak.  My elders
did not teach me  words by rote, as they taught me my letters afterward.  But I  myself, when I
was unable to communicate all I wished to say to  whomever I wished by means of whimperings
and grunts and various  gestures of my limbs (which I used to reinforce my demands), I  myself
repeated the sounds already stored in my memory by the mind  which thou, O my God, hadst
given me.  When they called some thing  by name and pointed it out while they spoke, I saw it and
realized  that the thing they wished to indicate was called by the name they  then uttered.  And
what they meant was made plain by the gestures  of their bodies, by a kind of natural language,
common to all  nations, which expresses itself through changes of countenance,  glances of the
eye, gestures and intonations which indicate a  disposition and attitude -- either to seek or to
possess, to  reject or to avoid.  So it was that by frequently hearing words,  in different phrases, I
gradually identified the objects which the  words stood for and, having formed my mouth to
repeat these signs,  I was thereby able to express my will.  Thus I exchanged with  those about me
the verbal signs by which we express our wishes and  advanced deeper into the stormy fellowship
of human life,  depending all the while upon the authority of my parents and the  behest of my
elders.


                         CHAPTER IX

    14.  O my God!  What miseries and mockeries did I then  experience when it was impressed on
me that obedience to my  teachers was proper to my boyhood estate if I was to flourish in
this world and distinguish myself in those tricks of speech which  would gain honor for me among
men, and deceitful riches!  To this  end I was sent to school to get learning, the value of which I
knew not -- wretch that I was.  Yet if I was slow to learn, I was  flogged.  For this was deemed
praiseworthy by our forefathers and  many had passed before us in the same course, and thus had
built  up the precedent for the sorrowful road on which we too were  compelled to travel,
multiplying labor and sorrow upon the sons of  Adam.  About this time, O Lord, I observed men
praying to thee,  and I learned from them to conceive thee -- after my capacity for  understanding
as it was then -- to be some great Being, who,  though not visible to our senses, was able to hear
and help us.   Thus as a boy I began to pray to thee, my Help and my Refuge, and,  in calling on
thee, broke the bands of my tongue.  Small as I was,  I prayed with no slight earnestness that I
might not be beaten at  school.  And when thou didst not heed me -- for that would have
been giving me over to my folly -- my elders and even my parents  too, who wished me no ill,
treated my stripes as a joke, though  they were then a great and grievous ill to me.
    15.  Is there anyone, O Lord, with a spirit so great, who  cleaves to thee with such steadfast
affection (or is there even a  kind of obtuseness that has the same effect) -- is there any man
who, by cleaving devoutly to thee, is endowed with so great a  courage that he can regard
indifferently those racks and hooks and  other torture weapons from which men throughout the
world pray so  fervently to be spared; and can they scorn those who so greatly  fear these
torments, just as my parents were amused at the  torments with which our teachers punished us
boys?  For we were no  less afraid of our pains, nor did we beseech thee less to escape  them.
Yet, even so, we were sinning by writing or reading or  studying less than our assigned lessons.
    For I did not, O Lord, lack memory or capacity, for, by thy  will, I possessed enough for my
age.  However, my mind was  absorbed only in play, and I was punished for this by those who
were doing the same things themselves.  But the idling of our  elders is called business; the idling
of boys, though quite like  it, is punished by those same elders, and no one pities either the
boys or the men.  For will any common sense observer agree that I  was rightly punished as a boy
for playing ball -- just because  this hindered me from learning more quickly those lessons by
means  of which, as a man, I could play at more shameful games?  And did  he by whom I was
beaten do anything different?  When he was  worsted in some small controversy with a fellow
teacher, he was  more tormented by anger and envy than I was when beaten by a  playmate in the
ball game.


                         CHAPTER X

    16.  And yet I sinned, O Lord my God, thou ruler and creator  of all natural things -- but of
sins only the ruler -- I sinned, O  Lord my God, in acting against the precepts of my parents and of
those teachers.  For this learning which they wished me to acquire  -- no matter what their
motives were -- I might have put to good  account afterward.  I disobeyed them, not because I
had chosen a  better way, but from a sheer love of play.  I loved the vanity of  victory, and I loved
to have my ears tickled with lying fables,  which made them itch even more ardently, and a similar
curiosity  glowed more and more in my eyes for the shows and sports of my  elders.  Yet those
who put on such shows are held in such high  repute that almost all desire the same for their
children.  They  are therefore willing to have them beaten, if their childhood  games keep them
from the studies by which their parents desire  them to grow up to be able to give such shows.
Look down on these  things with mercy, O Lord, and deliver us who now call upon thee;
deliver those also who do not call upon thee, that they may call  upon thee, and thou mayest
deliver them.


                         CHAPTER XI

    17.  Even as a boy I had heard of eternal life promised to us  through the humility of the Lord
our God, who came down to visit  us in our pride, and I was signed with the sign of his cross, and
was seasoned with his salt even from the womb of my mother, who  greatly trusted in thee.  Thou
didst see, O Lord, how, once, while  I was still a child, I was suddenly seized with stomach pains
and  was at the point of death -- thou didst see, O my God, for even  then thou wast my keeper,
with what agitation and with what faith  I solicited from the piety of my mother and from thy
Church (which  is the mother of us all) the baptism of thy Christ, my Lord and my  God.  The
mother of my flesh was much perplexed, for, with a heart  pure in thy faith, she was always in
deep travail for my eternal  salvation.  If I had not quickly recovered, she would have  provided
forthwith for my initiation and washing by thy life- giving sacraments, confessing thee, O Lord
Jesus, for the  forgiveness of sins.  So my cleansing was deferred, as if it were  inevitable that, if I
should live, I would be further polluted;  and, further, because the guilt contracted by sin after
baptism  would be still greater and more perilous.
    Thus, at that time, I "believed" along with my mother and the  whole household, except my
father.  But he did not overcome the  influence of my mother's piety in me, nor did he prevent my
believing in Christ, although he had not yet believed in him.  For  it was her desire, O my God,
that I should acknowledge thee as my  Father rather than him.  In this thou didst aid her to
overcome  her husband, to whom, though his superior, she yielded obedience.   In this way she
also yielded obedience to thee, who dost so  command.
    18.  I ask thee, O my God, for I would gladly know if it be  thy will, to what good end my
baptism was deferred at that time?   Was it indeed for my good that the reins were slackened, as it
were, to encourage me in sin?  Or, were they not slackened?  If  not, then why is it still dinned
into our ears on all sides, "Let  him alone, let him do as he pleases, for he is not yet baptized"?
In the matter of bodily health, no one says, "Let him alone; let  him be worse wounded; for he is
not yet cured"!  How much better,  then, would it have been for me to have been cured at once --
and  if thereafter, through the diligent care of friends and myself, my  soul's restored health had
been kept safe in thy keeping, who gave  it in the first place!  This would have been far better, in
truth.   But how many and great the waves of temptation which appeared to  hang over me as I
grew out of childhood!  These were foreseen by  my mother, and she preferred that the unformed
clay should be  risked to them rather than the clay molded after Christ's  image.[24]


                         CHAPTER XII

    19.  But in this time of childhood -- which was far less  dreaded for me than my adolescence --
I had no love of learning,  and hated to be driven to it.  Yet I was driven to it just the  same, and
good was done for me, even though I did not do it well,  for I would not have learned if I had not
been forced to it.  For  no man does well against his will, even if what he does is a good  thing.
Neither did they who forced me do well, but the good that  was done me came from thee, my
God.  For they did not care about  the way in which I would use what they forced me to learn,
and  took it for granted that it was to satisfy the inordinate desires  of a rich beggary and a
shameful glory.  But thou, Lord, by whom  the hairs of our head are numbered, didst use for my
good the  error of all who pushed me on to study: but my error in not being  willing to learn thou
didst use for my punishment.  And I --  though so small a boy yet so great a sinner -- was not
punished  without warrant.  Thus by the instrumentality of those who did not  do well, thou didst
well for me; and by my own sin thou didst  justly punish me.  For it is even as thou hast ordained:
that  every inordinate affection brings on its own punishment.


                        CHAPTER XIII

    20.  But what were the causes for my strong dislike of Greek  literature, which I studied from
my boyhood?  Even to this day I  have not fully understood them.  For Latin I loved exceedingly
--  not just the rudiments, but what the grammarians teach. For those  beginner's lessons in
reading, writing, and reckoning, I
considered no less a burden and pain than Greek.  Yet whence came  this, unless from the sin and
vanity of this life?  For I was "but  flesh, a wind that passeth away and cometh not again."[25]
Those  first lessons were better, assuredly, because they were more  certain, and through them I
acquired, and still retain, the power  of reading what I find written and of writing for myself what
I  will.  In the other subjects, however, I was compelled to learn  about the wanderings of a
certain Aeneas, oblivious of my own  wanderings, and to weep for Dido dead, who slew herself
for love.   And all this while I bore with dry eyes my own wretched self dying  to thee, O God, my
life, in the midst of these things.
    21.  For what can be more wretched than the wretch who has no  pity upon himself, who sheds
tears over Dido, dead for the love of  Aeneas, but who sheds no tears for his own death in not
loving  thee, O God, light of my heart, and bread of the inner mouth of my  soul, O power that
links together my mind with my inmost thoughts?   I did not love thee, and thus committed
fornication against  thee.[26]  Those around me, also sinning, thus cried out: "Well  done!  Well
done!"  The friendship of this world is fornication  against thee; and "Well done!  Well done!"  is
cried until one  feels ashamed not to show himself a man in this way.  For my own  condition I
shed no tears, though I wept for Dido, who "sought  death at the sword's point,"[27] while I
myself was seeking the  lowest rung of thy creation, having forsaken thee; earth sinking  back to
earth again.  And, if I had been forbidden to read these  poems, I would have grieved that I was
not allowed to read what  grieved me.  This sort of madness is considered more honorable and
more fruitful learning than the beginner's course in which I  learned to read and write.
    22.  But now, O my God, cry unto my soul, and let thy truth  say to me: "Not so, not so!  That
first learning was far better."  For, obviously, I would rather forget the wanderings of Aeneas,
and all such things, than forget how to write and read.  Still,  over the entrance of the grammar
school there hangs a veil.  This  is not so much the sign of a covering for a mystery as a curtain
for error.  Let them exclaim against me -- those I no longer fear  -- while I confess to thee, my
God, what my soul desires, and let  me find some rest, for in blaming my own evil ways I may
come to  love thy holy ways.  Neither let those cry out against me who buy  and sell the baubles
of literature.  For if I ask them if it is  true, as the poet says, that Aeneas once came to Carthage,
the  unlearned will reply that they do not know and the learned will  deny that it is true.  But if I
ask with what letters the name  Aeneas is written, all who have ever learned this will answer
correctly, in accordance with the conventional understanding men  have agreed upon as to these
signs.  Again, if I should ask which  would cause the greatest inconvenience in our life, if it were
forgotten: reading and writing, or these poetical fictions, who  does not see what everyone would
answer who had not entirely lost  his own memory?  I erred, then, when as a boy I preferred those
vain studies to these more profitable ones, or rather loved the  one and hated the other.  "One and
one are two, two and two are  four": this was then a truly hateful song to me.  But the wooden
horse full of its armed soldiers, and the holocaust of Troy, and  the spectral image of Creusa were
all a most delightful -- and  vain -- show![28]
    23.  But why, then, did I dislike Greek learning, which was  full of such tales?  For Homer was
skillful in inventing such  poetic fictions and is most sweetly wanton; yet when I was a boy,
he was most disagreeable to me.  I believe that Virgil would have  the same effect on Greek boys
as Homer did on me if they were  forced to learn him.  For the tedium of learning a foreign
language mingled gall into the sweetness of those Grecian myths.   For I did not understand a
word of the language, and yet I was  driven with threats and cruel punishments to learn it.  There
was  also a time when, as an infant, I knew no Latin; but this I  acquired without any fear or
tormenting, but merely by being alert  to the blandishments of my nurses, the jests of those who
smiled  on me, and the sportiveness of those who toyed with me.  I learned  all this, indeed,
without being urged by any pressure of
punishment, for my own heart urged me to bring forth its own  fashioning, which I could not do
except by learning words: not  from those who taught me but those who talked to me, into whose
ears I could pour forth whatever I could fashion.  From this it is  sufficiently clear that a free
curiosity is more effective in  learning than a discipline based on fear.  Yet, by thy ordinance,
O God, discipline is given to restrain the excesses of freedom;  this ranges from the ferule of the
schoolmaster to the trials of  the martyr and has the effect of mingling for us a wholesome
bitterness, which calls us back to thee from the poisonous  pleasures that first drew us from thee.


                         CHAPTER XV

    24.  Hear my prayer, O Lord; let not my soul faint under thy  discipline, nor let me faint in
confessing unto thee thy mercies,  whereby thou hast saved me from all my most wicked ways till
thou  shouldst become sweet to me beyond all the allurements that I used  to follow.  Let me
come to love thee wholly, and grasp thy hand  with my whole heart that thou mayest deliver me
from every  temptation, even unto the last.  And thus, O Lord, my King and my  God, may all
things useful that I learned as a boy now be offered  in thy service -- let it be that for thy service I
now speak and  write and reckon.  For when I was learning vain things, thou didst  impose thy
discipline upon me: and thou hast forgiven me my sin of  delighting in those vanities.  In those
studies I learned many a  useful word, but these might have been learned in matters not so
vain; and surely that is the safe way for youths to walk in.

                         CHAPTER XVI

    25.  But woe unto you, O torrent of human custom!  Who shall  stay your course?  When will
you ever run dry?  How long will you  carry down the sons of Eve into that vast and hideous
ocean, which  even those who have the Tree (for an ark)[29] can scarcely pass  over?  Do I not
read in you the stories of Jove the thunderer --  and the adulterer?[30]  How could he be both?
But so it says, and  the sham thunder served as a cloak for him to play at real  adultery.  Yet
which of our gowned masters will give a tempered  hearing to a man trained in their own schools
who cries out and  says: "These were Homer's fictions; he transfers things human to  the gods.  I
could have wished that he would transfer divine  things to us."[31]  But it would have been more
true if he said,  "These are, indeed, his fictions, but he attributed divine  attributes to sinful men,
that crimes might not be accounted  crimes, and that whoever committed such crimes might
appear to  imitate the celestial gods and not abandoned men."
    26.  And yet, O torrent of hell, the sons of men are still  cast into you, and they pay fees for
learning all these things.   And much is made of it when this goes on in the forum under the
auspices of laws which give a salary over and above the fees.  And  you beat against your rocky
shore and roar: "Here words may be  learned; here you can attain the eloquence which is so
necessary  to persuade people to your way of thinking; so helpful in  unfolding your opinions."
Verily, they seem to argue that we  should never have understood these words, "golden shower,"
"bosom," "intrigue," "highest heavens," and other such words, if  Terence had not introduced a
good-for-nothing youth upon the  stage, setting up a picture of Jove as his example of lewdness
and  telling the tale
         "Of Jove's descending in a golden shower
    Into Danae's bosom...
    With a woman to intrigue."
    See how he excites himself to lust, as if by a heavenly  authority, when he says:
         "Great Jove,
    Who shakes the highest heavens with his thunder;
    Shall I, poor mortal man, not do the same?
    I've done it, and with all my heart, I'm glad."[32]
    These words are not learned one whit more easily because of  this vileness, but through them
the vileness is more boldly  perpetrated.  I do not blame the words, for they are, as it were,
choice and precious vessels, but I do deplore the wine of error  which was poured out to us by
teachers already drunk.  And, unless  we also drank we were beaten, without liberty of appeal to a
sober  judge.  And yet, O my God, in whose presence I can now with  security recall this, I
learned these things willingly and with  delight, and for it I was called a boy of good promise.


                        CHAPTER XVII

    27.  Bear with me, O my God, while I speak a little of those  talents, thy gifts, and of the follies
on which I wasted them.   For a lesson was given me that sufficiently disturbed my soul, for
in it there was both hope of praise and fear of shame or stripes.   The assignment was that I
should declaim the words of Juno, as she  raged and sorrowed that she could not
         "Bar off Italy
    From all the approaches of the Teucrian king."[33]
    I had learned that Juno had never uttered these words.  Yet  we were compelled to stray in the
footsteps of these poetic  fictions, and to turn into prose what the poet had said in verse.
In the declamation, the boy won most applause who most strikingly  reproduced the passions of
anger and sorrow according to the  "character" of the persons presented and who clothed it all in
the  most suitable language.  What is it now to me, O my true Life, my  God, that my declaiming
was applauded above that of many of my  classmates and fellow students?  Actually, was not all
that smoke  and wind?  Besides, was there nothing else on which I could have  exercised my wit
and tongue?  Thy praise, O Lord, thy praises  might have propped up the tendrils of my heart by
thy Scriptures;  and it would not have been dragged away by these empty trifles, a  shameful prey
to the spirits of the air.  For there is more than  one way in which men sacrifice to the fallen
angels.


                        CHAPTER XVIII

    28.  But it was no wonder that I was thus carried toward  vanity and was estranged from thee,
O my God, when men were held  up as models to me who, when relating a deed of theirs -- not in
itself evil -- were covered with confusion if found guilty of a  barbarism or a solecism; but who
could tell of their own
licentiousness and be applauded for it, so long as they did it in  a full and ornate oration of
well-chosen words.  Thou seest all  this, O Lord, and dost keep silence -- "long-suffering, and
plenteous in mercy and truth"[34] as thou art.  Wilt thou keep  silence forever?  Even now thou
drawest from that vast deep the  soul that seeks thee and thirsts after thy delight, whose "heart
said unto thee, �I have sought thy face; thy face, Lord, will I  seek.'"[35] For I was far from thy
face in the dark shadows of  passion.  For it is not by our feet, nor by change of place, that
we either turn from thee or return to thee.  That younger son did  not charter horses or chariots,
or ships, or fly away on visible  wings, or journey by walking so that in the far country he might
prodigally waste all that thou didst give him when he set out.[36]  A kind Father when thou
gavest; and kinder still when he returned  destitute!  To be wanton, that is to say, to be darkened
in heart  -- this is to be far from thy face.
    29.  Look down, O Lord God, and see patiently, as thou art  wont to do, how diligently the
sons of men observe the
conventional rules of letters and syllables, taught them by those  who learned their letters
beforehand, while they neglect the  eternal rules of everlasting salvation taught by thee.  They
carry  it so far that if he who practices or teaches the established  rules of pronunciation should
speak (contrary to grammatical  usage) without aspirating the first syllable of "hominem"
["ominem," and thus make it "a 'uman being"], he will offend men  more than if he, a human
being, were to _hate_ another human being  contrary to thy commandments.  It is as if he should
feel that  there is an enemy who could be more destructive to himself than  that hatred which
excites him against his fellow man; or that he  could destroy him whom he hates more completely
than he destroys  his own soul by this same hatred.  Now, obviously, there is no  knowledge of
letters more innate than the writing of conscience --  against doing unto another what one would
not have done to  himself.
    How mysterious thou art, who "dwellest on high"[37] in  silence.  O thou, the only great God,
who by an unwearied law  hurlest down the penalty of blindness to unlawful desire!  When a
man seeking the reputation of eloquence stands before a human  judge, while a thronging
multitude surrounds him, and inveighs  against his enemy with the most fierce hatred, he takes
most  vigilant heed that his tongue does not slip in a grammatical  error, for example, and say inter
hominibus [instead of inter  homines], but he takes no heed lest, in the fury of his spirit, he  cut off
a man from his fellow men [ex hominibus].
    30.  These were the customs in the midst of which I was cast,  an unhappy boy.  This was the
wrestling arena in which I was more  fearful of perpetrating a barbarism than, having done so, of
envying those who had not.  These things I declare and confess to  thee, my God.  I was
applauded by those whom I then thought it my  whole duty to please, for I did not perceive the
gulf of infamy  wherein I was cast away from thy eyes.
    For in thy eyes, what was more infamous than I was already,  since I displeased even my own
kind and deceived, with endless  lies, my tutor, my masters and parents -- all from a love of play,
a craving for frivolous spectacles, a stage-struck restlessness to  imitate what I saw in these
shows?  I pilfered from my parents'  cellar and table, sometimes driven by gluttony, sometimes
just to  have something to give to other boys in exchange for their  baubles, which they were
prepared to sell even though they liked  them as well as I.  Moreover, in this kind of play, I often
sought  dishonest victories, being myself conquered by the vain desire for  pre-eminence.  And
what was I so unwilling to endure, and what was  it that I censured so violently when I caught
anyone, except the  very things I did to others?  And, when I was myself detected and  censured, I
preferred to quarrel rather than to yield.  Is this  the innocence of childhood?  It is not, O Lord, it
is not.  I  entreat thy mercy, O my God, for these same sins as we grow older  are transferred
from tutors and masters; they pass from nuts and  balls and sparrows, to magistrates and kings, to
gold and lands  and slaves, just as the rod is succeeded by more severe
chastisements.  It was, then, the fact of humility in childhood  that thou, O our King, didst
approve as a symbol of humility when  thou saidst, "Of such is the Kingdom of Heaven."[38]


                         CHAPTER XIX

    31.  However, O Lord, to thee most excellent and most good,  thou Architect and Governor of
the universe, thanks would be due  thee, O our God, even if thou hadst not willed that I should
survive my boyhood.  For I existed even then; I lived and felt and  was solicitous about my own
well-being -- a trace of that most  mysterious unity from whence I had my being.[39]  I kept
watch, by  my inner sense, over the integrity of my outer senses, and even in  these trifles and also
in my thoughts about trifles, I learned to  take pleasure in truth.  I was averse to being deceived; I
had a  vigorous memory; I was gifted with the power of speech, was  softened by friendship,
shunned sorrow, meanness, ignorance.  Is  not such an animated creature as this wonderful and
praiseworthy?   But all these are gifts of my God; I did not give them to myself.   Moreover, they
are good, and they all together constitute myself.   Good, then, is he that made me, and he is my
God; and before him  will I rejoice exceedingly for every good gift which, even as a  boy, I had.
But herein lay my sin, that it was not in him, but in  his creatures -- myself and the rest -- that I
sought for  pleasures, honors, and truths.  And I fell thereby into sorrows,  troubles, and errors.
Thanks be to thee, my joy, my pride, my  confidence, my God -- thanks be to thee for thy gifts;
but do thou  preserve them in me.  For thus wilt thou preserve me; and those  things which thou
hast given me shall be developed and perfected,  and I myself shall be with thee, for from thee is
my being.


                         BOOK TWO

He concentrates here on his sixteenth year, a year of idleness,  lust, and adolescent mischief.  The
memory of stealing some pears  prompts a deep probing of the motives and aims of sinful acts.  "I
became to myself a wasteland."


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  I wish now to review in memory my past wickedness and the  carnal corruptions of my soul
-- not because I still love them,  but that I may love thee, O my God.  For love of thy love I do
this, recalling in the bitterness of self-examination my wicked  ways, that thou mayest grow sweet
to me, thou sweetness without  deception!  Thou sweetness happy and assured!  Thus thou
mayest  gather me up out of those fragments in which I was torn to pieces,  while I turned away
from thee, O Unity, and lost myself among "the  many."[40]  For as I became a youth, I longed to
be satisfied with  worldly things, and I dared to grow wild in a succession of  various and
shadowy loves.  My form wasted away, and I became  corrupt in thy eyes, yet I was still pleasing
to my own eyes --  and eager to please the eyes of men.


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  But what was it that delighted me save to love and to be  loved?  Still I did not keep the
moderate way of the love of mind  to mind -- the bright path of friendship.  Instead, the mists of
passion steamed up out of the puddly concupiscence of the flesh,  and the hot imagination of
puberty, and they so obscured and  overcast my heart that I was unable to distinguish pure
affection  from unholy desire.  Both boiled confusedly within me, and dragged  my unstable youth
down over the cliffs of unchaste desires and  plunged me into a gulf of infamy.  Thy anger had
come upon me, and  I knew it not.  I had been deafened by the clanking of the chains  of my
mortality, the punishment for my soul's pride, and I  wandered farther from thee, and thou didst
permit me to do so.  I  was tossed to and fro, and wasted, and poured out, and I boiled  over in
my fornications -- and yet thou didst hold thy peace, O my  tardy Joy!  Thou didst still hold thy
peace, and I wandered still  farther from thee into more and yet more barren fields of sorrow,
in proud dejection and restless lassitude.
    3.  If only there had been someone to regulate my disorder  and turn to my profit the fleeting
beauties of the things around  me, and to fix a bound to their sweetness, so that the tides of my
youth might have spent themselves upon the shore of marriage!   Then they might have been
tranquilized and satisfied with having  children, as thy law prescribes, O Lord -- O thou who dost
form  the offspring of our death and art able also with a tender hand to  blunt the thorns which
were excluded from thy paradise![41]  For  thy omnipotence is not far from us even when we are
far from thee.   Now, on the other hand, I might have given more vigilant heed to  the voice from
the clouds: "Nevertheless, such shall have trouble  in the flesh, but I spare you,"[42] and, "It is
good for a man not  to touch a woman,"[43] and, "He that is unmarried cares for the  things that
belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord; but he  that is married cares for the things that
are of the world, how he  may please his wife."[44]  I should have listened more attentively
to these words, and, thus having been "made a eunuch for the  Kingdom of Heaven's sake,"[45] I
would have with greater happiness  expected thy embraces.
    4.  But, fool that I was, I foamed in my wickedness as the  sea and, forsaking thee, followed
the rushing of my own tide, and  burst out of all thy bounds.  But I did not escape thy scourges.
For what mortal can do so?  Thou wast always by me, mercifully  angry and flavoring all my
unlawful pleasures with bitter  discontent, in order that I might seek pleasures free from
discontent.  But where could I find such pleasure save in thee, O  Lord -- save in thee, who dost
teach us by sorrow, who woundest us  to heal us, and dost kill us that we may not die apart from
thee.   Where was I, and how far was I exiled from the delights of thy  house, in that sixteenth
year of the age of my flesh, when the  madness of lust held full sway in me -- that madness which
grants  indulgence to human shamelessness, even though it is forbidden by  thy laws -- and I gave
myself entirely to it?  Meanwhile, my  family took no care to save me from ruin by marriage, for
their  sole care was that I should learn how to make a powerful speech  and become a persuasive
orator.


                         CHAPTER III

    5.  Now, in that year my studies were interrupted.  I had  come back from Madaura, a
neighboring city[46] where I had gone to  study grammar and rhetoric; and the money for a
further term at  Carthage was being got together for me.  This project was more a  matter of my
father's ambition than of his means, for he was only  a poor citizen of Tagaste.
    To whom am I narrating all this?  Not to thee, O my God, but  to my own kind in thy presence
-- to that small part of the human  race who may chance to come upon these writings.  And to
what end?   That I and all who read them may understand what depths there are  from which we
are to cry unto thee.[47]  For what is more surely  heard in thy ear than a confessing heart and a
faithful life?        Who did not extol and praise my father, because he went quite  beyond his
means to supply his son with the necessary expenses for  a far journey in the interest of his
education?  For many far  richer citizens did not do so much for their children.  Still,  this same
father troubled himself not at all as to how I was  progressing toward thee nor how chaste I was,
just so long as I  was skillful in speaking -- no matter how barren I was to thy  tillage, O God,
who art the one true and good Lord of my heart,  which is thy field.[48]
    6.  During that sixteenth year of my age, I lived with my  parents, having a holiday from school
for a time -- this idleness  imposed upon me by my parents' straitened finances.  The
thornbushes of lust grew rank about my head, and there was no hand  to root them out.  Indeed,
when my father saw me one day at the  baths and perceived that I was becoming a man, and was
showing the  signs of adolescence, he joyfully told my mother about it as if  already looking
forward to grandchildren, rejoicing in that sort  of inebriation in which the world so often forgets
thee, its  Creator, and falls in love with thy creature instead of thee --  the inebriation of that
invisible wine of a perverted will which  turns and bows down to infamy.  But in my mother's
breast thou  hadst already begun to build thy temple and the foundation of thy  holy habitation --
whereas my father was only a catechumen, and  that but recently.  She was, therefore, startled
with a holy fear  and trembling: for though I had not yet been baptized, she feared  those crooked
ways in which they walk who turn their backs to thee  and not their faces.
    7.  Woe is me!  Do I dare affirm that thou didst hold thy  peace, O my God, while I wandered
farther away from thee?  Didst  thou really then hold thy peace?  Then whose words were they but
thine which by my mother, thy faithful handmaid, thou didst pour  into my ears?  None of them,
however, sank into my heart to make  me do anything.  She deplored and, as I remember, warned
me  privately with great solicitude, "not to commit fornication; but  above all things never to
defile another man's wife." These  appeared to me but womanish counsels, which I would have
blushed  to obey.  Yet they were from thee, and I knew it not.  I thought  that thou wast silent and
that it was only she who spoke.  Yet it  was through her that thou didst not keep silence toward
me; and in  rejecting her counsel I was rejecting thee -- I, her son, "the son  of thy handmaid, thy
servant."[49]  But I did not realize this,  and rushed on headlong with such blindness that, among
my friends,  I was ashamed to be less shameless than they, when I heard them  boasting of their
disgraceful exploits -- yes, and glorying all  the more the worse their baseness was.  What is
worse, I took  pleasure in such exploits, not for the pleasure's sake only but  mostly for praise.
What is worthy of vituperation except vice  itself?  Yet I made myself out worse than I was, in
order that I  might not go lacking for praise.  And when in anything I had not  sinned as the worst
ones in the group, I would still say that I  had done what I had not done, in order not to appear
contemptible  because I was more innocent than they; and not to drop in their  esteem because I
was more chaste.
    8.  Behold with what companions I walked the streets of  Babylon!  I rolled in its mire and
lolled about on it, as if on a  bed of spices and precious ointments.  And, drawing me more
closely to the very center of that city, my invisible enemy trod  me down and seduced me, for I
was easy to seduce.  My mother had  already fled out of the midst of Babylon[50] and was
progressing,  albeit slowly, toward its outskirts.  For in counseling me to  chastity, she did not
bear in mind what her husband had told her  about me.  And although she knew that my passions
were destructive  even then and dangerous for the future, she did not think they  should be
restrained by the bonds of conjugal affection -- if,  indeed, they could not be cut away to the
quick.  She took no heed  of this, for she was afraid lest a wife should prove a hindrance
and a burden to my hopes.  These were not her hopes of the world  to come, which my mother
had in thee, but the hope of learning,  which both my parents were too anxious that I should
acquire -- my  father, because he had little or no thought of thee, and only vain  thoughts for me;
my mother, because she thought that the usual  course of study would not only be no hindrance
but actually a  furtherance toward my eventual return to thee.  This much I  conjecture, recalling
as well as I can the temperaments of my  parents.  Meantime, the reins of discipline were
slackened on me,  so that without the restraint of due severity, I might play at  whatsoever I
fancied, even to the point of dissoluteness.  And in  all this there was that mist which shut out
from my sight the  brightness of thy truth, O my God; and my iniquity bulged out, as  it were, with
fatness![51]


                         CHAPTER IV

    9.  Theft is punished by thy law, O Lord, and by the law  written in men's hearts, which not
even ingrained wickedness can  erase.  For what thief will tolerate another thief stealing from
him?  Even a rich thief will not tolerate a poor thief who is  driven to theft by want.  Yet I had a
desire to commit robbery,  and did so, compelled to it by neither hunger nor poverty, but
through a contempt for well-doing and a strong impulse to  iniquity.  For I pilfered something
which I already had in  sufficient measure, and of much better quality.  I did not desire  to enjoy
what I stole, but only the theft and the sin itself.      There was a pear tree close to our own
vineyard, heavily  laden with fruit, which was not tempting either for its color or  for its flavor.
Late one night -- having prolonged our games in  the streets until then, as our bad habit was -- a
group of young  scoundrels, and I among them, went to shake and rob this tree.  We  carried off a
huge load of pears, not to eat ourselves, but to  dump out to the hogs, after barely tasting some of
them ourselves.   Doing this pleased us all the more because it was forbidden.  Such  was my
heart, O God, such was my heart -- which thou didst pity  even in that bottomless pit.  Behold,
now let my heart confess to  thee what it was seeking there, when I was being gratuitously
wanton, having no inducement to evil but the evil itself.  It was  foul, and I loved it.  I loved my
own undoing.  I loved my error  -- not that for which I erred but the error itself.  A depraved
soul, falling away from security in thee to destruction in itself,  seeking nothing from the shameful
deed but shame itself.


                          CHAPTER V

    10.  Now there is a comeliness in all beautiful bodies, and  in gold and silver and all things.
The sense of touch has its own  power to please and the other senses find their proper objects in
physical sensation.  Worldly honor also has its own glory, and so  do the powers to command and
to overcome: and from these there  springs up the desire for revenge.  Yet, in seeking these
pleasures, we must not depart from thee, O Lord, nor deviate from  thy law.  The life which we
live here has its own peculiar  attractiveness because it has a certain measure of comeliness of
its own and a harmony with all these inferior values.  The bond of  human friendship has a
sweetness of its own, binding many souls  together as one.  Yet because of these values, sin is
committed,  because we have an inordinate preference for these goods of a  lower order and
neglect the better and the higher good --  neglecting thee, O our Lord God, and thy truth and thy
law.  For  these inferior values have their delights, but not at all equal to  my God, who hath made
them all.  For in him do the righteous  delight and he is the sweetness of the upright in heart.
    11.  When, therefore, we inquire why a crime was committed,  we do not accept the
explanation unless it appears that there was  the desire to obtain some of those values which we
designate  inferior, or else a fear of losing them.  For truly they are  beautiful and comely, though
in comparison with the superior and  celestial goods they are abject and contemptible.  A man has
murdered another man -- what was his motive?  Either he desired  his wife or his property or else
he would steal to support  himself; or else he was afraid of losing something to him; or  else,
having been injured, he was burning to be revenged.  Would a  man commit murder without a
motive, taking delight simply in the  act of murder?  Who would believe such a thing?  Even for
that  savage and brutal man [Catiline], of whom it was said that he was  gratuitously wicked and
cruel, there is still a motive assigned to  his deeds.  "Lest through idleness," he says, "hand or
heart  should grow inactive."[52]  And to what purpose?  Why, even this:  that, having once got
possession of the city through his practice  of his wicked ways, he might gain honors, empire, and
wealth, and  thus be exempt from the fear of the laws and from financial  difficulties in supplying
the needs of his family -- and from the  consciousness of his own wickedness.  So it seems that
even  Catiline himself loved not his own villainies, but something else,  and it was this that gave
him the motive for his crimes.


                         CHAPTER VI

    12.  What was it in you, O theft of mine, that I, poor  wretch, doted on -- you deed of
darkness -- in that sixteenth year  of my age?  Beautiful you were not, for you were a theft.  But
are  you anything at all, so that I could analyze the case with you?   Those pears that we stole
were fair to the sight because they were  thy creation, O Beauty beyond compare, O Creator of
all, O thou  good God -- God the highest good and my true good.[53]  Those  pears were truly
pleasant to the sight, but it was not for them  that my miserable soul lusted, for I had an
abundance of better  pears.  I stole those simply that I might steal, for, having  stolen them, I
threw them away.  My sole gratification in them was  my own sin, which I was pleased to enjoy;
for, if any one of these  pears entered my mouth, the only good flavor it had was my sin in
eating it.  And now, O Lord my God, I ask what it was in that  theft of mine that caused me such
delight; for behold it had no  beauty of its own -- certainly not the sort of beauty that exists
in justice and wisdom, nor such as is in the mind, memory senses,  and the animal life of man; nor
yet the kind that is the glory and  beauty of the stars in their courses; nor the beauty of the earth,
or the sea -- teeming with spawning life, replacing in birth that  which dies and decays.  Indeed, it
did not have that false and  shadowy beauty which attends the deceptions of vice.
    13.  For thus we see pride wearing the mask of high-
spiritedness, although only thou, O God, art high above all.   Ambition seeks honor and glory,
whereas only thou shouldst be  honored above all, and glorified forever.  The powerful man seeks
to be feared, because of his cruelty; but who ought really to be  feared but God only?  What can
be forced away or withdrawn out of  his power -- when or where or whither or by whom?  The
enticements  of the wanton claim the name of love; and yet nothing is more  enticing than thy
love, nor is anything loved more healthfully  than thy truth, bright and beautiful above all.
Curiosity prompts  a desire for knowledge, whereas it is only thou who knowest all  things
supremely.  Indeed, ignorance and foolishness themselves go  masked under the names of
simplicity and innocence; yet there is  no being that has true simplicity like thine, and none is
innocent  as thou art.  Thus it is that by a sinner's own deeds he is  himself harmed.  Human sloth
pretends to long for rest, but what  sure rest is there save in the Lord?  Luxury would fain be
called  plenty and abundance; but thou art the fullness and unfailing  abundance of unfading joy.
Prodigality presents a show of  liberality; but thou art the most lavish giver of all good things.
Covetousness desires to possess much; but thou art already the  possessor of all things.  Envy
contends that its aim is for  excellence; but what is so excellent as thou?  Anger seeks  revenge;
but who avenges more justly than thou?  Fear recoils at  the unfamiliar and the sudden changes
which threaten things  beloved, and is wary for its own security; but what can happen  that is
unfamiliar or sudden to thee?  Or who can deprive thee of  what thou lovest?  Where, really, is
there unshaken security save  with thee?  Grief languishes for things lost in which desire had
taken delight, because it wills to have nothing taken from it,  just as nothing can be taken from
thee.
    14.  Thus the soul commits fornication when she is turned  from thee,[54] and seeks apart
from thee what she cannot find pure  and untainted until she returns to thee.  All things thus
imitate  thee -- but pervertedly -- when they separate themselves far from  thee and raise
themselves up against thee.  But, even in this act  of perverse imitation, they acknowledge thee to
be the Creator of  all nature, and recognize that there is no place whither they can  altogether
separate themselves from thee.  What was it, then, that  I loved in that theft?  And wherein was I
imitating my Lord, even  in a corrupted and perverted way?  Did I wish, if only by gesture,
to rebel against thy law, even though I had no power to do so  actually -- so that, even as a
captive, I might produce a sort of  counterfeit liberty, by doing with impunity deeds that were
forbidden, in a deluded sense of omnipotence?  Behold this servant  of thine, fleeing from his Lord
and following a shadow!  O  rottenness!  O monstrousness of life and abyss of death!  Could I
find pleasure only in what was unlawful, and only because it was  unlawful?


                         CHAPTER VII

    15.  "What shall I render unto the Lord"[55] for the fact  that while my memory recalls these
things my soul no longer fears  them?  I will love thee, O Lord, and thank thee, and confess to
thy name, because thou hast put away from me such wicked and evil  deeds.  To thy grace I
attribute it and to thy mercy, that thou  hast melted away my sin as if it were ice.  To thy grace
also I  attribute whatsoever of evil I did _not_ commit -- for what might  I not have done, loving
sin as I did, just for the sake of  sinning?  Yea, all the sins that I confess now to have been
forgiven me, both those which I committed willfully and those  which, by thy providence, I did
not commit.  What man is there  who, when reflecting upon his own infirmity, dares to ascribe his
chastity and innocence to his own powers, so that he should love  thee less -- as if he were in less
need of thy mercy in which thou  forgivest the transgressions of those that return to thee?  As for
that man who, when called by thee, obeyed thy voice and shunned  those things which he here
reads of me as I recall and confess  them of myself, let him not despise me -- for I, who was sick,
have been healed by the same Physician by whose aid it was that he  did not fall sick, or rather
was less sick than I.  And for this  let him love thee just as much -- indeed, all the more -- since he
sees me restored from such a great weakness of sin by the selfsame  Saviour by whom he sees
himself preserved from such a weakness.

                        CHAPTER VIII

    16.  What profit did I, a wretched one, receive from those  things which, when I remember
them now, cause me shame -- above  all, from that theft, which I loved only for the theft's sake?
And, as the theft itself was nothing, I was all the more wretched  in that I loved it so.  Yet by
myself alone I would not have done  it -- I still recall how I felt about this then -- I could not
have done it alone.  I loved it then because of the companionship  of my accomplices with whom I
did it.  I did not, therefore, love  the theft alone -- yet, indeed, it was only the theft that I
loved, for the companionship was nothing.  What is this paradox?   Who is it that can explain it to
me but God, who illumines my  heart and searches out the dark corners thereof?  What is it that
has prompted my mind to inquire about it, to discuss and to  reflect upon all this?  For had I at
that time loved the pears  that I stole and wished to enjoy them, I might have done so alone,
if I could have been satisfied with the mere act of theft by which  my pleasure was served.  Nor
did I need to have that itching of my  own passions inflamed by the encouragement of my
accomplices.  But  since the pleasure I got was not from the pears, it was in the  crime itself,
enhanced by the companionship of my fellow sinners.

                         CHAPTER IX

    17.  By what passion, then, was I animated?  It was
undoubtedly depraved and a great misfortune for me to feel it.   But still, what was it?  "Who can
understand his errors?"[56]      We laughed because our hearts were tickled at the thought of
deceiving the owners, who had no idea of what we were doing and  would have strenuously
objected.  Yet, again, why did I find such  delight in doing this which I would not have done
alone?  Is it  that no one readily laughs alone?  No one does so readily; but  still sometimes, when
men are by themselves and no one else is  about, a fit of laughter will overcome them when
something very  droll presents itself to their sense or mind.  Yet alone I would  not have done it --
alone I could not have done it at all.      Behold, my God, the lively review of my soul's career is
laid  bare before thee.  I would not have committed that theft alone.   My pleasure in it was not
what I stole but, rather, the act of  stealing.  Nor would I have enjoyed doing it alone -- indeed I
would not have done it!  O friendship all unfriendly!  You strange  seducer of the soul, who
hungers for mischief from impulses of  mirth and wantonness, who craves another's loss without
any desire  for one's own profit or revenge -- so that, when they say, "Let's  go, let's do it," we are
ashamed not to be shameless.


                          CHAPTER X

    18.  Who can unravel such a twisted and tangled knottiness?   It is unclean.  I hate to reflect
upon it.  I hate to look on it.   But I do long for thee, O Righteousness and Innocence, so
beautiful and comely to all virtuous eyes -- I long for thee with  an insatiable satiety.  With thee is
perfect rest, and life  unchanging.  He who enters into thee enters into the joy of his  Lord,[57]
and shall have no fear and shall achieve excellence in  the Excellent.  I fell away from thee, O my
God, and in my youth I  wandered too far from thee, my true support.  And I became to  myself a
wasteland.



                         BOOK THREE

    The story of his student days in Carthage, his discovery of  Cicero's  Hortensius, the enkindling
of his philosophical  interest, his infatuation with the Manichean heresy, and his  mother's dream
which foretold his eventual return to the true  faith and to God.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  I came to Carthage, where a caldron of unholy loves was  seething and bubbling all around
me.  I was not in love as yet,  but I was in love with love; and, from a hidden hunger, I hated
myself for not feeling more intensely a sense of hunger.  I was  looking for something to love, for
I was in love with loving, and  I hated security and a smooth way, free from snares.  Within me I
had a dearth of that inner food which is thyself, my God --  although that dearth caused me no
hunger.  And I remained without  any appetite for incorruptible food -- not because I was already
filled with it, but because the emptier I became the more I  loathed it.  Because of this my soul
was unhealthy; and, full of  sores, it exuded itself forth, itching to be scratched by scraping  on the
things of the senses.[58]  Yet, had these things no soul,  they would certainly not inspire our love.
    To love and to be loved was sweet to me, and all the more  when I gained the enjoyment of
the body of the person I loved.   Thus I polluted the spring of friendship with the filth of
concupiscence and I dimmed its luster with the slime of lust.   Yet, foul and unclean as I was, I
still craved, in excessive  vanity, to be thought elegant and urbane.  And I did fall  precipitately
into the love I was longing for.  My God, my mercy,  with how much bitterness didst thou, out of
thy infinite goodness,  flavor that sweetness for me!  For I was not only beloved but also  I
secretly reached the climax of enjoyment; and yet I was joyfully  bound with troublesome tics, so
that I could be scourged with the  burning iron rods of jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and strife.


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  Stage plays also captivated me, with their sights full of  the images of my own miseries: fuel
for my own fire.  Now, why  does a man like to be made sad by viewing doleful and tragic
scenes, which he himself could not by any means endure?  Yet, as a  spectator, he wishes to
experience from them a sense of grief, and  in this very sense of grief his pleasure consists.  What
is this  but wretched madness?  For a man is more affected by these actions  the more he is
spuriously involved in these affections.  Now, if  he should suffer them in his own person, it is the
custom to call  this "misery." But when he suffers with another, then it is called  "compassion."
But what kind of compassion is it that arises from  viewing fictitious and unreal sufferings?  The
spectator is not  expected to aid the sufferer but merely to grieve for him.  And  the more he
grieves the more he applauds the actor of these  fictions.  If the misfortunes of the characters --
whether  historical or entirely imaginary -- are represented so as not to  touch the feelings of the
spectator, he goes away disgusted and  complaining.  But if his feelings are deeply touched, he sits
it  out attentively, and sheds tears of joy.
    3.  Tears and sorrow, then, are loved.  Surely every man  desires to be joyful.  And, though no
one is willingly miserable,  one may, nevertheless, be pleased to be merciful so that we love
their sorrows because without them we should have nothing to pity.   This also springs from that
same vein of friendship.  But whither  does it go?  Whither does it flow?  Why does it run into
that  torrent of pitch which seethes forth those huge tides of loathsome  lusts in which it is
changed and altered past recognition, being  diverted and corrupted from its celestial purity by its
own will?   Shall, then, compassion be repudiated?  By no means!  Let us,  however, love the
sorrows of others.  But let us beware of  uncleanness, O my soul, under the protection of my
God, the God of  our fathers, who is to be praised and exalted -- let us beware of  uncleanness.  I
have not yet ceased to have compassion.  But in  those days in the theaters I sympathized with
lovers when they  sinfully enjoyed one another, although this was done fictitiously  in the play.
And when they lost one another, I grieved with them,  as if pitying them, and yet had delight in
both grief and pity.   Nowadays I feel much more pity for one who delights in his  wickedness
than for one who counts himself unfortunate because he  fails to obtain some harmful pleasure or
suffers the loss of some  miserable felicity.  This, surely, is the truer compassion, but  the sorrow I
feel in it has no delight for me.  For although he  that grieves with the unhappy should be
commended for his work of  love, yet he who has the power of real compassion would still
prefer that there be nothing for him to grieve about.  For if good  will were to be ill will -- which it
cannot be -- only then could  he who is truly and sincerely compassionate wish that there were
some unhappy people so that he might commiserate them.  Some grief  may then be justified, but
none of it loved.  Thus it is that thou  dost act, O Lord God, for thou lovest souls far more purely
than  we do and art more incorruptibly compassionate, although thou art  never wounded by any
sorrow.  Now "who is sufficient for these  things?"[59]
    4.  But at that time, in my wretchedness, I loved to grieve;  and I sought for things to grieve
about.  In another man's misery,  even though it was feigned and impersonated on the stage, that
performance of the actor pleased me best and attracted me most  powerfully which moved me to
tears.  What marvel then was it that  an unhappy sheep, straying from thy flock and impatient of
thy  care, I became infected with a foul disease?  This is the reason  for my love of griefs: that
they would not probe into me too  deeply (for I did not love to suffer in myself such things as I
loved to look at), and they were the sort of grief which came from  hearing those fictions, which
affected only the surface of my  emotion.  Still, just as if they had been poisoned fingernails,
their scratching was followed by inflammation, swelling,
putrefaction, and corruption.  Such was my life!  But was it life,  O my God?


                         CHAPTER III

    5.  And still thy faithful mercy hovered over me from afar.   In what unseemly iniquities did I
wear myself out, following a  sacrilegious curiosity, which, having deserted thee, then began to
drag me down into the treacherous abyss, into the beguiling  obedience of devils, to whom I made
offerings of my wicked deeds.   And still in all this thou didst not fail to scourge me.  I dared,
even while thy solemn rites were being celebrated inside the walls  of thy church, to desire and to
plan a project which merited death  as its fruit.  For this thou didst chastise me with grievous
punishments, but nothing in comparison with my fault, O thou my  greatest mercy, my God, my
refuge from those terrible dangers in  which I wandered with stiff neck, receding farther from
thee,  loving my own ways and not thine -- loving a vagrant liberty!      6.  Those studies I was
then pursuing, generally accounted as  respectable, were aimed at distinction in the courts of law
-- to  excel in which, the more crafty I was, the more I should be  praised.  Such is the blindness
of men that they even glory in  their blindness.  And by this time I had become a master in the
School of Rhetoric, and I rejoiced proudly in this honor and  became inflated with arrogance.  Still
I was relatively sedate, O  Lord, as thou knowest, and had no share in the wreckings of "The
Wreckers"[60] (for this stupid and diabolical name was regarded as  the very badge of gallantry)
among whom I lived with a sort of  ashamed embarrassment that I was not even as they were.
But I  lived with them, and at times I was delighted with their
friendship, even when I abhorred their acts (that is, their  "wrecking") in which they insolently
attacked the modesty of  strangers, tormenting them by uncalled-for jeers, gratifying their
mischievous mirth.  Nothing could more nearly resemble the actions  of devils than these fellows.
By what name, therefore, could they  be more aptly called than "wreckers"? -- being themselves
wrecked  first, and altogether turned upside down.  They were secretly  mocked at and seduced
by the deceiving spirits, in the very acts  by which they amused themselves in jeering and
horseplay at the  expense of others.


                         CHAPTER IV

    7.  Among such as these, in that unstable period of my life,  I studied the books of eloquence,
for it was in eloquence that I  was eager to be eminent, though from a reprehensible and
vainglorious motive, and a delight in human vanity.  In the  ordinary course of study I came upon
a certain book of Cicero's,  whose language almost all admire, though not his heart.  This
particular book of his contains an exhortation to philosophy and  was called Hortensius.[61]  Now
it was this book which quite  definitely changed my whole attitude and turned my prayers toward
thee, O Lord, and gave me new hope and new desires.  Suddenly  every vain hope became
worthless to me, and with an incredible  warmth of heart I yearned for an immortality of wisdom
and began  now to arise that I might return to thee.  It was not to sharpen  my tongue further that
I made use of that book.  I was now  nineteen; my father had been dead two years,[62] and my
mother was  providing the money for my study of rhetoric.  What won me in it  [i.e., the
Hortensius] was not its style but its substance.      8.  How ardent was I then, my God, how ardent
to fly from  earthly things to thee!  Nor did I know how thou wast even then  dealing with me.
For with thee is wisdom.  In Greek the love of  wisdom is called "philosophy," and it was with this
love that that  book inflamed me.  There are some who seduce through philosophy,  under a great,
alluring, and honorable name, using it to color and  adorn their own errors.  And almost all who
did this, in Cicero's  own time and earlier, are censored and pointed out in his book.   In it there is
also manifest that most salutary admonition of thy  Spirit, spoken by thy good and pious servant:
"Beware lest any man  spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition  of men,
after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ:  for in him all the fullness of the Godhead
dwells bodily."[63]   Since at that time, as thou knowest, O Light of my heart, the  words of the
apostle were unknown to me, I was delighted with  Cicero's exhortation, at least enough so that I
was stimulated by  it, and enkindled and inflamed to love, to seek, to obtain, to  hold, and to
embrace, not this or that sect, but wisdom itself,  wherever it might be.  Only this checked my
ardor: that the name  of Christ was not in it.  For this name, by thy mercy, O Lord,  this name of
my Saviour thy Son, my tender heart had piously drunk  in, deeply treasured even with my
mother's milk.  And whatsoever  was lacking that name, no matter how erudite, polished, and
truthful, did not quite take complete hold of me.


                          CHAPTER V

    9.  I resolved, therefore, to direct my mind to the Holy  Scriptures, that I might see what they
were.  And behold, I saw  something not comprehended by the proud, not disclosed to  children,
something lowly in the hearing, but sublime in the  doing, and veiled in mysteries.  Yet I was not
of the number of  those who could enter into it or bend my neck to follow its steps.   For then it
was quite different from what I now feel.  When I then  turned toward the Scriptures, they
appeared to me to be quite  unworthy to be compared with the dignity of Tully.[64]  For my
inflated pride was repelled by their style, nor could the  sharpness of my wit penetrate their inner
meaning.  Truly they  were of a sort to aid the growth of little ones, but I scorned to  be a little
one and, swollen with pride, I looked upon myself as  fully grown.


                         CHAPTER VI

    10.  Thus I fell among men, delirious in their pride, carnal  and voluble, whose mouths were
the snares of the devil -- a trap  made out of a mixture of the syllables of thy name and the names
of our Lord Jesus Christ and of the Paraclete.[65]  These names  were never out of their mouths,
but only as sound and the clatter  of tongues, for their heart was empty of truth.  Still they cried,
"Truth, Truth," and were forever speaking the word to me.  But the  thing itself was not in them.
Indeed, they spoke falsely not only  of thee -- who truly art the Truth -- but also about the basic
elements of this world, thy creation.  And, indeed, I should have  passed by the philosophers
themselves even when they were speaking  truth concerning thy creatures, for the sake of thy
love, O  Highest Good, and my Father, O Beauty of all things beautiful.      O Truth, Truth, how
inwardly even then did the marrow of my  soul sigh for thee when, frequently and in manifold
ways, in  numerous and vast books, [the Manicheans] sounded out thy name  though it was only a
sound!  And in these dishes -- while I  starved for thee -- they served up to me, in thy stead, the
sun  and moon thy beauteous works -- but still only thy works and not  thyself; indeed, not even
thy first work.  For thy spiritual works  came before these material creations, celestial and shining
though  they are.  But I was hungering and thirsting, not even after those  first works of thine, but
after thyself the Truth, "with whom is  no variableness, neither shadow of turning."[66]  Yet they
still  served me glowing fantasies in those dishes.  And, truly, it would  have been better to have
loved this very sun -- which at least is  true to our sight -- than those illusions of theirs which
deceive  the mind through the eye.  And yet because I supposed the  illusions to be from thee I fed
on them -- not with avidity, for  thou didst not taste in my mouth as thou art, and thou wast not
these empty fictions.  Neither was I nourished by them, but was  instead exhausted.  Food in
dreams appears like our food awake;  yet the sleepers are not nourished by it, for they are asleep.
But the fantasies of the Manicheans were not in any way like thee  as thou hast spoken to me
now.  They were simply fantastic and  false.  In comparison to them the actual bodies which we
see with  our fleshly sight, both celestial and terrestrial, are far more  certain.  These true bodies
even the beasts and birds perceive as  well as we do and they are more certain than the images we
form  about them.  And again, we do with more certainty form our  conceptions about them than,
from them, we go on by means of them  to imagine of other greater and infinite bodies which have
no  existence.  With such empty husks was I then fed, and yet was not  fed.
    But thou, my Love, for whom I longed in order that I might be  strong, neither art those
bodies that we see in heaven nor art  thou those which we do not see there, for thou hast created
them  all and yet thou reckonest them not among thy greatest works.  How  far, then, art thou
from those fantasies of mine, fantasies of  bodies which have no real being at all!  The images of
those  bodies which actually exist are far more certain than these  fantasies.  The bodies
themselves are more certain than the  images, yet even these thou art not.  Thou art not even the
soul,  which is the life of bodies; and, clearly, the life of the body is  better than the body itself.
But thou art the life of souls, life  of lives, having life in thyself, and never changing, O Life of my
soul.[67]
    11.  Where, then, wast thou and how far from me?  Far,  indeed, was I wandering away from
thee, being barred even from the  husks of those swine whom I fed with husks.[68]  For how
much  better were the fables of the grammarians and poets than these  snares [of the Manicheans]!
For verses and poems and "the flying  Medea"[69] are still more profitable truly than these men's
"five  elements," with their various colors, answering to "the five caves  of darkness"[70] (none of
which exist and yet in which they slay  the one who believes in them).  For verses and poems I can
turn  into food for the mind, for though I sang about "the flying Medea"  I never believed it, but
those other things [the fantasies of the  Manicheans] I did believe.  Woe, woe, by what steps I was
dragged  down to "the depths of hell"[71] -- toiling and fuming because of  my lack of the truth,
even when I was seeking after thee, my God!   To thee I now confess it, for thou didst have
mercy on me when I  had not yet confessed it.  I sought after thee, but not according  to the
understanding of the mind, by means of which thou hast  willed that I should excel the beasts, but
only after the guidance  of my physical senses.  Thou wast more inward to me than the most
inward part of me; and higher than my highest reach. I came upon  that brazen woman, devoid of
prudence, who, in Solomon's obscure  parable, sits at the door of the house on a seat and says,
"Stolen  waters are sweet, and bread eaten in secret is pleasant."[72]   This woman seduced me,
because she found my soul outside its own  door, dwelling on the sensations of my flesh and
ruminating on  such food as I had swallowed through these physical senses.

                         CHAPTER VII

    12.  For I was ignorant of that other reality, true Being.   And so it was that I was subtly
persuaded to agree with these  foolish deceivers when they put their questions to me: "Whence
comes evil?"  and, "Is God limited by a bodily shape, and has he  hairs and nails?"  and, "Are those
patriarchs to be esteemed  righteous who had many wives at one time, and who killed men and
who sacrificed living creatures?"  In my ignorance I was much  disturbed over these things and,
though I was retreating from the  truth, I appeared to myself to be going toward it, because I did
not yet know that evil was nothing but a privation of good (that,  indeed, it has no being)[73]; and
how should I have seen this when  the sight of my eyes went no farther than physical objects, and
the sight of my mind reached no farther than to fantasms?  And I  did not know that God is a
spirit who has no parts extended in  length and breadth, whose being has no mass -- for every
mass is  less in a part than in a whole -- and if it be an infinite mass it  must be less in such parts as
are limited by a certain space than  in its infinity.  It cannot therefore be wholly everywhere as
Spirit is, as God is.  And I was entirely ignorant as to what is  that principle within us by which we
are like God, and which is  rightly said in Scripture to be made "after God's image."
    13.  Nor did I know that true inner righteousness -- which  does not judge according to
custom but by the measure of the most  perfect law of God Almighty -- by which the mores of
various  places and times were adapted to those places and times (though  the law itself is the
same always and everywhere, not one thing in  one place and another in another).  By this inner
righteousness  Abraham and Isaac, and Jacob and Moses and David, and all those  commended by
the mouth of God were righteous and were judged  unrighteous only by foolish men who were
judging by human judgment  and gauging their judgment of the mores of the whole human race by
the narrow norms of their own mores.  It is as if a man in an  armory, not knowing what piece
goes on what part of the body,  should put a greave on his head and a helmet on his shin and then
complain because they did not fit.  Or as if, on some holiday when  afternoon business was
forbidden, one were to grumble at not being  allowed to go on selling as it had been lawful for
him to do in  the forenoon.  Or, again, as if, in a house, he sees a servant  handle something that
the butler is not permitted to touch, or  when something is done behind a stable that would be
prohibited in  a dining room, and then a person should be indignant that in one  house and one
family the same things are not allowed to every  member of the household.  Such is the case with
those who cannot  endure to hear that something was lawful for righteous men in  former times
that is not so now; or that God, for certain temporal  reasons, commanded then one thing to them
and another now to  these: yet both would be serving the same righteous will.  These  people
should see that in one man, one day, and one house,  different things are fit for different members;
and a thing that  was formerly lawful may become, after a time, unlawful -- and  something
allowed or commanded in one place that is justly  prohibited and punished in another.  Is justice,
then, variable  and changeable?  No, but the times over which she presides are not  all alike
because they are different times.  But men, whose days  upon the earth are few, cannot by their
own perception harmonize  the causes of former ages and other nations, of which they had no
experience, and compare them with these of which they do have  experience; although in one and
the same body, or day, or family,  they can readily see that what is suitable for each member,
season, part, and person may differ.  To the one they take  exception; to the other they submit.
    14.  These things I did not know then, nor had I observed  their import.  They met my eyes on
every side, and I did not see.   I composed poems, in which I was not free to place each foot just
anywhere, but in one meter one way, and in another meter another  way, nor even in any one
verse was the same foot allowed in all  places.  Yet the art by which I composed did not have
different  principles for each of these different cases, but the same law  throughout.  Still I did not
see how, by that righteousness to  which good and holy men submitted, all those things that God
had  commanded were gathered, in a far more excellent and sublime way,  into one moral order;
and it did not vary in any essential  respect, though it did not in varying times prescribe all things
at once but, rather, distributed and prescribed what was proper  for each. And, being blind, I
blamed those pious fathers, not only  for making use of present things as God had commanded
and inspired  them to do, but also for foreshadowing things to come, as God  revealed it to them.


                        CHAPTER VIII

    15.  Can it ever, at any time or place, be unrighteous for a  man to love God with all his heart,
with all his soul, and with  all his mind; and his neighbor as himself?[74]  Similarly,  offenses
against nature are everywhere and at all times to be held  in detestation and should be punished.
Such offenses, for  example, were those of the Sodomites; and, even if all nations  should commit
them, they would all be judged guilty of the same  crime by the divine law, which has not made
men so that they  should ever abuse one another in that way.  For the fellowship  that should be
between God and us is violated whenever that nature  of which he is the author is polluted by
perverted lust.  But  these offenses against customary morality are to be avoided  according to the
variety of such customs.  Thus, what is agreed  upon by convention, and confirmed by custom or
the law of any city  or nation, may not be violated at the lawless pleasure of any,  whether citizen
or stranger.  For any part that is not consistent  with its whole is unseemly.  Nevertheless, when
God commands  anything contrary to the customs or compacts of any nation, even  though it
were never done by them before, it is to be done; and if  it has been interrupted, it is to be
restored; and if it has never  been established, it is to be established.  For it is lawful for a  king, in
the state over which he reigns, to command that which  neither he himself nor anyone before him
had commanded.  And if it  cannot be held to be inimical to the public interest to obey him  -- and,
in truth, it would be inimical if he were not obeyed,  since obedience to princes is a general
compact of human society  -- how much more, then, ought we unhesitatingly to obey God, the
Governor of all his creatures!  For, just as among the authorities  in human society, the greater
authority is obeyed before the  lesser, so also must God be above all.
    16.  This applies as well to deeds of violence where there is  a real desire to harm another,
either by humiliating treatment or  by injury.  Either of these may be done for reasons of revenge,
as  one enemy against another, or in order to obtain some advantage  over another, as in the case
of the highwayman and the traveler;  else they may be done in order to avoid some other evil, as
in the  case of one who fears another; or through envy as, for example, an  unfortunate man
harming a happy one just because he is happy; or  they may be done by a prosperous man against
someone whom he fears  will become equal to himself or whose equality he resents.  They  may
even be done for the mere pleasure in another man's pain, as  the spectators of gladiatorial shows
or the people who deride and  mock at others.  These are the major forms of iniquity that spring
out of the lust of the flesh, and of the eye, and of power.[75]   Sometimes there is just one;
sometimes two together; sometimes all  of them at once.  Thus we live, offending against the
Three and  the Seven, that harp of ten strings, thy Decalogue, O God most  high and most
sweet.[76]  But now how can offenses of vileness  harm thee who canst not be defiled; or how
can deeds of violence  harm thee who canst not be harmed?  Still thou dost punish these  sins
which men commit against themselves because, even when they  sin against thee, they are also
committing impiety against their  own souls.  Iniquity gives itself the lie, either by corrupting or
by perverting that nature which thou hast made and ordained.  And  they do this by an
immoderate use of lawful things; or by lustful  desire for things forbidden, as "against nature"; or
when they are  guilty of sin by raging with heart and voice against thee,  rebelling against thee,
"kicking against the pricks"[77]; or when  they cast aside respect for human society and take
audacious  delight in conspiracies and feuds according to their private likes  and dislikes.
    This is what happens whenever thou art forsaken, O Fountain  of Life, who art the one and
true Creator and Ruler of the  universe.  This is what happens when through self-willed pride a
part is loved under the false assumption that it is the whole.   Therefore, we must return to thee in
humble piety and let thee  purge us from our evil ways, and be merciful to those who confess
their sins to thee, and hear the groanings of the prisoners and  loosen us from those fetters which
we have forged for ourselves.   This thou wilt do, provided we do not raise up against thee the
arrogance of a false freedom -- for thus we lose all through  craving more, by loving our own
good more than thee, the common  good of all.


                         CHAPTER IX

    17.  But among all these vices and crimes and manifold  iniquities, there are also the sins that
are committed by men who  are, on the whole, making progress toward the good.  When these
are judged rightly and after the rule of perfection, the sins are  censored but the men are to be
commended because they show the  hope of bearing fruit, like the green shoot of the growing
corn.   And there are some deeds that resemble vice and crime and yet are  not sin because they
offend neither thee, our Lord God, nor social  custom.  For example, when suitable reserves for
hard times are  provided, we cannot judge that this is done merely from a hoarding  impulse.  Or,
again, when acts are punished by constituted  authority for the sake of correction, we cannot
judge that they  are done merely out of a desire to inflict pain.  Thus, many a  deed which is
disapproved in man's sight may be approved by thy  testimony.  And many a man who is praised
by men is condemned --  as thou art witness -- because frequently the deed itself, the  mind of the
doer, and the hidden exigency of the situation all  vary among themselves.  But when, contrary to
human expectation,  thou commandest something unusual or unthought of -- indeed,  something
thou mayest formerly have forbidden, about which thou  mayest conceal the reason for thy
command at that particular time;  and even though it may be contrary to the ordinance of some
society of men[78] -- who doubts but that it should be done  because only that society of men is
righteous which obeys thee?   But blessed are they who know what thou dost command.  For all
things done by those who obey thee either exhibit something  necessary at that particular time or
they foreshow things to come.

                          CHAPTER X

    18.  But I was ignorant of all this, and so I mocked those  holy servants and prophets of thine.
Yet what did I gain by  mocking them save to be mocked in turn by thee?  Insensibly and
little by little, I was led on to such follies as to believe that  a fig tree wept when it was plucked
and that the sap of the mother  tree was tears.  Notwithstanding this, if a fig was plucked, by
not his own but another man's wickedness, some Manichean saint  might eat it, digest it in his
stomach, and breathe it out again  in the form of angels.  Indeed, in his prayers he would assuredly
groan and sigh forth particles of God, although these particles of  the most high and true God
would have remained bound in that fig  unless they had been set free by the teeth and belly of
some  "elect saint"[79]!  And, wretch that I was, I believed that more  mercy was to be shown to
the fruits of the earth than unto men,  for whom these fruits were created.  For, if a hungry man --
who  was not a Manichean -- should beg for any food, the morsel that we  gave to him would
seem condemned, as it were, to capital
punishment.


                         CHAPTER XI

    19.  And now thou didst "stretch forth thy hand from  above"[80] and didst draw up my soul
out of that profound darkness  [of Manicheism] because my mother, thy faithful one, wept to thee
on my behalf more than mothers are accustomed to weep for the  bodily deaths of their children.
For by the light of the faith  and spirit which she received from thee, she saw that I was dead.
And thou didst hear her, O Lord, thou didst hear her and despised  not her tears when, pouring
down, they watered the earth under her  eyes in every place where she prayed.  Thou didst truly
hear her.      For what other source was there for that dream by which thou  didst console her, so
that she permitted me to live with her, to  have my meals in the same house at the table which she
had begun  to avoid, even while she hated and detested the blasphemies of my  error?  In her
dream she saw herself standing on a sort of wooden  rule, and saw a bright youth approaching
her, joyous and smiling  at her, while she was grieving and bowed down with sorrow.  But  when
he inquired of her the cause of her sorrow and daily weeping  (not to learn from her, but to teach
her, as is customary in  visions), and when she answered that it was my soul's doom she was
lamenting, he bade her rest content and told her to look and see  that where she was there I was
also.  And when she looked she saw  me standing near her on the same rule.
    Whence came this vision unless it was that thy ears were  inclined toward her heart?  O thou
Omnipotent Good, thou carest  for every one of us as if thou didst care for him only, and so for
all as if they were but one!
    20.  And what was the reason for this also, that, when she  told me of this vision, and I tried to
put this construction on  it: "that she should not despair of being someday what I was," she
replied immediately, without hesitation, "No; for it was not told  me that 'where he is, there you
shall be' but 'where you are,  there he will be'"?  I confess my remembrance of this to thee, O
Lord, as far as I can recall it -- and I have often mentioned it.   Thy answer, given through my
watchful mother, in the fact that she  was not disturbed by the plausibility of my false
interpretation  but saw immediately what should have been seen -- and which I  certainly had not
seen until she spoke -- this answer moved me  more deeply than the dream itself.  Still, by that
dream, the joy  that was to come to that pious woman so long after was predicted  long before, as
a consolation for her present anguish.
    Nearly nine years passed in which I wallowed in the mud of  that deep pit and in the darkness
of falsehood, striving often to  rise, but being all the more heavily dashed down.  But all that  time
this chaste, pious, and sober widow -- such as thou dost love  -- was now more buoyed up with
hope, though no less zealous in her  weeping and mourning; and she did not cease to bewail my
case  before thee, in all the hours of her supplication.  Her prayers  entered thy presence, and yet
thou didst allow me still to tumble  and toss around in that darkness.


                         CHAPTER XII

    21.  Meanwhile, thou gavest her yet another answer, as I  remember -- for I pass over many
things, hastening on to those  things which more strongly impel me to confess to thee -- and many
things I have simply forgotten.  But thou gavest her then another  answer, by a priest of thine, a
certain bishop reared in thy  Church and well versed in thy books.  When that woman had begged
him to agree to have some discussion with me, to refute my errors,  to help me to unlearn evil and
to learn the good[81] -- for it was  his habit to do this when he found people ready to receive it --
he refused, very prudently, as I afterward realized.  For he  answered that I was still unteachable,
being inflated with the  novelty of that heresy, and that I had already perplexed divers
inexperienced persons with vexatious questions, as she herself had  told him.  "But let him alone
for a time," he said, "only pray God  for him.  He will of his own accord, by reading, come to
discover  what an error it is and how great its impiety is." He went on to  tell her at the same time
how he himself, as a boy, had been given  over to the Manicheans by his misguided mother and
not only had  read but had even copied out almost all their books.  Yet he had  come to see,
without external argument or proof from anyone else,  how much that sect was to be shunned --
and had shunned it.  When  he had said this she was not satisfied, but repeated more  earnestly her
entreaties, and shed copious tears, still beseeching  him to see and talk with me.  Finally the
bishop, a little vexed  at her importunity, exclaimed, "Go your way; as you live, it  cannot be that
the son of these tears should perish." As she often  told me afterward, she accepted this answer as
though it were a  voice from heaven.



                         BOOK FOUR


    This is the story of his years among the Manicheans.  It  includes the account of his teaching at
Tagaste, his taking a  mistress, the attractions of astrology, the poignant loss of a  friend which
leads to a searching analysis of grief and
transience.  He reports on his first book, De pulchro et apto, and  his introduction to Aristotle's
Categories and other books of  philosophy and theology, which he mastered with great ease and
little profit.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  During this period of nine years, from my nineteenth year  to my twenty-eighth, I went
astray and led others astray.  I was  deceived and deceived others, in varied lustful projects --
sometimes publicly, by the teaching of what men style "the liberal  arts"; sometimes secretly,
under the false guise of religion.  In  the one, I was proud of myself; in the other, superstitious; in
all, vain!  In my public life I was striving after the emptiness  of popular fame, going so far as to
seek theatrical applause,  entering poetic contests, striving for the straw garlands and the  vanity
of theatricals and intemperate desires.  In my private life  I was seeking to be purged from these
corruptions of ours by  carrying food to those who were called "elect" and "holy," which,  in the
laboratory of their stomachs, they should make into angels  and gods for us, and by them we
might be set free.  These projects  I followed out and practiced with my friends, who were both
deceived with me and by me.  Let the proud laugh at me, and those  who have not yet been
savingly cast down and stricken by thee, O  my God.  Nevertheless, I would confess to thee my
shame to thy  glory.  Bear with me, I beseech thee, and give me the grace to  retrace in my present
memory the devious ways of my past errors  and thus be able to "offer to thee the sacrifice of
thanksgiving."[82]  For what am I to myself without thee but a  guide to my own downfall?  Or
what am I, even at the best, but one  suckled on thy milk and feeding on thee, O Food that never
perishes?[83]  What indeed is any man, seeing that he is but a  man?  Therefore, let the strong and
the mighty laugh at us, but  let us who are "poor and needy"[84] confess to thee.


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  During those years I taught the art of rhetoric.   Conquered by the desire for gain, I offered
for sale speaking  skills with which to conquer others.  And yet, O Lord, thou  knowest that I
really preferred to have honest scholars (or what  were esteemed as such) and, without tricks of
speech, I taught  these scholars the tricks of speech -- not to be used against the  life of the
innocent, but sometimes to save the life of a guilty  man.  And thou, O God, didst see me from
afar, stumbling on that  slippery path and sending out some flashes of fidelity amid much  smoke
-- guiding those who loved vanity and sought after
lying,[85] being myself their companion.
    In those years I had a mistress, to whom I was not joined in  lawful marriage.  She was a
woman I had discovered in my wayward  passion, void as it was of understanding, yet she was the
only  one; and I remained faithful to her and with her I discovered, by  my own experience, what a
great difference there is between the  restraint of the marriage bond contracted with a view to
having  children and the compact of a lustful love, where children are  born against the parents'
will -- although once they are born they  compel our love.
    3.  I remember too that, when I decided to compete for a  theatrical prize, some magician -- I
do not remember him now --  asked me what I would give him to be certain to win.  But I
detested and abominated such filthy mysteries,[86] and answered  "that, even if the garland was of
imperishable gold, I would still  not permit a fly to be killed to win it for me." For he would have
slain certain living creatures in his sacrifices, and by those  honors would have invited the devils to
help me.  This evil thing  I refused, but not out of a pure love of thee, O God of my heart,  for I
knew not how to love thee because I knew not how to conceive  of anything beyond corporeal
splendors.  And does not a soul,  sighing after such idle fictions, commit fornication against thee,
trust in false things, and "feed on the winds"[87]?  But still I  would not have sacrifices offered to
devils on my behalf, though I  was myself still offering them sacrifices of a sort by my own
[Manichean] superstition.  For what else is it "to feed on the  winds" but to feed on the devils, that
is, in our wanderings to  become their sport and mockery?


                         CHAPTER III

    4.  And yet, without scruple, I consulted those other  impostors, whom they call "astrologers"
[mathematicos], because  they used no sacrifices and invoked the aid of no spirit for their
divinations.  Still, true Christian piety must necessarily reject  and condemn their art.
    It is good to confess to thee and to say, "Have mercy on me;  heal my soul; for I have sinned
against thee"[88] -- not to abuse  thy goodness as a license to sin, but to remember the words of
the  Lord, "Behold, you are made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing  befall you."[89]  All this
wholesome advice [the astrologers]  labor to destroy when they say, "The cause of your sin is
inevitably fixed in the heavens," and, "This is the doing of  Venus, or of Saturn, or of Mars" -- all
this in order that a man,  who is only flesh and blood and proud corruption, may regard  himself as
blameless, while the Creator and Ordainer of heaven and  the stars must bear the blame of our ills
and misfortunes.  But  who is this Creator but thou, our God, the sweetness and
wellspring of righteousness, who renderest to every man according  to his works and despisest
not "a broken and a contrite
heart"[90]?
    5.  There was at that time a wise man, very skillful and  quite famous in medicine.[91]  He was
proconsul then, and with his  own hand he placed on my distempered head the crown I had won in
a  rhetorical contest.  He did not do this as a physician, however;  and for this distemper "only
thou canst heal who resisteth the  proud and giveth grace to the humble."[92]  But didst thou fail
me  in that old man, or forbear from healing my soul?  Actually when I  became better acquainted
with him, I used to listen, rapt and  eager, to his words; for, though he spoke in simple language,
his  conversation was replete with vivacity, life, and earnestness.  He  recognized from my own
talk that I was given to books of the  horoscope-casters, but he, in a kind and fatherly way,
advised me  to throw them away and not to spend idly on these vanities care  and labor that might
otherwise go into useful things.  He said  that he himself in his earlier years had studied the
astrologers'  art with a view to gaining his living by it as a profession.   Since he had already
understood Hippocrates, he was fully  qualified to understand this too.  Yet, he had given it up
and  followed medicine for the simple reason that he had discovered  astrology to be utterly false
and, as a man of honest character,  he was unwilling to gain his living by beguiling people.  "But
you," he said, "have the profession of rhetoric to support  yourself by, so that you are following
this delusion in free will  and not necessity.  All the more, therefore, you ought to believe  me,
since I worked at it to learn the art perfectly because I  wished to gain my living by it." When I
asked him to account for  the fact that many true things are foretold by astrology, he  answered
me, reasonably enough, that the force of chance, diffused  through the whole order of nature,
brought these things about.   For when a man, by accident, opens the leaves of some poet (who
sang and intended something far different) a verse oftentimes  turns out to be wondrously
apposite to the reader's present  business.  "It is not to be wondered at," he continued, "if out of
the human mind, by some higher instinct which does not know what  goes on within itself, an
answer should be arrived at, by chance  and not art, which would fit both the business and the
action of  the inquirer."
    6.  And thus truly, either by him or through him, thou wast  looking after me.  And thou didst
fix all this in my memory so  that afterward I might search it out for myself.
    But at that time, neither the proconsul nor my most dear  Nebridius -- a splendid youth and
most circumspect, who scoffed at  the whole business of divination -- could persuade me to give it
up, for the authority of the astrological authors influenced me  more than they did.  And, thus far,
I had come upon no certain  proof -- such as I sought -- by which it could be shown without
doubt that what had been truly foretold by those consulted came  from accident or chance, and
not from the art of the stargazers.

                         CHAPTER IV

    7.  In those years, when I first began to teach rhetoric in  my native town, I had gained a very
dear friend, about my own age,  who was associated with me in the same studies.  Like myself, he
was just rising up into the flower of youth.  He had grown up with  me from childhood and we
had been both school fellows and  playmates.  But he was not then my friend, nor indeed ever
became  my friend, in the true sense of the term; for there is no true  friendship save between
those thou dost bind together and who  cleave to thee by that love which is "shed abroad in our
hearts  through the Holy Spirit who is given to us."[93]  Still, it was a  sweet friendship, being
ripened by the zeal of common studies.   Moreover, I had turned him away from the true faith --
which he  had not soundly and thoroughly mastered as a youth -- and turned  him toward those
superstitious and harmful fables which my mother  mourned in me.  With me this man went
wandering off in error and  my soul could not exist without him.  But behold thou wast close
behind thy fugitives -- at once a God of vengeance and a Fountain  of mercies, who dost turn us
to thyself by ways that make us  marvel.  Thus, thou didst take that man out of this life when he
had scarcely completed one whole year of friendship with me,  sweeter to me than all the
sweetness of my life thus far.        8.  Who can show forth all thy praise[94] for that which he  has
experienced in himself alone?  What was it that thou didst do  at that time, O my God; how
unsearchable are the depths of thy  judgments!  For when, sore sick of a fever, he long lay
unconscious in a death sweat and everyone despaired of his  recovery, he was baptized without
his knowledge.  And I myself  cared little, at the time, presuming that his soul would retain  what
it had taken from me rather than what was done to his  unconscious body.  It turned out,
however, far differently, for he  was revived and restored.  Immediately, as soon as I could talk to
him -- and I did this as soon as he was able, for I never left him  and we hung on each other
overmuch -- I tried to jest with him,  supposing that he also would jest in return about that
baptism  which he had received when his mind and senses were inactive, but  which he had since
learned that he had received.  But he recoiled  from me, as if I were his enemy, and, with a
remarkable and  unexpected freedom, he admonished me that, if I desired to  continue as his
friend, I must cease to say such things.   Confounded and confused, I concealed my feelings till he
should  get well and his health recover enough to allow me to deal with  him as I wished.  But he
was snatched away from my madness, that  with thee he might be preserved for my consolation.
A few days  after, during my absence, the fever returned and he died.
    9.  My heart was utterly darkened by this sorrow and  everywhere I looked I saw death.  My
native place was a torture  room to me and my father's house a strange unhappiness.  And all
the things I had done with him -- now that he was gone -- became a  frightful torment.  My eyes
sought him everywhere, but they did  not see him; and I hated all places because he was not in
them,  because they could not say to me, "Look, he is coming," as they  did when he was alive
and absent.  I became a hard riddle to  myself, and I asked my soul why she was so downcast and
why this  disquieted me so sorely.[95]  But she did not know how to answer  me.  And if I said,
"Hope thou in God,"[96] she very properly  disobeyed me, because that dearest friend she had
lost was as an  actual man, both truer and better than the imagined deity she was  ordered to put
her hope in.  Nothing but tears were sweet to me  and they took my friend's place in my heart's
desire.


                          CHAPTER V

    10.  But now, O Lord, these things are past and time has  healed my wound.  Let me learn
from thee, who art Truth, and put  the ear of my heart to thy mouth, that thou mayest tell me why
weeping should be so sweet to the unhappy.  Hast thou -- though  omnipresent -- dismissed our
miseries from thy concern?  Thou  abidest in thyself while we are disquieted with trial after trial.
Yet unless we wept in thy ears, there would be no hope for us  remaining.  How does it happen
that such sweet fruit is plucked  from the bitterness of life, from groans, tears, sighs, and
lamentations?  Is it the hope that thou wilt hear us that sweetens  it?  This is true in the case of
prayer, for in a prayer there is  a desire to approach thee.  But is it also the case in grief for a  lost
love, and in the kind of sorrow that had then overwhelmed me?   For I had neither a hope of his
coming back to life, nor in all my  tears did I seek this.  I simply grieved and wept, for I was
miserable and had lost my joy.  Or is weeping a bitter thing that  gives us pleasure because of our
aversion to the things we once  enjoyed and this only as long as we loathe them?


                         CHAPTER VI

    11.  But why do I speak of these things?  Now is not the time  to ask such questions, but
rather to confess to thee.  I was  wretched; and every soul is wretched that is fettered in the
friendship of mortal things -- it is torn to pieces when it loses  them, and then realizes the misery
which it had even before it  lost them.  Thus it was at that time with me.  I wept most  bitterly,
and found a rest in bitterness.  I was wretched, and yet  that wretched life I still held dearer than
my friend.  For though  I would willingly have changed it, I was still more unwilling to  lose it
than to have lost him.  Indeed, I doubt whether I was  willing to lose it, even for him -- as they tell
(unless it be  fiction) of the friendship of Orestes and Pylades[97]; they would  have gladly died
for one another, or both together, because not to  love together was worse than death to them.
But a strange kind of  feeling had come over me, quite different from this, for now it  was
wearisome to live and a fearful thing to die.  I suppose that  the more I loved him the more I hated
and feared, as the most  cruel enemy, that death which had robbed me of him.  I even  imagined
that it would suddenly annihilate all men, since it had  had such a power over him.  This is the way
I remember it was with  me.
    Look into my heart, O God!  Behold and look deep within me,  for I remember it well, O my
Hope who cleansest me from the  uncleanness of such affections, directing my eyes toward thee
and  plucking my feet out of the snare.  And I marveled that other  mortals went on living since he
whom I had loved as if he would  never die was now dead.  And I marveled all the more that I,
who  had been a second self to him, could go on living when he was  dead.  Someone spoke
rightly of his friend as being "his soul's  other half"[98] -- for I felt that my soul and his soul were
but  one soul in two bodies.  Consequently, my life was now a horror to  me because I did not
want to live as a half self.  But it may have  been that I was afraid to die, lest he should then die
wholly whom  I had so greatly loved.


                         CHAPTER VII

    12.  O madness that knows not how to love men as they should  be loved!  O foolish man that
I was then, enduring with so much  rebellion the lot of every man!  Thus I fretted, sighed, wept,
tormented myself, and took neither rest nor counsel, for I was  dragging around my torn and
bloody soul.  It was impatient of my  dragging it around, and yet I could not find a place to lay it
down.  Not in pleasant groves, nor in sport or song, nor in  fragrant bowers, nor in magnificent
banquetings, nor in the  pleasures of the bed or the couch; not even in books or poetry did  it find
rest.  All things looked gloomy, even the very light  itself.  Whatsoever was not what he was, was
now repulsive and  hateful, except my groans and tears, for in those alone I found a  little rest.
But when my soul left off weeping, a heavy burden of  misery weighed me down.  It should have
been raised up to thee, O  Lord, for thee to lighten and to lift.  This I knew, but I was  neither
willing nor able to do; especially since, in my thoughts  of thee, thou wast not thyself but only an
empty fantasm.  Thus my  error was my god.  If I tried to cast off my burden on this  fantasm, that
it might find rest there, it sank through the vacuum  and came rushing down again upon me.  Thus
I remained to myself an  unhappy lodging where I could neither stay nor leave.  For where
could my heart fly from my heart?  Where could I fly from my own  self?  Where would I not
follow myself?  And yet I did flee from  my native place so that my eyes would look for him less
in a place  where they were not accustomed to see him.  Thus I left the town  of Tagaste and
returned to Carthage.


                        CHAPTER VIII

    13.  Time never lapses, nor does it glide at leisure through  our sense perceptions.  It does
strange things in the mind.  Lo,  time came and went from day to day, and by coming and going it
brought to my mind other ideas and remembrances, and little by  little they patched me up again
with earlier kinds of pleasure and  my sorrow yielded a bit to them.  But yet there followed after
this sorrow, not other sorrows just like it, but the causes of  other sorrows.  For why had that first
sorrow so easily penetrated  to the quick except that I had poured out my soul onto the dust,  by
loving a man as if he would never die who nevertheless had to  die?  What revived and refreshed
me, more than anything else, was  the consolation of other friends, with whom I went on loving
the  things I loved instead of thee.  This was a monstrous fable and a  tedious lie which was
corrupting my soul with its "itching  ears"[99] by its adulterous rubbing.  And that fable would
not die  to me as often as one of my friends died.  And there were other  things in our
companionship that took strong hold of my mind: to  discourse and jest with him; to indulge in
courteous exchanges; to  read pleasant books together; to trifle together; to be earnest  together;
to differ at times without ill-humor, as a man might do  with himself, and even through these
infrequent dissensions to  find zest in our more frequent agreements; sometimes teaching,
sometimes being taught; longing for someone absent with impatience  and welcoming the
homecomer with joy.  These and similar tokens of  friendship, which spring spontaneously from
the hearts of those  who love and are loved in return -- in countenance, tongue, eyes,  and a
thousand ingratiating gestures -- were all so much fuel to  melt our souls together, and out of the
many made us one.


                         CHAPTER IX

    14.  This is what we love in our friends, and we love it so  much that a man's conscience
accuses itself if he does not love  one who loves him, or respond in love to love, seeking nothing
from the other but the evidences of his love.  This is the source  of our moaning when one dies --
the gloom of sorrow, the steeping  of the heart in tears, all sweetness turned to bitterness -- and
the feeling of death in the living, because of the loss of the  life of the dying.
    Blessed is he who loves thee, and who loves his friend in  thee, and his enemy also, for thy
sake; for he alone loses none  dear to him, if all are dear in Him who cannot be lost.  And who  is
this but our God: the God that created heaven and earth, and  filled them because he created them
by filling them up?  None  loses thee but he who leaves thee; and he who leaves thee, where
does he go, or where can he flee but from thee well-pleased to  thee offended?  For where does he
not find thy law fulfilled in  his own punishment?  "Thy law is the truth"[100] and thou art
Truth.


                          CHAPTER X

    15.  "Turn us again, O Lord God of Hosts, cause thy face to  shine; and we shall be
saved."[101]  For wherever the soul of man  turns itself, unless toward thee, it is enmeshed in
sorrows, even  though it is surrounded by beautiful things outside thee and  outside itself.  For
lovely things would simply not be unless they  were from thee.  They come to be and they pass
away, and by coming  they begin to be, and they grow toward perfection.  Then, when  perfect,
they begin to wax old and perish, and, if all do not wax  old, still all perish.  Therefore, when they
rise and grow toward  being, the more rapidly they grow to maturity, so also the more  rapidly
they hasten back toward nonbeing.  This is the way of  things.  This is the lot thou hast given
them, because they are  part of things which do not all exist at the same time, but by  passing
away and succeeding each other they all make up the  universe, of which they are all parts.  For
example, our speech is  accomplished by sounds which signify meanings, but a meaning is
not complete unless one word passes away, when it has sounded its  part, so that the next may
follow after it.  Let my soul praise  thee, in all these things, O God, the Creator of all; but let not
my soul be stuck to these things by the glue of love, through the  senses of the body.  For they go
where they were meant to go, that  they may exist no longer.  And they rend the soul with
pestilent  desires because she longs to be and yet loves to rest secure in  the created things she
loves.  But in these things there is no  resting place to be found.  They do not abide.  They flee
away;  and who is he who can follow them with his physical senses?  Or  who can grasp them,
even when they are present?  For our physical  sense is slow because it is a physical sense and
bears its own  limitations in itself.  The physical sense is quite sufficient for  what it was made to
do; but it is not sufficient to stay things  from running their courses from the beginning appointed
to the end  appointed.  For in thy word, by which they were created, they hear  their appointed
bound: "From there -- to here!"


                         CHAPTER XI

    16.  Be not foolish, O my soul, and do not let the tumult of  your vanity deafen the ear of your
heart.  Be attentive.  The Word  itself calls you to return, and with him is a place of unperturbed
rest, where love is not forsaken unless it first forsakes.   Behold, these things pass away that
others may come to be in their  place.  Thus even this lowest level of unity[102] may be made
complete in all its parts.  "But do I ever pass away?"  asks the  Word of God.  Fix your habitation
in him.  O my soul, commit  whatsoever you have to him.  For at long last you are now becoming
tired of deceit.  Commit to truth whatever you have received from  the truth, and you will lose
nothing.  What is decayed will  flourish again; your diseases will be healed; your perishable
parts shall be reshaped and renovated, and made whole again in  you.  And these perishable things
will not carry you with them  down to where they go when they perish, but shall stand and abide,
and you with them, before God, who abides and continues forever.      17.  Why then, my perverse
soul, do you go on following your  flesh?  Instead, let it be converted so as to follow you.
Whatever you feel through it is but partial.  You do not know the  whole, of which sensations are
but parts; and yet the parts  delight you.  But if my physical senses had been able to
comprehend the whole -- and had not as a part of their punishment  received only a portion of the
whole as their own province -- you  would then desire that whatever exists in the present time
should  also pass away so that the whole might please you more.  For what  we speak, you also
hear through physical sensation, and yet you  would not wish that the syllables should remain.
Instead, you  wish them to fly past so that others may follow them, and the  whole be heard.  Thus
it is always that when any single thing is  composed of many parts which do not coexist
simultaneously, the  whole gives more delight than the parts could ever do perceived  separately.
But far better than all this is He who made it all.   He is our God and he does not pass away, for
there is nothing to  take his place.


                         CHAPTER XII

    18.  If physical objects please you, praise God for them, but  turn back your love to their
Creator, lest, in those things which  please you, you displease him.  If souls please you, let them
be  loved in God; for in themselves they are mutable, but in him  firmly established -- without him
they would simply cease to  exist.  In him, then, let them be loved; and bring along to him  with
yourself as many souls as you can, and say to them: "Let us  love him, for he himself created all
these, and he is not far away  from them.  For he did not create them, and then go away.  They
are of him and in him.  Behold, there he is, wherever truth is  known.  He is within the inmost
heart, yet the heart has wandered  away from him.  Return to your heart, O you transgressors, and
hold fast to him who made you.  Stand with him and you shall stand  fast.  Rest in him and you
shall be at rest.  Where do you go  along these rugged paths?  Where are you going?  The good
that you  love is from him, and insofar as it is also for him, it is both  good and pleasant.  But it
will rightly be turned to bitterness if  whatever comes from him is not rightly loved and if he is
deserted  for the love of the creature.  Why then will you wander farther  and farther in these
difficult and toilsome ways?  There is no  rest where you seek it.  Seek what you seek; but
remember that it  is not where you seek it.  You seek for a blessed life in the land  of death.  It is
not there.  For how can there be a blessed life  where life itself is not?"
    19.  But our very Life came down to earth and bore our death,  and slew it with the very
abundance of his own life.  And,  thundering, he called us to return to him into that secret place
from which he came forth to us -- coming first into the virginal  womb, where the human creature,
our mortal flesh, was joined to  him that it might not be forever mortal -- and came "as a
bridegroom coming out his chamber, rejoicing as a strong man to  run a race."[103]  For he did
not delay, but ran through the  world, crying out by words, deeds, death, life, descent, ascension
-- crying aloud to us to return to him.  And he departed from our  sight that we might return to
our hearts and find him there.  For  he left us, and behold, he is here.  He could not be with us
long,  yet he did not leave us.  He went back to the place that he had  never left, for "the world
was made by him."[104]  In this world  he was, and into this world he came, to save sinners.  To
him my  soul confesses, and he heals it, because it had sinned against  him.  O sons of men, how
long will you be so slow of heart?  Even  now after Life itself has come down to you, will you not
ascend  and live?  But where will you climb if you are already on a  pinnacle and have set your
mouth against the heavens?  First come  down that you may climb up, climb up to God.  For you
have fallen  by trying to climb against him.  Tell this to the souls you love  that they may weep in
the valley of tears, and so bring them along  with you to God, because it is by his spirit that you
speak thus  to them, if, as you speak, you burn with the fire of love.

                        CHAPTER XIII

    20.  These things I did not understand at that time, and I  loved those inferior beauties, and I
was sinking down to the very  depths.  And I said to my friends: "Do we love anything but the
beautiful?  What then is the beautiful?  And what is beauty?  What  is it that allures and unites us
to the things we love; for unless  there were a grace and beauty in them, they could not possibly
attract us to them?"  And I reflected on this and saw that in the  objects themselves there is a kind
of beauty which comes from  their forming a whole and another kind of beauty that comes from
mutual fitness -- as the harmony of one part of the body with its  whole, or a shoe with a foot, and
so on.  And this idea sprang up  in my mind out of my inmost heart, and I wrote some books --
two  or three, I think -- On the Beautiful and the Fitting.[105]  Thou  knowest them, O Lord; they
have escaped my memory.  I no longer  have them; somehow they have been mislaid.


                         CHAPTER XIV

    21.  What was it, O Lord my God, that prompted me to dedicate  these books to Hierius, an
orator of Rome, a man I did not know by  sight but whom I loved for his reputation of learning, in
which he  was famous -- and also for some words of his that I had heard  which had pleased me?
But he pleased me more because he pleased  others, who gave him high praise and expressed
amazement that a  Syrian, who had first studied Greek eloquence, should thereafter  become so
wonderful a Latin orator and also so well versed in  philosophy.  Thus a man we have never seen
is commended and loved.   Does a love like this come into the heart of the hearer from the  mouth
of him who sings the other's praise?  Not so.  Instead, one  catches the spark of love from one
who loves.  This is why we love  one who is praised when the eulogist is believed to give his
praise from an unfeigned heart; that is, when he who loves him  praises him.
    22.  Thus it was that I loved men on the basis of other men's  judgment, and not thine, O my
God, in whom no man is deceived.   But why is it that the feeling I had for such men was not like
my  feeling toward the renowned charioteer, or the great gladiatorial  hunter, famed far and wide
and popular with the mob?  Actually, I  admired the orator in a different and more serious fashion,
as I  would myself desire to be admired.  For I did not want them to  praise and love me as actors
were praised and loved -- although I  myself praise and love them too.  I would prefer being
unknown  than known in that way, or even being hated than loved that way.   How are these
various influences and divers sorts of loves  distributed within one soul?  What is it that I am in
love with in  another which, if I did not hate, I should neither detest nor  repel from myself, seeing
that we are equally men?  For it does  not follow that because the good horse is admired by a man
who  would not be that horse -- even if he could -- the same kind of  admiration should be given
to an actor, who shares our nature.  Do  I then love that in a man, which I also, a man, would hate
to be?   Man is himself a great deep.  Thou dost number his very hairs, O  Lord, and they do not
fall to the ground without thee, and yet the  hairs of his head are more readily numbered than are
his
affections and the movements of his heart.
    23.  But that orator whom I admired so much was the kind of  man I wished myself to be.
Thus I erred through a swelling pride  and "was carried about with every wind,"[106] but through
it all I  was being piloted by thee, though most secretly.  And how is it  that I know -- whence
comes my confident confession to thee --  that I loved him more because of the love of those who
praised him  than for the things they praised in him?  Because if he had gone  unpraised, and these
same people had criticized him and had spoken  the same things of him in a tone of scorn and
disapproval, I  should never have been kindled and provoked to love him.  And yet  his qualities
would not have been different, nor would he have  been different himself; only the appraisals of
the spectators.   See where the helpless soul lies prostrate that is not yet  sustained by the stability
of truth!  Just as the breezes of  speech blow from the breast of the opinionated, so also the soul
is tossed this way and that, driven forward and backward, and the  light is obscured to it and the
truth not seen.  And yet, there it  is in front of us.  And to me it was a great matter that both my
literary work and my zest for learning should be known by that  man.  For if he approved them, I
would be even more fond of him;  but if he disapproved, this vain heart of mine, devoid of thy
steadfastness, would have been offended.  And so I meditated on  the problem "of the beautiful
and the fitting" and dedicated my  essay on it to him.  I regarded it admiringly, though no one else
joined me in doing so.


                         CHAPTER XV

    24.  But I had not seen how the main point in these great  issues [concerning the nature of
beauty] lay really in thy  craftsmanship, O Omnipotent One, "who alone doest great
wonders."[107]  And so my mind ranged through the corporeal forms,  and I defined and
distinguished as "beautiful" that which is so in  itself and as "fit" that which is beautiful in relation
to some  other thing.  This argument I supported by corporeal examples.   And I turned my
attention to the nature of the mind, but the false  opinions which I held concerning spiritual things
prevented me  from seeing the truth.  Still, the very power of truth forced  itself on my gaze, and I
turned my throbbing soul away from  incorporeal substance to qualities of line and color and
shape,  and, because I could not perceive these with my mind, I concluded  that I could not
perceive my mind.  And since I loved the peace  which is in virtue, and hated the discord which is
in vice, I  distinguished between the unity there is in virtue and the discord  there is in vice.  I
conceived that unity consisted of the  rational soul and the nature of truth and the highest good.
But I  imagined that in the disunity there was some kind of substance of  irrational life and some
kind of entity in the supreme evil.  This  evil I thought was not only a substance but real life as
well, and  yet I believed that it did not come from thee, O my God, from whom  are all things.
And the first I called a Monad, as if it were a  soul without sex.  The other I called a Dyad, which
showed itself  in anger in deeds of violence, in deeds of passion and lust -- but  I did not know
what I was talking about.  For I had not understood  nor had I been taught that evil is not a
substance at all and that  our soul is not that supreme and unchangeable good.
    25.  For just as in violent acts, if the emotion of the soul  from whence the violent impulse
springs is depraved and asserts  itself insolently and mutinously -- and just as in the acts of
passion, if the affection of the soul which gives rise to carnal  desires is unrestrained -- so also, in
the same way, errors and  false opinions contaminate life if the rational soul itself is  depraved.
Thus it was then with me, for I was ignorant that my  soul had to be enlightened by another light,
if it was to be  partaker of the truth, since it is not itself the essence of  truth.  "For thou wilt light
my lamp; the Lord my God will lighten  my darkness"[108]; and "of his fullness have we all
received,"[109] for "that was the true Light that lighteth every  man that cometh into the
world"[110]; for "in thee there is no  variableness, neither shadow of turning."[111]
    26.  But I pushed on toward thee, and was pressed back by  thee that I might know the taste of
death, for "thou resistest the  proud."[112]  And what greater pride could there be for me than,
with a marvelous madness, to assert myself to be that nature which  thou art?  I was mutable --
this much was clear enough to me  because my very longing to become wise arose out of a wish
to  change from worse to better -- yet I chose rather to think thee  mutable than to think that I
was not as thou art.  For this reason  I was thrust back; thou didst resist my fickle pride.  Thus I
went  on imagining corporeal forms, and, since I was flesh I accused the  flesh, and, since I was "a
wind that passes away,"[113] I did not  return to thee but went wandering and wandering on
toward those  things that have no being -- neither in thee nor in me, nor in the  body.  These
fancies were not created for me by thy truth but  conceived by my own vain conceit out of sensory
notions.  And I  used to ask thy faithful children -- my own fellow citizens, from  whom I stood
unconsciously exiled -- I used flippantly and  foolishly to ask them, "Why, then, does the soul,
which God  created, err?"  But I would not allow anyone to ask me, "Why,  then, does God err?"
I preferred to contend that thy immutable  substance was involved in error through necessity
rather than  admit that my own mutable substance had gone astray of its own  free will and had
fallen into error as its punishment.
    27.  I was about twenty-six or twenty-seven when I wrote  those books, analyzing and
reflecting upon those sensory images  which clamored in the ears of my heart.  I was straining
those  ears to hear thy inward melody, O sweet Truth, pondering on "the  beautiful and the fitting"
and longing to stay and hear thee, and  to rejoice greatly at "the Bridegroom's voice."[114]  Yet I
could  not, for by the clamor of my own errors I was hurried outside  myself, and by the weight of
my own pride I was sinking ever  lower.  You did not "make me to hear joy and gladness," nor
did  the bones rejoice which were not yet humbled.[115]
    28.  And what did it profit me that, when I was scarcely  twenty years old, a book of
Aristotle's entitled The Ten
Categories[116] fell into my hands?  On the very title of this I  hung as on something great and
divine, since my rhetoric master at  Carthage and others who had reputations for learning were
always  referring to it with such swelling pride.  I read it by myself and  understood it.  And what
did it mean that when I discussed it with  others they said that even with the assistance of tutors --
who  not only explained it orally, but drew many diagrams in the sand  -- they scarcely understood
it and could tell me no more about it  than I had acquired in the reading of it by myself alone?  For
the  book appeared to me to speak plainly enough about substances, such  as a man; and of their
qualities, such as the shape of a man, his  kind, his stature, how many feet high, and his family
relationship, his status, when born, whether he is sitting or  standing, is shod or armed, or is doing
something or having  something done to him -- and all the innumerable things that are  classified
under these nine categories (of which I have given some  examples) or under the chief category of
substance.
    29.  What did all this profit me, since it actually hindered  me when I imagined that whatever
existed was comprehended within  those ten categories?  I tried to interpret them, O my God, so
that even thy wonderful and unchangeable unity could be understood  as subjected to thy own
magnitude or beauty, as if they existed in  thee as their Subject -- as they do in corporeal bodies --
whereas  thou art thyself thy own magnitude and beauty.  A body is not  great or fair because it is
a body, because, even if it were less  great or less beautiful, it would still be a body.  But my
conception of thee was falsity, not truth.  It was a figment of my  own misery, not the stable
ground of thy blessedness.  For thou  hadst commanded, and it was carried out in me, that the
earth  should bring forth briars and thorns for me, and that with heavy  labor I should gain my
bread.[117]
    30.  And what did it profit me that I could read and  understand for myself all the books I
could get in the so-called  "liberal arts," when I was actually a worthless slave of wicked
lust?  I took delight in them, not knowing the real source of what  it was in them that was true and
certain.  For I had my back  toward the light, and my face toward the things on which the light
falls, so that my face, which looked toward the illuminated  things, was not itself illuminated.
Whatever was written in any  of the fields of rhetoric or logic, geometry, music, or
arithmetic, I could understand without any great difficulty and  without the instruction of another
man.  All this thou knowest, O  Lord my God, because both quickness in understanding and
acuteness  in insight are thy gifts.  Yet for such gifts I made no thank  offering to thee.  Therefore,
my abilities served not my profit  but rather my loss, since I went about trying to bring so large a
part of my substance into my own power.  And I did not store up my  strength for thee, but went
away from thee into the far country to  prostitute my gifts in disordered appetite.[118]  And what
did  these abilities profit me, if I did not put them to good use?  I  did not realize that those arts
were understood with great  difficulty, even by the studious and the intelligent, until I  tried to
explain them to others and discovered that even the most  proficient in them followed my
explanations all too slowly.      31.  And yet what did this profit me, since I still supposed  that
thou, O Lord God, the Truth, wert a bright and vast body and  that I was a particle of that body?
O perversity gone too far!   But so it was with me.  And I do not blush, O my God, to confess
thy mercies to me in thy presence, or to call upon thee -- any  more than I did not blush when I
openly avowed my blasphemies  before men, and bayed, houndlike, against thee.  What good was
it  for me that my nimble wit could run through those studies and  disentangle all those knotty
volumes, without help from a human  teacher, since all the while I was erring so hatefully and with
such sacrilege as far as the right substance of pious faith was  concerned?  And what kind of
burden was it for thy little ones to  have a far slower wit, since they did not use it to depart from
thee, and since they remained in the nest of thy Church to become  safely fledged and to nourish
the wings of love by the food of a  sound faith.
    O Lord our God, under the shadow of thy wings let us hope --  defend us and support us.[119]
Thou wilt bear us up when we are  little and even down to our gray hairs thou wilt carry us.  For
our stability, when it is in thee, is stability indeed; but when  it is in ourselves, then it is all
unstable.  Our good lives  forever with thee, and when we turn from thee with aversion, we
fall into our own perversion.  Let us now, O Lord, return that we  be not overturned, because
with thee our good lives without  blemish -- for our good is thee thyself.  And we need not fear
that we shall find no place to return to because we fell away from  it.  For, in our absence, our
home -- which is thy eternity --  does not fall away.



                         BOOK FIVE


    A year of decision.  Faustus comes to Carthage and Augustine  is disenchanted in his hope for
solid demonstration of the truth  of Manichean doctrine.  He decides to flee from his known
troubles  at Carthage to troubles yet unknown at Rome.  His experiences at  Rome prove
disappointing and he applies for a teaching post at  Milan.  Here he meets Ambrose, who
confronts him as an impressive  witness for Catholic Christianity and opens out the possibilities
of the allegorical interpretation of Scripture.  Augustine decides  to become a Christian
catechumen.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  Accept this sacrifice of my confessions from the hand of  my tongue.  Thou didst form it
and hast prompted it to praise thy  name.  Heal all my bones and let them say, "O Lord, who is
like  unto thee?"[120]  It is not that one who confesses to thee  instructs thee as to what goes on
within him.  For the closed  heart does not bar thy sight into it, nor does the hardness of our  heart
hold back thy hands, for thou canst soften it at will,  either by mercy or in vengeance, "and there is
no one who can hide  himself from thy heat."[121]  But let my soul praise thee, that it  may love
thee, and let it confess thy mercies to thee, that it may  praise thee.  Thy whole creation praises
thee without ceasing: the  spirit of man, by his own lips, by his own voice, lifted up to  thee;
animals and lifeless matter by the mouths of those who  meditate upon them.  Thus our souls may
climb out of their  weariness toward thee and lean on those things which thou hast  created and
pass through them to thee, who didst create them in a  marvelous way.  With thee, there is
refreshment and true strength.

                         CHAPTER II

    2.  Let the restless and the unrighteous depart, and flee  away from thee.  Even so, thou seest
them and thy eye pierces  through the shadows in which they run.  For lo, they live in a  world of
beauty and yet are themselves most foul.  And how have  they harmed thee?  Or in what way have
they discredited thy power,  which is just and perfect in its rule even to the last item in  creation?
Indeed, where would they fly when they fled from thy  presence?  Wouldst thou be unable to find
them?  But they fled  that they might not see thee, who sawest them; that they might be  blinded
and stumble into thee.  But thou forsakest nothing that  thou hast made.  The unrighteous stumble
against thee that they  may be justly plagued, fleeing from thy gentleness and colliding  with thy
justice, and falling on their own rough paths.  For in  truth they do not know that thou art
everywhere; that no place  contains thee, and that only thou art near even to those who go
farthest from thee.  Let them, therefore, turn back and seek thee,  because even if they have
abandoned thee, their Creator, thou hast  not abandoned thy creatures.  Let them turn back and
seek thee --  and lo, thou art there in their hearts, there in the hearts of  those who confess to thee.
Let them cast themselves upon thee,  and weep on thy bosom, after all their weary wanderings;
and thou  wilt gently wipe away their tears.[122]  And they weep the more  and rejoice in their
weeping, since thou, O Lord, art not a man of  flesh and blood.  Thou art the Lord, who canst
remake what thou  didst make and canst comfort them.  And where was I when I was  seeking
thee?  There thou wast, before me; but I had gone away,  even from myself, and I could not find
myself, much less thee.

                         CHAPTER III

    3.  Let me now lay bare in the sight of God the twenty-ninth  year of my age.  There had just
come to Carthage a certain bishop  of the Manicheans, Faustus by name, a great snare of the
devil;  and many were entangled by him through the charm of his eloquence.   Now, even though I
found this eloquence admirable, I was beginning  to distinguish the charm of words from the truth
of things, which  I was eager to learn.  Nor did I consider the dish as much as I  did the kind of
meat that their famous Faustus served up to me in  it.  His fame had run before him, as one very
skilled in an  honorable learning and pre-eminently skilled in the liberal arts.      And as I had
already read and stored up in memory many of the  injunctions of the philosophers, I began to
compare some of their  doctrines with the tedious fables of the Manicheans; and it struck  me that
the probability was on the side of the philosophers, whose  power reached far enough to enable
them to form a fair judgment of  the world, even though they had not discovered the sovereign
Lord  of it all.  For thou art great, O Lord, and thou hast respect unto  the lowly, but the proud
thou knowest afar off.[123]  Thou drawest  near to none but the contrite in heart, and canst not
be found by  the proud, even if in their inquisitive skill they may number the  stars and the sands,
and map out the constellations, and trace the  courses of the planets.
    4.  For it is by the mind and the intelligence which thou  gavest them that they investigate these
things.  They have  discovered much; and have foretold, many years in advance, the  day, the
hour, and the extent of the eclipses of those luminaries,  the sun and the moon.  Their calculations
did not fail, and it  came to pass as they predicted.  And they wrote down the rules  they had
discovered, so that to this day they may be read and from  them may be calculated in what year
and month and day and hour of  the day, and at what quarter of its light, either the moon or the
sun will be eclipsed, and it will come to pass just as predicted.   And men who are ignorant in
these matters marvel and are amazed;  and those who understand them exult and are exalted.
Both, by an  impious pride, withdraw from thee and forsake thy light.  They  foretell an eclipse of
the sun before it happens, but they do not  see their own eclipse which is even now occurring.
For they do  not ask, as religious men should, what is the source of the  intelligence by which they
investigate these matters.  Moreover,  when they discover that thou didst make them, they do not
give  themselves up to thee that thou mightest preserve what thou hast  made.  Nor do they offer,
as sacrifice to thee, what they have  made of themselves.  For they do not slaughter their own
pride --  as they do the sacrificial fowls -- nor their own curiosities by  which, like the fishes of the
sea, they wander through the unknown  paths of the deep.  Nor do they curb their own
extravagances as  they do those of "the beasts of the field,"[124] so that thou, O  Lord, "a
consuming fire,"[125] mayest burn up their mortal cares  and renew them unto immortality.
    5.  They do not know the way which is thy word, by which thou  didst create all the things that
are and also the men who measure  them, and the senses by which they perceive what they
measure, and  the intelligence whereby they discern the patterns of measure.   Thus they know not
that thy wisdom is not a matter of
measure.[126]  But the Only Begotten hath been "made unto us  wisdom, and righteousness, and
sanctification"[127] and hath been  numbered among us and paid tribute to Caesar.[128]  And
they do  not know this "Way" by which they could descend from themselves to  him in order to
ascend through him to him.  They did not know this  "Way," and so they fancied themselves
exalted to the stars and the  shining heavens.  And lo, they fell upon the earth, and "their  foolish
heart was darkened."[129]  They saw many true things about  the creature but they do not seek
with true piety for the Truth,  the Architect of Creation, and hence they do not find him.  Or, if
they do find him, and know that he is God, they do not glorify him  as God; neither are they
thankful but become vain in their  imagination, and say that they themselves are wise, and
attribute  to themselves what is thine.  At the same time, with the most  perverse blindness, they
wish to attribute to thee their own  quality -- so that they load their lies on thee who art the Truth,
"changing the glory of the incorruptible God for an image of  corruptible man, and birds, and
four-footed beasts, and creeping  things."[130]  "They exchanged thy truth for a lie, and
worshiped  and served the creature rather than the Creator."[131]
    6.  Yet I remembered many a true saying of the philosophers  about the creation, and I saw the
confirmation of their
calculations in the orderly sequence of seasons and in the visible  evidence of the stars.  And I
compared this with the doctrines of  Mani, who in his voluminous folly wrote many books on
these  subjects.  But I could not discover there any account, of either  the solstices or the
equinoxes, or the eclipses of the sun and  moon, or anything of the sort that I had learned in the
books of  secular philosophy.  But still I was ordered to believe, even  where the ideas did not
correspond with -- even when they  contradicted -- the rational theories established by
mathematics  and my own eyes, but were very different.


                         CHAPTER IV

    7.  Yet, O Lord God of Truth, is any man pleasing to thee  because he knows these things?
No, for surely that man is unhappy  who knows these things and does not know thee.  And that
man is  happy who knows thee, even though he does not know these things.   He who knows both
thee and these things is not the more blessed  for his learning, for thou only art his blessing, if
knowing thee  as God he glorifies thee and gives thanks and does not become vain  in his
thoughts.
    For just as that man who knows how to possess a tree, and  give thanks to thee for the use of
it -- although he may not know  how many feet high it is or how wide it spreads -- is better than
the man who can measure it and count all its branches, but neither  owns it nor knows or loves its
Creator: just so is a faithful man  who possesses the world's wealth as though he had nothing, and
possesses all things through his union through thee, whom all  things serve, even though he does
not know the circlings of the  Great Bear.  Just so it is foolish to doubt that this faithful man
may truly be better than the one who can measure the heavens and  number the stars and weigh
the elements, but who is forgetful of  thee "who hast set in order all things in number, weight, and
measure."[132]


                          CHAPTER V

    8.  And who ordered this Mani to write about these things,  knowledge of which is not
necessary to piety?  For thou hast said  to man, "Behold, godliness is wisdom"[133] -- and of this
he might  have been ignorant, however perfectly he may have known these  other things.  Yet,
since he did not know even these other things,  and most impudently dared to teach them, it is
clear that he had  no knowledge of piety.  For, even when we have a knowledge of this  worldly
lore, it is folly to make a _profession_ of it, when piety  comes from _confession_ to thee.  From
piety, therefore, Mani had  gone astray, and all his show of learning only enabled the truly
learned to perceive, from his ignorance of what they knew, how  little he was to be trusted to
make plain these more really  difficult matters.  For he did not aim to be lightly esteemed, but
went around trying to persuade men that the Holy Spirit, the  Comforter and Enricher of thy
faithful ones, was personally  resident in him with full authority.  And, therefore, when he was
detected in manifest errors about the sky, the stars, the  movements of the sun and moon, even
though these things do not  relate to religious doctrine, the impious presumption of the man
became clearly evident; for he not only taught things about which  he was ignorant but also
perverted them, and this with pride so  foolish and mad that he sought to claim that his own
utterances  were as if they had been those of a divine person.
    9.  When I hear of a Christian brother, ignorant of these  things, or in error concerning them, I
can tolerate his uninformed  opinion; and I do not see that any lack of knowledge as to the  form
or nature of this material creation can do him much harm, as  long as he does not hold a belief in
anything which is unworthy of  thee, O Lord, the Creator of all.  But if he thinks that his
secular knowledge pertains to the essence of the doctrine of  piety, or ventures to assert dogmatic
opinions in matters in which  he is ignorant -- there lies the injury.  And yet even a weakness
such as this, in the infancy of our faith, is tolerated by our  Mother Charity until the new man can
grow up "unto a perfect man,"  and not be "carried away with every wind of doctrine."[134]
But Mani had presumed to be at once the teacher, author,  guide, and leader of all whom he could
persuade to believe this,  so that all who followed him believed that they were following not  an
ordinary man but thy Holy Spirit.  And who would not judge that  such great madness, when it
once stood convicted of false  teaching, should then be abhorred and utterly rejected?  But I had
not yet clearly decided whether the alternation of day and night,  and of longer and shorter days
and nights, and the eclipses of sun  and moon, and whatever else I read about in other books
could be  explained consistently with his theories.  If they could have been  so explained, there
would still have remained a doubt in my mind  whether the theories were right or wrong.  Yet I
was prepared, on  the strength of his reputed godliness, to rest my faith on his  authority.


                          CHAPTER VI

    10.  For almost the whole of the nine years that I listened  with unsettled mind to the
Manichean teaching I had been looking  forward with unbounded eagerness to the arrival of this
Faustus.   For all the other members of the sect that I happened to meet,  when they were unable
to answer the questions I raised, always  referred me to his coming.  They promised that, in
discussion with  him, these and even greater difficulties, if I had them, would be  quite easily and
amply cleared away.  When at last he did come, I  found him to be a man of pleasant speech, who
spoke of the very  same things they themselves did, although more fluently and in a  more
agreeable style.  But what profit was there to me in the  elegance of my cupbearer, since he could
not offer me the more  precious draught for which I thirsted?  My ears had already had  their fill
of such stuff, and now it did not seem any better  because it was better expressed nor more true
because it was  dressed up in rhetoric; nor could I think the man's soul
necessarily wise because his face was comely and his language  eloquent.  But they who extolled
him to me were not competent  judges.  They thought him able and wise because his eloquence
delighted them.  At the same time I realized that there is another  kind of man who is suspicious
even of truth itself, if it is  expressed in smooth and flowing language.  But thou, O my God,
hadst already taught me in wonderful and marvelous ways, and  therefore I believed -- because it
is true -- that thou didst  teach me and that beside thee there is no other teacher of truth,
wherever truth shines forth.  Already I had learned from thee that  because a thing is eloquently
expressed it should not be taken to  be as necessarily true; nor because it is uttered with
stammering  lips should it be supposed false.  Nor, again, is it necessarily  true because rudely
uttered, nor untrue because the language is  brilliant.  Wisdom and folly both are like meats that
are  wholesome and unwholesome, and courtly or simple words are like  town-made or rustic
vessels -- both kinds of food may be served in  either kind of dish.
    11.  That eagerness, therefore, with which I had so long  awaited this man, was in truth
delighted with his action and  feeling in a disputation, and with the fluent and apt words with
which he clothed his ideas.  I was delighted, therefore, and I  joined with others -- and even
exceeded them -- in exalting and  praising him.  Yet it was a source of annoyance to me that, in
his  lecture room, I was not allowed to introduce and raise any of  those questions that troubled
me, in a familiar exchange of  discussion with him.  As soon as I found an opportunity for this,
and gained his ear at a time when it was not inconvenient for him  to enter into a discussion with
me and my friends, I laid before  him some of my doubts.  I discovered at once that he knew
nothing  of the liberal arts except grammar, and that only in an ordinary  way.  He had, however,
read some of Tully's orations, a very few  books of Seneca, and some of the poets, and such few
books of his  own sect as were written in good Latin.  With this meager learning  and his daily
practice in speaking, he had acquired a sort of  eloquence which proved the more delightful and
enticing because it  was under the direction of a ready wit and a sort of native grace.   Was this
not even as I now recall it, O Lord my God, Judge of my  conscience?  My heart and my memory
are laid open before thee, who  wast even then guiding me by the secret impulse of thy providence
and wast setting my shameful errors before my face so that I might  see and hate them.


                        CHAPTER VII

    12.  For as soon as it became plain to me that Faustus was  ignorant in those arts in which I
had believed him eminent, I  began to despair of his being able to clarify and explain all  these
perplexities that troubled me -- though I realized that such  ignorance need not have affected the
authenticity of his piety, if  he had not been a Manichean.  For their books are full of long  fables
about the sky and the stars, the sun and the moon; and I  had ceased to believe him able to show
me in any satisfactory  fashion what I so ardently desired: whether the explanations  contained in
the Manichean books were better or at least as good  as the mathematical explanations I had read
elsewhere.  But when I  proposed that these subjects should be considered and discussed,  he
quite modestly did not dare to undertake the task, for he was  aware that he had no knowledge of
these things and was not ashamed  to confess it.  For he was not one of those talkative people --
from whom I had endured so much -- who undertook to teach me what  I wanted to know, and
then said nothing.  Faustus had a heart  which, if not right toward thee, was at least not altogether
false  toward himself; for he was not ignorant of his own ignorance, and  he did not choose to be
entangled in a controversy from which he  could not draw back or retire gracefully.  For this I
liked him  all the more.  For the modesty of an ingenious mind is a finer  thing than the acquisition
of that knowledge I desired; and this I  found to be his attitude toward all abstruse and difficult
questions.
    13.  Thus the zeal with which I had plunged into the  Manichean system was checked, and I
despaired even more of their  other teachers, because Faustus who was so famous among them
had  turned out so poorly in the various matters that puzzled me.  And  so I began to occupy
myself with him in the study of his own  favorite pursuit, that of literature, in which I was already
teaching a class as a professor of rhetoric among the young  Carthaginian students.  With Faustus
then I read whatever he  himself wished to read, or what I judged suitable to his bent of  mind.
But all my endeavors to make further progress in Manicheism  came completely to an end through
my acquaintance with that man.   I did not wholly separate myself from them, but as one who had
not  yet found anything better I decided to content myself, for the  time being, with what I had
stumbled upon one way or another,  until by chance something more desirable should present
itself.   Thus that Faustus who had entrapped so many to their death --  though neither willing nor
witting it -- now began to loosen the  snare in which I had been caught.  For thy hands, O my
God, in the  hidden design of thy providence did not desert my soul; and out of  the blood of my
mother's heart, through the tears that she poured  out by day and by night, there was a sacrifice
offered to thee for  me, and by marvelous ways thou didst deal with me.  For it was  thou, O my
God, who didst it: for "the steps of a man are ordered  by the Lord, and he shall choose his
way."[135]  How shall we  attain salvation without thy hand remaking what it had already  made?


                        CHAPTER VIII

    14.  Thou didst so deal with me, therefore, that I was  persuaded to go to Rome and teach
there what I had been teaching  at Carthage.  And how I was persuaded to do this I will not omit
to confess to thee, for in this also the profoundest workings of  thy wisdom and thy constant
mercy toward us must be pondered and  acknowledged.  I did not wish to go to Rome because of
the richer  fees and the higher dignity which my friends promised me there --  though these
considerations did affect my decision.  My principal  and almost sole motive was that I had been
informed that the  students there studied more quietly and were better kept under the  control of
stern discipline, so that they did not capriciously and  impudently rush into the classroom of a
teacher not their own --  indeed, they were not admitted at all without the permission of  the
teacher.  At Carthage, on the contrary, there was a shameful  and intemperate license among the
students.  They burst in rudely  and, with furious gestures, would disrupt the discipline which the
teacher had established for the good of his pupils.  Many outrages  they perpetrated with
astounding effrontery, things that would be  punishable by law if they were not sustained by
custom.  Thus  custom makes plain that such behavior is all the more worthless  because it allows
men to do what thy eternal law never will allow.   They think that they act thus with impunity,
though the very  blindness with which they act is their punishment, and they suffer  far greater
harm than they inflict.
    The manners that I would not adopt as a student I was  compelled as a teacher to endure in
others.  And so I was glad to  go where all who knew the situation assured me that such conduct
was not allowed.  But thou, "O my refuge and my portion in the  land of the living,"[136] didst
goad me thus at Carthage so that I  might thereby be pulled away from it and change my worldly
habitation for the preservation of my soul.  At the same time,  thou didst offer me at Rome an
enticement, through the agency of  men enchanted with this death-in-life -- by their insane
conduct  in the one place and their empty promises in the other.  To  correct my wandering
footsteps, thou didst secretly employ their  perversity and my own.  For those who disturbed my
tranquillity  were blinded by shameful madness and also those who allured me  elsewhere had
nothing better than the earth's cunning.  And I who  hated actual misery in the one place sought
fictitious happiness  in the other.
    15.  Thou knewest the cause of my going from one country to  the other, O God, but thou
didst not disclose it either to me or  to my mother, who grieved deeply over my departure and
followed me  down to the sea.  She clasped me tight in her embrace, willing  either to keep me
back or to go with me, but I deceived her,  pretending that I had a friend whom I could not leave
until he had  a favorable wind to set sail.  Thus I lied to my mother -- and  such a mother! -- and
escaped.  For this too thou didst mercifully  pardon me -- fool that I was -- and didst preserve me
from the  waters of the sea for the water of thy grace; so that, when I was  purified by that, the
fountain of my mother's eyes, from which she  had daily watered the ground for me as she prayed
to thee, should  be dried.  And, since she refused to return without me, I  persuaded her, with
some difficulty, to remain that night in a  place quite close to our ship, where there was a shrine in
memory  of the blessed Cyprian.  That night I slipped away secretly, and  she remained to pray
and weep.  And what was it, O Lord, that she  was asking of thee in such a flood of tears but that
thou wouldst  not allow me to sail?  But thou, taking thy own secret counsel and  noting the real
point to her desire, didst not grant what she was  then asking in order to grant to her the thing
that she had always  been asking.
    The wind blew and filled our sails, and the shore dropped out  of sight.  Wild with grief, she
was there the next morning and  filled thy ears with complaints and groans which thou didst
disregard, although, at the very same time, thou wast using my  longings as a means and wast
hastening me on to the fulfillment of  all longing.  Thus the earthly part of her love to me was
justly  purged by the scourge of sorrow.  Still, like all mothers --  though even more than others --
she loved to have me with her, and  did not know what joy thou wast preparing for her through
my going  away.  Not knowing this secret end, she wept and mourned and saw  in her agony the
inheritance of Eve -- seeking in sorrow what she  had brought forth in sorrow.  And yet, after
accusing me of  perfidy and cruelty, she still continued her intercessions for me  to thee.  She
returned to her own home, and I went on to Rome.

                         CHAPTER IX

    16.  And lo, I was received in Rome by the scourge of bodily  sickness; and I was very near to
falling into hell, burdened with  all the many and grievous sins I had committed against thee,
myself, and others -- all over and above that fetter of original  sin whereby we all die in Adam.
For thou hadst forgiven me none  of these things in Christ, neither had he abolished by his cross
the enmity[137] that I had incurred from thee through my sins.   For how could he do so by the
crucifixion of a phantom, which was  all I supposed him to be?  The death of my soul was as real
then  as the death of his flesh appeared to me unreal.  And the life of  my soul was as false,
because it was as unreal as the death of his  flesh was real, though I believed it not.
    My fever increased, and I was on the verge of passing away  and perishing; for, if I had passed
away then, where should I have  gone but into the fiery torment which my misdeeds deserved,
measured by the truth of thy rule?  My mother knew nothing of  this; yet, far away, she went on
praying for me.  And thou,  present everywhere, didst hear her where she was and had pity on  me
where I was, so that I regained my bodily health, although I  was still disordered in my
sacrilegious heart.  For that peril of  death did not make me wish to be baptized.  I was even
better  when, as a lad, I entreated baptism of my mother's devotion, as I  have already related and
confessed.[138]  But now I had since  increased in dishonor, and I madly scoffed at all the
purposes of  thy medicine which would not have allowed me, though a sinner such  as I was, to
die a double death.  Had my mother's heart been  pierced with this wound, it never could have
been cured, for I  cannot adequately tell of the love she had for me, or how she  still travailed for
me in the spirit with a far keener anguish  than when she bore me in the flesh.
    17.  I cannot conceive, therefore, how she could have been  healed if my death (still in my sins)
had pierced her inmost love.   Where, then, would have been all her earnest, frequent, and
ceaseless prayers to thee?  Nowhere but with thee.  But couldst  thou, O most merciful God,
despise the "contrite and humble  heart"[139] of that pure and prudent widow, who was so
constant in  her alms, so gracious and attentive to thy saints, never missing a  visit to church twice
a day, morning and evening -- and this not  for vain gossiping, nor old wives' fables, but in order
that she  might listen to thee in thy sermons, and thou to her in her  prayers?  Couldst thou, by
whose gifts she was so inspired,  despise and disregard the tears of such a one without coming to
her aid -- those tears by which she entreated thee, not for gold  or silver, and not for any changing
or fleeting good, but for the  salvation of the soul of her son?  By no means, O Lord.  It is
certain that thou wast near and wast hearing and wast carrying out  the plan by which thou hadst
predetermined it should be done.  Far  be it from thee that thou shouldst have deluded her in those
visions and the answers she had received from thee -- some of  which I have mentioned, and
others not -- which she kept in her  faithful heart, and, forever beseeching, urged them on thee as
if  they had thy own signature.  For thou, "because thy mercy endureth  forever,"[140] hast so
condescended to those whose debts thou hast  pardoned that thou likewise dost become a debtor
by thy promises.

                          CHAPTER X

    18.  Thou didst restore me then from that illness, and didst  heal the son of thy handmaid in his
body, that he might live for  thee and that thou mightest endow him with a better and more
certain health.  After this, at Rome, I again joined those  deluding and deluded "saints"; and not
their "hearers" only, such  as the man was in whose house I had fallen sick, but also with  those
whom they called "the elect." For it still seemed to me  "that it is not we who sin, but some other
nature sinned in us."  And it gratified my pride to be beyond blame, and when _I_ did  anything
wrong not to have to confess that _I_ had done wrong --  "that thou mightest heal my soul
because it had sinned against  thee"[141] -- and I loved to excuse my soul and to accuse
something else inside me (I knew not what) but which was not I.   But, assuredly, it was I, and it
was my impiety that had divided  me against myself.  That sin then was all the more incurable
because I did not deem myself a sinner.  It was an execrable  iniquity, O God Omnipotent, that I
would have preferred to have  thee defeated in me, to my destruction, than to be defeated by  thee
to my salvation.  Not yet, therefore, hadst thou set a watch  upon my mouth and a door around
my lips that my heart might not  incline to evil speech, to make excuse for sin with men that work
iniquity.[142]  And, therefore, I continued still in the company  of their "elect."
    19.  But now, hopeless of gaining any profit from that false  doctrine, I began to hold more
loosely and negligently even to  those points which I had decided to rest content with, if I could
find nothing better.  I was now half inclined to believe that  those philosophers whom they call
"The Academics"[143] were wiser  than the rest in holding that we ought to doubt everything,
and in  maintaining that man does not have the power of comprehending any  certain truth, for,
although I had not yet understood their  meaning, I was fully persuaded that they thought just as
they are  commonly reputed to do.  And I did not fail openly to dissuade my  host from his
confidence which I observed that he had in those  fictions of which the works of Mani are full.
For all this, I was  still on terms of more intimate friendship with these people than  with others
who were not of their heresy.  I did not indeed defend  it with my former ardor; but my familiarity
with that group -- and  there were many of them concealed in Rome at that time[144] --  made me
slower to seek any other way.  This was particularly easy  since I had no hope of finding in thy
Church the truth from which  they had turned me aside, O Lord of heaven and earth, Creator of
all things visible and invisible.  And it still seemed to me most  unseemly to believe that thou
couldst have the form of human flesh  and be bounded by the bodily shape of our limbs.  And
when I  desired to meditate on my God, I did not know what to think of but  a huge extended
body -- for what did not have bodily extension did  not seem to me to exist -- and this was the
greatest and almost  the sole cause of my unavoidable errors.
    20.  And thus I also believed that evil was a similar kind of  substance, and that it had its own
hideous and deformed extended  body -- either in a dense form which they called the earth or in a
thin and subtle form as, for example, the substance of the air,  which they imagined as some
malignant spirit penetrating that  earth.  And because my piety -- such as it was -- still compelled
me to believe that the good God never created any evil substance,  I formed the idea of two
masses, one opposed to the other, both  infinite but with the evil more contracted and the good
more  expansive.  And from this diseased beginning, the other sacrileges  followed after.
    For when my mind tried to turn back to the Catholic faith, I  was cast down, since the Catholic
faith was not what I judged it  to be.  And it seemed to me a greater piety to regard thee, my God
-- to whom I make confession of thy mercies -- as infinite in all  respects save that one: where the
extended mass of evil stood  opposed to thee, where I was compelled to confess that thou art
finite -- than if I should think that thou couldst be confined by  the form of a human body on every
side.  And it seemed better to  me to believe that no evil had been created by thee -- for in my
ignorance evil appeared not only to be some kind of substance but  a corporeal one at that.  This
was because I had, thus far, no  conception of mind, except as a subtle body diffused throughout
local spaces.  This seemed better than to believe that anything  could emanate from thee which
had the character that I considered  evil to be in its nature.  And I believed that our Saviour
himself  also -- thy Only Begotten -- had been brought forth, as it were,  for our salvation out of
the mass of thy bright shining substance.   So that I could believe nothing about him except what I
was able  to harmonize with these vain imaginations.  I thought, therefore,  that such a nature
could not be born of the Virgin Mary without  being mingled with the flesh, and I could not see
how the divine  substance, as I had conceived it, could be mingled thus without  being
contaminated.  I was afraid, therefore, to believe that he  had been born in the flesh, lest I should
also be compelled to  believe that he had been contaminated by the flesh.  Now will thy  spiritual
ones smile blandly and lovingly at me if they read these  confessions.  Yet such was I.


                         CHAPTER XI

    21.  Furthermore, the things they censured in thy Scriptures  I thought impossible to be
defended.  And yet, occasionally, I  desired to confer on various matters with someone well
learned in  those books, to test what he thought of them.  For already the  words of one Elpidius,
who spoke and disputed face to face against  these same Manicheans, had begun to impress me,
even when I was at  Carthage; because he brought forth things out of the Scriptures  that were
not easily withstood, to which their answers appeared to  me feeble.  One of their answers they
did not give forth publicly,  but only to us in private -- when they said that the writings of  the
New Testament had been tampered with by unknown persons who  desired to ingraft the Jewish
law into the Christian faith.  But  they themselves never brought forward any uncorrupted copies.
Still thinking in corporeal categories and very much ensnared and  to some extent stifled, I was
borne down by those conceptions of  bodily substance.  I panted under this load for the air of thy
truth, but I was not able to breathe it pure and undefiled.

                         CHAPTER XII

    22.  I set about diligently to practice what I came to Rome  to do -- the teaching of rhetoric.
The first task was to bring  together in my home a few people to whom and through whom I had
begun to be known.  And lo, I then began to learn that other  offenses were committed in Rome
which I had not had to bear in  Africa.  Just as I had been told, those riotous disruptions by
young blackguards were not practiced here.  Yet, now, my friends  told me, many of the Roman
students -- breakers of faith, who, for  the love of money, set a small value on justice -- would
conspire  together and suddenly transfer to another teacher, to evade paying  their master's fees.
My heart hated such people, though not with  a "perfect hatred"[145]; for doubtless I hated them
more because I  was to suffer from them than on account of their own illicit acts.   Still, such
people are base indeed; they fornicate against thee,  for they love the transitory mockeries of
temporal things and the  filthy gain which begrimes the hand that grabs it; they embrace  the
fleeting world and scorn thee, who abidest and invitest us to  return to thee and who pardonest
the prostituted human soul when  it does return to thee.  Now I hate such crooked and perverse
men,  although I love them if they will be corrected and come to prefer  the learning they obtain to
money and, above all, to prefer thee  to such learning, O God, the truth and fullness of our
positive  good, and our most pure peace.  But then the wish was stronger in  me for my own sake
not to suffer evil from them than was my desire  that they should become good for thy sake.


                        CHAPTER XIII

    23.  When, therefore, the officials of Milan sent to Rome, to  the prefect of the city, to ask that
he provide them with a  teacher of rhetoric for their city and to send him at the public  expense, I
applied for the job through those same persons, drunk  with the Manichean vanities, to be freed
from whom I was going  away -- though neither they nor I were aware of it at the time.   They
recommended that Symmachus, who was then prefect, after he  had proved me by audition,
should appoint me.
    And to Milan I came, to Ambrose the bishop, famed through the  whole world as one of the
best of men, thy devoted servant.  His  eloquent discourse in those times abundantly provided thy
people  with the flour of thy wheat, the gladness of thy oil, and the  sober intoxication of thy
wine.[146]  To him I was led by thee  without my knowledge, that by him I might be led to thee in
full  knowledge.  That man of God received me as a father would, and  welcomed my coming as a
good bishop should.  And I began to love  him, of course, not at the first as a teacher of the truth,
for I  had entirely despaired of finding that in thy Church -- but as a  friendly man.  And I
studiously listened to him -- though not with  the right motive -- as he preached to the people.  I
was trying to  discover whether his eloquence came up to his reputation, and  whether it flowed
fuller or thinner than others said it did.  And  thus I hung on his words intently, but, as to his
subject matter,  I was only a careless and contemptuous listener.  I was delighted  with the charm
of his speech, which was more erudite, though less  cheerful and soothing, than Faustus' style.  As
for subject  matter, however, there could be no comparison, for the latter was  wandering around
in Manichean deceptions, while the former was  teaching salvation most soundly.  But "salvation
is far from the  wicked,"[147] such as I was then when I stood before him.  Yet I  was drawing
nearer, gradually and unconsciously.


                         CHAPTER XIV

    24.  For, although I took no trouble to learn what he said,  but only to hear how he said it --
for this empty concern remained  foremost with me as long as I despaired of finding a clear path
from man to thee -- yet, along with the eloquence I prized, there  also came into my mind the
ideas which I ignored; for I could not  separate them.  And, while I opened my heart to
acknowledge how  skillfully he spoke, there also came an awareness of how _truly_  he spoke --
but only gradually.  First of all, his ideas had  already begun to appear to me defensible; and the
Catholic faith,  for which I supposed that nothing could be said against the  onslaught of the
Manicheans, I now realized could be maintained  without presumption.  This was especially clear
after I had heard  one or two parts of the Old Testament explained allegorically --  whereas before
this, when I had interpreted them literally, they  had "killed" me spiritually.[148]  However, when
many of these  passages in those books were expounded to me thus, I came to blame  my own
despair for having believed that no reply could be given to  those who hated and scoffed at the
Law and the Prophets.  Yet I  did not see that this was reason enough to follow the Catholic
way, just because it had learned advocates who could answer  objections adequately and without
absurdity.  Nor could I see that  what I had held to heretofore should now be condemned, because
both sides were equally defensible.  For that way did not appear  to me yet vanquished; but neither
did it seem yet victorious.      25.  But now I earnestly bent my mind to require if there was
possible any way to prove the Manicheans guilty of falsehood.  If  I could have conceived of a
spiritual substance, all their  strongholds would have collapsed and been cast out of my mind.
But I could not.  Still, concerning the body of this world, nature  as a whole -- now that I was
able to consider and compare such  things more and more -- I now decided that the majority of
the  philosophers held the more probable views.  So, in what I thought  was the method of the
Academics -- doubting everything and  fluctuating between all the options -- I came to the
conclusion  that the Manicheans were to be abandoned.  For I judged, even in  that period of
doubt, that I could not remain in a sect to which I  preferred some of the philosophers.  But I
refused to commit the  cure of my fainting soul to the philosophers, because they were  without
the saving name of Christ.  I resolved, therefore, to  become a catechumen in the Catholic Church
-- which my parents had  so much urged upon me -- until something certain shone forth by  which
I might guide my course.



                         BOOK SIX


    Turmoil in the twenties.  Monica follows Augustine to Milan  and finds him a catechumen in
the Catholic Church. Both admire  Ambrose but Augustine gets no help from him on his personal
problems.  Ambition spurs and Alypius and Nebridius join him in a  confused quest for the happy
life.  Augustine becomes engaged,  dismisses his first mistress, takes another, and continues his
fruitless search for truth.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  O Hope from my youth,[149] where wast thou to me and  where hadst thou gone
away?[150]  For hadst thou not created me  and differentiated me from the beasts of the field and
the birds  of the air, making me wiser than they?  And yet I was wandering  about in a dark and
slippery way, seeking thee outside myself and  thus not finding the God of my heart.  I had gone
down into the  depths of the sea and had lost faith, and had despaired of ever  finding the truth.
    By this time my mother had come to me, having mustered the  courage of piety, following
over sea and land, secure in thee  through all the perils of the journey.  For in the dangers of the
voyage she comforted the sailors -- to whom the inexperienced  voyagers, when alarmed, were
accustomed to go for comfort -- and  assured them of a safe arrival because she had been so
assured by  thee in a vision.
    She found me in deadly peril through my despair of ever  finding the truth.  But when I told
her that I was now no longer a  Manichean, though not yet a Catholic Christian, she did not leap
for joy as if this were unexpected; for she had already been  reassured about that part of my
misery for which she had mourned  me as one dead, but also as one who would be raised to thee.
She  had carried me out on the bier of her thoughts, that thou mightest  say to the widow's son,
"Young man, I say unto you, arise!"[151]  and then he would revive and begin to speak, and thou
wouldst  deliver him to his mother.  Therefore, her heart was not agitated  with any violent
exultation when she heard that so great a part of  what she daily entreated thee to do had actually
already been done  -- that, though I had not yet grasped the truth, I was rescued  from falsehood.
Instead, she was fully confident that thou who  hadst promised the whole would give her the rest,
and thus most  calmly, and with a fully confident heart, she replied to me that  she believed, in
Christ, that before she died she would see me a  faithful Catholic.  And she said no more than this
to me.  But to  thee, O Fountain of mercy, she poured out still more frequent  prayers and tears
that thou wouldst hasten thy aid and enlighten  my darkness, and she hurried all the more
zealously to the church  and hung upon the words of Ambrose, praying for the fountain of
water that springs up into everlasting life.[152]  For she loved  that man as an angel of God, since
she knew that it was by him  that I had been brought thus far to that wavering state of  agitation I
was now in, through which she was fully persuaded I  should pass from sickness to health, even
though it would be after  a still sharper convulsion which physicians call "the crisis."

                         CHAPTER II

    2.  So also my mother brought to certain oratories, erected  in the memory of the saints,
offerings of porridge, bread, and  wine -- as had been her custom in Africa -- and she was
forbidden  to do so by the doorkeeper [ostiarius].  And as soon as she  learned that it was the
bishop who had forbidden it, she
acquiesced so devoutly and obediently that I myself marveled how  readily she could bring herself
to turn critic of her own customs,  rather than question his prohibition.  For winebibbing had not
taken possession of her spirit, nor did the love of wine stimulate  her to hate the truth, as it does
too many, both male and female,  who turn as sick at a hymn to sobriety as drunkards do at a
draught of water.  When she had brought her basket with the  festive gifts, which she would taste
first herself and give the  rest away, she would never allow herself more than one little cup
of wine, diluted according to her own temperate palate, which she  would taste out of courtesy.
And, if there were many oratories of  departed saints that ought to be honored in the same way,
she  still carried around with her the same little cup, to be used  everywhere.  This became not
only very much watered but also quite  tepid with carrying it about.  She would distribute it by
small  sips to those around, for she sought to stimulate their devotion,  not pleasure.
    But as soon as she found that this custom was forbidden by  that famous preacher and most
pious prelate, even to those who  would use it in moderation, lest thereby it might be an occasion
of gluttony for those who were already drunken (and also because  these funereal memorials were
very much like some of the
superstitious practices of the pagans), she most willingly  abstained from it.  And, in place of a
basket filled with fruits  of the earth, she had learned to bring to the oratories of the  martyrs a
heart full of purer petitions, and to give all that she  could to the poor -- so that the Communion
of the Lord's body  might be rightly celebrated in those places where, after the  example of his
Passion, the martyrs had been sacrificed and  crowned.  But yet it seems to me, O Lord my God --
and my heart  thinks of it this way in thy sight -- that my mother would  probably not have given
way so easily to the rejection of this  custom if it had been forbidden by another, whom she did
not love  as she did Ambrose.  For, out of her concern for my salvation, she  loved him most
dearly; and he loved her truly, on account of her  faithful religious life, in which she frequented the
church with  good works, "fervent in spirit."[153]  Thus he would, when he saw  me, often burst
forth into praise of her, congratulating me that I  had such a mother -- little knowing what a son
she had in me, who  was still a skeptic in all these matters and who could not  conceive that the
way of life could be found out.


                         CHAPTER III

    3.  Nor had I come yet to groan in my prayers that thou  wouldst help me.  My mind was
wholly intent on knowledge and eager  for disputation.  Ambrose himself I esteemed a happy man,
as the  world counted happiness, because great personages held him in  honor.  Only his celibacy
appeared to me a painful burden.  But  what hope he cherished, what struggles he had against the
temptations that beset his high station, what solace in adversity,  and what savory joys thy bread
possessed for the hidden mouth of  his heart when feeding on it, I could neither
    conjecture nor experience.
    Nor did he know my own frustrations, nor the pit of my  danger.  For I could not request of
him what I wanted as I wanted  it, because I was debarred from hearing and speaking to him by
crowds of busy people to whose infirmities he devoted himself.   And when he was not engaged
with them -- which was never for long  at a time -- he was either refreshing his body with
necessary food  or his mind with reading.
    Now, as he read, his eyes glanced over the pages and his  heart searched out the sense, but his
voice and tongue were  silent.  Often when we came to his room -- for no one was  forbidden to
enter, nor was it his custom that the arrival of  visitors should be announced to him -- we would
see him thus  reading to himself.  After we had sat for a long time in silence  -- for who would
dare interrupt one so intent? -- we would then  depart, realizing that he was unwilling to be
distracted in the  little time he could gain for the recruiting of his mind, free  from the clamor of
other men's business.  Perhaps he was fearful  lest, if the author he was studying should express
himself  vaguely, some doubtful and attentive hearer would ask him to  expound it or discuss
some of the more abstruse questions, so that  he could not get over as much material as he
wished, if his time  was occupied with others.  And even a truer reason for his reading  to himself
might have been the care for preserving his voice,  which was very easily weakened.  Whatever his
motive was in so  doing, it was doubtless, in such a man, a good one.
    4.  But actually I could find no opportunity of putting the  questions I desired to that holy
oracle of thine in his heart,  unless it was a matter which could be dealt with briefly.   However,
those surgings in me required that he should give me his  full leisure so that I might pour them out
to him; but I never  found him so.  I heard him, indeed, every Lord's Day, "rightly  dividing the
word of truth"[154] among the people.  And I became  all the more convinced that all those knots
of crafty calumnies  which those deceivers of ours had knit together against the divine  books
could be unraveled.
    I soon understood that the statement that man was made after  the image of Him that created
him[155] was not understood by thy  spiritual sons -- whom thou hadst regenerated through the
Catholic  Mother[156] through grace -- as if they believed and imagined that  thou wert bounded
by a human form, although what was the nature of  a spiritual substance I had not the faintest or
vaguest notion.   Still rejoicing, I blushed that for so many years I had bayed, not  against the
Catholic faith, but against the fables of fleshly  imagination.  For I had been both impious and rash
in this, that I  had condemned by pronouncement what I ought to have learned by  inquiry.  For
thou, O Most High, and most near, most secret, yet  most present, who dost not have limbs, some
of which are larger  and some smaller, but who art wholly everywhere and nowhere in  space, and
art not shaped by some corporeal form: thou didst  create man after thy own image and, see, he
dwells in space, both  head and feet.


                         CHAPTER IV

    5.  Since I could not then understand how this image of thine  could subsist, I should have
knocked on the door and propounded  the doubt as to how it was to be believed, and not have
insultingly opposed it as if it were actually believed.
Therefore, my anxiety as to what I could retain as certain gnawed  all the more sharply into my
soul, and I felt quite ashamed  because during the long time I had been deluded and deceived by
the [Manichean] promises of certainties, I had, with childish  petulance, prated of so many
uncertainties as if they were  certain.  That they were falsehoods became apparent to me only
afterward.  However, I was certain that they were uncertain and  since I had held them as
certainly uncertain I had accused thy  Catholic Church with a blind contentiousness.  I had not yet
discovered that it taught the truth, but I now knew that it did  not teach what I had so vehemently
accused it of.  In this  respect, at least, I was confounded and converted; and I rejoiced,  O my
God, that the one Church, the body of thy only Son -- in  which the name of Christ had been
sealed upon me as an infant --  did not relish these childish trifles and did not maintain in its
sound doctrine any tenet that would involve pressing thee, the  Creator of all, into space, which,
however extended and immense,  would still be bounded on all sides -- like the shape of a human
body.
    6.  I was also glad that the old Scriptures of the Law and  the Prophets were laid before me to
be read, not now with an eye  to what had seemed absurd in them when formerly I censured thy
holy ones for thinking thus, when they actually did not think in  that way.  And I listened with
delight to Ambrose, in his sermons  to the people, often recommending this text most diligently as
a  rule: "The letter kills, but the spirit gives life,"[157] while at  the same time he drew aside the
mystic veil and opened to view the  spiritual meaning of what seemed to teach perverse doctrine if
it  were taken according to the letter.  I found nothing in his  teachings that offended me, though I
could not yet know for  certain whether what he taught was true.  For all this time I  restrained
my heart from assenting to anything, fearing to fall  headlong into error.  Instead, by this hanging
in suspense, I was  being strangled.[158]  For my desire was to be as certain of  invisible things as
I was that seven and three are ten.  I was not  so deranged as to believe that _this_ could not be
comprehended,  but my desire was to have other things as clear as this, whether  they were
physical objects, which were not present to my senses,  or spiritual objects, which I did not know
how to conceive of  except in physical terms.
    If I could have believed, I might have been cured, and, with  the sight of my soul cleared up, it
might in some way have been  directed toward thy truth, which always abides and fails in  nothing.
But, just as it happens that a man who has tried a bad  physician fears to trust himself with a good
one, so it was with  the health of my soul, which could not be healed except by  believing.  But
lest it should believe falsehoods, it refused to  be cured, resisting thy hand, who hast prepared for
us the  medicines of faith and applied them to the maladies of the whole  world, and endowed
them with such great efficacy.


                          CHAPTER V

    7.  Still, from this time forward, I began to prefer the  Catholic doctrine.  I felt that it was with
moderation and honesty  that it commanded things to be believed that were not demonstrated  --
whether they could be demonstrated, but not to everyone, or  whether they could not be
demonstrated at all.  This was far  better than the method of the Manicheans, in which our
credulity  was mocked by an audacious promise of knowledge and then many  fabulous and
absurd things were forced upon believers _because_  they were incapable of demonstration.  After
that, O Lord, little  by little, with a gentle and most merciful hand, drawing and  calming my heart,
thou didst persuade me that, if I took into  account the multitude of things I had never seen, nor
been present  when they were enacted -- such as many of the events of secular  history; and the
numerous reports of places and cities which I had  not seen; or such as my relations with many
friends, or
physicians, or with these men and those -- that unless we should  believe, we should do nothing at
all in this life.[159]  Finally,  I was impressed with what an unalterable assurance I believed  which
two people were my parents, though this was impossible for  me to know otherwise than by
hearsay.  By bringing all this into  my consideration, thou didst persuade me that it was not the
ones  who believed thy books -- which with so great authority thou hast  established among nearly
all nations -- but those who did not  believe them who were to be blamed.  Moreover, those men
were not  to be listened to who would say to me, "How do you know that those  Scriptures were
imparted to mankind by the Spirit of the one and  most true God?"  For this was the point that
was most of all to be  believed, since no wranglings of blasphemous questions such as I  had read
in the books of the self-contradicting philosophers could  once snatch from me the belief that thou
dost exist -- although  _what_ thou art I did not know -- and that to thee belongs the  governance
of human affairs.
    8.  This much I believed, some times more strongly than other  times.  But I always believed
both that thou art and that thou  hast a care for us,[160] although I was ignorant both as to what
should be thought about thy substance and as to which way led, or  led back, to thee.  Thus, since
we are too weak by unaided reason  to find out truth, and since, because of this, we need the
authority of the Holy Writings, I had now begun to believe that  thou wouldst not, under any
circumstances, have given such eminent  authority to those Scriptures throughout all lands if it
had not  been that through them thy will may be believed in and that thou  mightest be sought.
For, as to those passages in the Scripture  which had heretofore appeared incongruous and
offensive to me, now  that I had heard several of them expounded reasonably, I could see  that
they were to be resolved by the mysteries of spiritual  interpretation.  The authority of Scripture
seemed to me all the  more revered and worthy of devout belief because, although it was  visible
for all to read, it reserved the full majesty of its  secret wisdom within its spiritual profundity.
While it stooped  to all in the great plainness of its language and simplicity of  style, it yet required
the closest attention of the most serious- minded -- so that it might receive all into its common
bosom, and  direct some few through its narrow passages toward thee, yet many  more than
would have been the case had there not been in it such a  lofty authority, which nevertheless
allured multitudes to its  bosom by its holy humility.  I continued to reflect upon these  things, and
thou wast with me.  I sighed, and thou didst hear me.   I vacillated, and thou guidedst me.  I
roamed the broad way of the  world, and thou didst not desert me.


                         CHAPTER VI

    9.  I was still eagerly aspiring to honors, money, and  matrimony; and thou didst mock me.  In
pursuit of these ambitions  I endured the most bitter hardships, in which thou wast being the
more gracious the less thou wouldst allow anything that was not  thee to grow sweet to me.
Look into my heart, O Lord, whose  prompting it is that I should recall all this, and confess it to
thee.  Now let my soul cleave to thee, now that thou hast freed  her from that fast-sticking glue of
death.
    How wretched she was!  And thou didst irritate her sore wound  so that she might forsake all
else and turn to thee -- who art  above all and without whom all things would be nothing at all --
so that she should be converted and healed.  How wretched I was at  that time, and how thou
didst deal with me so as to make me aware  of my wretchedness, I recall from the incident of the
day on which  I was preparing to recite a panegyric on the emperor.  In it I was  to deliver many a
lie, and the lying was to be applauded by those  who knew I was lying.  My heart was agitated
with this sense of  guilt and it seethed with the fever of my uneasiness.  For, while  walking along
one of the streets of Milan, I saw a poor beggar --  with what I believe was a full belly -- joking
and hilarious.  And  I sighed and spoke to the friends around me of the many sorrows  that flowed
from our madness, because in spite of all our  exertions -- such as those I was then laboring in,
dragging the  burden of my unhappiness under the spur of ambition, and, by  dragging it,
increasing it at the same time -- still and all we  aimed only to attain that very happiness which this
beggar had  reached before us; and there was a grim chance that we should  never attain it!  For
what he had obtained through a few coins,  got by his begging, I was still scheming for by many a
wretched  and tortuous turning -- namely, the joy of a passing felicity.  He  had not, indeed,
gained true joy, but, at the same time, with all  my ambitions, I was seeking one still more untrue.
Anyhow, he was  now joyous and I was anxious.  He was free from care, and I was  full of
alarms.  Now, if anyone should inquire of me whether I  should prefer to be merry or anxious, I
would reply, "Merry."  Again, if I had been asked whether I should prefer to be as he was  or as I
myself then was, I would have chosen to be myself; though  I was beset with cares and alarms.
But would not this have been a  false choice?  Was the contrast valid?  Actually, I ought not to
prefer myself to him because I happened to be more learned than he  was; for I got no great
pleasure from my learning, but sought,  rather, to please men by its exhibition -- and this not to
instruct, but only to please.  Thus thou didst break my bones with  the rod of thy correction.
    10.  Let my soul take its leave of those who say: "It makes a  difference as to the object from
which a man derives his joy.  The  beggar rejoiced in drunkenness; you longed to rejoice in glory."
What glory, O Lord?  The kind that is not in thee, for, just as  his was no true joy, so was mine no
true glory; but it turned my  head all the more.  He would get over his drunkenness that same
night, but I had slept with mine many a night and risen again with  it, and was to sleep again and
rise again with it, I know not how  many times.  It does indeed make a difference as to the object
from which a man's joy is gained.  I know this is so, and I know  that the joy of a faithful hope is
incomparably beyond such  vanity.  Yet, at the same time, this beggar was beyond me, for he
truly was the happier man -- not only because he was thoroughly  steeped in his mirth while I was
torn to pieces with my cares, but  because he had gotten his wine by giving good wishes to the
passers-by while I was following after the ambition of my pride by  lying.  Much to this effect I
said to my good companions, and I  saw how readily they reacted pretty much as I did.  Thus I
found  that it went ill with me; and I fretted, and doubled that very  ill.  And if any prosperity
smiled upon me, I loathed to seize it,  for almost before I could grasp it, it would fly away.


                         CHAPTER VII

    11.  Those of us who were living like friends together used  to bemoan our lot in our common
talk; but I discussed it with  Alypius and Nebridius more especially and in very familiar terms.
Alypius had been born in the same town as I; his parents were of  the highest rank there, but he
was a bit younger than I.  He had  studied under me when I first taught in our town, and then
afterward at Carthage.  He esteemed me highly because I appeared  to him good and learned, and
I esteemed him for his inborn love of  virtue, which was uncommonly marked in a man so young.
But in the  whirlpool of Carthaginian fashion -- where frivolous spectacles  are hotly followed --
he had been inveigled into the madness of  the gladiatorial games.  While he was miserably tossed
about in  this fad, I was teaching rhetoric there in a public school.  At  that time he was not
attending my classes because of some ill  feeling that had arisen between me and his father.  I then
came to  discover how fatally he doted upon the circus, and I was deeply  grieved, for he seemed
likely to cast away his very great promise  -- if, indeed, he had not already done so.  Yet I had no
means of  advising him, or any way of reclaiming him through restraint,  either by the kindness of
a friend or by the authority of a  teacher.  For I imagined that his feelings toward me were the
same  as his father's.  But this turned out not to be the case.  Indeed,  disregarding his father's will
in the matter, he began to be  friendly and to visit my lecture room, to listen for a while and  then
depart.
    12.  But it slipped my memory to try to deal with his  problem, to prevent him from ruining his
excellent mind in his  blind and headstrong passion for frivolous sport.  But thou, O  Lord, who
holdest the helm of all that thou hast created,[161]  thou hadst not forgotten him who was one
day to be numbered among  thy sons, a chief minister of thy sacrament.[162]  And in order
that his amendment might plainly be attributed to thee, thou  broughtest it about through me while
I knew nothing of it.      One day, when I was sitting in my accustomed place with my  scholars
before me, he came in, greeted me, sat himself down, and  fixed his attention on the subject I was
then discussing.  It so  happened that I had a passage in hand and, while I was
interpreting it, a simile occurred to me, taken from the
gladiatorial games.  It struck me as relevant to make more  pleasant and plain the point I wanted
to convey by adding a biting  gibe at those whom that madness had enthralled.  Thou knowest, O
our God, that I had no thought at that time of curing Alypius of  that plague.  But he took it to
himself and thought that I would  not have said it but for his sake.  And what any other man
would  have taken as an occasion of offense against me, this worthy young  man took as a reason
for being offended at himself, and for loving  me the more fervently.  Thou hast said it long ago
and written in  thy Book, "Rebuke a wise man, and he will love you."[163]  Now I  had not
rebuked him; but thou who canst make use of everything,  both witting and unwitting, and in the
order which thou thyself  knowest to be best -- and that order is right -- thou madest my
heart and tongue into burning coals with which thou mightest  cauterize and cure the hopeful
mind thus languishing.  Let him be  silent in thy praise who does not meditate on thy mercy, which
rises up in my inmost parts to confess to thee.  For after that  speech Alypius rushed up out of
that deep pit into which he had  willfully plunged and in which he had been blinded by its
miserable pleasures.  And he roused his mind with a resolve to  moderation.  When he had done
this, all the filth of the
gladiatorial pleasures dropped away from him, and he went to them  no more.  Then he also
prevailed upon his reluctant father to let  him be my pupil.  And, at the son's urging, the father at
last  consented.  Thus Alypius began again to hear my lectures and  became involved with me in
the same superstition, loving in the  Manicheans that outward display of ascetic discipline which
he  believed was true and unfeigned.  It was, however, a senseless and  seducing continence,
which ensnared precious souls who were not  able as yet to reach the height of true virtue, and
who were  easily beguiled with the veneer of what was only a shadowy and  feigned virtue.


                        CHAPTER VIII

    13.  He had gone on to Rome before me to study law -- which  was the worldly way which his
parents were forever urging him to  pursue -- and there he was carried away again with an
incredible  passion for the gladiatorial shows.  For, although he had been  utterly opposed to such
spectacles and detested them, one day he  met by chance a company of his acquaintances and
fellow students  returning from dinner; and, with a friendly violence, they drew  him, resisting and
objecting vehemently, into the amphitheater, on  a day of those cruel and murderous shows.  He
protested to them:  "Though you drag my body to that place and set me down there, you  cannot
force me to give my mind or lend my eyes to these shows.   Thus I will be absent while present,
and so overcome both you and  them." When they heard this, they dragged him on in, probably
interested to see whether he could do as he said.  When they got  to the arena, and had taken what
seats they could get, the whole  place became a tumult of inhuman frenzy.  But Alypius kept his
eyes closed and forbade his mind to roam abroad after such  wickedness.  Would that he had shut
his ears also!  For when one  of the combatants fell in the fight, a mighty cry from the whole
audience stirred him so strongly that, overcome by curiosity and  still prepared (as he thought) to
despise and rise superior to it  no matter what it was, he opened his eyes and was struck with a
deeper wound in his soul than the victim whom he desired to see  had been in his body.  Thus he
fell more miserably than the one  whose fall had raised that mighty clamor which had entered
through  his ears and unlocked his eyes to make way for the wounding and  beating down of his
soul, which was more audacious than truly  valiant -- also it was weaker because it presumed on
its own  strength when it ought to have depended on Thee.  For, as soon as  he saw the blood, he
drank in with it a savage temper, and he did  not turn away, but fixed his eyes on the bloody
pastime,
unwittingly drinking in the madness -- delighted with the wicked  contest and drunk with blood
lust.  He was now no longer the same  man who came in, but was one of the mob he came into, a
true  companion of those who had brought him thither.  Why need I say  more?  He looked, he
shouted, he was excited, and he took away  with him the madness that would stimulate him to
come again: not  only with those who first enticed him, but even without them;  indeed, dragging
in others besides.  And yet from all this, with a  most powerful and most merciful hand, thou didst
pluck him and  taught him not to rest his confidence in himself but in thee --  but not till long
after.


                         CHAPTER IX

    14.  But this was all being stored up in his memory as  medicine for the future.  So also was
that other incident when he  was still studying under me at Carthage and was meditating at
noonday in the market place on what he had to recite -- as  scholars usually have to do for
practice -- and thou didst allow  him to be arrested by the police officers in the market place as a
thief.  I believe, O my God, that thou didst allow this for no  other reason than that this man who
was in the future to prove so  great should now begin to learn that, in making just decisions, a
man should not readily be condemned by other men with reckless  credulity.
    For as he was walking up and down alone before the judgment  seat with his tablets and pen,
lo, a young man -- another one of  the scholars, who was the real thief -- secretly brought a
hatchet  and, without Alypius seeing him, got in as far as the leaden bars  which protected the
silversmith shop and began to hack away at the  lead gratings.  But when the noise of the hatchet
was heard the  silversmiths below began to call to each other in whispers and  sent men to arrest
whomsoever they should find.  The thief heard  their voices and ran away, leaving his hatchet
because he was  afraid to be caught with it.  Now Alypius, who had not seen him  come in, got a
glimpse of him as he went out and noticed that he  went off in great haste.  Being curious to know
the reasons, he  went up to the place, where he found the hatchet, and stood  wondering and
pondering when, behold, those that were sent caught  him alone, holding the hatchet which had
made the noise which had  startled them and brought them there.  They seized him and dragged
him away, gathering the tenants of the market place about them and  boasting that they had
caught a notorious thief.  Thereupon he was  led away to appear before the judge.
    15.  But this is as far as his lesson was to go.  For  immediately, O Lord, thou didst come to
the rescue of his  innocence, of which thou wast the sole witness.  As he was being  led off to
prison or punishment, they were met by the master  builder who had charge of the public
buildings.  The captors were  especially glad to meet him because he had more than once
suspected them of stealing the goods that had been lost out of the  market place.  Now, at last,
they thought they could convince him  who it was that had committed the thefts.  But the
custodian had  often met Alypius at the house of a certain senator, whose  receptions he used to
attend.  He recognized him at once and,  taking his hand, led him apart from the throng, inquired
the cause  of all the trouble, and learned what had occurred.  He then  commanded all the rabble
still around -- and very uproarious and  full of threatenings they were -- to come along with him,
and they  came to the house of the young man who had committed the deed.   There, before the
door, was a slave boy so young that he was not  restrained from telling the whole story by fear of
harming his  master.  And he had followed his master to the market place.   Alypius recognized
him, and whispered to the architect, who showed  the boy the hatchet and asked whose it was.
"Ours," he answered  directly.  And, being further questioned, he disclosed the whole  affair.
Thus the guilt was shifted to that household and the  rabble, who had begun to triumph over
Alypius, were shamed.  And  so he went away home, this man who was to be the future steward
of  thy Word and judge of so many causes in thy Church -- a wiser and  more experienced man.


                          CHAPTER X

    16.  I found him at Rome, and he was bound to me with the  strongest possible ties, and he
went with me to Milan, in order  that he might not be separated from me, and also that he might
obtain some law practice, for which he had qualified with a view  to pleasing his parents more
than himself.  He had already sat  three times as assessor, showing an integrity that seemed
strange  to many others, though he thought them strange who could prefer  gold to integrity.  His
character had also been tested, not only  by the bait of covetousness, but by the spur of fear.  At
Rome he  was assessor to the secretary of the Italian Treasury.  There was  at that time a very
powerful senator to whose favors many were  indebted, and of whom many stood in fear.  In his
usual highhanded  way he demanded to have a favor granted him that was forbidden by  the laws.
This Alypius resisted.  A bribe was promised, but he  scorned it with all his heart.  Threats were
employed, but he  trampled them underfoot -- so that all men marveled at so rare a  spirit, which
neither coveted the friendship nor feared the enmity  of a man at once so powerful and so widely
known for his great  resources of helping his friends and doing harm to his enemies.   Even the
official whose counselor Alypius was -- although he was  unwilling that the favor should be
granted -- would not openly  refuse the request, but passed the responsibility on to Alypius,
alleging that he would not permit him to give his assent.  And the  truth was that even if the judge
had agreed, Alypius would have  simply left the court.
    There was one matter, however, which appealed to his love of  learning, in which he was very
nearly led astray.  He found out  that he might have books copied for himself at praetorian rates
[i.e., at public expense].  But his sense of justice prevailed,  and he changed his mind for the
better, thinking that the rule  that forbade him was still more profitable than the privilege that  his
office would have allowed him.  These are little things, but  "he that is faithful in a little matter is
faithful also in a  great one."[164]  Nor can that possibly be void which was uttered  by the mouth
of Thy truth: "If, therefore, you have not been  faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will
commit to your trust  the true riches?  And if you have not been faithful in that which  is another
man's, who shall give you that which is your own?"[165]  Such a man was Alypius, who clung to
me at that time and who  wavered in his purpose, just as I did, as to what course of life  to follow.
    17.  Nebridius also had come to Milan for no other reason  than that he might live with me in a
most ardent search after  truth and wisdom.  He had left his native place near Carthage --  and
Carthage itself, where he usually lived -- leaving behind his  fine family estate, his house, and his
mother, who would not  follow him.  Like me, he sighed; like me, he wavered; an ardent  seeker
after the true life and a most acute analyst of the most  abstruse questions.  So there were three
begging mouths, sighing  out their wants one to the other, and waiting upon thee, that thou
mightest give them their meat in due season.[166]  And in all the  vexations with which thy mercy
followed our worldly pursuits, we  sought for the reason why we suffered so -- and all was
darkness!   We turned away groaning and exclaiming, "How long shall these  things be?"  And this
we often asked, yet for all our asking we  did not relinquish them; for as yet we had not
discovered anything  certain which, when we gave those others up, we might grasp in  their stead.


                         CHAPTER XI

    18.  And I especially puzzled and wondered when I remembered  how long a time had passed
since my nineteenth year, in which I  had first fallen in love with wisdom and had determined as
soon as  I could find her to abandon the empty hopes and mad delusions of  vain desires.  Behold,
I was now getting close to thirty, still  stuck fast in the same mire, still greedy of enjoying present
goods which fly away and distract me; and I was still saying,  "Tomorrow I shall discover it;
behold, it will become plain, and I  shall see it; behold, Faustus will come and explain everything."
Or I would say[167]:"O you mighty Academics, is there no certainty  that man can grasp for the
guidance of his life?  No, let us  search the more diligently, and let us not despair.  See, the  things
in the Church's books that appeared so absurd to us before  do not appear so now, and may be
otherwise and honestly
interpreted.  I will set my feet upon that step where, as a child,  my parents placed me, until the
clear truth is discovered.  But  where and when shall it be sought?  Ambrose has no leisure -- we
have no leisure to read.  Where are we to find the books?  How or  where could I get hold of
them?  From whom could I borrow them?   Let me set a schedule for my days and set apart
certain hours for  the health of the soul.  A great hope has risen up in us, because  the Catholic
faith does not teach what we thought it did, and  vainly accused it of.  Its teachers hold it as an
abomination to  believe that God is limited by the form of a human body.  And do I  doubt that I
should 'knock' in order for the rest also to be  'opened' unto me?  My pupils take up the morning
hours; what am I  doing with the rest of the day?  Why not do this?  But, then, when  am I to visit
my influential friends, whose favors I need?  When  am I to prepare the orations that I sell to the
class?  When would  I get some recreation and relax my mind from the strain of work?      19.
"Perish everything and let us dismiss these idle  triflings.  Let me devote myself solely to the
search for truth.   This life is unhappy, death uncertain.  If it comes upon me  suddenly, in what
state shall I go hence and where shall I learn  what here I have neglected?  Should I not indeed
suffer the  punishment of my negligence here?  But suppose death cuts off and  finishes all care
and feeling.  This too is a question that calls  for inquiry.  God forbid that it should be so.  It is not
without  reason, it is not in vain, that the stately authority of the  Christian faith has spread over
the entire world, and God would  never have done such great things for us if the life of the soul
perished with the death of the body.  Why, therefore, do I delay  in abandoning my hopes of this
world and giving myself wholly to  seek after God and the blessed life?
    "But wait a moment.  This life also is pleasant, and it has a  sweetness of its own, not at all
negligible.  We must not abandon  it lightly, for it would be shameful to lapse back into it again.
See now, it is important to gain some post of honor.  And what  more should I desire?  I have
crowds of influential friends, if  nothing else; and, if I push my claims, a governorship may be
offered me, and a wife with some money, so that she would not be  an added expense.  This
would be the height of my desire.  Many  men, who are great and worthy of imitation, have
combined the  pursuit of wisdom with a marriage life."
    20.  While I talked about these things, and the winds of  opinions veered about and tossed my
heart hither and thither, time  was slipping away.  I delayed my conversion to the Lord; I
postponed from day to day the life in thee, but I could not  postpone the daily death in myself.  I
was enamored of a happy  life, but I still feared to seek it in its own abode, and so I  fled from it
while I sought it.  I thought I should be miserable  if I were deprived of the embraces of a woman,
and I never gave a  thought to the medicine that thy mercy has provided for the  healing of that
infirmity, for I had never tried it.  As for  continence, I imagined that it depended on one's own
strength,  though I found no such strength in myself, for in my folly I knew  not what is written,
"None can be continent unless thou dost grant  it."[168]  Certainly thou wouldst have given it, if I
had  beseeched thy ears with heartfelt groaning, and if I had cast my  care upon thee with firm
faith.


                         CHAPTER XII

    21.  Actually, it was Alypius who prevented me from marrying,  urging that if I did so it would
not be possible for us to live  together and to have as much undistracted leisure in the love of
wisdom as we had long desired.  For he himself was so chaste that  it was wonderful, all the more
because in his early youth he had  entered upon the path of promiscuity, but had not continued in
it.   Instead, feeling sorrow and disgust at it, he had lived from that  time down to the present
most continently.  I quoted against him  the examples of men who had been married and still
lovers of  wisdom, who had pleased God and had been loyal and affectionate to  their friends.  I
fell far short of them in greatness of soul,  and, enthralled with the disease of my carnality and its
deadly  sweetness, I dragged my chain along, fearing to be loosed of it.   Thus I rejected the
words of him who counseled me wisely, as if  the hand that would have loosed the chain only hurt
my wound.   Moreover, the serpent spoke to Alypius himself by me, weaving and  lying in his
path, by my tongue to catch him with pleasant snares  in which his honorable and free feet might
be entangled.
    22.  For he wondered that I, for whom he had such a great  esteem, should be stuck so fast in
the gluepot of pleasure as to  maintain, whenever we discussed the subject, that I could not
possibly live a celibate life.  And when I urged in my defense  against his accusing questions that
the hasty and stolen delight,  which he had tasted and now hardly remembered, and therefore too
easily disparaged, was not to be compared with a settled
acquaintance with it; and that, if to this stable acquaintance  were added the honorable name of
marriage, he would not then be  astonished at my inability to give it up -- when I spoke thus,
then he also began to wish to be married, not because he was  overcome by the lust for such
pleasures, but out of curiosity.   For, he said, he longed to know what that could be without which
my life, which he thought was so happy, seemed to me to be no life  at all, but a punishment.  For
he who wore no chain was amazed at  my slavery, and his amazement awoke the desire for
experience, and  from that he would have gone on to the experiment itself, and then  perhaps he
would have fallen into the very slavery that amazed him  in me, since he was ready to enter into "a
covenant with
death,"[169] for "he that loves danger shall fall into it."[170]      Now, the question of conjugal
honor in the ordering of a good  married life and the bringing up of children interested us but
slightly.  What afflicted me most and what had made me already a  slave to it was the habit of
satisfying an insatiable lust; but  Alypius was about to be enslaved by a merely curious wonder.
This  is the state we were in until thou, O Most High, who never  forsakest our lowliness, didst
take pity on our misery and didst  come to our rescue in wonderful and secret ways.


                        CHAPTER XIII

    23.  Active efforts were made to get me a wife.  I wooed; I  was engaged; and my mother took
the greatest pains in the matter.   For her hope was that, when I was once married, I might be
washed  clean in health-giving baptism for which I was being daily  prepared, as she joyfully saw,
taking note that her desires and  promises were being fulfilled in my faith.  Yet, when, at my
request and her own impulse, she called upon thee daily with  strong, heartfelt cries, that thou
wouldst, by a vision, disclose  unto her a leading about my future marriage, thou wouldst not.
She did, indeed, see certain vain and fantastic things, such as  are conjured up by the strong
preoccupation of the human spirit,  and these she supposed had some reference to me.  And she
told me  about them, but not with the confidence she usually had when thou  hadst shown her
anything.  For she always said that she could  distinguish, by a certain feeling impossible to
describe, between  thy revelations and the dreams of her own soul.  Yet the matter  was pressed
forward, and proposals were made for a girl who was as  yet some two years too young to
marry.[171]  And because she  pleased me, I agreed to wait for her.


                         CHAPTER XIV

    24.  Many in my band of friends, consulting about and  abhorring the turbulent vexations of
human life, had often  considered and were now almost determined to undertake a peaceful  life,
away from the turmoil of men.  This we thought could be  obtained by bringing together what we
severally owned and thus  making of it a common household, so that in the sincerity of our
friendship nothing should belong more to one than to the other;  but all were to have one purse
and the whole was to belong to each  and to all.  We thought that this group might consist of ten
persons, some of whom were very rich -- especially Romanianus, my  fellow townsman, an
intimate friend from childhood days.  He had  been brought up to the court on grave business
matters and he was  the most earnest of us all about the project and his voice was of  great weight
in commending it because his estate was far more  ample than that of the others.  We had
resolved, also, that each  year two of us should be managers and provide all that was  needful,
while the rest were left undisturbed.  But when we began  to reflect whether this would be
permitted by our wives, which  some of us had already and others hoped to have, the whole plan,
so excellently framed, collapsed in our hands and was utterly  wrecked and cast aside.  From this
we fell again into sighs and  groans, and our steps followed the broad and beaten ways of the
world; for many thoughts were in our hearts, but "Thy counsel  standeth fast forever."[172]  In
thy counsel thou didst mock ours,  and didst prepare thy own plan, for it was thy purpose "to give
us  meat in due season, to open thy hand, and to fill our souls with  blessing."[173]


                         CHAPTER XV

    25.  Meanwhile my sins were being multiplied.  My mistress  was torn from my side as an
impediment to my marriage, and my  heart which clung to her was torn and wounded till it bled.
And  she went back to Africa, vowing to thee never to know any other  man and leaving with me
my natural son by her.  But I, unhappy as  I was, and weaker than a woman, could not bear the
delay of the  two years that should elapse before I could obtain the bride I  sought.  And so, since
I was not a lover of wedlock so much as a  slave of lust, I procured another mistress -- not a wife,
of  course.  Thus in bondage to a lasting habit, the disease of my  soul might be nursed up and
kept in its vigor or even increased  until it reached the realm of matrimony.  Nor indeed was the
wound  healed that had been caused by cutting away my former mistress;  only it ceased to burn
and throb, and began to fester, and was  more dangerous because it was less painful.


                         CHAPTER XVI

    26.  Thine be the praise; unto thee be the glory, O Fountain  of mercies.  I became more
wretched and thou didst come nearer.   Thy right hand was ever ready to pluck me out of the mire
and to  cleanse me, but I did not know it.  Nor did anything call me back  from a still deeper
plunge into carnal pleasure except the fear of  death and of thy future judgment, which, amid all
the waverings of  my opinions, never faded from my breast.  And I discussed with my  friends,
Alypius and Nebridius, the nature of good and evil,  maintaining that, in my judgment, Epicurus
would have carried off  the palm if I had not believed what Epicurus would not believe:  that after
death there remains a life for the soul, and places of  recompense.  And I demanded of them:
"Suppose we are immortal and  live in the enjoyment of perpetual bodily pleasure, and that
without any fear of losing it -- why, then, should we not be  happy, or why should we search for
anything else?"  I did not know  that this was in fact the root of my misery: that I was so fallen
and blinded that I could not discern the light of virtue and of  beauty which must be embraced for
its own sake, which the eye of  flesh cannot see, and only the inner vision can see.  Nor did I,
alas, consider the reason why I found delight in discussing these  very perplexities, shameful as
they were, with my friends.  For I  could not be happy without friends, even according to the
notions  of happiness I had then, and no matter how rich the store of my  carnal pleasures might
be.  Yet of a truth I loved my friends for  their own sakes, and felt that they in turn loved me for
my own  sake.
    O crooked ways!  Woe to the audacious soul which hoped that  by forsaking thee it would find
some better thing!  It tossed and  turned, upon back and side and belly -- but the bed is hard, and
thou alone givest it rest.[174]  And lo, thou art near, and thou  deliverest us from our wretched
wanderings and establishest us in  thy way, and thou comfortest us and sayest, "Run, I will carry
you; yea, I will lead you home and then I will set you free."[175]



                        BOOK SEVEN


    The conversion to Neoplatonism.  Augustine traces his growing  disenchantment with the
Manichean conceptions of God and evil and  the dawning understanding of God's incorruptibility.
But his  thought is still bound by his materialistic notions of reality.   He rejects astrology and
turns to the stud of Neoplatonism.  There  follows an analysis of the differences between
Platonism and  Christianity and a remarkable account of his appropriation of  Plotinian wisdom
and his experience of a Plotinian ecstasy.  From  this, he comes finally to the diligent study of the
Bible,  especially the writings of the apostle Paul.  His pilgrimage is  drawing toward its goal, as
he begins to know Jesus Christ and to  be drawn to him in hesitant faith.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  Dead now was that evil and shameful youth of mine, and I  was passing into full
manhood.[176]  As I increased in years, the  worse was my vanity.  For I could not conceive of
any substance  but the sort I could see with my own eyes.  I no longer thought of  thee, O God,
by the analogy of a human body.  Ever since I  inclined my ear to philosophy I had avoided this
error -- and the  truth on this point I rejoiced to find in the faith of our  spiritual mother, thy
Catholic Church. Yet I could not see how  else to conceive thee.  And I, a man -- and such a man!
-- sought  to conceive thee, the sovereign and only true God.  In my inmost  heart, I believed that
thou art incorruptible and inviolable and  unchangeable, because -- though I knew not how or why
-- I could  still see plainly and without doubt that the corruptible is  inferior to the incorruptible,
the inviolable obviously superior  to its opposite, and the unchangeable better than the changeable.
   My heart cried out violently against all fantasms,[177] and  with this one clear certainty I
endeavored to brush away the swarm  of unclean flies that swarmed around the eyes of my mind.
But  behold they were scarcely scattered before they gathered again,  buzzed against my face, and
beclouded my vision.  I no longer  thought of God in the analogy of a human body, yet I was
constrained to conceive thee to be some kind of body in space,  either infused into the world, or
infinitely diffused beyond the  world -- and this was the incorruptible, inviolable, unchangeable
substance, which I thought was better than the corruptible, the  violable, and the changeable.[178]
For whatever I conceived to be  deprived of the dimensions of space appeared to me to be
nothing,  absolutely nothing; not even a void, for if a body is taken out of  space, or if space is
emptied of all its contents (of earth,  water, air, or heaven), yet it remains an empty space -- a
spacious nothing, as it were.
    2.  Being thus gross-hearted and not clear even to myself, I  then held that whatever had
neither length nor breadth nor density  nor solidity, and did not or could not receive such
dimensions,  was absolutely nothing.  For at that time my mind dwelt only with  ideas, which
resembled the forms with which my eyes are still  familiar, nor could I see that the act of thought,
by which I  formed those ideas, was itself immaterial, and yet it could not  have formed them if it
were not itself a measurable entity.      So also I thought about thee, O Life of my life, as stretched
out through infinite space, interpenetrating the whole mass of the  world, reaching out beyond in
all directions, to immensity without  end; so that the earth should have thee, the heaven have thee,
all  things have thee, and all of them be limited in thee, while thou  art placed nowhere at all.  As
the body of the air above the earth  does not bar the passage of the light of the sun, so that the
light penetrates it, not by bursting nor dividing, but filling it  entirely, so I imagined that the body
of heaven and air and sea,  and even of the earth, was all open to thee and, in all its  greatest parts
as well as the smallest, was ready to receive thy  presence by a secret inspiration which, from
within or without  all, orders all things thou hast created.  This was my conjecture,  because I was
unable to think of anything else; yet it was untrue.   For in this way a greater part of the earth
would contain a  greater part of thee; a smaller part, a smaller fraction of thee.   All things would
be full of thee in such a sense that there would  be more of thee in an elephant than in a sparrow,
because one is  larger than the other and fills a larger space.  And this would  make the portions of
thyself present in the several portions of  the world in fragments, great to the great, small to the
small.   But thou art not such a one.  But as yet thou hadst not
enlightened my darkness.


                         CHAPTER II

    3.  But it was not sufficient for me, O Lord, to be able to  oppose those deceived deceivers and
those dumb orators -- dumb  because thy Word did not sound forth from them -- to oppose them
with the answer which, in the old Carthaginian days, Nebridius  used to propound, shaking all of
us who heard it: "What could this  imaginary people of darkness, which the Manicheans usually
set up  as an army opposed to thee, have done to thee if thou hadst  declined the combat?"  If they
replied that it could have hurt  thee, they would then have made thee violable and corruptible.   If,
on the other hand, the dark could have done thee no harm, then  there was no cause for any battle
at all; there was less cause for  a battle in which a part of thee, one of thy members, a child of
thy own substance, should be mixed up with opposing powers, not of  thy creation; and should be
corrupted and deteriorated and changed  by them from happiness into misery, so that it could not
be  delivered and cleansed without thy help.  This offspring of thy  substance was supposed to be
the human soul to which thy Word --  free, pure, and entire -- could bring help when it was being
enslaved, contaminated, and corrupted.  But on their hypothesis  that Word was itself corruptible
because it is one and the same  substance as the soul.
    And therefore if they admitted that thy nature -- whatsoever  thou art -- is incorruptible, then
all these assertions of theirs  are false and should be rejected with horror.  But if thy  substance is
corruptible, then this is self-evidently false and  should be abhorred at first utterance.  This line of
argument,  then, was enough against those deceivers who ought to be cast  forth from a surfeited
stomach -- for out of this dilemma they  could find no way of escape without dreadful sacrilege of
mind and  tongue, when they think and speak such things about thee.


                         CHAPTER III

    4.  But as yet, although I said and was firmly persuaded that  thou our Lord, the true God,
who madest not only our souls but our  bodies as well -- and not only our souls and bodies but all
creatures and all things -- wast free from stain and alteration  and in no way mutable, yet I could
not readily and clearly  understand what was the cause of evil.  Whatever it was, I  realized that
the question must be so analyzed as not to constrain  me by any answer to believe that the
immutable God was mutable,  lest I should myself become the thing that I was seeking out.  And
so I pursued the search with a quiet mind, now in a confident  feeling that what had been said by
the Manicheans -- and I shrank  from them with my whole heart -- could not be true.  I now
realized that when they asked what was the origin of evil their  answer was dictated by a wicked
pride, which would rather affirm  that thy nature is capable of suffering evil than that their own
nature is capable of doing it.
    5.  And I directed my attention to understand what I now was  told, that free will is the cause
of our doing evil and that thy  just judgment is the cause of our having to suffer from its
consequences.  But I could not see this clearly.  So then, trying  to draw the eye of my mind up
out of that pit, I was plunged back  into it again, and trying often was just as often plunged back
down.  But one thing lifted me up toward thy light: it was that I  had come to know that I had a
will as certainly as I knew that I  had life.  When, therefore, I willed or was unwilling to do
something, I was utterly certain that it was none but myself who  willed or was unwilling -- and
immediately I realized that there  was the cause of my sin.  I could see that what I did against my
will I suffered rather than did; and I did not regard such actions  as faults, but rather as
punishments in which I might quickly  confess that I was not unjustly punished, since I believed
thee to  be most just.  Who was it that put this in me, and implanted in me  the root of bitterness,
in spite of the fact that I was altogether  the handiwork of my most sweet God?  If the devil is to
blame, who  made the devil himself?  And if he was a good angel who by his own  wicked will
became the devil, how did there happen to be in him  that wicked will by which he became a devil,
since a good Creator  made him wholly a good angel?  By these reflections was I again  cast down
and stultified.  Yet I was not plunged into that hell of  error -- where no man confesses to thee --
where I thought that  thou didst suffer evil, rather than that men do it.


                         CHAPTER IV

    6.  For in my struggle to solve the rest of my difficulties,  I now assumed henceforth as settled
truth that the incorruptible  must be superior to the corruptible, and I did acknowledge that  thou,
whatever thou art, art incorruptible.  For there never yet  was, nor will be, a soul able to conceive
of anything better than  thee, who art the highest and best good.[179]  And since most  truly and
certainly the incorruptible is to be placed above the  corruptible -- as I now admit it -- it followed
that I could rise  in my thoughts to something better than my God, if thou wert not  incorruptible.
When, therefore, I saw that the incorruptible was  to be preferred to the corruptible, I saw then
where I ought to  seek thee, and where I should look for the source of evil: that  is, the corruption
by which thy substance can in no way be  profaned.  For it is obvious that corruption in no way
injures our  God, by no inclination, by no necessity, by no unforeseen chance  -- because he is our
God, and what he wills is good, and he  himself is that good.  But to be corrupted is not good.
Nor art  thou compelled to do anything against thy will, since thy will is  not greater than thy
power.  But it would have to be greater if  thou thyself wert greater than thyself -- for the will and
power  of God are God himself.  And what can take thee by surprise, since  thou knowest all, and
there is no sort of nature but thou knowest  it?  And what more should we say about why that
substance which  God is cannot be corrupted; because if this were so it could not  be God?


                          CHAPTER V

    7.  And I kept seeking for an answer to the question, Whence  is evil?  And I sought it in an
evil way, and I did not see the  evil in my very search. I marshaled before the sight of my spirit  all
creation: all that we see of earth and sea and air and stars  and trees and animals; and all that we
do not see, the firmament  of the sky above and all the angels and all spiritual things, for  my
imagination arranged these also, as if they were bodies, in  this place or that.  And I pictured to
myself thy creation as one  vast mass, composed of various kinds of bodies -- some of which
were actually bodies, some of those which I imagined spirits were  like.  I pictured this mass as
vast -- of course not in its full  dimensions, for these I could not know -- but as large as I could
possibly think, still only finite on every side.  But thou, O  Lord, I imagined as environing the
mass on every side and  penetrating it, still infinite in every direction -- as if there  were a sea
everywhere, and everywhere through measureless space  nothing but an infinite sea; and it
contained within itself some  sort of sponge, huge but still finite, so that the sponge would in
all its parts be filled from the immeasurable sea.[180]
    Thus I conceived thy creation itself to be finite, and filled  by thee, the infinite.  And I said,
"Behold God, and behold what  God hath created!"  God is good, yea, most mightily and
incomparably better than all his works.  But yet he who is good  has created them good; behold
how he encircles and fills them.   Where, then, is evil, and whence does it come and how has it
crept  in?  What is its root and what its seed?  Has it no being at all?   Why, then, do we fear and
shun what has no being?  Or if we fear  it needlessly, then surely that fear is evil by which the
heart is  unnecessarily stabbed and tortured -- and indeed a greater evil  since we have nothing
real to fear, and yet do fear.  Therefore,  either that is evil which we fear, or the act of fearing is in
itself evil.  But, then, whence does it come, since God who is  good has made all these things
good?  Indeed, he is the greatest  and chiefest Good, and hath created these lesser goods; but both
Creator and created are all good.  Whence, then, is evil?  Or,  again, was there some evil matter
out of which he made and formed  and ordered it, but left something in his creation that he did not
convert into good?  But why should this be?  Was he powerless to  change the whole lump so that
no evil would remain in it, if he is  the Omnipotent?  Finally, why would he make anything at all
out of  such stuff?  Why did he not, rather, annihilate it by his same  almighty power?  Could evil
exist contrary to his will?  And if it  were from eternity, why did he permit it to be nonexistent for
unmeasured intervals of time in the past, and why, then, was he  pleased to make something out of
it after so long a time?  Or, if  he wished now all of a sudden to create something, would not an
almighty being have chosen to annihilate this evil matter and live  by himself -- the perfect, true,
sovereign, and infinite Good?   Or, if it were not good that he who was good should not also be
the framer and creator of what was good, then why was that evil  matter not removed and
brought to nothing, so that he might form  good matter, out of which he might then create all
things?  For he  would not be omnipotent if he were not able to create something  good without
being assisted by that matter which had not been  created by himself.
    Such perplexities I revolved in my wretched breast,
overwhelmed with gnawing cares lest I die before I discovered the  truth.  And still the faith of thy
Christ, our Lord and Saviour,  as it was taught me by the Catholic Church, stuck fast in my  heart.
As yet it was unformed on many points and diverged from  the rule of right doctrine, but my mind
did not utterly lose it,  and every day drank in more and more of it.


                          CHAPTER VI

    8.  By now I had also repudiated the lying divinations and  impious absurdities of the
astrologers.  Let thy mercies, out of  the depth of my soul, confess this to thee also, O my God.
For  thou, thou only (for who else is it who calls us back from the  death of all errors except the
Life which does not know how to die  and the Wisdom which gives light to minds that need it,
although  it itself has no need of light -- by which the whole universe is  governed, even to the
fluttering leaves of the trees?) -- thou  alone providedst also for my obstinacy with which I
struggled  against Vindicianus, a sagacious old man, and Nebridius, that  remarkably talented
young man.  The former declared vehemently and  the latter frequently -- though with some
reservation -- that no  art existed by which we foresee future things.  But men's surmises
have oftentimes the help of chance, and out of many things which  they foretold some came to
pass unawares to the predictors, who  lighted on the truth by making so many guesses.
    And thou also providedst a friend for me, who was not a  negligent consulter of the
astrologers even though he was not  thoroughly skilled in the art either -- as I said, one who
consulted them out of curiosity.  He knew a good, deal about it,  which, he said, he had heard
from his father, and he never  realized how far his ideas would help to overthrow my estimation
of that art.  His name was Firminus and he had received a liberal  education and was a cultivated
rhetorician.  It so happened that  he consulted me, as one very dear to him, as to what I thought
about some affairs of his in which his worldly hopes had risen,  viewed in the light of his so-called
horoscope.  Although I had  now begun to learn in this matter toward Nebridius' opinion, I did
not quite decline to speculate about the matter or to tell him  what thoughts still came into my
irresolute mind, although I did  add that I was almost persuaded now that these were but empty
and  ridiculous follies.  He then told me that his father had been very  much interested in such
books, and that he had a friend who was as  much interested in them as he was himself.  They, in
combined  study and consultation, fanned the flame of their affection for  this folly, going so far as
to observe the moment when the dumb  animals which belonged to their household gave birth to
young, and  then observed the position of the heavens with regard to them, so  as to gather fresh
evidence for this so-called art.  Moreover, he  reported that his father had told him that, at the
same time his  mother was about to give birth to him [Firminus], a female slave  of a friend of his
father's was also pregnant.  This could not be  hidden from her master, who kept records with the
most diligent  exactness of the birth dates even of his dogs.  And so it happened  to pass that --
under the most careful observations, one for his  wife and the other for his servant, with exact
calculations of the  days, hours, and minutes -- both women were delivered at the same  moment,
so that both were compelled to cast the selfsame
horoscope, down to the minute: the one for his son, the other for  his young slave.  For as soon as
the women began to be in labor,  they each sent word to the other as to what was happening in
their  respective houses and had messengers ready to dispatch to one  another as soon as they had
information of the actual birth -- and  each, of course, knew instantly the exact time.  It turned
out,  Firminus said, that the messengers from the respective houses met  one another at a point
equidistant from either house, so that  neither of them could discern any difference either in the
position of the stars or any other of the most minute points.  And  yet Firminus, born in a high
estate in his parents' house, ran his  course through the prosperous paths of this world, was
increased  in wealth, and elevated to honors.  At the same time, the slave,  the yoke of his
condition being still unrelaxed, continued to  serve his masters as Firminus, who knew him, was
able to report.      9.  Upon hearing and believing these things related by so  reliable a person all
my resistance melted away.  First, I  endeavored to reclaim Firminus himself from his superstition
by  telling him that after inspecting his horoscope, I ought, if I  could foretell truly, to have seen in
it parents eminent among  their neighbors, a noble family in its own city, a good birth, a  proper
education, and liberal learning.  But if that servant had  consulted me with the same horoscope,
since he had the same one, I  ought again to tell him likewise truly that I saw in it the  lowliness of
his origin, the abjectness of his condition, and  everything else different and contrary to the former
prediction.   If, then, by casting up the same horoscopes I should, in order to  speak the truth,
make contrary analyses, or else speak falsely if  I made identical readings, then surely it followed
that whatever  was truly foretold by the analysis of the horoscopes was not by  art, but by chance.
And whatever was said falsely was not from  incompetence in the art, but from the error of
chance.
    10.  An opening being thus made in my darkness, I began to  consider other implications
involved here.  Suppose that one of  the fools -- who followed such an occupation and whom I
longed to  assail, and to reduce to confusion -- should urge against me that  Firminus had given
me false information, or that his father had  informed him falsely.  I then turned my thoughts to
those that are  born twins, who generally come out of the womb so near the one to  the other that
the short interval between them -- whatever  importance they may ascribe to it in the nature of
things --  cannot be noted by human observation or expressed in those tables  which the astrologer
uses to examine when he undertakes to  pronounce the truth.  But such pronouncements cannot
be true.  For  looking into the same horoscopes, he must have foretold the same  future for Esau
and Jacob,[181] whereas the same future did not  turn out for them.  He must therefore speak
falsely.  If he is to  speak truly, then he must read contrary predictions into the same  horoscopes.
But this would mean that it was not by art, but by  chance, that he would speak truly.
    For thou, O Lord, most righteous ruler of the universe, dost  work by a secret impulse --
whether those who inquire or those  inquired of know it or not -- so that the inquirer may hear
what,  according to the secret merit of his soul, he ought to hear from  the deeps of thy righteous
judgment.  Therefore let no man say to  thee, "What is this?" or, "Why is that?" Let him not speak
thus,  for he is only a man.


                         CHAPTER VII

    11.  By now, O my Helper, thou hadst freed me from those  fetters.  But still I inquired,
"Whence is evil?" -- and found no  answer.  But thou didst not allow me to be carried away from
the  faith by these fluctuations of thought.  I still believed both  that thou dost exist and that thy
substance is immutable, and that  thou dost care for and wilt judge all men, and that in Christ, thy
Son our Lord, and the Holy Scriptures, which the authority of thy  Catholic Church pressed on
me, thou hast planned the way of man's  salvation to that life which is to come after this death.
    With these convictions safe and immovably settled in my mind,  I eagerly inquired, "Whence is
evil?"  What torments did my  travailing heart then endure!  What sighs, O my God!  Yet even
then thy ears were open and I knew it not, and when in stillness I  sought earnestly, those silent
contritions of my soul were loud  cries to thy mercy.  No man knew, but thou knewest what I
endured.   How little of it could I express in words to the ears of my  dearest friends!  How could
the whole tumult of my soul, for which  neither time nor speech was sufficient, come to them?
Yet the  whole of it went into thy ears, all of which I bellowed out in the  anguish of my heart.
My desire was before thee, and the light of  my eyes was not with me; for it was within and I was
without.  Nor  was that light in any place; but I still kept thinking only of  things that are
contained in a place, and could find among them no  place to rest in.  They did not receive me in
such a way that I  could say, "It is sufficient; it is well." Nor did they allow me  to turn back to
where it might be well enough with me.  For I was  higher than they, though lower than thou.
Thou art my true joy if  I depend upon thee, and thou hadst subjected to me what thou didst
create lower than I.  And this was the true mean and middle way of  salvation for me, to continue
in thy image and by serving thee  have dominion over the body.  But when I lifted myself proudly
against thee, and "ran against the Lord, even against his neck,  with the thick bosses of my
buckler,"[182] even the lower things  were placed above me and pressed down on me, so that
there was no  respite or breathing space.  They thrust on my sight on every  side, in crowds and
masses, and when I tried to think, the images  of bodies obtruded themselves into my way back to
thee, as if they  would say to me, "Where are you going, unworthy and unclean one?"  And all
these had sprung out of my wound, for thou hadst humbled  the haughty as one that is wounded.
By my swelling pride I was  separated from thee, and my bloated cheeks blinded my eyes.

                        CHAPTER VIII

    12.  But thou, O Lord, art forever the same, yet thou art not  forever angry with us, for thou
hast compassion on our dust and  ashes.[183]  It was pleasing in thy sight to reform my deformity,
and by inward stings thou didst disturb me so that I was impatient  until thou wert made clear to
my inward sight.  By the secret hand  of thy healing my swelling was lessened, the disordered and
darkened eyesight of my mind was from day to day made whole by the  stinging salve of
wholesome grief.


                         CHAPTER IX

    13.  And first of all, willing to show me how thou dost  "resist the proud, but give grace to the
humble,"[184] and how  mercifully thou hast made known to men the way of humility in that  thy
Word "was made flesh and dwelt among men,"[185] thou didst  procure for me, through one
inflated with the most monstrous  pride, certain books of the Platonists, translated from Greek
into  Latin.[186]  And therein I found, not indeed in the same words,  but to the selfsame effect,
enforced by many and various reasons  that "in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was
with God,  and the Word was God.  The same was in the beginning with God.   All things were
made by him; and without him was not anything made  that was made." That which was made by
him is "life, and the life  was the light of men.  And the light shined in darkness; and the  darkness
comprehended it not." Furthermore, I read that the soul  of man, though it "bears witness to the
light," yet itself "is not  the light; but the Word of God, being God, is that true light that  lights
every man who comes into the world." And further, that "he  was in the world, and the world was
made by him, and the world  knew him not."[187]  But that "he came unto his own, and his own
received him not.  And as many as received him, to them gave he  power to become the sons of
God, even to them that believed on his  name"[188] -- this I did not find there.
    14.  Similarly, I read there that God the Word was born "not  of flesh nor of blood, nor of the
will of man, nor the will of the  flesh, but of God."[189]  But, that "the Word was made flesh, and
dwelt among us"[190] -- I found this nowhere there.  And I  discovered in those books, expressed
in many and various ways,  that "the Son was in the form of God and thought it not robbery to  be
equal in God,"[191] for he was naturally of the same substance.   But, that "he emptied himself
and took upon himself the form of a  servant, and was made in the likeness of men: and being
found in  fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto  death, even the death
of the cross.  Wherefore God also hath  highly exalted him" from the dead, "and given him a name
above  every name; that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of  things in heaven, and
things in earth, and things under the earth;  and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ
is Lord, to  the glory of God the Father"[192] -- this those books have not.  I  read further in them
that before all times and beyond all times,  thy only Son remaineth unchangeably coeternal with
thee, and that  of his fullness all souls receive that they may be blessed, and  that by participation
in that wisdom which abides in them, they  are renewed that they may be wise.  But, that "in due
time, Christ  died for the ungodly" and that thou "sparedst not thy only Son,  but deliveredst him
up for us all"[193] -- this is not there.   "For thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent,
and  hast revealed them unto babes"[194]; that they "that labor and are  heavy laden" might "come
unto him and he might refresh them"  because he is "meek and lowly in heart."[195]  "The meek
will he  guide in judgment; and the meek will he teach his way; beholding  our lowliness and our
trouble and forgiving all our sins."[196]   But those who strut in the high boots of what they deem
to be  superior knowledge will not hear Him who says, "Learn of me, for I  am meek and lowly in
heart, and you shall find rest for your  souls."[197]  Thus, though they know God, yet they do not
glorify  him as God, nor are they thankful.  Therefore, they "become vain  in their imaginations;
their foolish heart is darkened, and  professing themselves to be wise they become fools."[198]
    15.  And, moreover, I also read there how "they changed the  glory of thy incorruptible nature
into idols and various images --  into an image made like corruptible man and to birds and four-
footed beasts, and creeping things"[199]: namely, into that  Egyptian food[200] for which Esau
lost his birthright; so that thy  first-born people worshiped the head of a four-footed beast  instead
of thee, turning back in their hearts toward Egypt and  prostrating thy image (their own soul)
before the image of an ox  that eats grass.  These things I found there, but I fed not on  them.  For
it pleased thee, O Lord, to take away the reproach of  his minority from Jacob, that the elder
should serve the younger  and thou mightest call the Gentiles, and I had sought strenuously  after
that gold which thou didst allow thy people to take from  Egypt, since wherever it was it was
thine.[201]  And thou saidst  unto the Athenians by the mouth of thy apostle that in thee "we  live
and move and have our being," as one of their own poets had  said.[202]  And truly these books
came from there.  But I did not  set my mind on the idols of Egypt which they fashioned of gold,
"changing the truth of God into a lie and worshiping and serving  the creature more than the
Creator."[203]


                          CHAPTER X

    16.  And being admonished by these books to return into  myself, I entered into my inward
soul, guided by thee.  This I  could do because thou wast my helper.  And I entered, and with the
eye of my soul -- such as it was -- saw above the same eye of my  soul and above my mind the
Immutable Light.  It was not the common  light, which all flesh can see; nor was it simply a
greater one of  the same sort, as if the light of day were to grow brighter and  brighter, and flood
all space.  It was not like that light, but  different, yea, very different from all earthly light
whatever.   Nor was it above my mind in the same way as oil is above water, or  heaven above
earth, but it was higher, because it made me, and I  was below it, because I was made by it.  He
who knows the Truth  knows that Light, and he who knows it knows eternity.  Love knows  it, O
Eternal Truth and True Love and Beloved Eternity!  Thou art  my God, to whom I sigh both night
and day.  When I first knew  thee, thou didst lift me up, that I might see that there was  something
to be seen, though I was not yet fit to see it.  And  thou didst beat back the weakness of my sight,
shining forth upon  me thy dazzling beams of light, and I trembled with love and fear.   I realized
that I was far away from thee in the land of
unlikeness, as if I heard thy voice from on high: "I am the food  of strong men; grow and you shall
feed on me; nor shall you change  me, like the food of your flesh into yourself, but you shall be
changed into my likeness." And I understood that thou chastenest  man for his iniquity, and
makest my soul to be eaten away as  though by a spider.[204]  And I said, "Is Truth, therefore,
nothing, because it is not diffused through space -- neither  finite nor infinite?"  And thou didst cry
to me from afar, "I am  that I am."[205]  And I heard this, as things are heard in the  heart, and
there was no room for doubt.  I should have more  readily doubted that I am alive than that the
Truth exists -- the  Truth which is "clearly seen, being understood by the things that  are
made."[206]


                         CHAPTER XI

    17.  And I viewed all the other things that are beneath thee,  and I realized that they are neither
wholly real nor wholly  unreal.  They are real in so far as they come from thee; but they  are unreal
in so far as they are not what thou art.  For that is  truly real which remains immutable.  It is good,
then, for me to  hold fast to God, for if I do not remain in him, neither shall I  abide in myself; but
he, remaining in himself, renews all things.   And thou art the Lord my God, since thou standest in
no need of my  goodness.


                         CHAPTER XII

    18.  And it was made clear to me that all things are good  even if they are corrupted.  They
could not be corrupted if they  were supremely good; but unless they were good they could not be
corrupted.  If they were supremely good, they would be
incorruptible; if they were not good at all, there would be  nothing in them to be corrupted.  For
corruption harms; but unless  it could diminish goodness, it could not harm.  Either, then,
corruption does not harm -- which cannot be -- or, as is certain,  all that is corrupted is thereby
deprived of good.  But if they  are deprived of all good, they will cease to be.  For if they are  at
all and cannot be at all corrupted, they will become better,  because they will remain incorruptible.
Now what can be more  monstrous than to maintain that by losing all good they have  become
better?  If, then, they are deprived of all good, they will  cease to exist.  So long as they are,
therefore, they are good.   Therefore, whatsoever is, is good.  Evil, then, the origin of  which I
had been seeking, has no substance at all; for if it were  a substance, it would be good.  For either
it would be an  incorruptible substance and so a supreme good, or a corruptible  substance, which
could not be corrupted unless it were good.  I  understood, therefore, and it was made clear to me
that thou  madest all things good, nor is there any substance at all not made  by thee.  And
because all that thou madest is not equal, each by  itself is good, and the sum of all of them is very
good, for our  God made all things very good.[207]


                        CHAPTER XIII

    19.  To thee there is no such thing as evil, and even in thy  whole creation taken as a whole,
there is not; because there is  nothing from beyond it that can burst in and destroy the order
which thou hast appointed for it.  But in the parts of creation,  some things, because they do not
harmonize with others, are  considered evil.  Yet those same things harmonize with others and
are good, and in themselves are good.  And all these things which  do not harmonize with each
other still harmonize with the inferior  part of creation which we call the earth, having its own
cloudy  and windy sky of like nature with itself.  Far be it from me,  then, to say, "These things
should not be." For if I could see  nothing but these, I should indeed desire something better -- but
still I ought to praise thee, if only for these created things.   For that thou art to be praised is
shown from the fact that  "earth, dragons, and all deeps; fire, and hail, snow and vapors,  stormy
winds fulfilling thy word; mountains, and all hills,  fruitful trees, and all cedars; beasts and all
cattle; creeping  things, and flying fowl; things of the earth, and all people;  princes, and all judges
of the earth; both young men and maidens,  old men and children,"[208] praise thy name!  But
seeing also that  in heaven all thy angels praise thee, O God, praise thee in the  heights, "and all
thy hosts, sun and moon, all stars and light,  the heavens of heavens, and the waters that are above
the  heavens,"[209] praise thy name -- seeing this, I say, I no longer  desire a better world,
because my thought ranged over all, and  with a sounder judgment I reflected that the things
above were  better than those below, yet that all creation together was better  than the higher
things alone.


                         CHAPTER XIV

    20.  There is no health in those who find fault with any part  of thy creation; as there was no
health in me when I found fault  with so many of thy works.  And, because my soul dared not be
displeased with my God, it would not allow that the things which  displeased me were from thee.
Hence it had wandered into the  notion of two substances, and could find no rest, but talked
foolishly, And turning from that error, it had then made for  itself a god extended through infinite
space; and it thought this  was thou and set it up in its heart, and it became once more the  temple
of its own idol, an abomination to thee.  But thou didst  soothe my brain, though I was unaware
of it, and closed my eyes  lest they should behold vanity; and thus I ceased from
preoccupation with self by a little and my madness was lulled to  sleep; and I awoke in thee, and
beheld thee as the Infinite, but  not in the way I had thought -- and this vision was not derived
from the flesh.


                         CHAPTER XV

    21.  And I looked around at other things, and I saw that it  was to thee that all of them owed
their being, and that they were  all finite in thee; yet they are in thee not as in a space, but  because
thou holdest all things in the hand of thy truth, and  because all things are true in so far as they
are; and because  falsehood is nothing except the existence in thought of what does  not exist in
fact.  And I saw that all things harmonize, not only  in their places but also in their seasons.  And I
saw that thou,  who alone art eternal, didst not _begin_ to work after unnumbered  periods of
time -- because all ages, both those which are past and  those which shall pass, neither go nor
come except through thy  working and abiding.


                         CHAPTER XVI

    22.  And I saw and found it no marvel that bread which is  distasteful to an unhealthy palate is
pleasant to a healthy one;  or that the light, which is painful to sore eyes, is a delight to  sound
ones.  Thy righteousness displeases the wicked, and they  find even more fault with the viper and
the little worm, which  thou hast created good, fitting in as they do with the inferior  parts of
creation.  The wicked themselves also fit in here, and  proportionately more so as they become
unlike thee -- but they  harmonize with the higher creation proportionately as they become
like thee.  And I asked what wickedness was, and I found that it  was no substance, but a
perversion of the will bent aside from  thee, O God, the supreme substance, toward these lower
things,  casting away its inmost treasure and becoming bloated with  external good.[210]


                        CHAPTER XVII

    23.  And I marveled that I now loved thee, and no fantasm in  thy stead, and yet I was not
stable enough to enjoy my God  steadily.  Instead I was transported to thee by thy beauty, and
then presently torn away from thee by my own weight, sinking with  grief into these lower things.
This weight was carnal habit.  But  thy memory dwelt with me, and I never doubted in the least
that  there was One for me to cleave to; but I was not yet ready to  cleave to thee firmly.  For the
body which is corrupted presses  down the soul, and the earthly dwelling weighs down the mind,
which muses upon many things.[211]  My greatest certainty was that  "the invisible things of thine
from the creation of the world are  clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made,
even  thy eternal power and Godhead."[212]  For when I inquired how it  was that I could
appreciate the beauty of bodies, both celestial  and terrestrial; and what it was that supported me
in making  correct judgments about things mutable; and when I concluded,  "This ought to be
thus; this ought not" -- _then_ when I inquired  how it was that I could make such judgments
(since I did, in fact,  make them), I realized that I had found the unchangeable and true  eternity of
truth above my changeable mind.
    And thus by degrees I was led upward from bodies to the soul  which perceives them by means
of the bodily senses, and from there  on to the soul's inward faculty, to which the bodily senses
report  outward things -- and this belongs even to the capacities of the  beasts -- and thence on up
to the reasoning power, to whose  judgment is referred the experience received from the bodily
sense.  And when this power of reason within me also found that it  was changeable, it raised itself
up to its own intellectual  principle,[213] and withdrew its thoughts from experience,  abstracting
itself from the contradictory throng of fantasms in  order to seek for that light in which it was
bathed.  Then,  without any doubting, it cried out that the unchangeable was  better than the
changeable.  From this it follows that the mind  somehow knew the unchangeable, for, unless it
had known it in some  fashion, it could have had no sure ground for preferring it to the
changeable.  And thus with the flash of a trembling glance, it  arrived at _that which is_.[214]
And I saw thy invisibility  [invisibilia tua] understood by means of the things that are made.   But I
was not able to sustain my gaze.  My weakness was dashed  back, and I lapsed again into my
accustomed ways, carrying along  with me nothing but a loving memory of my vision, and an
appetite  for what I had, as it were, smelled the odor of, but was not yet  able to eat.


                        CHAPTER XVIII

    24.  I sought, therefore, some way to acquire the strength  sufficient to enjoy thee; but I did
not find it until I embraced  that "Mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus,"[215]
"who is over all, God blessed forever,"[216] who came calling and  saying, "I am the way, the
truth, and the life,"[217] and mingling  with our fleshly humanity the heavenly food I was unable
to  receive.  For "the Word was made flesh" in order that thy wisdom,  by which thou didst create
all things, might become milk for our  infancy.  And, as yet, I was not humble enough to hold the
humble  Jesus; nor did I understand what lesson his weakness was meant to  teach us.  For thy
Word, the eternal Truth, far exalted above even  the higher parts of thy creation, lifts his subjects
up toward  himself.  But in this lower world, he built for himself a humble  habitation of our own
clay, so that he might pull down from  themselves and win over to himself those whom he is to
bring  subject to him; lowering their pride and heightening their love,  to the end that they might
go on no farther in self-confidence --  but rather should become weak, seeing at their feet the
Deity made  weak by sharing our coats of skin -- so that they might cast  themselves, exhausted,
upon him and be uplifted by his rising.

                         CHAPTER XIX

    25.  But I thought otherwise.  I saw in our Lord Christ only  a man of eminent wisdom to
whom no other man could be compared --  especially because he was miraculously born of a
virgin -- sent to  set us an example of despising worldly things for the attainment  of immortality,
and thus exhibiting his divine care for us.   Because of this, I held that he had merited his great
authority as  leader.  But concerning the mystery contained in "the Word was  made flesh," I
could not even form a notion.  From what I learned  from what has been handed down to us in the
books about him --  that he ate, drank, slept, walked, rejoiced in spirit, was sad,  and discoursed
with his fellows -- I realized that his flesh alone  was not bound unto thy Word, but also that there
was a bond with  the human soul and body.  Everyone knows this who knows the
unchangeableness of thy Word, and this I knew by now, as far as I  was able, and I had no doubts
at all about it.  For at one time to  move the limbs by an act of will, at another time not; at one
time  to feel some emotion, at another time not; at one time to speak  intelligibly through verbal
signs, at another, not -- these are  all properties of a soul and mind subject to change.  And if
these  things were falsely written about him, all the rest would risk the  imputation of falsehood,
and there would remain in those books no  saving faith for the human race.
    Therefore, because they were written truthfully, I
acknowledged a perfect man to be in Christ -- not the body of a  man only, nor, in the body, an
animal soul without a rational one  as well, but a true man.  And this man I held to be superior to
all others, not only because he was a form of the Truth, but also  because of the great excellence
and perfection of his human  nature, due to his participation in wisdom.
    Alypius, on the other hand, supposed the Catholics to believe  that God was so clothed with
flesh that besides God and the flesh  there was no soul in Christ, and he did not think that a human
mind was ascribed to him.[218]  And because he was fully persuaded  that the actions recorded of
him could not have been performed  except by a living rational creature, he moved the more
slowly  toward Christian faith.[219]  But when he later learned that this  was the error of the
Apollinarian heretics, he rejoiced in the  Catholic faith and accepted it.  For myself, I must confess
that  it was even later that I learned how in the sentence, "The Word  was made flesh," the
Catholic truth can be distinguished from the  falsehood of Photinus.  For the refutation of
heretics[220] makes  the tenets of thy Church and sound doctrine to stand out boldly.   "For there
must also be heresies [factions] that those who are  approved may be made manifest among the
weak."[221]


                         CHAPTER XX

    26.  By having thus read the books of the Platonists, and  having been taught by them to
search for the incorporeal Truth, I  saw how thy invisible things are understood through the things
that are made.  And, even when I was thrown back, I still sensed  what it was that the dullness of
my soul would not allow me to  contemplate.  I was assured that thou wast, and wast infinite,
though not diffused in finite space or infinity; that thou truly  art, who art ever the same, varying
neither in part nor motion;  and that all things are from thee, as is proved by this sure cause
alone: that they exist.
    Of all this I was convinced, yet I was too weak to enjoy  thee.  I chattered away as if I were an
expert; but if I had not  sought thy Way in Christ our Saviour, my knowledge would have
turned out to be not instruction but destruction.[222]  For now  full of what was in fact my
punishment, I had begun to desire to  seem wise.  I did not mourn my ignorance, but rather was
puffed up  with knowledge.  For where was that love which builds upon the  foundation of
humility, which is Jesus Christ?[223]  Or, when  would these books teach me this?  I now believe
that it was thy  pleasure that I should fall upon these books before I studied thy  Scriptures, that it
might be impressed on my memory how I was  affected by them; and then afterward, when I was
subdued by thy  Scriptures and when my wounds were touched by thy healing fingers,  I might
discern and distinguish what a difference there is between  presumption and confession -- between
those who saw where they  were to go even if they did not see the way, and the Way which
leads, not only to the observing, but also the inhabiting of the  blessed country.  For had I first
been molded in thy Holy  Scriptures, and if thou hadst grown sweet to me through my  familiar
use of them, and if then I had afterward fallen on those  volumes, they might have pushed me off
the solid ground of  godliness -- or if I had stood firm in that wholesome disposition  which I had
there acquired, I might have thought that wisdom could  be attained by the study of those
[Platonist] books alone.

                         CHAPTER XXI

    27.  With great eagerness, then, I fastened upon the  venerable writings of thy Spirit and
principally upon the apostle  Paul.  I had thought that he sometimes contradicted himself and
that the text of his teaching did not agree with the testimonies  of the Law and the Prophets; but
now all these doubts vanished  away.  And I saw that those pure words had but one face, and I
learned to rejoice with trembling.  So I began, and I found that  whatever truth I had read [in the
Platonists] was here combined  with the exaltation of thy grace.  Thus, he who sees must not
glory as if he had not received, not only the things that he sees,  but the very power of sight -- for
what does he have that he has  not received as a gift?  By this he is not only exhorted to see,
but also to be cleansed, that he may grasp thee, who art ever the  same; and thus he who cannot
see thee afar off may yet enter upon  the road that leads to reaching, seeing, and possessing thee.
For  although a man may "delight in the law of God after the inward  man," what shall he do with
that other "law in his members which  wars against the law of his mind, and brings him into
captivity  under the law of sin, which is in his members"?[224]  Thou art  righteous, O Lord; but
we have sinned and committed iniquities,  and have done wickedly.  Thy hand has grown heavy
upon us, and we  are justly delivered over to that ancient sinner, the lord of  death.  For he
persuaded our wills to become like his will, by  which he remained not in thy truth.  What shall
"wretched man" do?   "Who shall deliver him from the body of this death,"[225] except  thy grace
through Jesus Christ our Lord; whom thou hast begotten,  coeternal with thyself, and didst create
in the beginning of thy  ways[226] -- in whom the prince of this world found nothing worthy  of
death, yet he killed him -- and so the handwriting which was  all against us was blotted out?
    The books of the Platonists tell nothing of this.  Their  pages do not contain the expression of
this kind of godliness --  the tears of confession, thy sacrifice, a troubled spirit, a  broken and a
contrite heart, the salvation of thy people, the  espoused City, the earnest of the Holy Spirit, the
cup of our  redemption.  In them, no man sings: "Shall not my soul be subject  unto God, for from
him comes my salvation?  He is my God and my  salvation, my defender; I shall no more be
moved."[227]  In them,  no one hears him calling, "Come unto me all you who labor." They
scorn to learn of him because he is "meek and lowly of heart"; for  "thou hast hidden those things
from the wise and prudent, and hast  revealed them unto babes." For it is one thing to see the land
of  peace from a wooded mountaintop: and fail to find the way thither  -- to attempt impassable
ways in vain, opposed and waylaid by  fugitives and deserters under their captain, the "lion" and
"dragon"[228]; but it is quite another thing to keep to the  highway that leads thither, guarded by
the hosts of the heavenly  Emperor, on which there are no deserters from the heavenly army to
rob the passers-by, for they shun it as a torment.[229]  These  thoughts sank wondrously into my
heart, when I read that "least of  thy apostles"[230] and when I had considered all thy works and
trembled.



                        BOOK EIGHT


    Conversion to Christ.  Augustine is deeply impressed by  Simplicianus' story of the conversion
to Christ of the famous  orator and philosopher, Marius Victorinus.  He is stirred to  emulate him,
but finds himself still enchained by his incontinence  and preoccupation with worldly affairs.  He is
then visited by a  court official, Ponticianus, who tells him and Alypius the stories  of the
conversion of Anthony and also of two imperial "secret  service agents." These stories throw him
into a violent turmoil,  in which his divided will struggles against himself.  He almost  succeeds in
making the decision for continence, but is still held  back.  Finally, a child's song, overheard by
chance, sends him to  the Bible; a text from Paul resolves the crisis; the conversion is  a fact.
Alypius also makes his decision, and the two inform the  rejoicing Monica.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  O my God, let me remember with gratitude and confess to  thee thy mercies toward me.
Let my bones be bathed in thy love,  and let them say: "Lord, who is like unto thee?[231]  Thou
hast  broken my bonds in sunder, I will offer unto thee the sacrifice of  thanksgiving."[232]  And
how thou didst break them I will declare,  and all who worship thee shall say, when they hear
these things:  "Blessed be the Lord in heaven and earth, great and wonderful is  his name."[233]
    Thy words had stuck fast in my breast, and I was hedged round  about by thee on every side.
Of thy eternal life I was now  certain, although I had seen it "through a glass darkly."[234]   And I
had been relieved of all doubt that there is an
incorruptible substance and that it is the source of every other  substance.  Nor did I any longer
crave greater certainty about  thee, but rather greater steadfastness in thee.
    But as for my temporal life, everything was uncertain, and my  heart had to be purged of the
old leaven.  "The Way" -- the  Saviour himself -- pleased me well, but as yet I was reluctant to
pass through the strait gate.
    And thou didst put it into my mind, and it seemed good in my  own sight, to go to
Simplicianus, who appeared to me a faithful  servant of thine, and thy grace shone forth in him.  I
had also  been told that from his youth up he had lived in entire devotion  to thee.  He was already
an old man, and because of his great age,  which he had passed in such a zealous discipleship in
thy way, he  appeared to me likely to have gained much wisdom -- and, indeed,  he had.  From all
his experience, I desired him to tell me --  setting before him all my agitations -- which would be
the most  fitting way for one who felt as I did to walk in thy way.
    2.  For I saw the Church full; and one man was going this way  and another that.  Still, I could
not be satisfied with the life I  was living in the world.  Now, indeed, my passions had ceased to
excite me as of old with hopes of honor and wealth, and it was a  grievous burden to go on in
such servitude.  For, compared with  thy sweetness and the beauty of thy house -- which I loved
--  those things delighted me no longer.  But I was still tightly  bound by the love of women; nor
did the apostle forbid me to  marry, although he exhorted me to something better, wishing
earnestly that all men were as he himself was.
    But I was weak and chose the easier way, and for this single  reason my whole life was one of
inner turbulence and listless  indecision, because from so many influences I was compelled --  even
though unwilling -- to agree to a married life which bound me  hand and foot.  I had heard from
the mouth of Truth that "there  are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the Kingdom
of  Heaven's sake"[235] but, said he, "He that is able to receive it,  let him receive it." Of a
certainty, all men are vain who do not  have the knowledge of God, or have not been able, from
the good  things that are seen, to find him who is good.  But I was no  longer fettered in that
vanity.  I had surmounted it, and from the  united testimony of thy whole creation had found thee,
our  Creator, and thy Word -- God with thee, and together with thee and  the Holy Spirit, one
God -- by whom thou hast created all things.   There is still another sort of wicked men, who
"when they knew  God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful."[236]   Into this also
I had fallen, but thy right hand held me up and  bore me away, and thou didst place me where I
might recover.  For  thou hast said to men, "Behold the fear of the Lord, this is  wisdom,"[237]
and, "Be not wise in your own eyes,"[238] because  "they that profess themselves to be wise
become fools."[239]  But  I had now found the goodly pearl; and I ought to have sold all
that I had and bought it -- yet I hesitated.


                         CHAPTER II

    3.  I went, therefore, to Simplicianus, the spiritual father  of Ambrose (then a bishop), whom
Ambrose truly loved as a father.   I recounted to him all the mazes of my wanderings, but when I
mentioned to him that I had read certain books of the Platonists  which Victorinus -- formerly
professor of rhetoric at Rome, who  died a Christian, as I had been told -- had translated into
Latin,  Simplicianus congratulated me that I had not fallen upon the  writings of other
philosophers, which were full of fallacies and  deceit, "after the beggarly elements of this
world,"[240] whereas  in the Platonists, at every turn, the pathway led to belief in God  and his
Word.
    Then, to encourage me to copy the humility of Christ, which  is hidden from the wise and
revealed to babes, he told me about  Victorinus himself, whom he had known intimately at Rome.
And I  cannot refrain from repeating what he told me about him.  For it  contains a glorious proof
of thy grace, which ought to be  confessed to thee: how that old man, most learned, most skilled
in  all the liberal arts; who had read, criticized, and explained so  many of the writings of the
philosophers; the teacher of so many  noble senators; one who, as a mark of his distinguished
service in  office had both merited and obtained a statue in the Roman Forum  -- which men of
this world esteem a great honor -- this man who,  up to an advanced age, had been a worshiper of
idols, a
communicant in the sacrilegious rites to which almost all the  nobility of Rome were wedded; and
who had inspired the people with  the love of Osiris and
    "The dog Anubis, and a medley crew
    Of monster gods who 'gainst Neptune stand in arms
    'Gainst Venus and Minerva, steel-clad Mars,"[241]
    whom Rome once conquered, and now worshiped; all of which old  Victorinus had with
thundering eloquence defended for so many  years -- despite all this, he did not blush to become a
child of  thy Christ, a babe at thy font, bowing his neck to the yoke of  humility and submitting his
forehead to the ignominy of the cross.      4.  O Lord, Lord, "who didst bow the heavens and didst
descend, who didst touch the mountains and they smoked,"[242] by  what means didst thou find
thy way into that breast?  He used to  read the Holy Scriptures, as Simplicianus said, and thought
out  and studied all the Christian writings most studiously.  He said  to Simplicianus -- not openly
but secretly as a friend -- "You  must know that I am a Christian." To which Simplicianus replied,
"I shall not believe it, nor shall I count you among the
Christians, until I see you in the Church of Christ." Victorinus  then asked, with mild mockery, "Is
it then the walls that make  Christians?"  Thus he often would affirm that he was already a
Christian, and as often Simplicianus made the same answer; and  just as often his jest about the
walls was repeated.  He was  fearful of offending his friends, proud demon worshipers, from the
height of whose Babylonian dignity, as from the tops of the cedars  of Lebanon which the Lord
had not yet broken down, he feared that  a storm of enmity would descend upon him.
    But he steadily gained strength from reading and inquiry, and  came to fear lest he should be
denied by Christ before the holy  angels if he now was afraid to confess him before men.  Thus he
came to appear to himself guilty of a great fault, in being  ashamed of the sacraments of the
humility of thy Word, when he was  not ashamed of the sacrilegious rites of those proud demons,
whose  pride he had imitated and whose rites he had shared.  From this he  became bold-faced
against vanity and shamefaced toward the truth.   Thus, suddenly and unexpectedly, he said to
Simplicianus -- as he  himself told me -- "Let us go to the church; I wish to become a  Christian."
Simplicianus went with him, scarcely able to contain  himself for joy.  He was admitted to the first
sacraments of  instruction, and not long afterward gave in his name that he might  receive the
baptism of regeneration.  At this Rome marveled and  the Church rejoiced.  The proud saw and
were enraged; they gnashed  their teeth and melted away!  But the Lord God was thy servant's
hope and he paid no attention to their vanity and lying madness.      5.  Finally, when the hour
arrived for him to make a public  profession of his faith -- which at Rome those who are about to
enter into thy grace make from a platform in the full sight of the  faithful people, in a set form of
words learned by heart -- the  presbyters offered Victorinus the chance to make his profession
more privately, for this was the custom for some who were likely  to be afraid through
bashfulness.  But Victorinus chose rather to  profess his salvation in the presence of the holy
congregation.   For there was no salvation in the rhetoric which he taught: yet he  had professed
that openly.  Why, then, should he shrink from  naming thy Word before the sheep of thy flock,
when he had not  shrunk from uttering his own words before the mad multitude?      So, then,
when he ascended the platform to make his
profession, everyone, as they recognized him, whispered his name  one to the other, in tones of
jubilation.  Who was there among  them that did not know him?  And a low murmur ran through
the  mouths of all the rejoicing multitude: "Victorinus!  Victorinus!"  There was a sudden burst of
exaltation at the sight of him, and  suddenly they were hushed that they might hear him.  He
pronounced  the true faith with an excellent boldness, and all desired to take  him to their very
heart -- indeed, by their love and joy they did  take him to their heart.  And they received him with
loving and  joyful hands.


                         CHAPTER III

    6.  O good God, what happens in a man to make him rejoice  more at the salvation of a soul
that has been despaired of and  then delivered from greater danger than over one who has never
lost hope, or never been in such imminent danger?  For thou also,  O most merciful Father, "dost
rejoice more over one that repents  than over ninety and nine just persons that need no
repentance."[243]  And we listen with much delight whenever we  hear how the lost sheep is
brought home again on the shepherd's  shoulders while the angels rejoice; or when the piece of
money is  restored to its place in the treasury and the neighbors rejoice  with the woman who
found it.[244]  And the joy of the solemn  festival of thy house constrains us to tears when it is
read in  thy house: about the younger son who "was dead and is alive again,  was lost and is
found." For it is thou who rejoicest both in us  and in thy angels, who are holy through holy love.
For thou art  ever the same because thou knowest unchangeably all things which  remain neither
the same nor forever.
    7.  What, then, happens in the soul when it takes more  delight at finding or having restored to
it the things it loves  than if it had always possessed them?  Indeed, many other things  bear
witness that this is so -- all things are full of witnesses,  crying out, "So it is." The commander
triumphs in victory; yet he  could not have conquered if he had not fought; and the greater the
peril of the battle, the more the joy of the triumph.  The storm  tosses the voyagers, threatens
shipwreck, and everyone turns pale  in the presence of death.  Then the sky and sea grow calm,
and  they rejoice as much as they had feared.  A loved one is sick and  his pulse indicates danger;
all who desire his safety are  themselves sick at heart; he recovers, though not able as yet to  walk
with his former strength; and there is more joy now than  there was before when he walked sound
and strong.  Indeed, the  very pleasures of human life -- not only those which rush upon us
unexpectedly and involuntarily, but also those which are voluntary  and planned -- men obtain by
difficulties.  There is no pleasure  in caring and drinking unless the pains of hunger and thirst have
preceded.  Drunkards even eat certain salt meats in order to  create a painful thirst -- and when
the drink allays this, it  causes pleasure.  It is also the custom that the affianced bride  should not
be immediately given in marriage so that the husband  may not esteem her any less, whom as his
betrothed he longed for.      8.  This can be seen in the case of base and dishonorable  pleasure.
But it is also apparent in pleasures that are permitted  and lawful: in the sincerity of honest
friendship; and in him who  was dead and lived again, who had been lost and was found.  The
greater joy is everywhere preceded by the greater pain.  What does  this mean, O Lord my God,
when thou art an everlasting joy to  thyself, and some creatures about thee are ever rejoicing in
thee?   What does it mean that this portion of creation thus ebbs and  flows, alternately in want
and satiety?  Is this their mode of  being and is this all thou hast allotted to them: that, from the
highest heaven to the lowest earth, from the beginning of the  world to the end, from the angels to
the worm, from the first  movement to the last, thou wast assigning to all their proper  places and
their proper seasons -- to all the kinds of good things  and to all thy just works?  Alas, how high
thou art in the highest  and how deep in the deepest!  Thou never departest from us, and
yet only with difficulty do we return to thee.


                         CHAPTER IV

    9.  Go on, O Lord, and act: stir us up and call us back;  inflame us and draw us to thee; stir us
up and grow sweet to us;  let us now love thee, let us run to thee.  Are there not many men
who, out of a deeper pit of darkness than that of Victorinus,  return to thee -- who draw near to
thee and are illuminated by  that light which gives those who receive it power from thee to
become thy sons?  But if they are less well-known, even those who  know them rejoice less for
them.  For when many rejoice together  the joy of each one is fuller, in that they warm one
another,  catch fire from each other; moreover, those who are well-known  influence many toward
salvation and take the lead with many to  follow them.  Therefore, even those who took the way
before them  rejoice over them greatly, because they do not rejoice over them  alone.  But it ought
never to be that in thy tabernacle the  persons of the rich should be welcome before the poor, or
the  nobly born before the rest -- since "thou hast rather chosen the  weak things of the world to
confound the strong; and hast chosen  the base things of the world and things that are despised,
and the  things that are not, in order to bring to nought the things that  are."[245]  It was even
"the least of the apostles" by whose  tongue thou didst sound forth these words.  And when
Paulus the  proconsul had his pride overcome by the onslaught of the apostle  and he was made to
pass under the easy yoke of thy Christ and  became an officer of the great King, he also desired to
be called  Paul instead of Saul, his former name, in testimony to such a  great victory.[246]  For
the enemy is more overcome in one on whom  he has a greater hold, and whom he has hold of
more completely.   But the proud he controls more readily through their concern about  their rank
and, through them, he controls more by means of their  influence.  The more, therefore, the world
prized the heart of  Victorinus (which the devil had held in an impregnable stronghold)  and the
tongue of Victorinus (that sharp, strong weapon with which  the devil had slain so many), all the
more exultingly should Thy  sons rejoice because our King hath bound the strong man, and they
saw his vessels taken from him and cleansed, and made fit for thy  honor and "profitable to the
Lord for every good work."[247]

                          CHAPTER V

    10.  Now when this man of thine, Simplicianus, told me the  story of Victorinus, I was eager to
imitate him.  Indeed, this was  Simplicianus' purpose in telling it to me.  But when he went on to
tell how, in the reign of the Emperor Julian, there was a law  passed by which Christians were
forbidden to teach literature and  rhetoric; and how Victorinus, in ready obedience to the law,
chose  to abandon his "school of words" rather than thy Word, by which  thou makest eloquent
the tongues of the dumb -- he appeared to me  not so much brave as happy, because he had found
a reason for  giving his time wholly to thee.  For this was what I was longing  to do; but as yet I
was bound by the iron chain of my own will.   The enemy held fast my will, and had made of it a
chain, and had  bound me tight with it.  For out of the perverse will came lust,  and the service of
lust ended in habit, and habit, not resisted,  became necessity.  By these links, as it were, forged
together --  which is why I called it "a chain" -- a hard bondage held me in  slavery.  But that new
will which had begun to spring up in me  freely to worship thee and to enjoy thee, O my God, the
only  certain Joy, was not able as yet to overcome my former
willfulness, made strong by long indulgence.  Thus my two wills --  the old and the new, the
carnal and the spiritual -- were in  conflict within me; and by their discord they tore my soul apart.
   11.  Thus I came to understand from my own experience what I  had read, how "the flesh lusts
against the Spirit, and the Spirit  against the flesh."[248]  I truly lusted both ways, yet more in
that which I approved in myself than in that which I disapproved  in myself.  For in the latter it
was not now really I that was  involved, because here I was rather an unwilling sufferer than a
willing actor.  And yet it was through me that habit had become an  armed enemy against me,
because I had willingly come to be what I  unwillingly found myself to be.
    Who, then, can with any justice speak against it, when just  punishment follows the sinner?  I
had now no longer my accustomed  excuse that, as yet, I hesitated to forsake the world and serve
thee because my perception of the truth was uncertain.  For now it  was certain.  But, still bound
to the earth, I refused to be thy  soldier; and was as much afraid of being freed from all
entanglements as we ought to fear to be entangled.
    12.  Thus with the baggage of the world I was sweetly  burdened, as one in slumber, and my
musings on thee were like the  efforts of those who desire to awake, but who are still
overpowered with drowsiness and fall back into deep slumber.  And  as no one wishes to sleep
forever (for all men rightly count  waking better) -- yet a man will usually defer shaking off his
drowsiness when there is a heavy lethargy in his limbs; and he is  glad to sleep on even when his
reason disapproves, and the hour  for rising has struck -- so was I assured that it was much better
for me to give myself up to thy love than to go on yielding myself  to my own lust.  Thy love
satisfied and vanquished me; my lust  pleased and fettered me.[249]  I had no answer to thy
calling to  me, "Awake, you who sleep, and arise from the dead, and Christ  shall give you
light."[250]  On all sides, thou didst show me that  thy words are true, and I, convicted by the
truth, had nothing at  all to reply but the drawling and drowsy words: "Presently; see,  presently.
Leave me alone a little while." But "presently,  presently," had no present; and my "leave me alone
a little while"  went on for a long while.  In vain did I "delight in thy law in  the inner man" while
"another law in my members warred against the  law of my mind and brought me into captivity to
the law of sin  which is in my members." For the law of sin is the tyranny of  habit, by which the
mind is drawn and held, even against its will.   Yet it deserves to be so held because it so willingly
falls into  the habit.  "O wretched man that I am!  Who shall deliver me from  the body of this
death" but thy grace alone, through Jesus Christ  our Lord?[251]


                         CHAPTER VI

    13.  And now I will tell and confess unto thy name, O Lord,  my helper and my redeemer, how
thou didst deliver me from the  chain of sexual desire by which I was so tightly held, and from  the
slavery of worldly business.[252]  With increasing anxiety I  was going about my usual affairs, and
daily sighing to thee.  I  attended thy church as frequently as my business, under the burden  of
which I groaned, left me free to do so.  Alypius was with me,  disengaged at last from his legal
post, after a third term as  assessor, and now waiting for private clients to whom he might  sell his
legal advice as I sold the power of speaking (as if it  could be supplied by teaching).  But
Nebridius had consented, for  the sake of our friendship, to teach under Verecundus -- a citizen
of Milan and professor of grammar, and a very intimate friend of  us all -- who ardently desired,
and by right of friendship  demanded from us, the faithful aid he greatly needed.  Nebridius  was
not drawn to this by any desire of gain -- for he could have  made much more out of his learning
had he been so inclined -- but  as he was a most sweet and kindly friend, he was unwilling, out of
respect for the duties of friendship, to slight our request.  But  in this he acted very discreetly,
taking care not to become known  to those persons who had great reputations in the world.  Thus
he  avoided all distractions of mind, and reserved as many hours as  possible to pursue or read or
listen to discussions about wisdom.      14.  On a certain day, then, when Nebridius was away --
for  some reason I cannot remember -- there came to visit Alypius and  me at our house one
Ponticianus, a fellow countryman of ours from  Africa, who held high office in the emperor's
court.  What he  wanted with us I do not know; but we sat down to talk together,  and it chanced
that he noticed a book on a game table before us.   He took it up, opened it, and, contrary to his
expectation, found  it to be the apostle Paul, for he imagined that it was one of my  wearisome
rhetoric textbooks.  At this, he looked up at me with a  smile and expressed his delight and
wonder that he had so  unexpectedly found this book and only this one, lying before my  eyes; for
he was indeed a Christian and a faithful one at that,  and often he prostrated himself before thee,
our God, in the  church in constant daily prayer.  When I had told him that I had  given much
attention to these writings, a conversation followed in  which he spoke of Anthony, the Egyptian
monk, whose name was in  high repute among thy servants, although up to that time not  familiar
to me.  When he learned this, he lingered on the topic,  giving us an account of this eminent man,
and marveling at our  ignorance.  We in turn were amazed to hear of thy wonderful works  so
fully manifested in recent times -- almost in our own --  occurring in the true faith and the
Catholic Church. We all  wondered -- we, that these things were so great, and he, that we  had
never heard of them.
    15.  From this, his conversation turned to the multitudes in  the monasteries and their manners
so fragrant to thee, and to the  teeming solitudes of the wilderness, of which we knew nothing at
all.  There was even a monastery at Milan, outside the city's  walls, full of good brothers under the
fostering care of Ambrose  -- and we were ignorant of it.  He went on with his story, and we
listened intently and in silence.  He then told us how, on a  certain afternoon, at Trier,[253] when
the emperor was occupied  watching the gladiatorial games, he and three comrades went out  for
a walk in the gardens close to the city walls.  There, as they  chanced to walk two by two, one
strolled away with him, while the  other two went on by themselves.  As they rambled, these first
two  came upon a certain cottage where lived some of thy servants, some  of the "poor in spirit"
("of such is the Kingdom of Heaven"),  where they found the book in which was written the life of
Anthony!  One of them began to read it, to marvel and to be  inflamed by it.  While reading, he
meditated on embracing just  such a life, giving up his worldly employment to seek thee alone.
These two belonged to the group of officials called "secret  service agents."[254]  Then, suddenly
being overwhelmed with a  holy love and a sober shame and as if in anger with himself, he  fixed
his eyes on his friend, exclaiming: "Tell me, I beg you,  what goal are we seeking in all these toils
of ours?  What is it  that we desire?  What is our motive in public service?  Can our  hopes in the
court rise higher than to be 'friends of the  emperor'[255]?  But how frail, how beset with peril, is
that  pride!  Through what dangers must we climb to a greater danger?   And when shall we
succeed?  But if I chose to become a friend of  God, see, I can become one now." Thus he spoke,
and in the pangs  of the travail of the new life he turned his eyes again onto the  page and
continued reading; he was inwardly changed, as thou didst  see, and the world dropped away from
his mind, as soon became  plain to others.  For as he read with a heart like a stormy sea,  more
than once he groaned.  Finally he saw the better course, and  resolved on it.  Then, having become
thy servant, he said to his  friend: "Now I have broken loose from those hopes we had, and I am
determined to serve God; and I enter into that service from this  hour in this place.  If you are
reluctant to imitate me, do not  oppose me." The other replied that he would continue bound in
his  friendship, to share in so great a service for so great a prize.   So both became thine, and
began to "build a tower", counting the  cost -- namely, of forsaking all that they had and following
thee.[256]  Shortly after, Ponticianus and his companion, who had  walked with him in the other
part of the garden, came in search of  them to the same place, and having found them reminded
them to  return, as the day was declining.  But the first two, making known  to Ponticianus their
resolution and purpose, and how a resolve had  sprung up and become confirmed in them,
entreated them not to take  it ill if they refused to join themselves with them.  But  Ponticianus
and his friend, although not changed from their former  course, did nevertheless (as he told us)
bewail themselves and  congratulated their friends on their godliness, recommending  themselves
to their prayers.  And with hearts inclining again  toward earthly things, they returned to the
palace.  But the other  two, setting their affections on heavenly things, remained in the  cottage.
Both of them had affianced brides who, when they heard  of this, likewise dedicated their virginity
to thee.


                         CHAPTER VII

    16.  Such was the story Ponticianus told.  But while he was  speaking, thou, O Lord, turned
me toward myself, taking me from  behind my back, where I had put myself while unwilling to
exercise  self-scrutiny.  And now thou didst set me face to face with  myself, that I might see how
ugly I was, and how crooked and  sordid, bespotted and ulcerous.  And I looked and I loathed
myself; but whither to fly from myself I could not discover.  And  if I sought to turn my gaze
away from myself, he would continue  his narrative, and thou wouldst oppose me to myself and
thrust me  before my own eyes that I might discover my iniquity and hate it.   I had known it, but
acted as though I knew it not -- I winked at  it and forgot it.
    17.  But now, the more ardently I loved those whose wholesome  affections I heard reported --
that they had given themselves up  wholly to thee to be cured -- the more did I abhor myself when
compared with them.  For many of my years -- perhaps twelve -- had  passed away since my
nineteenth, when, upon the reading of  Cicero's Hortensius, I was roused to a desire for wisdom.
And  here I was, still postponing the abandonment of this world's  happiness to devote myself to
the search. For not just the finding  alone, but also the bare search for it, ought to have been
preferred above the treasures and kingdoms of this world; better  than all bodily pleasures, though
they were to be had for the  taking.  But, wretched youth that I was -- supremely wretched even
in the very outset of my youth -- I had entreated chastity of thee  and had prayed, "Grant me
chastity and continence, but not yet."  For I was afraid lest thou shouldst hear me too soon, and
too soon  cure me of my disease of lust which I desired to have satisfied  rather than extinguished.
And I had wandered through perverse  ways of godless superstition -- not really sure of it, either,
but  preferring it to the other, which I did not seek in piety, but  opposed in malice.
    18.  And I had thought that I delayed from day to day in  rejecting those worldly hopes and
following thee alone because  there did not appear anything certain by which I could direct my
course.  And now the day had arrived in which I was laid bare to  myself and my conscience was
to chide me: "Where are you, O my  tongue?  You said indeed that you were not willing to cast
off the  baggage of vanity for uncertain truth.  But behold now it is  certain, and still that burden
oppresses you.  At the same time  those who have not worn themselves out with searching for it
as  you have, nor spent ten years and more in thinking about it, have  had their shoulders
unburdened and have received wings to fly  away." Thus was I inwardly confused, and mightily
confounded with  a horrible shame, while Ponticianus went ahead speaking such  things.  And
when he had finished his story and the business he  came for, he went his way.  And then what did
I not say to myself,  within myself?  With what scourges of rebuke did I not lash my  soul to make
it follow me, as I was struggling to go after thee?   Yet it drew back.  It refused.  It would not
make an effort.  All  its arguments were exhausted and confuted.  Yet it resisted in  sullen
disquiet, fearing the cutting off of that habit by which it  was being wasted to death, as if that
were death itself.


                        CHAPTER VIII

    19.  Then, as this vehement quarrel, which I waged with my  soul in the chamber of my heart,
was raging inside my inner  dwelling, agitated both in mind and countenance, I seized upon
Alypius and exclaimed: "What is the matter with us?  What is this?   What did you hear?  The
uninstructed start up and take heaven, and  we -- with all our learning but so little heart -- see
where we  wallow in flesh and blood!  Because others have gone before us,  are we ashamed to
follow, and not rather ashamed at our not  following?"  I scarcely knew what I said, and in my
excitement I  flung away from him, while he gazed at me in silent astonishment.   For I did not
sound like myself: my face, eyes, color, tone  expressed my meaning more clearly than my words.
    There was a little garden belonging to our lodging, of which  we had the use -- as of the whole
house -- for the master, our  landlord, did not live there.  The tempest in my breast hurried me
out into this garden, where no one might interrupt the fiery  struggle in which I was engaged with
myself, until it came to the  outcome that thou knewest though I did not.  But I was mad for
health, and dying for life; knowing what evil thing I was, but not  knowing what good thing I was
so shortly to become.
    I fled into the garden, with Alypius following step by step;  for I had no secret in which he did
not share, and how could he  leave me in such distress?  We sat down, as far from the house as
possible.  I was greatly disturbed in spirit, angry at myself with  a turbulent indignation because I
had not entered thy will and  covenant, O my God, while all my bones cried out to me to enter,
extolling it to the skies.  The way therein is not by ships or  chariots or feet -- indeed it was not as
far as I had come from  the house to the place where we were seated.  For to go along that  road
and indeed to reach the goal is nothing else but the will to  go.  But it must be a strong and single
will, not staggering and  swaying about this way and that -- a changeable, twisting,  fluctuating
will, wrestling with itself while one part falls as  another rises.
    20.  Finally, in the very fever of my indecision, I made many  motions with my body; like men
do when they will to act but  cannot, either because they do not have the limbs or because their
limbs are bound or weakened by disease, or incapacitated in some  other way.  Thus if I tore my
hair, struck my forehead, or,  entwining my fingers, clasped my knee, these I did because I  willed
it.  But I might have willed it and still not have done it,  if the nerves had not obeyed my will.
Many things then I did, in  which the will and power to do were not the same.  Yet I did not
do that one thing which seemed to me infinitely more desirable,  which before long I should have
power to will because shortly when  I willed, I would will with a single will.  For in this, the
power  of willing is the power of doing; and as yet I could not do it.   Thus my body more readily
obeyed the slightest wish of the soul in  moving its limbs at the order of my mind than my soul
obeyed  itself to accomplish in the will alone its great resolve.


                         CHAPTER IX

    21.  How can there be such a strange anomaly?  And why is it?   Let thy mercy shine on me,
that I may inquire and find an answer,  amid the dark labyrinth of human punishment and in the
darkest  contritions of the sons of Adam.  Whence such an anomaly?  And why  should it be?  The
mind commands the body, and the body obeys.   The mind commands itself and is resisted.  The
mind commands the  hand to be moved and there is such readiness that the command is  scarcely
distinguished from the obedience in act.  Yet the mind is  mind, and the hand is body.  The mind
commands the mind to will,  and yet though it be itself it does not obey itself.  Whence this
strange anomaly and why should it be?  I repeat: The will commands  itself to will, and could not
give the command unless it wills;  yet what is commanded is not done.  But actually the will does
not  will entirely; therefore it does not command entirely.  For as far  as it wills, it commands.
And as far as it does not will, the  thing commanded is not done.  For the will commands that
there be  an act of will -- not another, but itself.  But it does not  command entirely.  Therefore,
what is commanded does not happen;  for if the will were whole and entire, it would not even
command  it to be, because it would already be.  It is, therefore, no  strange anomaly partly to will
and partly to be unwilling.  This  is actually an infirmity of mind, which cannot wholly rise, while
pressed down by habit, even though it is supported by the truth.   And so there are two wills,
because one of them is not whole, and  what is present in this one is lacking in the other.


                          CHAPTER X

    22.  Let them perish from thy presence, O God, as vain  talkers, and deceivers of the soul
perish, who, when they observe  that there are two wills in the act of deliberation, go on to  affirm
that there are two kinds of minds in us: one good, the  other evil.  They are indeed themselves evil
when they hold these  evil opinions -- and they shall become good only when they come to  hold
the truth and consent to the truth that thy apostle may say  to them: "You were formerly in
darkness, but now are you in the  light in the Lord."[257]  But they desired to be light, not "in
the Lord," but in themselves.  They conceived the nature of the  soul to be the same as what God
is, and thus have become a thicker  darkness than they were; for in their dread arrogance they
have  gone farther away from thee, from thee "the true Light, that  lights every man that comes
into the world." Mark what you say and  blush for shame; draw near to him and be enlightened,
and your  faces shall not be ashamed.[258]
    While I was deliberating whether I would serve the Lord my  God now, as I had long
purposed to do, it was I who willed and it  was also I who was unwilling.  In either case, it was I.
I  neither willed with my whole will nor was I wholly unwilling.  And  so I was at war with myself
and torn apart by myself.  And this  strife was against my will; yet it did not show the presence of
another mind, but the punishment of my own.  Thus it was no more I  who did it, but the sin that
dwelt in me -- the punishment of a  sin freely committed by Adam, and I was a son of Adam.
    23.  For if there are as many opposing natures as there are  opposing wills, there will not be
two but many more.  If any man  is trying to decide whether he should go to their conventicle or
to the theater, the Manicheans at once cry out, "See, here are two  natures -- one good, drawing
this way, another bad, drawing back  that way; for how else can you explain this indecision
between  conflicting wills?"  But I reply that both impulses are bad --  that which draws to them
and that which draws back to the theater.   But they do not believe that the will which draws to
them can be  anything but good.  Suppose, then, that one of us should try to  decide, and through
the conflict of his two wills should waver  whether he should go to the theater or to our Church.
Would not  those also waver about the answer here?  For either they must  confess, which they
are unwilling to do, that the will that leads  to our church is as good as that which carries their
own adherents  and those captivated by their mysteries; or else they must imagine  that there are
two evil natures and two evil minds in one man,  both at war with each other, and then it will not
be true what  they say, that there is one good and another bad.  Else they must  be converted to
the truth, and no longer deny that when anyone  deliberates there is one soul fluctuating between
conflicting  wills.
    24.  Let them no longer maintain that when they perceive two  wills to be contending with
each other in the same man the contest  is between two opposing minds, of two opposing
substances, from  two opposing principles, the one good and the other bad.  Thus, O  true God,
thou dost reprove and confute and convict them.  For  both wills may be bad: as when a man tries
to decide whether he  should kill a man by poison or by the sword; whether he should  take
possession of this field or that one belonging to someone  else, when he cannot get both; whether
he should squander his  money to buy pleasure or hold onto his money through the motive of
covetousness; whether he should go to the circus or to the  theater, if both are open on the same
day; or, whether he should  take a third course, open at the same time, and rob another man's
house; or, a fourth option, whether he should commit adultery, if  he has the opportunity -- all
these things concurring in the same  space of time and all being equally longed for, although
impossible to do at one time.  For the mind is pulled four ways by  four antagonistic wills -- or
even more, in view of the vast range  of human desires -- but even the Manicheans do not affirm
that  there are these many different substances.  The same principle  applies as in the action of
good wills.  For I ask them, "Is it a  good thing to have delight in reading the apostle, or is it a
good  thing to delight in a sober psalm, or is it a good thing to  discourse on the gospel?"  To
each of these, they will answer, "It  is good." But what, then, if all delight us equally and all at the
same time?  Do not different wills distract the mind when a man is  trying to decide what he
should choose?  Yet they are all good,  and are at variance with each other until one is chosen.
When  this is done the whole united will may go forward on a single  track instead of remaining as
it was before, divided in many ways.   So also, when eternity attracts us from above, and the
pleasure of  earthly delight pulls us down from below, the soul does not will  either the one or the
other with all its force, but still it is  the same soul that does not will this or that with a united will,
and is therefore pulled apart with grievous perplexities, because  for truth's sake it prefers this, but
for custom's sake it does  not lay that aside.


                         CHAPTER XI

    25.  Thus I was sick and tormented, reproaching myself more  bitterly than ever, rolling and
writhing in my chain till it  should be utterly broken.  By now I was held but slightly, but
still was held.  And thou, O Lord, didst press upon me in my  inmost heart with a severe mercy,
redoubling the lashes of fear  and shame; lest I should again give way and that same slender
remaining tie not be broken off, but recover strength and enchain  me yet more securely.
    I kept saying to myself, "See, let it be done now; let it be  done now." And as I said this I all
but came to a firm decision.   I all but did it -- yet I did not quite.  Still I did not fall  back to my
old condition, but stood aside for a moment and drew  breath.  And I tried again, and lacked only
a very little of  reaching the resolve -- and then somewhat less, and then all but  touched and
grasped it.  Yet I still did not quite reach or touch  or grasp the goal, because I hesitated to die to
death and to live  to life.  And the worse way, to which I was habituated, was  stronger in me than
the better, which I had not tried.  And up to  the very moment in which I was to become another
man, the nearer  the moment approached, the greater horror did it strike in me.   But it did not
strike me back, nor turn me aside, but held me in  suspense.
    26.  It was, in fact, my old mistresses, trifles of trifles  and vanities of vanities, who still
enthralled me.  They tugged at  my fleshly garments and softly whispered: "Are you going to part
with us?  And from that moment will we never be with you any more?   And from that moment
will not this and that be forbidden you  forever?"  What were they suggesting to me in those
words "this or  that"?  What is it they suggested, O my God? Let thy mercy guard  the soul of thy
servant from the vileness and the shame they did  suggest!  And now I scarcely heard them, for
they were not openly  showing themselves and opposing me face to face; but muttering, as  it
were, behind my back; and furtively plucking at me as I was  leaving, trying to make me look back
at them.  Still they delayed  me, so that I hesitated to break loose and shake myself free of
them and leap over to the place to which I was being called -- for  unruly habit kept saying to me,
"Do you think you can live without  them?"
    27.  But now it said this very faintly; for in the direction  I had set my face, and yet toward
which I still trembled to go,  the chaste dignity of continence appeared to me -- cheerful but  not
wanton, modestly alluring me to come and doubt nothing,  extending her holy hands, full of a
multitude of good examples --  to receive and embrace me.  There were there so many young men
and  maidens, a multitude of youth and every age, grave widows and  ancient virgins; and
continence herself in their midst: not  barren, but a fruitful mother of children -- her joys -- by
thee,  O Lord, her husband.  And she smiled on me with a challenging  smile as if to say: "Can you
not do what these young men and  maidens can?  Or can any of them do it of themselves, and not
rather in the Lord their God?  The Lord their God gave me to them.   Why do you stand in your
own strength, and so stand not?  Cast  yourself on him; fear not.  He will not flinch and you will
not  fall.  Cast yourself on him without fear, for he will receive and  heal you." And I blushed
violently, for I still heard the  muttering of those "trifles" and hung suspended.  Again she seemed
to speak: "Stop your ears against those unclean members of yours,  that they may be mortified.
They tell you of delights, but not  according to the law of the Lord thy God." This struggle raging
in  my heart was nothing but the contest of self against self.  And  Alypius kept close beside me,
and awaited in silence the outcome  of my extraordinary agitation.


                         CHAPTER XII

    28.  Now when deep reflection had drawn up out of the secret  depths of my soul all my
misery and had heaped it up before the  sight of my heart, there arose a mighty storm,
accompanied by a  mighty rain of tears.  That I might give way fully to my tears and
lamentations, I stole away from Alypius, for it seemed to me that  solitude was more appropriate
for the business of weeping.  I went  far enough away that I could feel that even his presence was
no  restraint upon me.  This was the way I felt at the time, and he  realized it.  I suppose I had said
something before I started up  and he noticed that the sound of my voice was choked with
weeping.   And so he stayed alone, where we had been sitting together,  greatly astonished.  I
flung myself down under a fig tree -- how I  know not -- and gave free course to my tears.  The
streams of my  eyes gushed out an acceptable sacrifice to thee.  And, not indeed  in these words,
but to this effect, I cried to thee: "And thou, O  Lord, how long?  How long, O Lord?  Wilt thou
be angry forever?   Oh, remember not against us our former iniquities."[259]  For I  felt that I was
still enthralled by them.  I sent up these  sorrowful cries: "How long, how long?  Tomorrow and
tomorrow?  Why  not now?  Why not this very hour make an end to my uncleanness?"      29.  I
was saying these things and weeping in the most bitter  contrition of my heart, when suddenly I
heard the voice of a boy  or a girl I know not which -- coming from the neighboring house,
chanting over and over again, "Pick it up, read it; pick it up,  read it."[260]  Immediately I ceased
weeping and began most  earnestly to think whether it was usual for children in some kind
of game to sing such a song, but I could not remember ever having  heard the like.  So, damming
the torrent of my tears, I got to my  feet, for I could not but think that this was a divine command
to  open the Bible and read the first passage I should light upon.   For I had heard[261] how
Anthony, accidentally coming into church  while the gospel was being read, received the
admonition as if  what was read had been addressed to him: "Go and sell what you  have and give
it to the poor, and you shall have treasure in  heaven; and come and follow me."[262]  By such an
oracle he was  forthwith converted to thee.
    So I quickly returned to the bench where Alypius was sitting,  for there I had put down the
apostle's book when I had left there.   I snatched it up, opened it, and in silence read the paragraph
on  which my eyes first fell: "Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in  chambering and wantonness,
not in strife and envying, but put on  the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to
fulfill the lusts thereof."[263]  I wanted to read no further, nor  did I need to.  For instantly, as the
sentence ended, there was  infused in my heart something like the light of full certainty and  all the
gloom of doubt vanished away.[264]
    30.  Closing the book, then, and putting my finger or  something else for a mark I began --
now with a tranquil
countenance -- to tell it all to Alypius.  And he in turn  disclosed to me what had been going on in
himself, of which I knew  nothing.  He asked to see what I had read.  I showed him, and he
looked on even further than I had read.  I had not known what  followed.  But indeed it was this,
"Him that is weak in the faith,  receive."[265]  This he applied to himself, and told me so.  By
these words of warning he was strengthened, and by exercising his  good resolution and purpose
-- all very much in keeping with his  character, in which, in these respects, he was always far
different from and better than I -- he joined me in full
commitment without any restless hesitation.
    Then we went in to my mother, and told her what happened, to  her great joy.  We explained
to her how it had occurred -- and she  leaped for joy triumphant; and she blessed thee, who art
"able to  do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or think."[266]   For she saw that thou
hadst granted her far more than she had ever  asked for in all her pitiful and doleful lamentations.
For thou  didst so convert me to thee that I sought neither a wife nor any  other of this world's
hopes, but set my feet on that rule of faith  which so many years before thou hadst showed her in
her dream  about me.  And so thou didst turn her grief into gladness more  plentiful than she had
ventured to desire, and dearer and purer  than the desire she used to cherish of having
grandchildren of my  flesh.



                         BOOK NINE


    The end of the autobiography.  Augustine tells of his  resigning from his professorship and of
the days at Cassiciacum in  preparation for baptism.  He is baptized together with Adeodatus
and Alypius.  Shortly thereafter, they start back for Africa.   Augustine recalls the ecstasy he and
his mother shared in Ostia  and then reports her death and burial and his grief.  The book  closes
with a moving prayer for the souls of Monica, Patricius,  and all his fellow citizens of the heavenly
Jerusalem.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  "O Lord, I am thy servant; I am thy servant and the son  of thy handmaid.  Thou hast
loosed my bonds.  I will offer to thee  the sacrifice of thanksgiving."[267]  Let my heart and my
tongue  praise thee, and let all my bones say, "Lord, who is like unto  thee?"  Let them say so, and
answer thou me and say unto my soul,  "I am your salvation."
    Who am I, and what is my nature?  What evil is there not in  me and my deeds; or if not in my
deeds, my words; or if not in my  words, my will?  But thou, O Lord, art good and merciful, and
thy  right hand didst reach into the depth of my death and didst empty  out the abyss of corruption
from the bottom of my heart.  And this  was the result: now I did not will to do what I willed, and
began  to will to do what thou didst will.
    But where was my free will during all those years and from  what deep and secret retreat was
it called forth in a single  moment, whereby I gave my neck to thy "easy yoke" and my shoulders
to thy "light burden," O Christ Jesus, "my Strength and my  Redeemer"?  How sweet did it
suddenly become to me to be without  the sweetness of trifles!  And it was now a joy to put away
what I  formerly feared to lose.  For thou didst cast them away from me, O  true and highest
Sweetness.  Thou didst cast them away, and in  their place thou didst enter in thyself -- sweeter
than all  pleasure, though not to flesh and blood; brighter than all light,  but more veiled than all
mystery; more exalted than all honor,  though not to them that are exalted in their own eyes.
Now was my  soul free from the gnawing cares of seeking and getting, of  wallowing in the mire
and scratching the itch of lust.  And I  prattled like a child to thee, O Lord my God -- my light, my
riches, and my salvation.


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  And it seemed right to me, in thy sight, not to snatch my  tongue's service abruptly out of
the speech market, but to  withdraw quietly, so that the young men who were not concerned
about thy law or thy peace, but with mendacious follies and  forensic strifes, might no longer
purchase from my mouth weapons  for their frenzy.  Fortunately, there were only a few days
before  the "vintage vacation"[268]; and I determined to endure them, so  that I might resign in
due form and, now bought by thee, return  for sale no more.
    My plan was known to thee, but, save for my own friends, it  was not known to other men.
For we had agreed that it should not  be made public; although, in our ascent from the "valley of
tears"  and our singing of "the song of degrees," thou hadst given us  sharp arrows and hot
burning coals to stop that deceitful tongue  which opposes under the guise of good counsel, and
devours what it  loves as though it were food.
    3.  Thou hadst pierced our heart with thy love, and we  carried thy words, as it were, thrust
through our vitals.  The  examples of thy servants whom thou hadst changed from black to
shining white, and from death to life, crowded into the bosom of  our thoughts and burned and
consumed our sluggish temper, that we  might not topple back into the abyss.  And they fired us
exceedingly, so that every breath of the deceitful tongue of our  detractors might fan the flame
and not blow it out.
    Though this vow and purpose of ours should find those who  would loudly praise it -- for the
sake of thy name, which thou  hast sanctified throughout the earth -- it nevertheless looked  like a
self-vaunting not to wait until the vacation time now so  near.  For if I had left such a public office
ahead of time, and  had made the break in the eye of the general public, all who took  notice of
this act of mine and observed how near was the vintage  time that I wished to anticipate would
have talked about me a  great deal, as if I were trying to appear a great person.  And  what
purpose would it serve that people should consider and  dispute about my conversion so that my
good should be evil spoken  of?
    4.  Furthermore, this same summer my lungs had begun to be  weak from too much literary
labor.  Breathing was difficult; the  pains in my chest showed that the lungs were affected and
were  soon fatigued by too loud or prolonged speaking.  This had at  first been a trial to me, for it
would have compelled me almost of  necessity to lay down that burden of teaching; or, if I was to
be  cured and become strong again, at least to take a leave for a  while.  But as soon as the full
desire to be still that I might  know that thou art the Lord[269] arose and was confirmed in me,
thou knowest, my God, that I began to rejoice that I had this  excuse ready -- and not a feigned
one, either -- which might  somewhat temper the displeasure of those who for their sons'
freedom wished me never to have any freedom of my own.
    Full of joy, then, I bore it until my time ran out -- it was  perhaps some twenty days -- yet it
was some strain to go through  with it, for the greediness which helped to support the drudgery
had gone, and I would have been overwhelmed had not its place been  taken by patience.  Some
of thy servants, my brethren, may say  that I sinned in this, since having once fully and from my
heart  enlisted in thy service, I permitted myself to sit a single hour  in the chair of falsehood.  I
will not dispute it.  But hast thou  not, O most merciful Lord, pardoned and forgiven this sin in
the  holy water[270] also, along with all the others, horrible and  deadly as they were?


                         CHAPTER III

    5.  Verecundus was severely disturbed by this new happiness  of mine, since he was still firmly
held by his bonds and saw that  he would lose my companionship.  For he was not yet a Christian,
though his wife was; and, indeed, he was more firmly enchained by  her than by anything else, and
held back from that journey on  which we had set out.  Furthermore, he declared he did not wish
to  be a Christian on any terms except those that were impossible.   However, he invited us most
courteously to make use of his country  house so long as we would stay there.  O Lord, thou wilt
recompense him for this "in the resurrection of the just,"[271]  seeing that thou hast already given
him "the lot of the
righteous."[272]  For while we were absent at Rome, he was  overtaken with bodily sickness, and
during it he was made a  Christian and departed this life as one of the faithful.  Thus  thou hadst
mercy on him, and not on him only, but on us as well;  lest, remembering the exceeding kindness
of our friend to us and  not able to count him in thy flock, we should be tortured with  intolerable
grief.  Thanks be unto thee, our God; we are thine.   Thy exhortations, consolations, and faithful
promises assure us  that thou wilt repay Verecundus for that country house at  Cassiciacum --
where we found rest in thee from the fever of the  world -- with the perpetual freshness of thy
paradise in which  thou hast forgiven him his earthly sins, in that mountain flowing  with milk, that
fruitful mountain -- thy own.
    6.  Thus Verecundus was full of grief; but Nebridius was  joyous.  For he was not yet a
Christian, and had fallen into the  pit of deadly error, believing that the flesh of thy Son, the
Truth, was a phantom.[273]  Yet he had come up out of that pit and  now held the same belief
that we did.  And though he was not as  yet initiated in any of the sacraments of thy Church, he
was a  most earnest inquirer after truth.  Not long after our conversion  and regeneration by thy
baptism, he also became a faithful member  of the Catholic Church, serving thee in perfect chastity
and  continence among his own people in Africa, and bringing his whole  household with him to
Christianity.  Then thou didst release him  from the flesh, and now he lives in Abraham's bosom.
Whatever is  signified by that term "bosom," there lives my Nebridius, my sweet  friend, thy son
by adoption, O Lord, and not a freedman any  longer.  There he lives; for what other place could
there be for  such a soul?  There he lives in that abode about which he used to  ask me so many
questions -- poor ignorant one that I was.  Now he  does not put his ear up to my mouth, but his
spiritual mouth to  thy fountain, and drinks wisdom as he desires and as he is able --  happy
without end.  But I do not believe that he is so inebriated  by that draught as to forget me; since
thou, O Lord, who art the  draught, art mindful of us.
    Thus, then, we were comforting the unhappy Verecundus -- our  friendship untouched --
reconciling him to our conversion and  exhorting him to a faith fit for his condition (that is, to his
being married).  We tarried for Nebridius to follow us, since he  was so close, and this he was just
about to do when at last the  interim ended.  The days had seemed long and many because of my
eagerness for leisure and liberty in which I might sing to thee  from my inmost part, "My heart has
said to thee, I have sought thy  face; thy face, O Lord, will I seek."[274]


                         CHAPTER IV

    7.  Finally the day came on which I was actually to be  relieved from the professorship of
rhetoric, from which I had  already been released in intention.  And it was done.  And thou
didst deliver my tongue as thou hadst already delivered my heart;  and I blessed thee for it with
great joy, and retired with my  friends to the villa.[275]  My books testify to what I got done
there in writing, which was now hopefully devoted to thy service;  though in this pause it was still
as if I were panting from my  exertions in the school of pride.[276]  These were the books in
which I engaged in dialogue with my friends, and also those in  soliloquy before thee alone.[277]
And there are my letters to  Nebridius, who was still absent.[278]
    When would there be enough time to recount all thy great  blessings which thou didst bestow
on us in that time, especially  as I am hastening on to still greater mercies?  For my memory
recalls them to me and it is pleasant to confess them to thee, O  Lord: the inward goads by which
thou didst subdue me and how thou  broughtest me low, leveling the mountains and hills of my
thoughts, straightening my crookedness, and smoothing my rough  ways.  And I remember by
what means thou also didst subdue  Alypius, my heart's brother, to the name of thy only Son, our
Lord  and Saviour Jesus Christ -- which he at first refused to have  inserted in our writings.  For
at first he preferred that they  should smell of the cedars of the schools[279] which the Lord hath
now broken down, rather than of the wholesome herbs of the Church,  hostile to serpents.[280]
    8.  O my God, how did I cry to thee when I read the psalms of  David, those hymns of faith,
those paeans of devotion which leave  no room for swelling pride!  I was still a novice in thy true
love, a catechumen keeping holiday at the villa, with Alypius, a  catechumen like myself.  My
mother was also with us -- in woman's  garb, but with a man's faith, with the peacefulness of age
and the  fullness of motherly love and Christian piety.  What cries I used  to send up to thee in
those songs, and how I was enkindled toward  thee by them!  I burned to sing them if possible,
throughout the  whole world, against the pride of the human race.  And yet,  indeed, they are sung
throughout the whole world, and none can  hide himself from thy heat.  With what strong and
bitter regret  was I indignant at the Manicheans!  Yet I also pitied them; for  they were ignorant of
those sacraments, those medicines[281] --  and raved insanely against the cure that might have
made them  sane!  I wished they could have been somewhere close by, and --  without my
knowledge -- could have seen my face and heard my words  when, in that time of leisure, I pored
over the Fourth Psalm.  And  I wish they could have seen how that psalm affected me.[282]
"When I called upon thee, O God of my righteousness, thou didst  hear me; thou didst enlarge me
when I was in distress.  Have mercy  upon me and hear my prayer." I wish they might have heard
what I  said in comment on those words -- without my knowing that they  heard, lest they should
think that I was speaking it just on their  account.  For, indeed, I should not have said quite the
same  things, nor quite in the same way, if I had known that I was heard  and seen by them.  And
if I had so spoken, they would not have  meant the same things to them as they did to me when I
spoke by  and for myself before thee, out of the private affections of my  soul.
    9.  By turns I trembled with fear and warmed with hope and  rejoiced in thy mercy, O Father.
And all these feelings showed  forth in my eyes and voice when thy good Spirit turned to us and
said, "O sons of men, how long will you be slow of heart, how long  will you love vanity, and
seek after falsehood?"  For I had loved  vanity and sought after falsehood.  And thou, O Lord, had
already  magnified thy Holy One, raising him from the dead and setting him  at thy right hand, that
thence he should send forth from on high  his promised "Paraclete, the Spirit of Truth." Already
he had sent  him, and I knew it not.  He had sent him because he was now  magnified, rising from
the dead and ascending into heaven.  For  till then "the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because
Jesus was  not yet glorified."[283]  And the prophet cried out: "How long  will you be slow of
heart?  How long will you love vanity, and  seek after falsehood?  Know this, that the Lord hath
magnified his  Holy One." He cries, "How long?"  He cries, "Know this," and I --  so long "loving
vanity, and seeking after falsehood" -- heard and  trembled, because these words were spoken to
such a one as I  remembered that I myself had been.  For in those phantoms which I  once held for
truth there was vanity and falsehood.  And I spoke  many things loudly and earnestly -- in the
contrition of my memory  -- which I wish they had heard, who still "love vanity and seek  after
falsehood." Perhaps they would have been troubled, and have  vomited up their error, and thou
wouldst have heard them when they  cried to thee; for by a real death in the flesh He died for us
who  now maketh intercession for us with thee.
    10.  I read on further, "Be angry, and sin not." And how  deeply was I touched, O my God; for
I had now learned to be angry  with myself for the things past, so that in the future I might not
sin.  Yes, to be angry with good cause, for it was not another  nature out of the race of darkness
that had sinned for me -- as  they affirm who are not angry with themselves, and who store up
for themselves dire wrath against the day of wrath and the  revelation of thy righteous judgment.
Nor were the good things I  saw now outside me, nor were they to be seen with the eyes of  flesh
in the light of the earthly sun.  For they that have their  joys from without sink easily into
emptiness and are spilled out  on those things that are visible and temporal, and in their  starving
thoughts they lick their very shadows.  If only they  would grow weary with their hunger and
would say, "Who will show  us any good?"  And we would answer, and they would hear, "O
Lord,  the light of thy countenance shines bright upon us." For we are  not that Light that
enlightens every man, but we are enlightened  by thee, so that we who were formerly in darkness
may now be  alight in thee.  If only they could behold the inner Light Eternal  which, now that I
had tasted it, I gnashed my teeth because I  could not show it to them unless they brought me
their heart in  their eyes -- their roving eyes -- and said, "Who will show us any  good?"  But even
there, in the inner chamber of my soul -- where I  was angry with myself; where I was inwardly
pricked, where I had  offered my sacrifice, slaying my old man, and hoping in thee with  the new
resolve of a new life with my trust laid in thee -- even  there thou hadst begun to grow sweet to
me and to "put gladness in  my heart." And thus as I read all this, I cried aloud and felt its
inward meaning.  Nor did I wish to be increased in worldly goods  which are wasted by time, for
now I possessed, in thy eternal  simplicity, other corn and wine and oil.
    11.  And with a loud cry from my heart, I read the following  verse: "Oh, in peace!  Oh, in the
Selfsame!"[284]  See how he says  it: "I will lay me down and take my rest."[285]  For who shall
withstand us when the truth of this saying that is written is made  manifest: "Death is swallowed
up in victory"[286]?  For surely  thou, who dost not change, art the Selfsame, and in thee is rest
and oblivion to all distress.  There is none other beside thee,  nor are we to toil for those many
things which are not thee, for  only thou, O Lord, makest me to dwell in hope."
    These things I read and was enkindled -- but still I could  not discover what to do with those
deaf and dead Manicheans to  whom I myself had belonged; for I had been a bitter and blind
reviler against these writings, honeyed with the honey of heaven  and luminous with thy light.
And I was sorely grieved at these  enemies of this Scripture.
    12.  When shall I call to mind all that happened during those  holidays?  I have not forgotten
them; nor will I be silent about  the severity of thy scourge, and the amazing quickness of thy
mercy.  During that time thou didst torture me with a toothache;  and when it had become so
acute that I was not able to speak, it  came into my heart to urge all my friends who were present
to pray  for me to thee, the God of all health.  And I wrote it down on the  tablet and gave it to
them to read.  Presently, as we bowed our  knees in supplication, the pain was gone.  But what
pain?  How did  it go?  I confess that I was terrified, O Lord my God, because  from my earliest
years I had never experienced such pain.  And thy  purposes were profoundly impressed upon me;
and rejoicing in  faith, I praised thy name.  But that faith allowed me no rest in  respect of my past
sins, which were not yet forgiven me through  thy baptism.


                          CHAPTER V

    13.  Now that the vintage vacation was ended, I gave notice  to the citizens of Milan that they
might provide their scholars  with another word-merchant.  I gave as my reasons my
determination  to serve thee and also my insufficiency for the task, because of  the difficulty in
breathing and the pain in my chest.
    And by letters I notified thy bishop, the holy man Ambrose,  of my former errors and my
present resolution.  And I asked his  advice as to which of thy books it was best for me to read so
that  I might be the more ready and fit for the reception of so great a  grace.  He recommended
Isaiah the prophet; and I believe it was  because Isaiah foreshows more clearly than others the
gospel, and  the calling of the Gentiles.  But because I could not understand  the first part and
because I imagined the rest to be like it, I  laid it aside with the intention of taking it up again
later, when  better practiced in our Lord's words.


                         CHAPTER VI

    14.  When the time arrived for me to give in my name, we left  the country and returned to
Milan.  Alypius also resolved to be  born again in thee at the same time.  He was already clothed
with  the humility that befits thy sacraments, and was so brave a tamer  of his body that he would
walk the frozen Italian soil with his  naked feet, which called for unusual fortitude.  We took with
us  the boy Adeodatus, my son after the flesh, the offspring of my  sin.  Thou hadst made of him a
noble lad.  He was barely fifteen  years old, but his intelligence excelled that of many grave and
learned men.  I confess to thee thy gifts, O Lord my God, creator  of all, who hast power to
reform our deformities -- for there was  nothing of me in that boy but the sin.  For it was thou
who didst  inspire us to foster him in thy discipline, and none other -- thy  gifts I confess to thee.
There is a book of mine, entitled De  Magistro.[287]  It is a dialogue between Adeodatus and me,
and  thou knowest that all things there put into the mouth of my  interlocutor are his, though he
was then only in his sixteenth  year.  Many other gifts even more wonderful I found in him.  His
talent was a source of awe to me.  And who but thou couldst be the  worker of such marvels?
And thou didst quickly remove his life  from the earth, and even now I recall him to mind with a
sense of  security, because I fear nothing for his childhood or youth, nor  for his whole career.
We took him for our companion, as if he  were the same age in grace with ourselves, to be trained
with  ourselves in thy discipline.  And so we were baptized and the  anxiety about our past life left
us.
    Nor did I ever have enough in those days of the wondrous  sweetness of meditating on the
depth of thy counsels concerning  the salvation of the human race.  How freely did I weep in thy
hymns and canticles; how deeply was I moved by the voices of thy  sweet-speaking Church!  The
voices flowed into my ears; and the  truth was poured forth into my heart, where the tide of my
devotion overflowed, and my tears ran down, and I was happy in all  these things.


                         CHAPTER VII

    15.  The church of Milan had only recently begun to employ  this mode of consolation and
exaltation with all the brethren  singing together with great earnestness of voice and heart.  For  it
was only about a year -- not much more -- since Justina, the  mother of the boy-emperor
Valentinian, had persecuted thy servant  Ambrose on behalf of her heresy, in which she had been
seduced by  the Arians.  The devoted people kept guard in the church, prepared  to die with their
bishop, thy servant.  Among them my mother, thy  handmaid, taking a leading part in those
anxieties and vigils,  lived there in prayer.  And even though we were still not wholly  melted by
the heat of thy Spirit, we were nevertheless excited by  the alarmed and disturbed city.
    This was the time that the custom began, after the manner of  the Eastern Church, that hymns
and psalms should be sung, so that  the people would not be worn out with the tedium of
lamentation.   This custom, retained from then till now, has been imitated by  many, indeed, by
almost all thy congregations throughout the rest  of the world.[288]
    16.  Then by a vision thou madest known to thy renowned  bishop the spot where lay the
bodies of Gervasius and Protasius,  the martyrs, whom thou hadst preserved uncorrupted for so
many  years in thy secret storehouse, so that thou mightest produce them  at a fit time to check a
woman's fury -- a woman indeed, but also  a queen!  When they were discovered and dug up and
brought with  due honor to the basilica of Ambrose, as they were borne along the  road many who
were troubled by unclean spirits -- the devils  confessing themselves -- were healed.  And there
was also a  certain man, a well-known citizen of the city, blind many years,  who, when he had
asked and learned the reason for the people's  tumultuous joy, rushed out and begged his guide to
lead him to the  place.  When he arrived there, he begged to be permitted to touch  with his
handkerchief the bier of thy saints, whose death is  precious in thy sight.  When he had done this,
and put it to his  eyes, they were immediately opened.  The fame of all this spread  abroad; from
this thy glory shone more brightly.  And also from  this the mind of that angry woman, though not
enlarged to the  sanity of a full faith, was nevertheless restrained from the fury  of persecution.
    Thanks to thee, O my God.  Whence and whither hast thou led  my memory, that I should
confess such things as these to thee --  for great as they were, I had forgetfully passed them over?
And  yet at that time, when the sweet savor of thy ointment was so  fragrant, I did not run after
thee.[289]  Therefore, I wept more  bitterly as I listened to thy hymns, having so long panted after
thee.  And now at length I could breathe as much as the space  allows in this our straw
house.[290]


                        CHAPTER VIII

    17.  Thou, O Lord, who makest men of one mind to dwell in a  single house, also broughtest
Evodius to join our company.  He was  a young man of our city, who, while serving as a secret
service  agent, was converted to thee and baptized before us.  He had  relinquished his secular
service, and prepared himself for thine.   We were together, and we were resolved to live together
in our  devout purpose.
    We cast about for some place where we might be most useful in  our service to thee, and had
planned on going back together to  Africa.  And when we had got as far as Ostia on the Tiber, my
mother died.
    I am passing over many things, for I must hasten.  Receive, O  my God, my confessions and
thanksgiving for the unnumbered things  about which I am silent.  But I will not omit anything my
mind has  brought back concerning thy handmaid who brought me forth -- in  her flesh, that I
might be born into this world's light, and in  her heart, that I might be born to life eternal.  I will
not speak  of her gifts, but of thy gift in her; for she neither made herself  nor trained herself.
Thou didst create her, and neither her  father nor her mother knew what kind of being was to
come forth  from them.  And it was the rod of thy Christ, the discipline of  thy only Son, that
trained her in thy fear, in the house of one of  thy faithful ones who was a sound member of thy
Church. Yet my  mother did not attribute this good training of hers as much to the  diligence of
her own mother as to that of a certain elderly  maidservant who had nursed her father, carrying
him around on her  back, as big girls carried babies.  Because of her long-time  service and also
because of her extreme age and excellent  character, she was much respected by the heads of that
Christian  household.  The care of her master's daughters was also committed  to her, and she
performed her task with diligence.  She was quite  earnest in restraining them with a holy severity
when necessary  and instructing them with a sober sagacity.  Thus, except at  mealtimes at their
parents' table -- when they were fed very  temperately -- she would not allow them to drink even
water,  however parched they were with thirst.  In this way she took  precautions against an evil
custom and added the wholesome advice:  "You drink water now only because you don't control
the wine; but  when you are married and mistresses of pantry and cellar, you may  not care for
water, but the habit of drinking will be fixed." By  such a method of instruction, and her authority,
she restrained  the longing of their tender age, and regulated even the thirst of  the girls to such a
decorous control that they no longer wanted  what they ought not to have.
    18.  And yet, as thy handmaid related to me, her son, there  had stolen upon her a love of
wine.  For, in the ordinary course  of things, when her parents sent her as a sober maiden to draw
wine from the cask, she would hold a cup under the tap; and then,  before she poured the wine
into the bottle, she would wet the tips  of her lips with a little of it, for more than this her taste
refused.  She did not do this out of any craving for drink, but  out of the overflowing buoyancy of
her time of life, which bubbles  up with sportiveness and youthful spirits, but is usually borne
down by the gravity of the old folks.  And so, adding daily a  little to that little -- for "he that
contemns small things shall  fall by a little here and a little there"[291] -- she slipped into
such a habit as to drink off eagerly her little cup nearly full of  wine.
    Where now was that wise old woman and her strict prohibition?   Could anything prevail
against our secret disease if thy medicine,  O Lord, did not watch over us?  Though father and
mother and  nurturers are absent, thou art present, who dost create, who  callest, and who also
workest some good for our salvation, through  those who are set over us.  What didst thou do at
that time, O my  God?  How didst thou heal her?  How didst thou make her whole?   Didst thou
not bring forth from another woman's soul a hard and  bitter insult, like a surgeon's knife from thy
secret store, and  with one thrust drain off all that putrefaction?  For the slave  girl who used to
accompany her to the cellar fell to quarreling  with her little mistress, as it sometimes happened
when she was  alone with her, and cast in her teeth this vice of hers, along  with a very bitter
insult: calling her "a drunkard." Stung by this  taunt, my mother saw her own vileness and
immediately condemned  and renounced it.
    As the flattery of friends corrupts, so often do the taunts  of enemies instruct.  Yet thou
repayest them, not for the good  thou workest through their means, but for the malice they
intended.  That angry slave girl wanted to infuriate her young  mistress, not to cure her; and that
is why she spoke up when they  were alone.  Or perhaps it was because their quarrel just
happened  to break out at that time and place; or perhaps she was afraid of  punishment for having
told of it so late.
    But thou, O Lord, ruler of heaven and earth, who changest to  thy purposes the deepest floods
and controls the turbulent tide of  the ages, thou healest one soul by the unsoundness of another;
so  that no man, when he hears of such a happening, should attribute  it to his own power if
another person whom he wishes to reform is  reformed through a word of his.


                         CHAPTER IX

    19.  Thus modestly and soberly brought up, she was made  subject to her parents by thee,
rather more than by her parents to  thee.  She arrived at a marriageable age, and she was given to
a  husband whom she served as her lord.  And she busied herself to  gain him to thee, preaching
thee to him by her behavior, in which  thou madest her fair and reverently amiable, and admirable
to her  husband.  For she endured with patience his infidelity and never  had any dissension with
her husband on this account.  For she  waited for thy mercy upon him until, by believing in thee,
he  might become chaste.
    Moreover, even though he was earnest in friendship, he was  also violent in anger; but she had
learned that an angry husband  should not be resisted, either in deed or in word.  But as soon as
he had grown calm and was tranquil, and she saw a fitting moment,  she would give him a reason
for her conduct, if he had been  excited unreasonably.  As a result, while many matrons whose
husbands were more gentle than hers bore the marks of blows on  their disfigured faces, and
would in private talk blame the  behavior of their husbands, she would blame their tongues,
admonishing them seriously -- though in a jesting manner -- that  from the hour they heard what
are called the matrimonial tablets  read to them, they should think of them as instruments by which
they were made servants.  So, always being mindful of their  condition, they ought not to set
themselves up in opposition to  their lords.  And, knowing what a furious, bad-tempered husband
she endured, they marveled that it had never been rumored, nor was  there any mark to show, that
Patricius had ever beaten his wife,  or that there had been any domestic strife between them, even
for  a day.  And when they asked her confidentially the reason for  this, she taught them the rule I
have mentioned.  Those who  observed it confirmed the wisdom of it and rejoiced; those who did
not observe it were bullied and vexed.
    20.  Even her mother-in-law, who was at first prejudiced  against her by the whisperings of
malicious servants, she  conquered by submission, persevering in it with patience and  meekness;
with the result that the mother-in-law told her son of  the tales of the meddling servants which had
disturbed the  domestic peace between herself and her daughter-in-law and begged  him to punish
them for it.  In conformity with his mother's wish,  and in the interest of family discipline to insure
the future  harmony of its members, he had those servants beaten who were  pointed out by her
who had discovered them; and she promised a  similar reward to anyone else who, thinking to
please her, should  say anything evil of her daughter-in-law.  After this no one dared  to do so,
and they lived together with a wonderful sweetness of  mutual good will.
    21.  This other great gift thou also didst bestow, O my God,  my Mercy, upon that good
handmaid of thine, in whose womb thou  didst create me.  It was that whenever she could she
acted as a  peacemaker between any differing and discordant spirits, and when  she heard very
bitter things on either side of a controversy --  the kind of bloated and undigested discord which
often belches  forth bitter words, when crude malice is breathed out by sharp  tongues to a present
friend against an absent enemy -- she would  disclose nothing about the one to the other except
what might  serve toward their reconciliation.  This might seem a small good  to me if I did not
know to my sorrow countless persons who,  through the horrid and far-spreading infection of sin,
not only  repeat to enemies mutually enraged things said in passion against  each other, but also
add some things that were never said at all.   It ought not to be enough in a truly humane man
merely not to  incite or increase the enmities of men by evil-speaking; he ought  likewise to
endeavor by kind words to extinguish them.  Such a one  was she -- and thou, her most intimate
instructor, didst teach her  in the school of her heart.
    22.  Finally, her own husband, now toward the end of his  earthly existence, she won over to
thee.  Henceforth, she had no  cause to complain of unfaithfulness in him, which she had endured
before he became one of the faithful.  She was also the servant of  thy servants.  All those who
knew her greatly praised, honored,  and loved thee in her because, through the witness of the
fruits  of a holy life, they recognized thee present in her heart.  For  she had "been the wife of one
man,"[292] had honored her parents,  had guided her house in piety, was highly reputed for good
works,  and brought up her children, travailing in labor with them as  often as she saw them
swerving from thee.  Lastly, to all of us, O  Lord -- since of thy favor thou allowest thy servants
to speak --  to all of us who lived together in that association before her  death in thee she
devoted such care as she might have if she had  been mother of us all; she served us as if she had
been the  daughter of us all.


                          CHAPTER X

    23.  As the day now approached on which she was to depart  this life -- a day which thou
knewest, but which we did not -- it  happened (though I believe it was by thy secret ways
arranged)  that she and I stood alone, leaning in a certain window from which  the garden of the
house we occupied at Ostia could be seen.  Here  in this place, removed from the crowd, we were
resting ourselves  for the voyage after the fatigues of a long journey.
    We were conversing alone very pleasantly and "forgetting  those things which are past, and
reaching forward toward those  things which are future."[293]  We were in the present -- and in
the presence of Truth (which thou art) -- discussing together what  is the nature of the eternal life
of the saints: which eye has not  seen, nor ear heard, neither has entered into the heart of
man.[294]  We opened wide the mouth of our heart, thirsting for  those supernal streams of thy
fountain, "the fountain of life"  which is with thee,[295] that we might be sprinkled with its
waters according to our capacity and might in some measure weigh  the truth of so profound a
mystery.
    24.  And when our conversation had brought us to the point  where the very highest of
physical sense and the most intense  illumination of physical light seemed, in comparison with the
sweetness of that life to come, not worthy of comparison, nor even  of mention, we lifted
ourselves with a more ardent love toward the  Selfsame,[296] and we gradually passed through all
the levels of  bodily objects, and even through the heaven itself, where the sun  and moon and
stars shine on the earth.  Indeed, we soared higher  yet by an inner musing, speaking and
marveling at thy works.      And we came at last to our own minds and went beyond them,  that
we might climb as high as that region of unfailing plenty  where thou feedest Israel forever with
the food of truth, where  life is that Wisdom by whom all things are made, both which have  been
and which are to be.  Wisdom is not made, but is as she has  been and forever shall be; for "to
have been" and "to be
hereafter" do not apply to her, but only "to be," because she is  eternal and "to have been" and "to
be hereafter" are not eternal.      And while we were thus speaking and straining after her, we  just
barely touched her with the whole effort of our hearts.  Then  with a sigh, leaving the first fruits of
the Spirit bound to that  ecstasy, we returned to the sounds of our own tongue, where the  spoken
word had both beginning and end.[297]  But what is like to  thy Word, our Lord, who remaineth
in himself without becoming old,  and "makes all things new"[298]?
    25.  What we said went something like this: "If to any man  the tumult of the flesh were
silenced; and the phantoms of earth  and waters and air were silenced; and the poles were silent as
well; indeed, if the very soul grew silent to herself, and went  beyond herself by not thinking of
herself; if fancies and  imaginary revelations were silenced; if every tongue and every  sign and
every transient thing -- for actually if any man could  hear them, all these would say, 'We did not
create ourselves, but  were created by Him who abides forever' -- and if, having uttered  this, they
too should be silent, having stirred our ears to hear  him who created them; and if then he alone
spoke, not through them  but by himself, that we might hear his word, not in fleshly tongue  or
angelic voice, nor sound of thunder, nor the obscurity of a  parable, but might hear him -- him for
whose sake we love these  things -- if we could hear him without these, as we two now  strained
ourselves to do, we then with rapid thought might touch  on that Eternal Wisdom which abides
over all.  And if this could  be sustained, and other visions of a far different kind be taken
away, and this one should so ravish and absorb and envelop its  beholder in these inward joys that
his life might be eternally  like that one moment of knowledge which we now sighed after --
would not _this_ be the reality of the saying, 'Enter into the joy  of thy Lord'[299]?  But when
shall such a thing be?  Shall it not  be 'when we all shall rise again,' and shall it not be that 'all
things will be changed'[300]?"
    26.  Such a thought I was expressing, and if not in this  manner and in these words, still, O
Lord, thou knowest that on  that day we were talking thus and that this world, with all its  joys,
seemed cheap to us even as we spoke.  Then my mother said:  "Son, for myself I have no longer
any pleasure in anything in this  life.  Now that my hopes in this world are satisfied, I do not
know what more I want here or why I am here.  There was indeed one  thing for which I wished
to tarry a little in this life, and that  was that I might see you a Catholic Christian before I died.
My  God hath answered this more than abundantly, so that I see you now  made his servant and
spurning all earthly happiness.  What more am  I to do here?"


                         CHAPTER XI

    27.  I do not well remember what reply I made to her about  this.  However, it was scarcely
five days later -- certainly not  much more -- that she was prostrated by fever.  While she was
sick, she fainted one day and was for a short time quite
unconscious.  We hurried to her, and when she soon regained her  senses, she looked at me and
my brother[301] as we stood by her,  and said, in inquiry, "Where was I?"  Then looking intently
at us,  dumb in our grief, she said, "Here in this place shall you bury  your mother." I was silent
and held back my tears; but my brother  said something, wishing her the happier lot of dying in
her own  country and not abroad.  When she heard this, she fixed him with  her eye and an
anxious countenance, because he savored of such  earthly concerns, and then gazing at me she
said, "See how he  speaks." Soon after, she said to us both: "Lay this body anywhere,  and do not
let the care of it be a trouble to you at all.  Only  this I ask: that you will remember me at the
Lord's altar,  wherever you are." And when she had expressed her wish in such  words as she
could, she fell silent, in heavy pain with her  increasing sickness.
    28.  But as I thought about thy gifts, O invisible God, which  thou plantest in the heart of thy
faithful ones, from which such  marvelous fruits spring up, I rejoiced and gave thanks to thee,
remembering what I had known of how she had always been much  concerned about her burial
place, which she had provided and  prepared for herself by the body of her husband.  For as they
had  lived very peacefully together, her desire had always been -- so  little is the human mind
capable of grasping things divine -- that  this last should be added to all that happiness, and
commented on  by others: that, after her pilgrimage beyond the sea, it would be  granted her that
the two of them, so united on earth, should lie  in the same grave.
    When this vanity, through the bounty of thy goodness, had  begun to be no longer in her heart,
I do not know; but I joyfully  marveled at what she had thus disclosed to me -- though indeed in
our conversation in the window, when she said, "What is there here  for me to do any more?"  she
appeared not to desire to die in her  own country.  I heard later on that, during our stay in Ostia,
she  had been talking in maternal confidence to some of my friends  about her contempt of this life
and the blessing of death.  When  they were amazed at the courage which was given her, a
woman, and  had asked her whether she did not dread having her body buried so  far from her
own city, she replied: "Nothing is far from God.  I  do not fear that, at the end of time, he should
not know the place  whence he is to resurrect me." And so on the ninth day of her  sickness, in the
fifty-sixth year of her life and the thirty-third  of mine,[302] that religious and devout soul was set
loose from  the body.


                         CHAPTER XII

    29.  I closed her eyes; and there flowed in a great sadness  on my heart and it was passing into
tears, when at the strong  behest of my mind my eyes sucked back the fountain dry, and sorrow
was in me like a convulsion.  As soon as she breathed her last,  the boy Adeodatus burst out
wailing; but he was checked by us all,  and became quiet.  Likewise, my own childish feeling
which was,  through the youthful voice of my heart, seeking escape in tears,  was held back and
silenced.  For we did not consider it fitting to  celebrate that death with tearful wails and
groanings.  This is  the way those who die unhappy or are altogether dead are usually  mourned.
But she neither died unhappy nor did she altogether  die.[303]  For of this we were assured by the
witness of her good  life, her "faith unfeigned,"[304] and other manifest evidence.      30.  What
was it, then, that hurt me so grievously in my  heart except the newly made wound, caused from
having the sweet  and dear habit of living together with her suddenly broken?  I was  full of joy
because of her testimony in her last illness, when she  praised my dutiful attention and called me
kind, and recalled with  great affection of love that she had never heard any harsh or  reproachful
sound from my mouth against her.  But yet, O my God  who made us, how can that honor I paid
her be compared with her  service to me?  I was then left destitute of a great comfort in  her, and
my soul was stricken; and that life was torn apart, as it  were, which had been made but one out of
hers and mine
together.[305]
    31.  When the boy was restrained from weeping, Evodius took  up the Psalter and began to
sing, with the whole household  responding, the psalm, "I will sing of mercy and judgment unto
thee, O Lord."[306]  And when they heard what we were doing, many  of the brethren and
religious women came together.  And while  those whose office it was to prepare for the funeral
went about  their task according to custom, I discoursed in another part of  the house, with those
who thought I should not be left alone, on  what was appropriate to the occasion.  By this balm of
truth, I  softened the anguish known to thee.  They were unconscious of it  and listened intently
and thought me free of any sense of sorrow.   But in thy ears, where none of them heard, I
reproached myself for  the mildness of my feelings, and restrained the flow of my grief  which
bowed a little to my will.  The paroxysm returned again, and  I knew what I repressed in my heart,
even though it did not make  me burst forth into tears or even change my countenance; and I was
greatly annoyed that these human things had such power over me,  which in the due order and
destiny of our natural condition must  of necessity happen.  And so with a new sorrow I sorrowed
for my  sorrow and was wasted with a twofold sadness.
    32.  So, when the body was carried forth, we both went and  returned without tears.  For
neither in those prayers which we  poured forth to thee, when the sacrifice of our redemption was
offered up to thee for her -- with the body placed by the side of  the grave as the custom is there,
before it is lowered down into  it -- neither in those prayers did I weep.  But I was most
grievously sad in secret all the day, and with a troubled mind  entreated thee, as I could, to heal
my sorrow; but thou didst not.   I now believe that thou wast fixing in my memory, by this one
lesson, the power of the bonds of all habit, even on a mind which  now no longer feeds upon
deception.  It then occurred to me that  it would be a good thing to go and bathe, for I had heard
that the  word for bath [balneum] took its name from the Greek balaneion,  because it washes
anxiety from the mind.  Now see, this also I  confess to thy mercy, "O Father of the
fatherless"[307]: I bathed  and felt the same as I had done before.  For the bitterness of my
grief was not sweated from my heart.
    Then I slept, and when I awoke I found my grief not a little  assuaged.  And as I lay there on
my bed, those true verses of  Ambrose came to my mind, for thou art truly,

         "Deus, creator omnium,
    Polique rector, vestiens
    Diem decoro lumine,
    Noctem sopora gratia;
         Artus solutos ut quies
    Reddat laboris usui
    Mentesque fessas allevet,
    Luctusque solvat anxios."

    "O God, Creator of us all,
    Guiding the orbs celestial,
    Clothing the day with lovely light,
    Appointing gracious sleep by night:
    Thy grace our wearied limbs restore

    To strengthened labor, as before,
    And ease the grief of tired minds
    From that deep torment which it finds."[308]

    33.  And then, little by little, there came back to me my  former memories of thy handmaid: her
devout life toward thee, her  holy tenderness and attentiveness toward us, which had suddenly
been taken away from me -- and it was a solace for me to weep in  thy sight, for her and for
myself, about her and about myself.   Thus I set free the tears which before I repressed, that they
might flow at will, spreading them out as a pillow beneath my  heart.  And it rested on them, for
thy ears were near me -- not  those of a man, who would have made a scornful comment about
my  weeping.  But now in writing I confess it to thee, O Lord!  Read  it who will, and comment
how he will, and if he finds me to have  sinned in weeping for my mother for part of an hour --
that mother  who was for a while dead to my eyes, who had for many years wept  for me that I
might live in thy eyes -- let him not laugh at me;  but if he be a man of generous love, let him weep
for my sins  against thee, the Father of all the brethren of thy Christ.

                        CHAPTER XIII

    34.  Now that my heart is healed of that wound -- so far as  it can be charged against me as a
carnal affection -- I pour out  to thee, O our God, on behalf of thy handmaid, tears of a very
different sort: those which flow from a spirit broken by the  thoughts of the dangers of every soul
that dies in Adam.  And  while she had been "made alive" in Christ[309] even before she was
freed from the flesh, and had so lived as to praise thy name both  by her faith and by her life, yet I
would not dare say that from  the time thou didst regenerate her by baptism no word came out of
her mouth against thy precepts.  But it has been declared by thy  Son, the Truth, that "whosoever
shall say to his brother, You  fool, shall be in danger of hell-fire."[310]  And there would be
doom even for the life of a praiseworthy man if thou judgedst it  with thy mercy set aside.  But
since thou dost not so stringently  inquire after our sins, we hope with confidence to find some
place  in thy presence.  But whoever recounts his actual and true merits  to thee, what is he doing
but recounting to thee thy own gifts?   Oh, if only men would know themselves as men, then "he
that  glories" would "glory in the Lord"[311]!
    35.  Thus now, O my Praise and my Life, O God of my heart,  forgetting for a little her good
deeds for which I give joyful  thanks to thee, I now beseech thee for the sins of my mother.
Hearken unto me, through that Medicine of our wounds, who didst  hang upon the tree and who
sittest at thy right hand "making  intercession for us."[312]  I know that she acted in mercy, and
from the heart forgave her debtors their debts.[313]  I beseech  thee also to forgive her debts,
whatever she contracted during so  many years since the water of salvation.  Forgive her, O Lord,
forgive her, I beseech thee; "enter not into judgment" with  her.[314]  Let thy mercy be exalted
above thy justice, for thy  words are true and thou hast promised mercy to the merciful, that
the merciful shall obtain mercy.[315]  This is thy gift, who hast  mercy on whom thou wilt and
who wilt have compassion on whom thou  dost have compassion on.[316]
    36.  Indeed, I believe thou hast already done what I ask of  thee, but "accept the freewill
offerings of my mouth, O
Lord."[317]  For when the day of her dissolution was so close, she  took no thought to have her
body sumptuously wrapped or embalmed  with spices.  Nor did she covet a handsome monument,
or even care  to be buried in her own country.  About these things she gave no  commands at all,
but only desired to have her name remembered at  thy altar, where she had served without the
omission of a single  day, and where she knew that the holy sacrifice was dispensed by  which that
handwriting that was against us is blotted out; and  that enemy vanquished who, when he summed
up our offenses and  searched for something to bring against us, could find nothing in  Him, in
whom we conquer.
    Who will restore to him the innocent blood?  Who will repay  him the price with which he
bought us, so as to take us from him?   Thus to the sacrament of our redemption did thy hand
maid bind her  soul by the bond of faith.  Let none separate her from thy  protection.  Let not the
"lion" and "dragon" bar her way by force  or fraud.  For she will not reply that she owes nothing,
lest she  be convicted and duped by that cunning deceiver.  Rather, she will  answer that her sins
are forgiven by Him to whom no one is able to  repay the price which he, who owed us nothing,
laid down for us  all.
    37.  Therefore, let her rest in peace with her husband,  before and after whom she was married
to no other man; whom she  obeyed with patience, bringing fruit to thee that she might also
win him for thee.  And inspire, O my Lord my God, inspire thy  servants, my brothers; thy sons,
my masters, who with voice and  heart and writings I serve, that as many of them as shall read
these confessions may also at thy altar remember Monica, thy  handmaid, together with Patricius,
once her husband; by whose  flesh thou didst bring me into this life, in a manner I know not.
May they with pious affection remember my parents in this  transitory life, and remember my
brothers under thee our Father in  our Catholic mother; and remember my fellow citizens in the
eternal Jerusalem, for which thy people sigh in their pilgrimage  from birth until their return.  So
be fulfilled what my mother  desired of me -- more richly in the prayers of so many gained for  her
through these confessions of mine than by my prayers alone.


                         BOOK TEN


    From autobiography to self-analysis.  Augustine turns from  his memories of the past to the
inner mysteries of memory itself.   In doing so, he reviews his motives for these written
"confessions," and seeks to chart the path by which men come to  God.  But this brings him into
the intricate analysis of memory  and its relation to the self and its powers.  This done, he
explores the meaning and mode of true prayer.  In conclusion, he  undertakes a detailed analysis
of appetite and the temptations to  which the flesh and the soul are heirs, and comes finally to see
how necessary and right it was for the Mediator between God and  man to have been the
God-Man.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  Let me know thee, O my Knower; let me know thee even as I  am known.[318]  O
Strength of my soul, enter it and prepare it for  thyself that thou mayest have and hold it, without
"spot or  blemish."[319]  This is my hope, therefore have I spoken; and in  this hope I rejoice
whenever I rejoice aright.  But as for the  other things of this life, they deserve our lamentations
less, the  more we lament them; and some should be lamented all the more, the  less men care for
them.  For see, "Thou desirest truth"[320] and  "he who does the truth comes to the light."[321]
This is what I  wish to do through confession in my heart before thee, and in my  writings before
many witnesses.


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  And what is there in me that could be hidden from thee,  Lord, to whose eyes the abysses
of man's conscience are naked,  even if I were unwilling to confess it to thee?  In doing so I
would only hide thee from myself, not myself from thee.  But now  that my groaning is witness to
the fact that I am dissatisfied  with myself, thou shinest forth and satisfiest.  Thou art beloved
and desired; so that I blush for myself, and renounce myself and  choose thee, for I can neither
please thee nor myself except in  thee.  To thee, then, O Lord, I am laid bare, whatever I am, and I
have already said with what profit I may confess to thee.  I do  not do it with words and sounds of
the flesh but with the words of  the soul, and with the sound of my thoughts, which thy ear
knows.   For when I am wicked, to confess to thee means nothing less than  to be dissatisfied with
myself; but when I am truly devout, it  means nothing less than not to attribute my virtue to
myself;  because thou, O Lord, blessest the righteous, but first thou  justifiest him while he is yet
ungodly.  My confession therefore,  O my God, is made unto thee silently in thy sight -- and yet
not  silently.  As far as sound is concerned, it is silent.  But in  strong affection it cries aloud.  For
neither do I give voice to  something that sounds right to men, which thou hast not heard from
me before, nor dost thou hear anything of the kind from me which  thou didst not first say to me.


                         CHAPTER III

    3.  What is it to me that men should hear my confessions as  if it were they who were going to
cure all my infirmities?  People  are curious to know the lives of others, but slow to correct their
own.  Why are they anxious to hear from me what I am, when they  are unwilling to hear from
thee what they are?  And how can they  tell when they hear what I say about myself whether I
speak the  truth, since no man knows what is in a man "save the spirit of man  which is in
him"[322]?  But if they were to hear from thee  something concerning themselves, they would not
be able to say,  "The Lord is lying." For what does it mean to hear from thee about  themselves
but to know themselves?  And who is he that knows  himself and says, "This is false," unless he
himself is lying?   But, because "love believes all things"[323] -- at least among  those who are
bound together in love by its bonds -- I confess to  thee, O Lord, so that men may also hear; for if
I cannot prove to  them that I confess the truth, yet those whose ears love opens to  me will
believe me.
    4.  But wilt thou, O my inner Physician, make clear to me  what profit I am to gain in doing
this?  For the confessions of my  past sins (which thou hast "forgiven and covered"[324] that thou
mightest make me blessed in thee, transforming my soul by faith  and thy sacrament), when _they_
are read and heard, may stir up  the heart so that it will stop dozing along in despair, saying, "I
cannot"; but will instead awake in the love of thy mercy and the  sweetness of thy grace, by which
he that is weak is strong,  provided he is made conscious of his own weakness.  And it will  please
those who are good to hear about the past errors of those  who are now freed from them.  And
they will take delight, not  because they are errors, but because they were and are so no  longer.
What profit, then, O Lord my God -- to whom my conscience  makes her daily confession, far
more confident in the hope of thy  mercy than in her own innocence -- what profit is there, I ask
thee, in confessing to men in thy presence, through this book,  both what I am now as well as
what I have been?  For I have seen  and spoken of my harvest of things past.  But what am I
_now_, at  this very moment of making my confessions?  Many different people  desire to know,
both those who know me and those who do not know  me.  Some have heard about me or from
me, but their ear is not  close to my heart, where I am whatever it is that I am.  They have  the
desire to hear me confess what I am within, where they can  neither extend eye nor ear nor mind.
They desire as those willing  to believe -- but will they understand?  For the love by which  they
are good tells them that I am not lying in my confessions,  and the love in them believes me.


                         CHAPTER IV

    5.  But for what profit do they desire this?  Will they wish  me happiness when they learn how
near I have approached thee, by  thy gifts?  And will they pray for me when they learn how much
I  am still kept back by my own weight?  To such as these I will  declare myself.  For it is no small
profit, O Lord my God, that  many people should give thanks to thee on my account and that
many  should entreat thee for my sake.  Let the brotherly soul love in  me what thou teachest him
should be loved, and let him lament in  me what thou teachest him should be lamented.  Let it be
the soul  of a brother that does this, and not a stranger -- not one of  those "strange children,
whose mouth speaks vanity, and whose  right hand is the right hand of falsehood."[325]  But let
my  brother do it who, when he approves of me, rejoices for me, but  when he disapproves of me
is sorry for me; because whether he  approves or disapproves, he loves me.  To such I will declare
myself.  Let them be refreshed by my good deeds and sigh over my  evil ones.  My good deeds are
thy acts and thy gifts; my evil ones  are my own faults and thy judgment.  Let them breathe
expansively  at the one and sigh over the other.  And let hymns and tears  ascend in thy sight out
of their brotherly hearts -- which are thy  censers.[326]  And, O Lord, who takest delight in the
incense of  thy holy temple, have mercy upon me according to thy great mercy,  for thy name's
sake.  And do not, on any account whatever, abandon  what thou hast begun in me.  Go on,
rather, to complete what is  yet imperfect in me.
    6.  This, then, is the fruit of my confessions (not of what I  was, but of what I am), that I may
not confess this before thee  alone, in a secret exultation with trembling and a secret sorrow  with
hope, but also in the ears of the believing sons of men --  who are the companions of my joy and
sharers of my mortality, my  fellow citizens and fellow pilgrims -- those who have gone before
and those who are to follow after, as well as the comrades of my  present way.  These are thy
servants, my brothers, whom thou  desirest to be thy sons.  They are my masters, whom thou hast
commanded me to serve if I desire to live with and in thee.  But  this thy Word would mean little
to me if it commanded in words  alone, without thy prevenient action.  I do this, then, both in  act
and word.  I do this under thy wings, in a danger too great to  risk if it were not that under thy
wings my soul is subject to  thee, and my weakness known to thee.  I am insufficient, but my
Father liveth forever, and my Defender is sufficient for me.  For  he is the Selfsame who didst
beget me and who watcheth over me;  thou art the Selfsame who art all my good.  Thou art the
Omnipotent, who art with me, even before I am with thee.  To  those, therefore, whom thou
commandest me to serve, I will  declare, not what I was, but what I now am and what I will
continue to be.  But I do not judge myself.  Thus, therefore, let  me be heard.


                          CHAPTER V

    7.  For it is thou, O Lord, who judgest me.  For although no  man "knows the things of a man,
save the spirit of the man which  is in him,"[327] yet there is something of man which "the spirit
of the man which is in him" does not know itself.  But thou, O  Lord, who madest him, knowest
him completely.  And even I --  though in thy sight I despise myself and count myself but dust and
ashes -- even I know something about thee which I do not know  about myself.  And it is certain
that "now we see through a glass  darkly," not yet "face to face."[328]  Therefore, as long as I
journey away from thee, I am more present with myself than with  thee.  I know that thou canst
not suffer violence, but I myself do  not know what temptations I can resist, and what I cannot.
But  there is hope, because thou art faithful and thou wilt not allow  us to be tempted beyond our
ability to resist, but wilt with the  temptation also make a way of escape that we may be able to
bear  it.  I would therefore confess what I know about myself; I will  also confess what I do not
know about myself.  What I do know of  myself, I know from thy enlightening of me; and what I
do not know  of myself, I will continue not to know until the time when my  "darkness is as the
noonday"[329] in thy sight.


                         CHAPTER VI

    8.  It is not with a doubtful consciousness, but one fully  certain that I love thee, O Lord.
Thou hast smitten my heart with  thy Word, and I have loved thee.  And see also the heaven, and
earth, and all that is in them -- on every side they tell me to  love thee, and they do not cease to
tell this to all men, "so that  they are without excuse."[330]  Wherefore, still more deeply wilt
thou have mercy on whom thou wilt have mercy, and compassion on  whom thou wilt have
compassion.[331]  For otherwise, both heaven  and earth would tell abroad thy praises to deaf
ears.
    But what is it that I love in loving thee?  Not physical  beauty, nor the splendor of time, nor
the radiance of the light --  so pleasant to our eyes -- nor the sweet melodies of the various
kinds of songs, nor the fragrant smell of flowers and ointments  and spices; not manna and honey,
not the limbs embraced in  physical love -- it is not these I love when I love my God.  Yet  it is
true that I love a certain kind of light and sound and  fragrance and food and embrace in loving
my God, who is the light  and sound and fragrance and food and embracement of my inner man  --
where that light shines into my soul which no place can  contain, where time does not snatch away
the lovely sound, where  no breeze disperses the sweet fragrance, where no eating
diminishes the food there provided, and where there is an embrace  that no satiety comes to
sunder.  This is what I love when I love  my God.
    9.  And what is this God?  I asked the earth, and it  answered, "I am not he"; and everything in
the earth made the same  confession.  I asked the sea and the deeps and the creeping  things, and
they replied, "We are not your God; seek above us." I  asked the fleeting winds, and the whole air
with its inhabitants  answered, "Anaximenes[332] was deceived; I am not God." I asked  the
heavens, the sun, moon, and stars; and they answered, "Neither  are we the God whom you seek."
And I replied to all these things  which stand around the door of my flesh: "You have told me
about  my God, that you are not he.  Tell me something about him." And  with a loud voice they
all cried out, "He made us." My question  had come from my observation of them, and their reply
came from  their beauty of order.  And I turned my thoughts into myself and  said, "Who are
you?"  And I answered, "A man." For see, there is  in me both a body and a soul; the one without,
the other within.   In which of these should I have sought my God, whom I had already  sought
with my body from earth to heaven, as far as I was able to  send those messengers -- the beams of
my eyes?  But the inner part  is the better part; for to it, as both ruler and judge, all these
messengers of the senses report the answers of heaven and earth  and all the things therein, who
said, "We are not God, but he made  us." My inner man knew these things through the ministry of
the  outer man, and I, the inner man, knew all this -- I, the soul,  through the senses of my
body.[333]  I asked the whole frame of  earth about my God, and it answered, "I am not he, but
he made  me."
    10.  Is not this beauty of form visible to all whose senses  are unimpaired?  Why, then, does it
not say the same things to  all?  Animals, both small and great, see it but they are unable to
interrogate its meaning, because their senses are not endowed with  the reason that would enable
them to judge the evidence which the  senses report.  But man can interrogate it, so that "the
invisible  things of him . . . are clearly seen, being understood by the  things that are made."[334]
But men love these created things too  much; they are brought into subjection to them -- and, as
subjects, are not able to judge.  None of these created things  reply to their questioners unless they
can make rational
judgments.  The creatures will not alter their voice -- that is,  their beauty of form -- if one man
simply sees what another both  sees and questions, so that the world appears one way to this man
and another to that.  It appears the same way to both; but it is  mute to this one and it speaks to
that one.  Indeed, it actually  speaks to all, but only they understand it who compare the voice
received from without with the truth within.  For the truth says  to me, "Neither heaven nor earth
nor anybody is your God." Their  very nature tells this to the one who beholds[335] them.  "They
are a mass, less in part than the whole." Now, O my soul, you are  my better part, and to you I
speak; since you animate the whole  mass of your body, giving it life, whereas no body furnishes
life  to a body.  But your God is the life of your life.


                         CHAPTER VII

    11.  What is it, then, that I love when I love my God?  Who  is he that is beyond the topmost
point of my soul?  Yet by this  very soul will I mount up to him.  I will soar beyond that power  of
mine by which I am united to the body, and by which the whole  structure of it is filled with life.
Yet it is not by that vital  power that I find my God.  For then "the horse and the mule, that  have
no understanding,"[336] also might find him, since they have  the same vital power, by which their
bodies also live.  But there  is, besides the power by which I animate my body, another by which  I
endow my flesh with sense -- a power that the Lord hath provided  for me; commanding that the
eye is not to hear and the ear is not  to see, but that I am to see by the eye and to hear by the ear;
and giving to each of the other senses its own proper place and  function, through the diversity of
which I, the single mind, act.   I will soar also beyond this power of mine, for the horse and mule
have this too, for they also perceive through their bodily senses.

                        CHAPTER VIII

    12.  I will soar, then, beyond this power of my nature also,  still rising by degrees toward him
who made me.  And I enter the  fields and spacious halls of memory, where are stored as treasures
the countless images that have been brought into them from all  manner of things by the senses.
There, in the memory, is likewise  stored what we cogitate, either by enlarging or reducing our
perceptions, or by altering one way or another those things which  the senses have made contact
with; and everything else that has  been entrusted to it and stored up in it, which oblivion has not
yet swallowed up and buried.
    When I go into this storehouse, I ask that what I want should  be brought forth.  Some things
appear immediately, but others  require to be searched for longer, and then dragged out, as it
were, from some hidden recess.  Other things hurry forth in  crowds, on the other hand, and while
something else is sought and  inquired for, they leap into view as if to say, "Is it not we,
perhaps?"  These I brush away with the hand of my heart from the  face of my memory, until
finally the thing I want makes its  appearance out of its secret cell.  Some things suggest
themselves  without effort, and in continuous order, just as they are called  for -- the things that
come first give place to those that follow,  and in so doing are treasured up again to be
forthcoming when I  want them.  All of this happens when I repeat a thing from memory.      13.
All these things, each one of which came into memory in  its own particular way, are stored up
separately and under the  general categories of understanding.  For example, light and all  colors
and forms of bodies came in through the eyes; sounds of all  kinds by the ears; all smells by the
passages of the nostrils; all  flavors by the gate of the mouth; by the sensation of the whole
body, there is brought in what is hard or soft, hot or cold,  smooth or rough, heavy or light,
whether external or internal to  the body.  The vast cave of memory, with its numerous and
mysterious recesses, receives all these things and stores them up,  to be recalled and brought forth
when required.  Each experience  enters by its own door, and is stored up in the memory.  And
yet  the things themselves do not enter it, but only the images of the  things perceived are there for
thought to remember.  And who can  tell how these images are formed, even if it is evident which
of  the senses brought which perception in and stored it up?  For even  when I am in darkness and
silence I can bring out colors in my  memory if I wish, and discern between black and white and
the  other shades as I wish; and at the same time, sounds do not break  in and disturb what is
drawn in by my eyes, and which I am  considering, because the sounds which are also there are
stored  up, as it were, apart.  And these too I can summon if I please and  they are immediately
present in memory.  And though my tongue is  at rest and my throat silent, yet I can sing as I will;
and those  images of color, which are as truly present as before, do not  interpose themselves or
interrupt while another treasure which had  flowed in through the ears is being thought about.
Similarly all  the other things that were brought in and heaped up by all the  other senses, I can
recall at my pleasure.  And I distinguish the  scent of lilies from that of violets while actually
smelling  nothing; and I prefer honey to mead, a smooth thing to a rough,  even though I am
neither tasting nor handling them, but only  remembering them.
    14.  All this I do within myself, in that huge hall of my  memory.  For in it, heaven, earth, and
sea are present to me, and  whatever I can cogitate about them -- except what I have
forgotten.  There also I meet myself and recall myself[337] --  what, when, or where I did a thing,
and how I felt when I did it.   There are all the things that I remember, either having
experienced them myself or been told about them by others.  Out of  the same storehouse, with
these past impressions, I can construct  now this, now that, image of things that I either have
experienced  or have believed on the basis of experience -- and from these I  can further construct
future actions, events, and hopes; and I can  meditate on all these things as if they were present.
"I will do  this or that" -- I say to myself in that vast recess of my mind,  with its full store of so
many and such great images -- "and this  or that will follow upon it." "O that this or that could
happen!"  "God prevent this or that." I speak to myself in this way; and  when I speak, the images
of what I am speaking about are present  out of the same store of memory; and if the images were
absent I  could say nothing at all about them.
    15.  Great is this power of memory, exceedingly great, O my  God -- a large and boundless
inner hall!  Who has plumbed the  depths of it?  Yet it is a power of my mind, and it belongs to my
nature.  But I do not myself grasp all that I am.  Thus the mind  is far too narrow to contain itself.
But where can that part of  it be which it does not contain?  Is it outside and not in itself?   How
can it be, then, that the mind cannot grasp itself?  A great  marvel rises in me; astonishment seizes
me.  Men go forth to  marvel at the heights of mountains and the huge waves of the sea,  the
broad flow of the rivers, the vastness of the ocean, the  orbits of the stars, and yet they neglect to
marvel at themselves.   Nor do they wonder how it is that, when I spoke of all these  things, I was
not looking at them with my eyes -- and yet I could  not have spoken about them had it not been
that I was actually  seeing within, in my memory, those mountains and waves and rivers  and stars
which I have seen, and that ocean which I believe in --  and with the same vast spaces between
them as when I saw them  outside me.  But when I saw them outside me, I did not take them  into
me by seeing them; and the things themselves are not inside  me, but only their images.  And yet I
knew through which physical  sense each experience had made an impression on me.


                         CHAPTER IX

    16.  And yet this is not all that the unlimited capacity of  my memory stores up.  In memory,
there are also all that one has  learned of the liberal sciences, and has not forgotten -- removed
still further, so to say, into an inner place which is not a  place.  Of these things it is not the images
that are retained,  but the things themselves.  For what literature and logic are, and  what I know
about how many different kinds of questions there are  -- all these are stored in my memory as
they are, so that I have  not taken in the image and left the thing outside.  It is not as  though a
sound had sounded and passed away like a voice heard by  the ear which leaves a trace by which
it can be called into memory  again, as if it were still sounding in mind while it did so no  longer
outside.  Nor is it the same as an odor which, even after  it has passed and vanished into the wind,
affects the sense of  smell -- which then conveys into the memory the _image_ of the  smell which
is what we recall and re-create; or like food which,  once in the belly, surely now has no taste and
yet does have a  kind of taste in the memory; or like anything that is felt by the  body through the
sense of touch, which still remains as an image  in the memory after the external object is
removed.  For these  things themselves are not put into the memory.  Only the images of
them are gathered with a marvelous quickness and stored, as it  were, in the most wonderful filing
system, and are thence produced  in a marvelous way by the act of remembering.


                          CHAPTER X

    17.  But now when I hear that there are three kinds of  questions -- "Whether a thing is?  What
it is?  Of what kind it  is?" -- I do indeed retain the images of the sounds of which these  words
are composed and I know that those sounds pass through the  air with a noise and now no longer
exist.  But the things  themselves which were signified by those sounds I never could  reach by
any sense of the body nor see them at all except by my  mind.  And what I have stored in my
memory was not their signs,  but the things signified.
    How they got into me, let them tell who can.  For I examine  all the gates of my flesh, but I
cannot find the door by which any  of them entered.  For the eyes say, "If they were colored, we
reported that." The ears say, "If they gave any sound, we gave  notice of that." The nostrils say,
"If they smell, they passed in  by us." The sense of taste says, "If they have no flavor, don't  ask
me about them." The sense of touch says, "If it had no bodily  mass, I did not touch it, and if I
never touched it, I gave no  report about it."
    Whence and how did these things enter into my memory?  I do  not know.  For when I first
learned them, it was not that I  believed them on the credit of another man's mind, but I
recognized them in my own; and I saw them as true, took them into  my mind and laid them up,
so to say, where I could get at them  again whenever I willed.  There they were, then, even before
I  learned them, but they were not in my memory.  Where were they,  then?  How does it come
about that when they were spoken of, I  could acknowledge them and say, "So it is, it is true,"
unless  they were already in the memory, though far back and hidden, as it  were, in the more
secret caves, so that unless they had been drawn  out by the teaching of another person, I should
perhaps never have  been able to think of them at all?


                         CHAPTER XI

    18.  Thus we find that learning those things whose images we  do not take in by our senses,
but which we intuit within ourselves  without images and as they actually are, is nothing else
except  the gathering together of those same things which the memory  already contains -- but in
an indiscriminate and confused manner  -- and putting them together by careful observation as
they are at  hand in the memory; so that whereas they formerly lay hidden,  scattered, or
neglected, they now come easily to present
themselves to the mind which is now familiar with them.  And how  many things of this sort my
memory has stored up, which have  already been discovered and, as I said, laid up for ready
reference.  These are the things we may be said to have learned  and to know.  Yet, if I cease to
recall them even for short  intervals of time, they are again so submerged -- and slide back,
as it were, into the further reaches of the memory -- that they  must be drawn out again as if new
from the same place (for there  is nowhere else for them to have gone) and must be collected
[cogenda] so that they can become known.  In other words, they  must be gathered up
[colligenda] from their dispersion.  This is  where we get the word cogitate [cogitare].  For cogo
[collect] and  cogito [to go on collecting] have the same relation to each other  as ago [do] and
agito [do frequently], and facio [make] and  factito [make frequently].  But the mind has properly
laid claim  to this word [cogitate] so that not everything that is gathered  together anywhere, but
only what is collected and gathered  together in the mind, is properly said to be "cogitated."


                         CHAPTER XII

    19.  The memory also contains the principles and the  unnumbered laws of numbers and
dimensions.  None of these has been  impressed on the memory by a physical sense, because they
have  neither color nor sound, nor taste, nor sense of touch. I have  heard the sound of the words
by which these things are signified  when they are discussed: but the sounds are one thing, the
things  another.  For the sounds are one thing in Greek, another in Latin;  but the things
themselves are neither Greek nor Latin nor any  other language.  I have seen the lines of the
craftsmen, the  finest of which are like a spider's web, but mathematical lines  are different.  They
are not the images of such things as the eye  of my body has showed me.  The man who knows
them does so without  any cogitation of physical objects whatever, but intuits them  within
himself.  I have perceived with all the senses of my body  the numbers we use in counting; but the
numbers by which we count  are far different from these.  They are not the images of these;  they
simply are.  Let the man who does not see these things mock  me for saying them; and I will pity
him while he laughs at me.

                        CHAPTER XIII

    20.  All these things I hold in my memory, and I remember how  I learned them.  I also
remember many things that I have heard  quite falsely urged against them, which, even if they are
false,  yet it is not false that I have remembered them.  And I also  remember that I have
distinguished between the truths and the  false objections, and now I see that it is one thing to
distinguish these things and another to remember that I did  distinguish them when I have
cogitated on them.  I remember, then,  both that I have often understood these things and also
that I am  now storing away in my memory what I distinguish and comprehend of  them so that
later on I may remember just as I understand them  now.  Therefore, I remember that I
remembered, so that if  afterward I call to mind that I once was able to remember these  things it
will be through the power of memory that I recall it.

                         CHAPTER XIV

    21.  This same memory also contains the feelings of my mind;  not in the manner in which the
mind itself experienced them, but  very differently according to a power peculiar to memory.  For
without being joyous now, I can remember that I once was joyous,  and without being sad, I can
recall my past sadness.  I can  remember past fears without fear, and former desires without
desire.  Again, the contrary happens.  Sometimes when I am joyous  I remember my past sadness,
and when sad, remember past joy.      This is not to be marveled at as far as the body is
concerned; for the mind is one thing and the body another.[338]   If, therefore, when I am happy,
I recall some past bodily pain, it  is not so strange.  But even as this memory is experienced, it is
identical with the mind -- as when we tell someone to remember  something we say, "See that you
bear this in mind"; and when we  forget a thing, we say, "It did not enter my mind" or "It slipped
my mind." Thus we call memory itself mind.
    Since this is so, how does it happen that when I am joyful I  can still remember past sorrow?
Thus the mind has joy, and the  memory has sorrow; and the mind is joyful from the joy that is in
it, yet the memory is not sad from the sadness that is in it.  Is  it possible that the memory does
not belong to the mind?  Who will  say so?  The memory doubtless is, so to say, the belly of the
mind: and joy and sadness are like sweet and bitter food, which  when they are committed to the
memory are, so to say, passed into  the belly where they can be stored but no longer tasted.  It is
ridiculous to consider this an analogy; yet they are not utterly  unlike.
    22.  But look, it is from my memory that I produce it when I  say that there are four basic
emotions of the mind: desire, joy,  fear, sadness.  Whatever kind of analysis I may be able to make
of  these, by dividing each into its particular species, and by  defining it, I still find what to say in
my memory and it is from  my memory that I draw it out.  Yet I am not moved by any of these
emotions when I call them to mind by remembering them.  Moreover,  before I recalled them and
thought about them, they were there in  the memory; and this is how they could be brought forth
in  remembrance.  Perhaps, therefore, just as food is brought up out  of the belly by rumination, so
also these things are drawn up out  of the memory by recall.  But why, then, does not the man
who is  thinking about the emotions, and is thus recalling them, feel in  the mouth of his reflection
the sweetness of joy or the bitterness  of sadness?  Is the comparison unlike in this because it is
not  complete at every point?  For who would willingly speak on these  subjects, if as often as we
used the term sadness or fear, we  should thereby be compelled to be sad or fearful?  And yet we
could never speak of them if we did not find them in our memories,  not merely as the sounds of
the names, as their images are  impressed on it by the physical senses, but also the notions of
the things themselves -- which we did not receive by any gate of  the flesh, but which the mind
itself recognizes by the experience  of its own passions, and has entrusted to the memory; or else
which the memory itself has retained without their being entrusted  to it.


                         CHAPTER XV

    23.  Now whether all this is by means of images or not, who  can rightly affirm?  For I name a
stone, I name the sun, and those  things themselves are not present to my senses, but their images
are present in my memory.  I name some pain of the body, yet it is  not present when there is no
pain; yet if there were not some such  image of it in my memory, I could not even speak of it, nor
should  I be able to distinguish it from pleasure.  I name bodily health  when I am sound in body,
and the thing itself is indeed present in  me.  At the same time, unless there were some image of it
in my  memory, I could not possibly call to mind what the sound of this  name signified.  Nor
would sick people know what was meant when  health was named, unless the same image were
preserved by the  power of memory, even though the thing itself is absent from the  body.  I can
name the numbers we use in counting, and it is not  their images but themselves that are in my
memory.  I name the  image of the sun, and this too is in my memory.  For I do not  recall the
image of that image, but that image itself, for the  image itself is present when I remember it.  I
name memory and I  know what I name.  But where do I know it, except in the memory  itself?
Is it also present to itself by its image, and not by  itself?


                         CHAPTER XVI

    24.  When I name forgetfulness, and understand what I mean by  the name, how could I
understand it if I did not remember it?  And  if I refer not to the sound of the name, but to the
thing which  the term signifies, how could I know what that sound signified if  I had forgotten
what the name means?  When, therefore, I remember  memory, then memory is present to itself by
itself, but when I  remember forgetfulness then both memory and forgetfulness are  present
together -- the memory by which I remember the
forgetfulness which I remember.  But what is forgetfulness except  the privation of memory?
How, then, is that present to my memory  which, when it controls my mind, I cannot remember?
But if what  we remember we store up in our memory; and if, unless we
remembered forgetfulness, we could never know the thing signified  by the term when we heard it
-- then, forgetfulness is contained  in the memory.  It is present so that we do not forget it, but
since it is present, we do forget.
    From this it is to be inferred that when we remember  forgetfulness, it is not present to the
memory through itself, but  through its image; because if forgetfulness were present through
itself, it would not lead us to remember, but only to forget.  Now  who will someday work this
out?  Who can understand how it is?       25.  Truly, O Lord, I toil with this and labor in myself.  I
have become a troublesome field that requires hard labor and heavy  sweat.  For we are not now
searching out the tracts of heaven, or  measuring the distances of the stars or inquiring about the
weight  of the earth.  It is I myself -- I, the mind -- who remember.   This is not much to marvel
at, if what I myself am is not far from  me.  And what is nearer to me than myself?  For see, I am
not able  to comprehend the force of my own memory, though I could not even  call my own
name without it.  But what shall I say, when it is  clear to me that I remember forgetfulness?
Should I affirm that  what I remember is not in my memory?  Or should I say that  forgetfulness is
in my memory to the end that I should not forget?   Both of these views are most absurd.  But
what third view is  there?  How can I say that the image of forgetfulness is retained  by my
memory, and not forgetfulness itself, when I remember it?   How can I say this, since for the
image of anything to be  imprinted on the memory the thing itself must necessarily have  been
present first by which the image could have been imprinted?   Thus I remember Carthage; thus,
also, I remember all the other  places where I have been.  And I remember the faces of men whom
I  have seen and things reported by the other senses.  I remember the  health or sickness of the
body.  And when these objects were  present, my memory received images from them so that they
remain  present in order for me to see them and reflect upon them in my  mind, if I choose to
remember them in their absence.  If,  therefore, forgetfulness is retained in the memory through its
image and not through itself, then this means that it itself was  once present, so that its image
might have been imprinted.  But  when it was present, how did it write its image on the memory,
since forgetfulness, by its presence, blots out even what it finds  already written there?  And yet in
some way or other, even though  it is incomprehensible and inexplicable, I am still quite certain
that I also remember forgetfulness, by which we remember that  something is blotted out.


                        CHAPTER XVII

    26.  Great is the power of memory.  It is a true marvel, O my  God, a profound and infinite
multiplicity!  And this is the mind,  and this I myself am.  What, then, am I, O my God?  Of what
nature  am I?  A life various, and manifold, and exceedingly vast.  Behold  in the numberless halls
and caves, in the innumerable fields and  dens and caverns of my memory, full without measure of
numberless  kinds of things -- present there either through images as all  bodies are; or present in
the things themselves as are our  thoughts; or by some notion or observation as our emotions are,
which the memory retains even though the mind feels them no  longer, as long as whatever is in
the memory is also in the mind  -- through all these I run and fly to and fro.  I penetrate into  them
on this side and that as far as I can and yet there is  nowhere any end.
    So great is the power of memory, so great the power of life  in man whose life is mortal!
What, then, shall I do, O thou my  true life, my God?  I will pass even beyond this power of mine
that is called memory -- I will pass beyond it, that I may come to  thee, O lovely Light.  And what
art thou saying to me?  See, I  soar by my mind toward thee, who remainest above me.  I will also
pass beyond this power of mine that is called memory, desiring to  reach thee where thou canst be
reached, and wishing to cleave to  thee where it is possible to cleave to thee.  For even beasts and
birds possess memory, or else they could never find their lairs  and nests again, nor display many
other things they know and do by  habit.  Indeed, they could not even form their habits except by
their memories.  I will therefore pass even beyond memory that I  may reach Him who has
differentiated me from the four-footed  beasts and the fowls of the air by making me a wiser
creature.   Thus I will pass beyond memory; but where shall I find thee, who  art the true Good
and the steadfast Sweetness?  But where shall I  find thee?  If I find thee without memory, then I
shall have no  memory of thee; and how could I find thee at all, if I do not  remember thee?


                        CHAPTER XVIII

    27.  For the woman who lost her small coin[339] and searched  for it with a light would never
have found it unless she had  remembered it.  For when it was found, how could she have known
whether it was the same coin, if she had not remembered it?  I  remember having lost and found
many things, and I have learned  this from that experience: that when I was searching for any of
them and was asked: "Is this it? Is that it?"  I answered, "No,"  until finally what I was seeking
was shown to me.  But if I had  not remembered it -- whatever it was -- even though it was shown
to me, I still would not have found it because I could not have  recognized it.  And this is the way
it always is when we search  for and find anything that is lost.  Still, if anything is  accidentally lost
from sight -- not from memory, as a visible body  might be -- its image is retained within, and the
thing is  searched for until it is restored to sight.  And when the thing is  found, it is recognized by
the image of it which is within.  And  we do not say that we have found what we have lost unless
we can  recognize it, and we cannot recognize it unless we remember it.   But all the while the
thing lost to the sight was retained in the  memory.


                         CHAPTER XIX

    28.  But what happens when the memory itself loses something,  as when we forget anything
and try to recall it?  Where, finally,  do we search, but in the memory itself?  And there, if by
chance  one thing is offered for another, we refuse it until we meet with  what we are looking for;
and when we do, we recognize that this is  it.  But we could not do this unless we recognized it,
nor could  we have recognized it unless we remembered it.  Yet we had indeed  forgotten it.
    Perhaps the whole of it had not slipped out of our memory;  but a part was retained by which
the other lost part was sought  for, because the memory realized that it was not operating as
smoothly as usual and was being held up by the crippling of its  habitual working; hence, it
demanded the restoration of what was  lacking.
    For example, if we see or think of some man we know, and,  having forgotten his name, try to
recall it -- if some other thing  presents itself, we cannot tie it into the effort to remember,
because it was not habitually thought of in association with him.   It is consequently rejected, until
something comes into the mind  on which our knowledge can rightly rest as the familiar and
sought-for object.  And where does this name come back from, save  from the memory itself?  For
even when we recognize it by  another's reminding us of it, still it is from the memory that  this
comes, for we do not believe it as something new; but when we  recall it, we admit that what was
said was correct.  But if the  name had been entirely blotted out of the mind, we should not be
able to recollect it even when reminded of it.  For we have not  entirely forgotten anything if we
can remember that we have  forgotten it.  For a lost notion, one that we have entirely  forgotten,
we cannot even search for.


                          CHAPTER XX

    29.  How, then, do I seek thee, O Lord?  For when I seek  thee, my God, I seek a happy life.  I
will seek thee that my soul  may live.[340]  For my body lives by my soul, and my soul lives by
thee.  How, then, do I seek a happy life, since happiness is not  mine till I can rightly say: "It is
enough.  This is it." How do I  seek it?  Is it by remembering, as though I had forgotten it and
still knew that I had forgotten it?  Do I seek it in longing to  learn of it as though it were
something unknown, which either I  had never known or had so completely forgotten as not even
to  remember that I had forgotten it?  Is not the happy life the thing  that all desire, and is there
anyone who does not desire it at  all?[341]  But where would they have gotten the knowledge of
it,  that they should so desire it?  Where have they seen it that they  should so love it?  It is
somehow true that we have it, but how I  do not know.
    There is, indeed, a sense in which when anyone has his desire  he is happy.  And then there are
some who are happy in hope.   These are happy in an inferior degree to those that are actually
happy; yet they are better off than those who are happy neither in  actuality nor in hope.  But even
these, if they had not known  happiness in some degree, would not then desire to be happy.  And
yet it is most certain that they do so desire.  How they come to  know happiness, I cannot tell, but
they have it by some kind of  knowledge unknown to me, for I am very much in doubt as to
whether  it is in the memory.  For if it is in there, then we have been  happy once on a time --
either each of us individually or all of  us in that man who first sinned and in whom also we all
died and  from whom we are all born in misery.  How this is, I do not now  ask; but I do ask
whether the happy life is in the memory.  For if  we did not know it, we should not love it.  We
hear the name of  it, and we all acknowledge that we desire the thing, for we are  not delighted
with the name only.  For when a Greek hears it  spoken in Latin, he does not feel delighted, for he
does not know  what has been spoken.  But we are as delighted as he would be in  turn if he heard
it in Greek, because the thing itself is neither  Greek nor Latin, this happiness which Greeks and
Latins and men of  all the other tongues long so earnestly to obtain.  It is, then,  known to all; and
if all could with one voice be asked whether  they wished to be happy, there is no doubt they
would all answer  that they would.  And this would not be possible unless the thing  itself, which
we name "happiness," were held in the memory.

                         CHAPTER XXI

    30.  But is it the same kind of memory as one who having seen  Carthage remembers it?  No,
for the happy life is not visible to  the eye, since it is not a physical object.  Is it the sort of
memory we have for numbers?  No, for the man who has these in his  understanding does not
keep striving to attain more.  Now we know  something about the happy life and therefore we
love it, but still  we wish to go on striving for it that we may be happy.  Is the  memory of
happiness, then, something like the memory of eloquence?   No, for although some, when they
hear the term eloquence, call the  thing to mind, even if they are not themselves eloquent -- and
further, there are many people who would like to be eloquent, from  which it follows that they
must know something about it --  nevertheless, these people have noticed through their senses
that  others are eloquent and have been delighted to observe this and  long to be this way
themselves.  But they would not be delighted  if it were not some interior knowledge; and they
would not desire  to be delighted unless they had been delighted.  But as for a  happy life, there is
no physical perception by which we experience  it in others.
    Do we remember happiness, then, as we remember joy?  It may  be so, for I remember my joy
even when I am sad, just as I  remember a happy life when I am miserable.  And I have never,
through physical perception, either seen, heard, smelled, tasted,  or touched my joy.  But I have
experienced it in my mind when I  rejoiced; and the knowledge of it clung to my memory so that I
can  call it to mind, sometimes with disdain and at other times with  longing, depending on the
different kinds of things I now remember  that I rejoiced in.  For I have been bathed with a certain
joy  even by unclean things, which I now detest and execrate as I call  them to mind.  At other
times, I call to mind with longing good  and honest things, which are not any longer near at hand,
and I am  therefore saddened when I recall my former joy.
    31.  Where and when did I ever experience my happy life that  I can call it to mind and love it
and long for it?  It is not I  alone or even a few others who wish to be happy, but absolutely
everybody.  Unless we knew happiness by a knowledge that is  certain, we should not wish for it
with a will which is so  certain.  Take this example: If two men were asked whether they  wished
to serve as soldiers, one of them might reply that he  would, and the other that he would not; but
if they were asked  whether they wished to be happy, both of them would unhesitatingly  say that
they would.  But the first one would wish to serve as a  soldier and the other would not wish to
serve, both from no other  motive than to be happy.  Is it, perhaps, that one finds his joy  in this
and another in that?  Thus they agree in their wish for  happiness just as they would also agree, if
asked, in wishing for  joy.  Is this joy what they call a happy life?  Although one could  choose his
joy in this way and another in that, all have one goal  which they strive to attain, namely, to have
joy.  This joy, then,  being something that no one can say he has not experienced, is  therefore
found in the memory and it is recognized whenever the  phrase "a happy life" is heard.


                        CHAPTER XXII

    32.  Forbid it, O Lord, put it far from the heart of thy  servant, who confesses to thee -- far be
it from me to think I am  happy because of any and all the joy I have.  For there is a joy  not
granted to the wicked but only to those who worship thee  thankfully -- and this joy thou thyself
art.  The happy life is  this -- to rejoice to thee, in thee, and for thee.  This it is and  there is no
other.  But those who think there is another follow  after other joys, and not the true one.  But
their will is still  not moved except by some image or shadow of joy.


                        CHAPTER XXIII

    33.  Is it, then, uncertain that all men wish to be happy,  since those who do not wish to find
their joy in thee -- which is  alone the happy life -- do not actually desire the happy life?   Or, is it
rather that all desire this, but because "the flesh  lusts against the spirit and the spirit against the
flesh," so  that they "prevent you from doing what you would,"[342] you fall  to doing what you
are able to do and are content with that.  For  you do not want to do what you cannot do urgently
enough to make  you able to do it.
    Now I ask all men whether they would rather rejoice in truth  or in falsehood.  They will no
more hesitate to answer, "In  truth," than to say that they wish to be happy.  For a happy life  is
joy in the truth.  Yet this is joy in thee, who art the Truth,  O God my Light, "the health of my
countenance and my God."[343]   All wish for this happy life; all wish for this life which is the
only happy one: joy in the truth is what all men wish.
    I have had experience with many who wished to deceive, but  not one who wished to be
deceived.[344]  Where, then, did they  ever know about this happy life, except where they knew
also what  the truth is?  For they love it, too, since they are not willing  to be deceived.  And when
they love the happy life, which is  nothing else but joy in the truth, then certainly they also love
the truth.  And yet they would not love it if there were not some  knowledge of it in the memory.
    Why, then, do they not rejoice in it?  Why are they not  happy?  Because they are so fully
preoccupied with other things  which do more to make them miserable than those which would
make  them happy, which they remember so little about.  Yet there is a  little light in men.  Let
them walk -- let them walk in it, lest  the darkness overtake them.
    34.  Why, then, does truth generate hatred, and why does thy  servant who preaches the truth
come to be an enemy to them who  also love the happy life, which is nothing else than joy in the
truth -- unless it be that truth is loved in such a way that those  who love something else besides
her wish that to be the truth  which they do love.  Since they are unwilling to be deceived, they
are unwilling to be convinced that they have been deceived.   Therefore, they hate the truth for the
sake of whatever it is that  they love in place of the truth.  They love truth when she shines  on
them; and hate her when she rebukes them.  And since they are  not willing to be deceived, but do
wish to deceive, they love  truth when she reveals herself and hate her when she reveals them.
On this account, she will so repay them that those who are  unwilling to be exposed by her she
will indeed expose against  their will, and yet will not disclose herself to them.
    Thus, thus, truly thus: the human mind so blind and sick, so  base and ill-mannered, desires to
lie hidden, but does not wish  that anything should be hidden from it.  And yet the opposite is
what happens -- the mind itself is not hidden from the truth, but  the truth is hidden from it.  Yet
even so, for all its
wretchedness, it still prefers to rejoice in truth rather than in  known falsehoods.  It will, then, be
happy only when without other  distractions it comes to rejoice in that single Truth through
which all things else are true.


                        CHAPTER XXIV

    35.  Behold how great a territory I have explored in my  memory seeking thee, O Lord!  And
in it all I have still not found  thee.  Nor have I found anything about thee, except what I had
already retained in my memory from the time I learned of thee.   For where I found Truth, there
found I my God, who is the Truth.   From the time I learned this I have not forgotten.  And thus
since  the time I learned of thee, thou hast dwelt in my memory, and it  is there that I find thee
whenever I call thee to remembrance, and  delight in thee.  These are my holy delights, which thou
hast  bestowed on me in thy mercy, mindful of my poverty.


                         CHAPTER XXV

    36.  But where in my memory dost thou abide, O Lord?  Where  dost thou dwell there?  What
sort of lodging hast thou made for  thyself there?  What kind of sanctuary hast thou built for
thyself?  Thou hast done this honor to my memory to take up thy  abode in it, but I must consider
further in what part of it thou  dost abide.  For in calling thee to mind, I soared beyond those
parts of memory which the beasts also possess, because I did not  find thee there among the
images of corporeal things.  From there  I went on to those parts where I had stored the
remembered  affections of my mind, and I did not find thee there.  And I  entered into the inmost
seat of my mind, which is in my memory,  since the mind remembers itself also -- and thou wast
not there.   For just as thou art not a bodily image, nor the emotion of a  living creature (such as
we feel when we rejoice or are grief- stricken, when we desire, or fear, or remember, or forget, or
anything of that kind), so neither art thou the mind itself.  For  thou art the Lord God of the mind
and of all these things that are  mutable; but thou abidest immutable over all.  Yet thou hast
elected to dwell in my memory from the time I learned of thee.   But why do I now inquire about
the part of my memory thou dost  dwell in, as if indeed there were separate parts in it?
Assuredly, thou dwellest in it, since I have remembered thee from  the time I learned of thee, and I
find thee in my memory when I  call thee to mind.


                        CHAPTER XXVI

    37.  Where, then, did I find thee so as to be able to learn  of thee?  For thou wast not in my
memory before I learned of thee.   Where, then, did I find thee so as to be able to learn of thee --
save in thyself beyond me.[345]  Place there is none.  We go  "backward" and "forward" and there
is no place.  Everywhere and at  once, O Truth, thou guidest all who consult thee, and
simultaneously answerest all even though they consult thee on  quite different things.  Thou
answerest clearly, though all do not  hear in clarity.  All take counsel of thee on whatever point
they  wish, though they do not always hear what they wish.  He is thy  best servant who does not
look to hear from thee what he himself  wills, but who wills rather to will what he hears from thee.


                        CHAPTER XXVII

    38.  Belatedly I loved thee, O Beauty so ancient and so new,  belatedly I loved thee.  For see,
thou wast within and I was  without, and I sought thee out there.  Unlovely, I rushed  heedlessly
among the lovely things thou hast made.  Thou wast with  me, but I was not with thee.  These
things kept me far from thee;  even though they were not at all unless they were in thee.  Thou
didst call and cry aloud, and didst force open my deafness.  Thou  didst gleam and shine, and didst
chase away my blindness.  Thou  didst breathe fragrant odors and I drew in my breath; and now I
pant for thee.  I tasted, and now I hunger and thirst.  Thou didst  touch me, and I burned for thy
peace.


                       CHAPTER XXVIII

    39.  When I come to be united to thee with all my being, then  there will be no more pain and
toil for me, and my life shall be a  real life, being wholly filled by thee.  But since he whom thou
fillest is the one thou liftest up, I am still a burden to myself  because I am not yet filled by thee.
Joys of sorrow contend with  sorrows of joy, and on which side the victory lies I do not know.
Woe is me!  Lord, have pity on me; my evil sorrows contend  with my good joys, and on which
side the victory lies I do not  know.  Woe is me!  Lord, have pity on me.  Woe is me!  Behold, I
do not hide my wounds.  Thou art the Physician, I am the sick man;  thou art merciful, I need
mercy.  Is not the life of man on earth  an ordeal?  Who is he that wishes for vexations and
difficulties?   Thou commandest them to be endured, not to be loved.  For no man  loves what he
endures, though he may love to endure.  Yet even if  he rejoices to endure, he would prefer that
there were nothing for  him to endure.  In adversity, I desire prosperity; in prosperity,  I fear
adversity.  What middle place is there, then, between these  two, where human life is not an
ordeal?  There is woe in the  prosperity of this world; there is woe in the fear of misfortune;
there is woe in the distortion of joy.  There is woe in the  adversities of this world -- a second
woe, and a third, from the  desire of prosperity -- because adversity itself is a hard thing  to bear
and makes shipwreck of endurance.  Is not the life of man  upon the earth an ordeal, and that
without surcease?


                        CHAPTER XXIX

    40.  My whole hope is in thy exceeding great mercy and that  alone.  Give what thou
commandest and command what thou wilt.   Thou commandest continence from us, and when I
knew, as it is  said, that no one could be continent unless God gave it to him,  even this was a
point of wisdom to know whose gift it was.[346]   For by continence we are bound up and
brought back together in the  One, whereas before we were scattered abroad among the
many.[347]   For he loves thee too little who loves along with thee anything  else that he does not
love for thy sake, O Love, who dost burn  forever and art never quenched.  O Love, O my God,
enkindle me!   Thou commandest continence; give what thou commandest, and command
what thou wilt.


                         CHAPTER XXX

    41.  Obviously thou commandest that I should be continent  from "the lust of the flesh, and the
lust of the eyes, and the  pride of life."[348]  Thou commandest me to abstain from
fornication, and as for marriage itself, thou hast counseled  something better than what thou dost
allow.  And since thou gavest  it, it was done -- even before I became a minister of thy  sacrament.
But there still exist in my memory -- of which I have  spoken so much -- the images of such things
as my habits had fixed  there.  These things rush into my thoughts with no power when I am
awake; but in sleep they rush in not only so as to give pleasure,  but even to obtain consent and
what very closely resembles the  deed itself.  Indeed, the illusion of the image prevails to such  an
extent, in both my soul and my flesh, that the illusion  persuades me when sleeping to what the
reality cannot do when I am  awake.  Am I not myself at such a time, O Lord my God?  And is
there so much of a difference between myself awake and myself in  the moment when I pass from
waking to sleeping, or return from  sleeping to waking?
    Where, then, is the power of reason which resists such  suggestions when I am awake -- for
even if the things themselves  be forced upon it I remain unmoved?  Does reason cease when the
eyes close?  Is it put to sleep with the bodily senses?  But in  that case how does it come to pass
that even in slumber we often  resist, and with our conscious purposes in mind, continue most
chastely in them, and yield no assent to such allurements?  Yet  there is at least this much
difference: that when it happens  otherwise in dreams, when we wake up, we return to peace of
conscience.  And it is by this difference between sleeping and  waking that we discover that it was
not we who did it, while we  still feel sorry that in some way it was done in us.
    42.  Is not thy hand, O Almighty God, able to heal all the  diseases of my soul and, by thy more
and more abundant grace, to  quench even the lascivious motions of my sleep?  Thou wilt
increase thy gifts in me more and more, O Lord, that my soul may  follow me to thee, wrenched
free from the sticky glue of lust so  that it is no longer in rebellion against itself, even in dreams;
that it neither commits nor consents to these debasing corruptions  which come through sensual
images and which result in the  pollution of the flesh.  For it is no great thing for the  Almighty,
who is "able to do . . . more than we can ask or  think,"[349] to bring it about that no such
influence -- not even  one so slight that a nod might restrain it -- should afford  gratification to the
feelings of a chaste person even when  sleeping.  This could come to pass not only in this life but
even  at my present age.  But what I am still in this way of wickedness  I have confessed unto my
good Lord, rejoicing with trembling in  what thou hast given me and grieving in myself for that in
which I  am still imperfect.  I am trusting that thou wilt perfect thy  mercies in me, to the fullness
of that peace which both my inner  and outward being shall have with thee when death is
swallowed up  in victory.[350]


                        CHAPTER XXXI

    43.  There is yet another "evil of the day"[351] to which I  wish I were sufficient.  By eating
and drinking we restore the  daily losses of the body until that day when thou destroyest both
food and stomach, when thou wilt destroy this emptiness with an  amazing fullness and wilt clothe
this corruptible with an eternal  incorruption.  But now the necessity of habit is sweet to me, and
against this sweetness must I fight, lest I be enthralled by it.   Thus I carry on a daily war by
fasting, constantly "bringing my  body into subjection,"[352] after which my pains are banished by
pleasure.  For hunger and thirst are actual pain.  They consume  and destroy like fever does,
unless the medicine of food is at  hand to relieve us.  And since this medicine at hand comes from
the comfort we receive in thy gifts (by means of which land and  water and air serve our
infirmity), even our calamity is called  pleasure.
    44.  This much thou hast taught me: that I should learn to  take food as medicine.  But during
that time when I pass from the  pinch of emptiness to the contentment of fullness, it is in that  very
moment that the snare of appetite lies baited for me.  For  the passage itself is pleasant; there is no
other way of passing  thither, and necessity compels us to pass.  And while health is  the reason
for our eating and drinking, yet a perilous delight  joins itself to them as a handmaid; and indeed,
she tries to take  precedence in order that I may want to do for her sake what I say  I want to do
for health's sake.  They do not both have the same  limit either.  What is sufficient for health is not
enough for  pleasure.  And it is often a matter of doubt whether it is the  needful care of the body
that still calls for food or whether it  is the sensual snare of desire still wanting to be served.  In
this uncertainty my unhappy soul rejoices, and uses it to prepare  an excuse as a defense.  It is
glad that it is not clear as to  what is sufficient for the moderation of health, so that under the
pretense of health it may conceal its projects for pleasure.   These temptations I daily endeavor to
resist and I summon thy  right hand to my help and cast my perplexities onto thee, for I  have not
yet reached a firm conclusion in this matter.
    45.  I hear the voice of my God commanding: "Let not your  heart be overcharged with
surfeiting and drunkenness."[353]   Drunkenness is far from me.  Thou wilt have mercy that it
does not  come near me.  But "surfeiting" sometimes creeps upon thy servant.   Thou wilt have
mercy that it may be put far from me.  For no man  can be continent unless thou give it.[354]
Many things that we  pray for thou givest us, and whatever good we receive before we  prayed
for it, we receive it from thee, so that we might afterward  know that we did receive it from thee.
I never was a drunkard,  but I have known drunkards made into sober men by thee.  It was  also
thy doing that those who never were drunkards have not been  -- and likewise, it was from thee
that those who have been might  not remain so always.  And it was likewise from thee that both
might know from whom all this came.
    I heard another voice of thine: "Do not follow your lusts and  refrain yourself from your
pleasures."[355]  And by thy favor I  have also heard this saying in which I have taken much
delight:  "Neither if we eat are we the better; nor if we eat not are we the  worse."[356]  This is to
say that neither shall the one make me to  abound, nor the other to be wretched.  I heard still
another  voice: "For I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to  be content.  I know
how to be abased and I know how to abound. . .  .  I can do all things through Christ who
strengtheneth me."[357]   See here a soldier of the heavenly army; not the sort of dust we  are.
But remember, O Lord, "that we are dust"[358] and that thou  didst create man out of the
dust,[359] and that he "was lost, and  is found."[360]  Of course, he [the apostle Paul] could not
do all  this by his own power.  He was of the same dust -- he whom I loved  so much and who
spoke of these things through the afflatus of thy  inspiration: "I can," he said, "do all things
through him who  strengtheneth me." Strengthen me, that I too may be able.  Give  what thou
commandest, and command what thou wilt.  This man [Paul]  confesses that he received the gift
of grace and that, when he  glories, he glories in the Lord.  I have heard yet another voice  praying
that he might receive.  "Take from me," he said, "the  greediness of the belly."[361]  And from
this it appears, O my  holy God, that thou dost give it, when what thou commandest to be
done is done.
    46.  Thou hast taught me, good Father, that "to the pure all  things are pure"[362]; but "it is
evil for that man who gives  offense in eating"[363]; and that "every creature of thine is  good,
and nothing is to be refused if it is received with  thanksgiving"[364]; and that "meat does not
commend us to  God"[365]; and that "no man should judge us in meat or in  drink."[366]  "Let
not him who eats despise him who eats not, and  let him that does not eat judge not him who does
eat."[367]  These  things I have learned, thanks and praise be to thee, O my God and  Master,
who knockest at my ears and enlightenest my heart.   Deliver me from all temptation!
    It is not the uncleanness of meat that I fear, but the  uncleanness of an incontinent appetite.  I
know that permission  was granted Noah to eat every kind of flesh that was good for  food; that
Elijah was fed with flesh; that John, blessed with a  wonderful abstinence, was not polluted by the
living creatures  (that is, the locusts) on which he fed.  And I also know that Esau  was deceived
by his hungering after lentils and that David blamed  himself for desiring water, and that our King
was tempted not by  flesh but by bread.  And, thus, the people in the wilderness truly  deserved
their reproof, not because they desired meat, but because  in their desire for food they murmured
against the Lord.
    47.  Set down, then, in the midst of these temptations, I  strive daily against my appetite for
food and drink.  For it is  not the kind of appetite I am able to deal with by cutting it off  once for
all, and thereafter not touching it, as I was able to do  with fornication.  The bridle of the throat,
therefore, must be  held in the mean between slackness and tightness.  And who, O  Lord, is he
who is not in some degree carried away beyond the  bounds of necessity?  Whoever he is, he is
great; let him magnify  thy name.  But I am not such a one, "for I am a sinful man."[368]   Yet I
too magnify thy name, for he who hath "overcome the  world"[369] intercedeth with thee for my
sins, numbering me among  the weak members of his body; for thy eyes did see what was
imperfect in him, and in thy book all shall be written down.[370]

                        CHAPTER XXXII

    48.  I am not much troubled by the allurement of odors.  When  they are absent, I do not seek
them; when they are present, I do  not refuse them; and I am always prepared to go without them.
At  any rate, I appear thus to myself; it is quite possible that I am  deceived.  For there is a
lamentable darkness in which my  capabilities are concealed, so that when my mind inquires into
itself concerning its own powers, it does not readily venture to  believe itself, because what
already is in it is largely concealed  unless experience brings it to light.  Thus no man ought to feel
secure in this life, the whole of which is called an ordeal,  ordered so that the man who could be
made better from having been  worse may not also from having been better become worse.  Our
sole  hope, our sole confidence, our only assured promise, is thy mercy.

                       CHAPTER XXXIII

    49.  The delights of the ear drew and held me much more  powerfully, but thou didst unbind
and liberate me.  In those  melodies which thy words inspire when sung with a sweet and  trained
voice, I still find repose; yet not so as to cling to  them, but always so as to be able to free myself
as I wish.  But  it is because of the words which are their life that they gain  entry into me and
strive for a place of proper honor in my heart;  and I can hardly assign them a fitting one.
Sometimes, I seem to  myself to give them more respect than is fitting, when I see that  our minds
are more devoutly and earnestly inflamed in piety by the  holy words when they are sung than
when they are not.  And I  recognize that all the diverse affections of our spirits have  their
appropriate measures in the voice and song, to which they  are stimulated by I know not what
secret correlation.  But the  pleasures of my flesh -- to which the mind ought never to be
surrendered nor by them enervated -- often beguile me while  physical sense does not attend on
reason, to follow her patiently,  but having once gained entry to help the reason, it strives to run
on before her and be her leader.  Thus in these things I sin  unknowingly, but I come to know it
afterward.
    50.  On the other hand, when I avoid very earnestly this kind  of deception, I err out of too
great austerity.  Sometimes I go to  the point of wishing that all the melodies of the pleasant songs
to which David's Psalter is adapted should be banished both from  my ears and from those of the
Church itself.  In this mood, the  safer way seemed to me the one I remember was once related to
me  concerning Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, who required the  readers of the psalm to use
so slight an inflection of the voice  that it was more like speaking than singing.
    However, when I call to mind the tears I shed at the songs of  thy Church at the outset of my
recovered faith, and how even now I  am moved, not by the singing but by what is sung (when
they are  sung with a clear and skillfully modulated voice), I then come to  acknowledge the great
utility of this custom.  Thus I vacillate  between dangerous pleasure and healthful exercise.  I am
inclined  -- though I pronounce no irrevocable opinion on the subject -- to  approve of the use of
singing in the church, so that by the  delights of the ear the weaker minds may be stimulated to a
devotional mood.[371]  Yet when it happens that I am more moved by  the singing than by what
is sung, I confess myself to have sinned  wickedly, and then I would rather not have heard the
singing.  See  now what a condition I am in!  Weep with me, and weep for me,  those of you who
can so control your inward feelings that good  results always come forth.  As for you who do not
act this way at  all, such things do not concern you.  But do thou, O Lord, my God,  give ear;
look and see, and have mercy upon me; and heal me --  thou, in whose sight I am become an
enigma to myself; this itself  is my weakness.


                       CHAPTER XXXIV

    51.  There remain the delights of these eyes of my flesh,  about which I must make my
confession in the hearing of the ears  of thy temple, brotherly and pious ears.  Thus I will finish the
list of the temptations of carnal appetite which still assail me  -- groaning and desiring as I am to
be clothed upon with my house  from heaven.[372]
    The eyes delight in fair and varied forms, and bright and  pleasing colors.  Let these not take
possession of my soul!   Rather let God possess it, he who didst make all these things very  good
indeed.  He is still my good, and not these.  The pleasures  of sight affect me all the time I am
awake.  There is no rest from  them given me, as there is from the voices of melody, which I can
occasionally find in silence.  For daylight, that queen of the  colors, floods all that we look upon
everywhere I go during the  day.  It flits about me in manifold forms and soothes me even when  I
am busy about other things, not noticing it.  And it presents  itself so forcibly that if it is suddenly
withdrawn it is looked  for with longing, and if it is long absent the mind is saddened.      52.  O
Light, which Tobit saw even with his eyes closed in  blindness, when he taught his son the way of
life -- and went  before him himself in the steps of love and never went
astray[373]; or that Light which Isaac saw when his fleshly "eyes  were dim, so that he could not
see"[374] because of old age, and  it was permitted him unknowingly to bless his sons, but in the
blessing of them to know them; or that Light which Jacob saw, when  he too, blind in old age yet
with an enlightened heart, threw  light on the nation of men yet to come -- presignified in the
persons of his own sons -- and laid his hands mystically crossed  upon his grandchildren by Joseph
(not as their father, who saw  them from without, but as though he were within them), and
distinguished them aright[375]: this is the true Light; it is one,  and all are one who see and love
it.
    But that corporeal light, of which I was speaking, seasons  the life of the world for her blind
lovers with a tempting and  fatal sweetness.  Those who know how to praise thee for it, "O  God,
Creator of Us All," take it up in thy hymn,[376] and are not  taken over by it in their sleep.  Such
a man I desire to be.  I  resist the seductions of my eyes, lest my feet be entangled as I  go forward
in thy way; and I raise my invisible eyes to thee, that  thou wouldst be pleased to "pluck my feet
out of the net."[377]   Thou dost continually pluck them out, for they are easily  ensnared.  Thou
ceasest not to pluck them out, but I constantly  remain fast in the snares set all around me.
However, thou who  "keepest Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep."[378]
    53.  What numberless things there are: products of the  various arts and manufactures in our
clothes, shoes, vessels, and  all such things; besides such things as pictures and statuary --  and all
these far beyond the necessary and moderate use of them or  their significance for the life of piety
-- which men have added  for the delight of the eye, copying the outward forms of the  things they
make; but inwardly forsaking Him by whom they were  made and destroying what they
themselves have been made to be!      And I, O my God and my Joy, I also raise a hymn to thee
for  all these things, and offer a sacrifice of praise to my
Sanctifier, because those beautiful forms which pass through the  medium of the human soul into
the artist's hands come from that  beauty which is above our minds, which my soul sighs for day
and  night.  But the craftsmen and devotees of these outward beauties  discover the norm by
which they judge them from that higher  beauty, but not the measure of their use.  Still, even if
they do  not see it, it is there nevertheless, to guard them from wandering  astray, and to keep
their strength for thee, and not dissipate it  in delights that pass into boredom.  And for myself,
though I can  see and understand this, I am still entangled in my own course  with such beauty,
but thou wilt rescue me, O Lord, thou wilt  rescue me, "for thy loving-kindness is before my
eyes."[379]  For  I am captivated in my weakness but thou in thy mercy dost rescue  me:
sometimes without my knowing it, because I had only lightly  fallen; at other times, the rescue is
painful because I was stuck  fast.


                        CHAPTER XXXV

    54.  Besides this there is yet another form of temptation  still more complex in its peril.  For in
addition to the fleshly  appetite which strives for the gratification of all senses and  pleasures -- in
which its slaves perish because they separate  themselves from thee -- there is also a certain vain
and curious  longing in the soul, rooted in the same bodily senses, which is  cloaked under the
name of knowledge and learning; not having  pleasure in the flesh, but striving for new
experiences through  the flesh.  This longing -- since its origin is our appetite for  learning, and
since the sight is the chief of our senses in the  acquisition of knowledge -- is called in the divine
language "the  lust of the eyes."[380]  For seeing is a function of the eyes; yet  we also use this
word for the other senses as well, when we  exercise them in the search for knowledge.  We do
not say, "Listen  how it glows," "Smell how it glistens," "Taste how it shines," or  "Feel how it
flashes," since all of these are said to be _seen_.   And we do not simply say, "See how it shines,"
which only the eyes  can perceive; but we also say, "See how it sounds, see how it  smells, see
how it tastes, see how hard it is." Thus, as we said  before, the whole round of sensory experience
is called "the lust  of the eyes" because the function of seeing, in which the eyes  have the principal
role, is applied by analogy to the other senses  when they are seeking after any kind of knowledge.
    55.  From this, then, one can the more clearly distinguish  whether it is pleasure or curiosity
that is being pursued by the  senses.  For pleasure pursues objects that are beautiful,  melodious,
fragrant, savory, soft.  But curiosity, seeking new  experiences, will even seek out the contrary of
these, not with  the purpose of experiencing the discomfort that often accompanies  them, but out
of a passion for experimenting and knowledge.      For what pleasure is there in the sight of a
lacerated  corpse, which makes you shudder?  And yet if there is one lying  close by we flock to it,
as if to be made sad and pale.  People  fear lest they should see such a thing even in sleep, just as
they  would if, when awake, someone compelled them to go and see it or  if some rumor of its
beauty had attracted them.
    This is also the case with the other senses; it would be  tedious to pursue a complete analysis
of it.  This malady of  curiosity is the reason for all those strange sights exhibited in  the theater.
It is also the reason why we proceed to search out  the secret powers of nature -- those which
have nothing to do with  our destiny -- which do not profit us to know about, and
concerning which men desire to know only for the sake of knowing.   And it is with this same
motive of perverted curiosity for  knowledge that we consult the magical arts.  Even in religion
itself, this prompting drives us to make trial of God when signs  and wonders are eagerly asked of
him -- not desired for any saving  end, but only to make trial of him.
    56.  In such a wilderness so vast, crammed with snares and  dangers, behold how many of
them I have lopped off and cast from  my heart, as thou, O God of my salvation, hast enabled me
to do.   And yet, when would I dare to say, since so many things of this  sort still buzz around our
daily lives -- when would I dare to say  that no such motive prompts my seeing or creates a vain
curiosity  in me?  It is true that now the theaters never attract me, nor do  I now care to inquire
about the courses of the stars, and my soul  has never sought answers from the departed spirits.
All
sacrilegious oaths I abhor.  And yet, O Lord my God, to whom I owe  all humble and
singlehearted service, with what subtle suggestion  the enemy still influences me to require some
sign from thee!  But  by our King, and by Jerusalem, our pure and chaste homeland, I  beseech
thee that where any consenting to such thoughts is now far  from me, so may it always be farther
and farther.  And when I  entreat thee for the salvation of any man, the end I aim at is  something
more than the entreating: let it be that as thou dost  what thou wilt, thou dost also give me the
grace willingly to  follow thy lead.
    57.  Now, really, in how many of the most minute and trivial  things my curiosity is still daily
tempted, and who can keep the  tally on how often I succumb?  How often, when people are
telling  idle tales, we begin by tolerating them lest we should give  offense to the sensitive; and
then gradually we come to listen  willingly!  I do not nowadays go to the circus to see a dog chase
a rabbit, but if by chance I pass such a race in the fields, it  quite easily distracts me even from
some serious thought and draws  me after it -- not that I turn aside with my horse, but with the
inclination of my mind.  And unless, by showing me my weakness,  thou dost speedily warn me to
rise above such a sight to thee by a  deliberate act of thought -- or else to despise the whole thing
and pass it by -- then I become absorbed in the sight, vain  creature that I am.
    How is it that when I am sitting at home a lizard catching  flies, or a spider entangling them as
they fly into her webs,  oftentimes arrests me?  Is the feeling of curiosity not the same  just
because these are such tiny creatures?  From them I proceed  to praise thee, the wonderful
Creator and Disposer of all things;  but it is not this that first attracts my attention.  It is one
thing to get up quickly and another thing not to fall -- and of  both such things my life is full and
my only hope is in thy  exceeding great mercy.  For when this heart of ours is made the  depot of
such things and is overrun by the throng of these  abounding vanities, then our prayers are often
interrupted and  disturbed by them.  Even while we are in thy presence and direct  the voice of our
hearts to thy ears, such a great business as this  is broken off by the inroads of I know not what
idle thoughts.

                       CHAPTER XXXVI

    58.  Shall we, then, also reckon this vain curiosity among  the things that are to be but lightly
esteemed?  Shall anything  restore us to hope except thy complete mercy since thou hast begun
to change us?  Thou knowest to what extent thou hast already  changed me, for first of all thou
didst heal me of the lust for  vindicating myself, so that thou mightest then forgive all my
remaining iniquities and heal all my diseases, and "redeem my life  from corruption and crown me
with loving-kindness and tender  mercies, and satisfy my desires with good things."[381]  It was
thou who didst restrain my pride with thy fear, and bowed my neck  to thy "yoke."[382]  And
now I bear the yoke and it is "light" to  me, because thou didst promise it to be so, and hast made
it to be  so.  And so in truth it was, though I knew it not when I feared to  take it up.
    59.  But, O Lord -- thou who alone reignest without pride,  because thou alone art the true
Lord, who hast no Lord -- has this  third kind of temptation left me, or can it leave me during this
life: the desire to be feared and loved of men, with no other view  than that I may find in it a joy
that is no joy?  It is, rather, a  wretched life and an unseemly ostentation.  It is a special reason
why we do not love thee, nor devotedly fear thee.  Therefore "thou  resistest the proud but givest
grace to the humble."[383]  Thou  thunderest down on the ambitious designs of the world, and
"the  foundations of the hills" tremble.[384]
    And yet certain offices in human society require the  officeholder to be loved and feared of
men, and through this the  adversary of our true blessedness presses hard upon us, scattering
everywhere his snares of "well done, well done"; so that while we  are eagerly picking them up,
we may be caught unawares and split  off our joy from thy truth and fix it on the deceits of men.
In  this way we come to take pleasure in being loved and feared, not  for thy sake but in thy stead.
By such means as this, the  adversary makes men like himself, that he may have them as his  own,
not in the harmony of love, but in the fellowship of  punishment -- the one who aspired to exalt
his throne in the  north,[385] that in the darkness and the cold men might have to  serve him,
mimicking thee in perverse and distorted ways.
    But see, O Lord, we are thy little flock.  Possess us,  stretch thy wings above us, and let us
take refuge under them.  Be  thou our glory; let us be loved for thy sake, and let thy word be
feared in us.  Those who desire to be commended by the men whom  thou condemnest will not be
defended by men when thou judgest, nor  will they be delivered when thou dost condemn them.
But when --  not as a sinner is praised in the wicked desires of his soul nor  when the unrighteous
man is blessed in his unrighteousness -- a  man is praised for some gift that thou hast given him,
and he is  more gratified at the praise for himself than because he possesses  the gift for which he
is praised, such a one is praised while thou  dost condemn him.  In such a case the one who
praised is truly  better than the one who was praised.  For the gift of God in man  was pleasing to
the one, while the other was better pleased with  the gift of man than with the gift of God.


                       CHAPTER XXXVII

    60.  By these temptations we are daily tried, O Lord; we are  tried unceasingly.  Our daily
"furnace" is the human tongue.[386]   And also in this respect thou commandest us to be
continent.  Give  what thou commandest and command what thou wilt.  In this matter,  thou
knowest the groans of my heart and the rivers of my eyes, for  I am not able to know for certain
how far I am clean of this  plague; and I stand in great fear of my "secret faults,"[387]  which thy
eyes perceive, though mine do not.  For in respect of  the pleasures of my flesh and of idle
curiosity, I see how far I  have been able to hold my mind in check when I abstain from them
either by voluntary act of the will or because they simply are not  at hand; for then I can inquire of
myself how much more or less  frustrating it is to me not to have them.  This is also true about
riches, which are sought for in order that they may minister to  one of these three "lusts," or two,
or the whole complex of them.   The mind is able to see clearly if, when it has them, it despises
them so that they may be cast aside and it may prove itself.      But if we desire to test our power
of doing without praise,  must we then live wickedly or lead a life so atrocious and  abandoned
that everyone who knows us will detest us?  What greater  madness than this can be either said or
conceived?  And yet if  praise, both by custom and right, is the companion of a good life
and of good works, we should as little forgo its companionship as  the good life itself.  But unless
a thing is absent I do not know  whether I should be contented or troubled at having to do
without  it.
    61.  What is it, then, that I am confessing to thee, O Lord,  concerning this sort of temptation?
What else, than that I am  delighted with praise, but more with the truth itself than with  praise.
For if I were to have any choice whether, if I were mad  or utterly in the wrong, I would prefer to
be praised by all men  or, if I were steadily and fully confident in the truth, would  prefer to be
blamed by all, I see which I should choose.  Yet I  wish I were unwilling that the approval of
others should add  anything to my joy for any good I have.  Yet I admit that it does  increase it;
and, more than that, dispraise diminishes it.  Then,  when I am disturbed over this wretchedness of
mine, an excuse  presents itself to me, the value of which thou knowest, O God, for  it renders me
uncertain.  For since it is not only continence that  thou hast enjoined on us -- that is, what things
to hold back our  love from -- but righteousness as well -- that is, what to bestow  our love upon
-- and hast wished us to love not only thee, but  also our neighbor, it often turns out that when I
am gratified by  intelligent praise I seem to myself to be gratified by the  competence or insight of
my neighbor; or, on the other hand, I am  sorry for the defect in him when I hear him dispraise
either what  he does not understand or what is good.  For I am sometimes  grieved at the praise I
get, either when those things that  displease me in myself are praised in me, or when lesser and
trifling goods are valued more highly than they should be.  But,  again, how do I know whether I
feel this way because I am  unwilling that he who praises me should differ from me concerning
myself not because I am moved with any consideration for him, but  because the good things that
please me in myself are more pleasing  to me when they also please another?  For in a way, I am
not  praised when my judgment of myself is not praised, since either  those things which are
displeasing to me are praised, or those  things which are less pleasing to me are more praised.  Am
I not,  then, quite uncertain of myself in this respect?
    62.  Behold, O Truth, it is in thee that I see that I ought  not to be moved at my own praises
for my own sake, but for the  sake of my neighbor's good.  And whether this is actually my way,  I
truly do not know.  On this score I know less of myself than  thou dost.  I beseech thee now, O
my God, to reveal myself to me  also, that I may confess to my brethren, who are to pray for me
in  those matters where I find myself weak.
    Let me once again examine myself the more diligently.  If, in  my own praise, I am moved with
concern for my neighbor, why am I  less moved if some other man is unjustly dispraised than
when it  happens to me?  Why am I more irritated at that reproach which is  cast on me than at
one which is, with equal injustice, cast upon  another in my presence?  Am I ignorant of this also?
Or is it  still true that I am deceiving myself, and do not keep the truth  before thee in my heart
and tongue?  Put such madness far from me,  O Lord, lest my mouth be to me "the oil of sinners,
to anoint my  head."[388]


                       CHAPTER XXXVIII

    63.  "I am needy and poor."[389]  Still, I am better when in  secret groanings I displease
myself and seek thy mercy until what  is lacking in me is renewed and made complete for that
peace which  the eye of the proud does not know.  The reports that come from  the mouth and
from actions known to men have in them a most  perilous temptation to the love of praise.  This
love builds up a  certain complacency in one's own excellency, and then goes around  collecting
solicited compliments.  It tempts me, even when I  inwardly reprove myself for it, and this
precisely because it is  reproved.  For a man may often glory vainly in the very scorn of  vainglory
-- and in this case it is not any longer the scorn of  vainglory in which he glories, for he does not
truly despise it  when he inwardly glories in it.


                       CHAPTER XXXIX

    64.  Within us there is yet another evil arising from the  same sort of temptation.  By it they
become empty who please  themselves in themselves, although they do not please or displease  or
aim at pleasing others.  But in pleasing themselves they  displease thee very much, not merely
taking pleasure in things  that are not good as if they were good, but taking pleasure in thy  good
things as if they were their own; or even as if they were  thine but still as if they had received them
through their own  merit; or even as if they had them through thy grace, still  without this grace
with their friends, but as if they envied that  grace to others.  In all these and similar perils and
labors, thou  perceivest the agitation of my heart, and I would rather feel my  wounds being cured
by thee than not inflicted by me on myself.

                         CHAPTER XL

    65.  Where hast thou not accompanied me, O Truth, teaching me  both what to avoid and what
to desire, when I have submitted to  thee what I could understand about matters here below, and
have  sought thy counsel about them?
    With my external senses I have viewed the world as I was able  and have noticed the life which
my body derives from me and from  these senses of mine.  From that stage I advanced inwardly
into  the recesses of my memory -- the manifold chambers of my mind,  marvelously full of
unmeasured wealth.  And I reflected on this  and was afraid, and could understand none of these
things without  thee and found thee to be none of them.  Nor did I myself discover  these things --
I who went over them all and labored to
distinguish and to value everything according to its dignity,  accepting some things upon the
report of my senses and questioning  about others which I thought to be related to my inner self,
distinguishing and numbering the reporters themselves; and in that  vast storehouse of my
memory, investigating some things,
depositing other things, taking out still others.  Neither was I  myself when I did this -- that is,
that ability of mine by which I  did it -- nor was it thou, for thou art that never-failing light  from
which I took counsel about them all; whether they were what  they were, and what was their real
value.  In all this I heard  thee teaching and commanding me.  And this I often do -- and this  is a
delight to me -- and as far as I can get relief from my  necessary duties, I resort to this kind of
pleasure.  But in all  these things which I review when I consult thee, I still do not  find a secure
place for my soul save in thee, in whom my scattered  members may be gathered together and
nothing of me escape from  thee.  And sometimes thou introducest me to a most rare and inward
feeling, an inexplicable sweetness.  If this were to come to  perfection in me I do not know to
what point life might not then  arrive.  But still, by these wretched weights of mine, I relapse  into
these common things, and am sucked in by my old customs and  am held.  I sorrow much, yet I
am still closely held.  To this  extent, then, the burden of habit presses us down.  I can exist in  this
fashion but I do not wish to do so.  In that other way I wish  I were, but cannot be -- in both ways
I am wretched.


                         CHAPTER XLI

    66.  And now I have thus considered the infirmities of my  sins, under the headings of the three
major "lusts," and I have  called thy right hand to my aid.  For with a wounded heart I have  seen
thy brightness, and having been beaten back I cried: "Who can  attain to it?  I am cut off from
before thy eyes."[390]  Thou art  the Truth, who presidest over all things, but I, because of my
greed, did not wish to lose thee.  But still, along with thee, I  wished also to possess a lie -- just as
no one wishes to lie in  such a way as to be ignorant of what is true.  By this I lost  thee, for thou
wilt not condescend to be enjoyed along with a lie.

                        CHAPTER XLII

    67.  Whom could I find to reconcile me to thee?  Should I  have approached the angels?  What
kind of prayer?  What kind of  rites?  Many who were striving to return to thee and were not able
of themselves have, I am told, tried this and have fallen into a  longing for curious visions and
deserved to be deceived.  Being  exalted, they sought thee in their pride of learning, and they
thrust themselves forward rather than beating their breasts.[391]   And so by a likeness of heart,
they drew to themselves the princes  of the air,[392] their conspirators and companions in pride,
by  whom they were deceived by the power of magic.  Thus they sought a  mediator by whom
they might be cleansed, but there was none.  For  the mediator they sought was the devil,
disguising himself as an  angel of light.[393]  And he allured their proud flesh the more  because
he had no fleshly body.
    They were mortal and sinful, but thou, O Lord, to whom they  arrogantly sought to be
reconciled, art immortal and sinless.  But  a mediator between God and man ought to have
something in him like  God and something in him like man, lest in being like man he  should be far
from God, or if only like God he should be far from  man, and so should not be a mediator.  That
deceitful mediator,  then, by whom, by thy secret judgment, human pride deserves to be  deceived,
had one thing in common with man, that is, his sin.  In  another respect, he would seem to have
something in common with  God, for not being clothed with the mortality of the flesh, he  could
boast that he was immortal.  But since "the wages of sin is  death,"[394] what he really has in
common with men is that,  together with them, he is condemned to death.


                        CHAPTER XLIII

    68.  But the true Mediator, whom thou in thy secret mercy  hast revealed to the humble, and
hast sent to them so that through  his example they also might learn the same humility -- that
"Mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus,"[395]  appeared between mortal sinners
and the immortal Just One.  He was  mortal as men are mortal; he was righteous as God is
righteous;  and because the reward of righteousness is life and peace, he  could, through his
righteousness united with God, cancel the death  of justified sinners, which he was willing to have
in common with  them.  Hence he was manifested to holy men of old, to the end that  they might
be saved through faith in his Passion to come, even as  we through faith in his Passion which is
past.  As man he was  Mediator, but as the Word he was not something in between the two;
because he was equal to God, and God with God, and, with the Holy  Spirit, one God.
    69.  How hast thou loved us, O good Father, who didst not  spare thy only Son, but didst
deliver him up for us wicked  ones![396]  How hast thou loved us, for whom he who did not
count  it robbery to be equal with thee "became obedient unto death, even  the death of the
cross"[397]!  He alone was "free among the  dead."[398]  He alone had power to lay down his life
and power to  take it up again, and for us he became to thee both Victor and  Victim; and Victor
because he was the Victim.  For us, he was to  thee both Priest and Sacrifice, and Priest because
he was the  Sacrifice.  Out of slaves, he maketh us thy sons, because he was  born of thee and did
serve us.  Rightly, then, is my hope fixed  strongly on him, that thou wilt "heal all my
diseases"[399]  through him, who sitteth at thy right hand and maketh intercession  for us.[400]
Otherwise I should utterly despair.  For my  infirmities are many and great; indeed, they are very
many and  very great.  But thy medicine is still greater.  Otherwise, we  might think that thy word
was removed from union with man, and  despair of ourselves, if it had not been that he was "made
flesh  and dwelt among us."[401]
    70.  Terrified by my sins and the load of my misery, I had  resolved in my heart and considered
flight into the wilderness.   But thou didst forbid me, and thou didst strengthen me, saying  that
"since Christ died for all, they who live should not  henceforth live unto themselves, but unto him
who died for  them."[402]  Behold, O Lord, I cast all my care on thee, that I  may live and
"behold wondrous things out of thy law."[403]  Thou  knowest my incompetence and my
infirmities; teach me and heal me.   Thy only Son -- he "in whom are hid all the treasures of
wisdom  and knowledge"[404] -- hath redeemed me with his blood.  Let not  the proud speak evil
of me, because I keep my ransom before my  mind, and eat and drink and share my food and
drink.  For, being  poor, I desire to be satisfied from him, together with those who  eat and are
satisfied: "and they shall praise the Lord that seek  Him."[405]




                        BOOK ELEVEN


    The eternal Creator and the Creation in time.  Augustine ties  together his memory of his past
life, his present experience, and  his ardent desire to comprehend the mystery of creation.  This
leads him to the questions of the mode and time of creation.  He  ponders the mode of creation
and shows that it was  de nihilo and  involved no alteration in the being of God.  He then
considers the  question of the beginning of the world and time and shows that  time and creation
are cotemporal.  But what is time?  To this  Augustine devotes a brilliant analysis of the
subjectivity of time  and the relation of all temporal process to the abiding eternity  of God.  From
this, he prepares to turn to a detailed
interpretation of Gen. 1:1, 2.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  Is it possible, O Lord, that, since thou art in eternity,  thou art ignorant of what I am saying
to thee?  Or, dost thou see  in time an event at the time it occurs?  If not, then why am I
recounting such a tale of things to thee?  Certainly not in order  to acquaint thee with them
through me; but, instead, that through  them I may stir up my own love and the love of my readers
toward  thee, so that all may say, "Great is the Lord and greatly to be  praised." I have said this
before[406] and will say it again: "For  love of thy love I do it." So also we pray -- and yet Truth
tells  us, "Your Father knoweth what things you need before you ask  him."[407]  Consequently,
we lay bare our feelings before thee,  that, through our confessing to thee our plight and thy
mercies  toward us, thou mayest go on to free us altogether, as thou hast  already begun; and that
we may cease to be wretched in ourselves  and blessed in thee -- since thou hast called us to be
poor in  spirit, meek, mourners, hungering and athirst for righteousness,  merciful and pure in
heart.[408]  Thus I have told thee many  things, as I could find ability and will to do so, since it
was  thy will in the first place that I should confess to thee, O Lord  my God -- for "Thou art
good and thy mercy endureth forever."[409]

                         CHAPTER II

    2.  But how long would it take for the voice of my pen to  tell enough of thy exhortations and
of all thy terrors and  comforts and leadings by which thou didst bring me to preach thy  Word
and to administer thy sacraments to thy people?  And even if  I could do this sufficiently, the
drops of time[410] are very  precious to me and I have for a long time been burning with the
desire to meditate on thy law, and to confess in thy presence my  knowledge and ignorance of it --
from the first streaks of thy  light in my mind and the remaining darkness, until my weakness
shall be swallowed up in thy strength.  And I do not wish to see  those hours drained into anything
else which I can find free from  the necessary care of the body, the exercise of the mind, and the
service we owe to our fellow men -- and what we give even if we do  not owe it.
    3.  O Lord my God, hear my prayer and let thy mercy attend my  longing.  It does not burn for
itself alone but longs as well to  serve the cause of fraternal love.  Thou seest in my heart that
this is so.  Let me offer the service of my mind and my tongue --  and give me what I may in turn
offer back to thee.  For "I am  needy and poor"; thou art rich to all who call upon thee -- thou
who, in thy freedom from care, carest for us.  Trim away from my  lips, inwardly and outwardly,
all rashness and lying.  Let thy  Scriptures be my chaste delight.  Let me not be deceived in them,
nor deceive others from them.  O Lord, hear and pity!  O Lord my  God, light of the blind,
strength of the weak -- and also the  light of those who see and the strength of the strong --
hearken  to my soul and hear it crying from the depths.[411]  Unless thy  ears attend us even in
the depths, where should we go?  To whom  should we cry?
    "Thine is the day and the night is thine as well."[412]  At  thy bidding the moments fly by.
Grant me in them, then, an  interval for my meditations on the hidden things of thy law, nor
close the door of thy law against us who knock.  Thou hast not  willed that the deep secrets of all
those pages should have been  written in vain.  Those forests are not without their stags which
keep retired within them, ranging and walking and feeding, lying  down and ruminating.[413]
Perfect me, O Lord, and reveal their  secrets to me.  Behold, thy voice is my joy; thy voice
surpasses  in abundance of delights.  Give me what I love, for I do love it.   And this too is thy
gift.  Abandon not thy gifts and despise not  thy "grass" which thirsts for thee.[414]  Let me
confess to thee  everything that I shall have found in thy books and "let me hear  the voice of thy
praise."[415]  Let me drink from thee and  "consider the wondrous things out of thy law"[416] --
from the  very beginning, when thou madest heaven and earth, and
thenceforward to the everlasting reign of thy Holy City with thee.      4.  O Lord, have mercy on
me and hear my petition.  For my  prayer is not for earthly things, neither gold nor silver and
precious stones, nor gorgeous apparel, nor honors and power, nor  fleshly pleasures, nor of bodily
necessities in this life of our  pilgrimage: all of these things are "added" to those who seek thy
Kingdom and thy righteousness.[417]
    Observe, O God, from whence comes my desire.  The unrighteous  have told me of delights
but not such as those in thy law, O Lord.   Behold, this is the spring of my desire.  See, O Father,
look and  see -- and approve!  Let it be pleasing in thy mercy's sight that  I should find favor with
thee -- that the secret things of thy  Word may be opened to me when I knock.  I beg this of thee
by our  Lord Jesus Christ, thy Son, the Man of thy right hand, the Son of  Man; whom thou
madest strong for thy purpose as Mediator between  thee and us; through whom thou didst seek
us when we were not  seeking thee, but didst seek us so that we might seek thee; thy  Word,
through whom thou madest all things, and me among them; thy  only Son, through whom thou
hast called thy faithful people to  adoption, and me among them.  I beseech it of thee through him
who  sitteth at thy right hand and maketh intercession for us, "in whom  are hid all treasures of
wisdom and knowledge."[418]  It is he I  seek in thy books.  Moses wrote of him.  He tells us so
himself;  the Truth tells us so.


                         CHAPTER III

    5.  Let me hear and understand how in the beginning thou  madest heaven and earth.[419]
Moses wrote of this; he wrote and  passed on -- moving from thee to thee -- and he is now no
longer  before me.  If he were, I would lay hold on him and ask him and  entreat him solemnly that
in thy name he would open out these  things to me, and I would lend my bodily ears to the sounds
that  came forth out of his mouth.  If, however, he spoke in the Hebrew  language, the sounds
would beat on my senses in vain, and nothing  would touch my mind; but if he spoke in Latin, I
would understand  what he said.  But how should I then know whether what he said was  true?  If
I knew even this much, would it be that I knew it from  him?  Indeed, within me, deep inside the
chambers of my thought,  Truth itself -- neither Hebrew, nor Greek, nor Latin, nor  barbarian,
without any organs of voice and tongue, without the  sound of syllables -- would say, "He speaks
the truth," and I  should be assured by this.  Then I would confidently say to that  man of thine,
"You speak the truth."[420]  However, since I cannot  inquire of Moses, I beseech thee, O Truth,
from whose fullness he  spoke truth; I beseech thee, my God, forgive my sins, and as thou  gavest
thy servant the gift to speak these things, grant me also  the gift to understand them.


                         CHAPTER IV

    6.  Look around; there are the heaven and the earth.  They  cry aloud that they were made, for
they change and vary.  Whatever  there is that has not been made, and yet has being, has nothing
in  it that was not there before.  This having something not already  existent is what it means to be
changed and varied.  Heaven and  earth thus speak plainly that they did not make themselves: "We
are, because we have been made; we did not exist before we came to  be so that we could have
made ourselves!"  And the voice with  which they speak is simply their visible presence.  It was
thou, O  Lord, who madest these things.  Thou art beautiful; thus they are  beautiful.  Thou art
good, thus they are good.  Thou art; thus  they are.  But they are not as beautiful, nor as good,
nor as  truly real as thou their Creator art.  Compared with thee, they  are neither beautiful nor
good, nor do they even exist.  These  things we know, thanks be to thee.  Yet our knowledge is
ignorance  when it is compared with thy knowledge.


                          CHAPTER V

    7.  But _how_ didst thou make the heaven and the earth, and  what was the tool of such a
mighty work as thine?  For it was not  like a human worker fashioning body from body, according
to the  fancy of his mind, able somehow or other to impose on it a form  which the mind perceived
in itself by its inner eye (yet how  should even he be able to do this, if thou hadst not made that
mind?).  He imposes the form on something already existing and  having some sort of being, such
as clay, or stone or wood or gold  or such like (and where would these things come from if thou
hadst  not furnished them?).  For thou madest his body for the artisan,  and thou madest the mind
which directs the limbs; thou madest the  matter from which he makes anything; thou didst create
the  capacity by which he understands his art and sees within his mind  what he may do with the
things before him; thou gavest him his  bodily sense by which, as if he had an interpreter, he may
communicate from mind to matter what he proposes to do and report  back to his mind what has
been done, that the mind may consult  with the Truth which presideth over it as to whether what
is done  is well done.
    All these things praise thee, the Creator of them all.  But  how didst thou make them?  How, O
God, didst thou make the heaven  and earth?  For truly, neither in heaven nor on earth didst thou
make heaven and earth -- nor in the air nor in the waters, since  all of these also belong to the
heaven and the earth.  Nowhere in  the whole world didst thou make the whole world, because
there was  no place where it could be made before it was made.  And thou  didst not hold
anything in thy hand from which to fashion the  heaven and the earth,[421] for where couldst thou
have gotten what  thou hadst not made in order to make something with it?  Is there,  indeed,
anything at all except because thou art?  Thus thou didst  speak and they were made,[422] and by
thy Word thou didst make  them all.


                         CHAPTER VI

    8.  But how didst thou speak?  Was it in the same manner in  which the voice came from the
cloud saying, "This is my beloved  Son"[423]?  For that voice sounded forth and died away; it
began  and ended.  The syllables sounded and passed away, the second  after the first, the third
after the second, and thence in order,  till the very last after all the rest; and silence after the last.
From this it is clear and plain that it was the action of a  creature, itself in time, which sounded
that voice, obeying thy  eternal will.  And what these words were which were formed at that  time
the outer ear conveyed to the conscious mind, whose inner ear  lay attentively open to thy eternal
Word.  But it compared those  words which sounded in time with thy eternal word sounding in
silence and said: "This is different; quite different!  These  words are far below me; they are not
even real, for they fly away  and pass, but the Word of my God remains above me forever." If,
then, in words that sound and fade away thou didst say that heaven  and earth should be made,
and thus _madest_ heaven and earth, then  there was already some kind of corporeal creature
_before_ heaven  and earth by whose motions in time that voice might have had its  occurrence in
time.  But there was nothing corporeal before the  heaven and the earth; or if there was, then it is
certain that  already, without a time-bound voice, thou hadst created whatever  it was out of
which thou didst make the time-bound voice by which  thou didst say, "Let the heaven and the
earth be made!"  For  whatever it was out of which such a voice was made simply did not  exist at
all until it was made by thee.  Was it decreed by thy  Word that a body might be made from which
such words might come?

                         CHAPTER VII

    9.  Thou dost call us, then, to understand the Word -- the  God who is God with thee -- which
is spoken eternally and by which  all things are spoken eternally.  For what was first spoken was
not finished, and then something else spoken until the whole  series was spoken; but all things, at
the same time and forever.   For, otherwise, we should have time and change and not a true
eternity, nor a true immortality.
    This I know, O my God, and I give thanks.  I know, I confess  to thee, O Lord, and whoever is
not ungrateful for certain truths  knows and blesses thee along with me.  We know, O Lord, this
much  we know: that in the same proportion as anything is not what it  was, and is what it was
not, in that very same proportion it  passes away or comes to be.  But there is nothing in thy
Word that  passes away or returns to its place; for it is truly immortal and  eternal.  And,
therefore, unto the Word coeternal with thee, at  the same time and always thou sayest all that
thou sayest.  And  whatever thou sayest shall be made is made, and thou makest  nothing
otherwise than by speaking.  Still, not all the things  that thou dost make by speaking are made at
the same time and  always.


                        CHAPTER VIII

    10.  Why is this, I ask of thee, O Lord my God?  I see it  after a fashion, but I do not know
how to express it, unless I say  that everything that begins to be and then ceases to be begins and
ceases when it is known in thy eternal Reason that it ought to  begin or cease -- in thy eternal
Reason where nothing begins or  ceases.  And this is thy Word, which is also "the Beginning,"
because it also speaks to us.[424]  Thus, in the gospel, he spoke  through the flesh; and this
sounded in the outward ears of men so  that it might be believed and sought for within, and so
that it  might be found in the eternal Truth, in which the good and only  Master teacheth all his
disciples.[425]  There, O Lord, I hear thy  voice, the voice of one speaking to me, since he who
teacheth us  speaketh to us.  But he that doth not teach us doth not really  speak to us even when
he speaketh.  Yet who is it that teacheth us  unless it be the Truth immutable?  For even when we
are instructed  by means of the mutable creation, we are thereby led to the Truth  immutable.
There we learn truly as we stand and hear him, and we  rejoice greatly "because of the
bridegroom's voice,"[426]  restoring us to the source whence our being comes.  And therefore,
unless the Beginning remained immutable, there would then not be a  place to which we might
return when we had wandered away.  But  when we return from error, it is through our gaining
knowledge  that we return.  In order for us to gain knowledge he teacheth us,  since he is the
Beginning, and speaketh to us.


                         CHAPTER IX

    11.  In this Beginning, O God, thou hast made heaven and  earth -- through thy Word, thy
Son, thy Power, thy Wisdom, thy  Truth: all wondrously speaking and wondrously creating.  Who
shall  comprehend such things and who shall tell of it?  What is it that  shineth through me and
striketh my heart without injury, so that I  both shudder and burn?  I shudder because I am unlike
it; I burn  because I am like it.  It is Wisdom itself that shineth through  me, clearing away my fog,
which so readily overwhelms me so that I  faint in it, in the darkness and burden of my
punishment.  For my  strength is brought down in neediness, so that I cannot endure  even my
blessings until thou, O Lord, who hast been gracious to  all my iniquities, also healest all my
infirmities -- for it is  thou who "shalt redeem my life from corruption, and crown me with
loving-kindness and tender mercy, and shalt satisfy my desire with  good things so that my youth
shall be renewed like the
eagle's."[427]  For by this hope we are saved, and through  patience we await thy promises.  Let
him that is able hear thee  speaking to his inner mind.  I will cry out with confidence  because of
thy own oracle, "How wonderful are thy works, O Lord;  in wisdom thou hast made them
all."[428]  And this Wisdom is the  Beginning, and in that Beginning thou hast made heaven and
earth.

                          CHAPTER X

    12.  Now, are not those still full of their old carnal  nature[429] who ask us: "What was God
doing _before_ he made  heaven and earth?  For if he was idle," they say, "and doing  nothing,
then why did he not continue in that state forever --  doing nothing, as he had always done?  If
any new motion has  arisen in God, and a new will to form a creature, which he had  never before
formed, how can that be a true eternity in which an  act of will occurs that was not there before?
For the will of God  is not a created thing, but comes before the creation -- and this  is true
because nothing could be created unless the will of the  Creator came before it.  The will of God,
therefore, pertains to  his very Essence.  Yet if anything has arisen in the Essence of  God that was
not there before, then that Essence cannot truly be  called eternal.  But if it was the eternal will of
God that the  creation should come to be, why, then, is not the creation itself  also from
eternity?"[430]


                         CHAPTER XI

    13.  Those who say these things do not yet understand thee, O  Wisdom of God, O Light of
souls.  They do not yet understand how  the things are made that are made by and in thee.  They
endeavor  to comprehend eternal things, but their heart still flies about in  the past and future
motions of created things, and is still  unstable.  Who shall hold it and fix it so that it may come to
rest for a little; and then, by degrees, glimpse the glory of that  eternity which abides forever; and
then, comparing eternity with  the temporal process in which nothing abides, they may see that
they are incommensurable?  They would see that a long time does  not become long, except from
the many separate events that occur  in its passage, which cannot be simultaneous.  In the Eternal,
on  the other hand, nothing passes away, but the whole is
simultaneously present.  But no temporal process is wholly  simultaneous.  Therefore, let it[431]
see that all time past is  forced to move on by the incoming future; that all the future  follows from
the past; and that all, past and future, is created  and issues out of that which is forever present.
Who will hold  the heart of man that it may stand still and see how the eternity  which always
stands still is itself neither future nor past but  expresses itself in the times that are future and past?
Can my  hand do this, or can the hand of my mouth bring about so difficult  a thing even by
persuasion?


                         CHAPTER XII

    14.  How, then, shall I respond to him who asks, "What was  God doing _before_ he made
heaven and earth?"  I do not answer, as  a certain one is reported to have done facetiously
(shrugging off  the force of the question).  "He was preparing hell," he said,  "for those who pry
too deep." It is one thing to see the answer;  it is another to laugh at the questioner -- and for
myself I do  not answer these things thus.  More willingly would I have  answered, "I do not
know what I do not know," than cause one who  asked a deep question to be ridiculed -- and by
such tactics gain  praise for a worthless answer.
    Rather, I say that thou, our God, art the Creator of every  creature.  And if in the term "heaven
and earth" every creature is  included, I make bold to say further: "Before God made heaven and
earth, he did not make anything at all.  For if he did, what did  he make unless it were a creature?"
I do indeed wish that I knew  all that I desire to know to my profit as surely as I know that no
creature was made before any creature was made.


                        CHAPTER XIII

    15.  But if the roving thought of someone should wander over  the images of past time, and
wonder that thou, the Almighty God,  the All-creating and All-sustaining, the Architect of heaven
and  earth, didst for ages unnumbered abstain from so great a work  before thou didst actually do
it, let him awake and consider that  he wonders at illusions.  For in what temporal medium could
the  unnumbered ages that thou didst not make pass by, since thou art  the Author and Creator of
all the ages?  Or what periods of time  would those be that were not made by thee?  Or how could
they have  already passed away if they had not already been?  Since,  therefore, thou art the
Creator of all times, if there was any  time _before_ thou madest heaven and earth, why is it said
that  thou wast abstaining from working?  For thou madest that very time  itself, and periods
could not pass by _before_ thou madest the  whole temporal procession.  But if there was no time
_before_  heaven and earth, how, then, can it be asked, "What wast thou  doing then?"  For there
was no "then" when there was no time.      16.  Nor dost thou precede any given period of time by
another period of time.  Else thou wouldst not precede all periods  of time.  In the eminence of
thy ever-present eternity, thou  precedest all times past, and extendest beyond all future times,  for
they are still to come -- and when they have come, they will  be past.  But "Thou art always the
Selfsame and thy years shall  have no end."[432]  Thy years neither go nor come; but ours both
go and come in order that all separate moments may come to pass.   All thy years stand together
as one, since they are abiding.  Nor  do thy years past exclude the years to come because thy years
do  not pass away.  All these years of ours shall be with thee, when  all of them shall have ceased
to be.  Thy years are but a day, and  thy day is not recurrent, but always today.  Thy "today"
yields  not to tomorrow and does not follow yesterday.  Thy "today" is  eternity.  Therefore, thou
didst generate the Coeternal, to whom  thou didst say, "This day I have begotten thee."[433]
Thou madest  all time and before all times thou art, and there was never a time  when there was
no time.


                         CHAPTER XIV

    17.  There was no time, therefore, when thou hadst not made  anything, because thou hadst
made time itself.  And there are no  times that are coeternal with thee, because thou dost abide
forever; but if times should abide, they would not be times.      For what is time?  Who can easily
and briefly explain it?   Who can even comprehend it in thought or put the answer into  words?
Yet is it not true that in conversation we refer to  nothing more familiarly or knowingly than time?
And surely we  understand it when we speak of it; we understand it also when we  hear another
speak of it.
    What, then, is time?  If no one asks me, I know what it is.   If I wish to explain it to him who
asks me, I do not know.  Yet I  say with confidence that I know that if nothing passed away, there
would be no past time; and if nothing were still coming, there  would be no future time; and if
there were nothing at all, there  would be no present time.
    But, then, how is it that there are the two times, past and  future, when even the past is now no
longer and the future is now  not yet?  But if the present were always present, and did not pass
into past time, it obviously would not be time but eternity.  If,  then, time present -- if it be time --
comes into existence only  because it passes into time past, how can we say that even this  is,
since the cause of its being is that it will cease to be?   Thus, can we not truly say that time _is_
only as it tends toward  nonbeing?


                         CHAPTER XV

    18.  And yet we speak of a long time and a short time; but  never speak this way except of
time past and future.  We call a  hundred years ago, for example, a long time past.  In like manner,
we should call a hundred years hence a long time to come.  But we  call ten days ago a short time
past; and ten days hence a short  time to come.  But in what sense is something long or short that
is nonexistent?  For the past is not now, and the future is not  yet.  Therefore, let us not say, "It
_is_ long"; instead, let us  say of the past, "It _was_ long," and of the future, "It _will be_  long."
And yet, O Lord, my Light, shall not thy truth make mockery  of man even here?  For that long
time past: was it long when it  was already past, or when it was still present?  For it might have
been long when there was a period that could be long, but when it  was past, it no longer was.  In
that case, that which was not at  all could not be long.  Let us not, therefore, say, "Time past was
long," for we shall not discover what it was that was long  because, since it is past, it no longer
exists.  Rather, let us  say that "time _present_ was long, because when it was present it  _was_
long." For then it had not yet passed on so as not to be,  and therefore it still was in a state that
could be called long.   But after it passed, it ceased to be long simply because it ceased  to be.
    19.  Let us, therefore, O human soul, see whether present  time can be long, for it has been
given you to feel and measure  the periods of time.  How, then, will you answer me?
    Is a hundred years when present a long time?  But, first, see  whether a hundred years can be
present at once.  For if the first  year in the century is current, then it is present time, and the
other ninety and nine are still future.  Therefore, they are not  yet.  But, then, if the second year is
current, one year is  already past, the second present, and all the rest are future.   And thus, if we
fix on any middle year of this century as present,  those before it are past, those after it are future.
Therefore, a  hundred years cannot be present all at once.
    Let us see, then, whether the year that is now current can be  present.  For if its first month is
current, then the rest are  future; if the second, the first is already past, and the  remainder are not
yet.  Therefore, the current year is not present  all at once.  And if it is not present as a whole,
then the year  is not present.  For it takes twelve months to make the year, from  which each
individual month which is current is itself present one  at a time, but the rest are either past or
future.
    20.  Thus it comes out that time present, which we found was  the only time that could be
called "long," has been cut down to  the space of scarcely a single day.  But let us examine even
that,  for one day is never present as a whole.  For it is made up of  twenty-four hours, divided
between night and day.  The first of  these hours has the rest of them as future, and the last of
them  has the rest as past; but any of those between has those that  preceded it as past and those
that succeed it as future.  And that  one hour itself passes away in fleeting fractions.  The part of it
that has fled is past; what remains is still future.  If any  fraction of time be conceived that cannot
now be divided even into  the most minute momentary point, this alone is what we may call
time present.  But this flies so rapidly from future to past that  it cannot be extended by any delay.
For if it is extended, it is  then divided into past and future.  But the present has no
extension[434] whatever.
    Where, therefore, is that time which we may call "long"?  Is  it future?  Actually we do not say
of the future, "It is long,"  for it has not yet come to be, so as to be long.  Instead, we say,  "It will
be long." _When_ will it be?  For since it is future, it  will not be long, for what may be long is not
yet.  It will be  long only when it passes from the future which is not as yet, and  will have begun
to be present, so that there can be something that  may be long.  But in that case, time present
cries aloud, in the  words we have already heard, that it cannot be "long."


                         CHAPTER XVI

    21.  And yet, O Lord, we do perceive intervals of time, and  we compare them with each
other, and we say that some are longer  and others are shorter.  We even measure how much
longer or  shorter this time may be than that time.  And we say that this  time is twice as long, or
three times as long, while this other  time is only just as long as that other.  But we measure the
passage of time when we measure the intervals of perception.  But  who can measure times past
which now are no longer, or times  future which are not yet -- unless perhaps someone will dare
to  say that what does not exist can be measured?  Therefore, while  time is passing, it can be
perceived and measured; but when it is  past, it cannot, since it is not.


                        CHAPTER XVII

    22.  I am seeking the truth, O Father; I am not affirming it.   O my God, direct and rule me.
    Who is there who will tell me that there are not three times  -- as we learned when boys and as
we have also taught boys -- time  past, time present, and time future?  Who can say that there is
only time present because the other two do not exist?  Or do they  also exist; but when, from the
future, time becomes present, it  proceeds from some secret place; and when, from times present,
it  becomes past, it recedes into some secret place?  For where have  those men who have foretold
the future seen the things foretold,  if then they were not yet existing?  For what does not exist
cannot be seen.  And those who tell of things past could not speak  of them as if they were true, if
they did not see them in their  minds.  These things could in no way be discerned if they did not
exist.  There are therefore times present and times past.


                        CHAPTER XVIII

    23.  Give me leave, O Lord, to seek still further.  O my  Hope, let not my purpose be
confounded.  For if there are times  past and future, I wish to know where they are.  But if I have
not  yet succeeded in this, I still know that wherever they are, they  are not there as future or past,
but as present.  For if they are  there as future, they are there as "not yet"; if they are there as
past, they are there as "no longer." Wherever they are and  whatever they are they exist therefore
only as present.  Although  we tell of past things as true, they are drawn out of the memory
-- not the things themselves, which have already passed, but words  constructed from the images
of the perceptions which were formed  in the mind, like footprints in their passage through the
senses.   My childhood, for instance, which is no longer, still exists in  time past, which does not
now exist.  But when I call to mind its  image and speak of it, I see it in the present because it is
still  in my memory.  Whether there is a similar explanation for the  foretelling of future events --
that is, of the images of things  which are not yet seen as if they were already existing -- I
confess, O my God, I do not know.  But this I certainly do know:  that we generally think ahead
about our future actions, and this  premeditation is in time present; but that the action which we
premeditate is not yet, because it is still future.  When we shall  have started the action and have
begun to do what we were  premeditating, then that action will be in time present, because  then it
is no longer in time future.
    24.  Whatever may be the manner of this secret foreseeing of  future things, nothing can be
seen except what exists.  But what  exists now is not future, but present.  When, therefore, they
say  that future events are seen, it is not the events themselves, for  they do not exist as yet (that
is, they are still in time future),  but perhaps, instead, their causes and their signs are seen, which
already do exist.  Therefore, to those already beholding these  causes and signs, they are not
future, but present, and from them  future things are predicted because they are conceived in the
mind.  These conceptions, however, exist _now_, and those who  predict those things see these
conceptions before them in time  present.
    Let me take an example from the vast multitude and variety of  such things.  I see the dawn; I
predict that the sun is about to  rise.  What I see is in time present, what I predict is in time  future
-- not that the sun is future, for it already exists; but  its rising is future, because it is not yet.  Yet
I could not  predict even its rising, unless I had an image of it in my mind;  as, indeed, I do even
now as I speak.  But that dawn which I see  in the sky is not the rising of the sun (though it does
precede  it), nor is it a conception in my mind.  These two[435] are seen  in time present, in order
that the event which is in time future  may be predicted.
    Future events, therefore, are not yet.  And if they are not  yet, they do not exist.  And if they
do not exist, they cannot be  seen at all, but they can be predicted from things present, which
now are and are seen.


                         CHAPTER XIX

    25.  Now, therefore, O Ruler of thy creatures, what is the  mode by which thou teachest souls
those things which are still  future?  For thou hast taught thy prophets.  How dost thou, to  whom
nothing is future, teach future things -- or rather teach  things present from the signs of things
future?  For what does not  exist certainly cannot be taught.  This way of thine is too far  from my
sight; it is too great for me, I cannot attain to it.[436]   But I shall be enabled by thee, when thou
wilt grant it, O sweet  Light of my secret eyes.


                         CHAPTER XX

    26.  But even now it is manifest and clear that there are  neither times future nor times past.
Thus it is not properly said  that there are three times, past, present, and future.  Perhaps it  might
be said rightly that there are three times: a time present  of things past; a time present of things
present; and a time  present of things future.  For these three do coexist somehow in  the soul, for
otherwise I could not see them.  The time present of  things past is memory; the time present of
things present is  direct experience; the time present of things future is
expectation.[437]  If we are allowed to speak of these things so,  I see three times, and I grant
that there are three.  Let it still  be said, then, as our misapplied custom has it: "There are three
times, past, present, and future." I shall not be troubled by it,  nor argue, nor object -- always
provided that what is said is  understood, so that neither the future nor the past is said to
exist now.  There are but few things about which we speak properly  -- and many more about
which we speak improperly -- though we  understand one another's meaning.


                         CHAPTER XXI

    27.  I have said, then, that we measure periods of time as  they pass so that we can say that this
time is twice as long as  that one or that this is just as long as that, and so on for the  other
fractions of time which we can count by measuring.
    So, then, as I was saying, we measure periods of time as they  pass.  And if anyone asks me,
"How do you know this?", I can  answer: "I know because we measure.  We could not measure
things  that do not exist, and things past and future do not exist." But  how do we measure
present time since it has no extension?  It is  measured while it passes, but when it has passed it is
not  measured; for then there is nothing that could be measured.  But  whence, and how, and
whither does it pass while it is being  measured?  Whence, but from the future?  Which way, save
through  the present?  Whither, but into the past?  Therefore, from what is  not yet, through what
has no length, it passes into what is now no  longer.  But what do we measure, unless it is a time
of some  length?  For we cannot speak of single, and double, and triple,  and equal, and all the
other ways in which we speak of time,  except in terms of the length of the periods of time.  But
in what  "length," then, do we measure passing time?  Is it in the future,  from which it passes
over?  But what does not yet exist cannot be  measured.  Or, is it in the present, through which it
passes?  But  what has no length we cannot measure.  Or is it in the past into  which it passes?
But what is no longer we cannot measure.

                        CHAPTER XXII

    28.  My soul burns ardently to understand this most intricate  enigma.  O Lord my God, O
good Father, I beseech thee through  Christ, do not close off these things, both the familiar and
the  obscure, from my desire.  Do not bar it from entering into them;  but let their light dawn by
thy enlightening mercy, O Lord.  Of  whom shall I inquire about these things?  And to whom shall
I  confess my ignorance of them with greater profit than to thee, to  whom these studies of mine
(ardently longing to understand thy  Scriptures) are not a bore?  Give me what I love, for I do
love  it; and this thou hast given me.  O Father, who truly knowest how  to give good gifts to thy
children, give this to me.  Grant it,  since I have undertaken to understand it, and hard labor is my
lot  until thou openest it.  I beseech thee, through Christ and in his  name, the Holy of Holies, let
no man interrupt me.  "For I have  believed, and therefore do I speak."[438]  This is my hope; for
this I live: that I may contemplate the joys of my Lord.[439]   Behold, thou hast made my days
grow old, and they pass away -- and  how I do not know.
    We speak of this time and that time, and these times and  those times: "How long ago since he
said this?"  "How long ago  since he did this?"  "How long ago since I saw that?"  "This  syllable
is twice as long as that single short syllable." These  words we say and hear, and we are
understood and we understand.   They are quite commonplace and ordinary, and still the meaning
of  these very same things lies deeply hid and its discovery is still  to come.


                        CHAPTER XXIII

    29.  I once heard a learned man say that the motions of the  sun, moon, and stars constituted
time; and I did not agree.  For  why should not the motions of all bodies constitute time?  What if
the lights of heaven should cease, and a potter's wheel still turn  round: would there be no time by
which we might measure those  rotations and say either that it turned at equal intervals, or, if  it
moved now more slowly and now more quickly, that some rotations  were longer and others
shorter?  And while we were saying this,  would we not also be speaking in time?  Or would there
not be in  our words some syllables that were long and others short, because  the first took a
longer time to sound, and the others a shorter  time?  O God, grant men to see in a small thing the
notions that  are common[440] to all things, both great and small.  Both the  stars and the lights of
heaven are "for signs and seasons, and for  days and years."[441]  This is doubtless the case, but
just as I  should not say that the circuit of that wooden wheel was a day,  neither would that
learned man say that there was, therefore, no  time.
    30.  I thirst to know the power and the nature of time, by  which we measure the motions of
bodies, and say, for example, that  this motion is twice as long as that.  For I ask, since the word
"day" refers not only to the length of time that the sun is above  the earth (which separates day
from night), but also refers to the  sun's entire circuit from east all the way around to east -- on
account of which we can say, "So many days have passed" (the  nights being included when we
say, "So many days," and their  lengths not counted separately) -- since, then, the day is ended  by
the motion of the sun and by his passage from east to east, I  ask whether the motion itself is the
day, or whether the day is  the period in which that motion is completed; or both?  For if the  sun's
passage is the day, then there would be a day even if the  sun should finish his course in as short a
period as an hour.  If  the motion itself is the day, then it would not be a day if from  one sunrise
to another there were a period no longer than an hour.   But the sun would have to go round
twenty-four times to make just  one day.  If it is both, then that could not be called a day if  the
sun ran his entire course in the period of an hour; nor would  it be a day if, while the sun stood
still, as much time passed as  the sun usually covered during his whole course, from morning to
morning.  I shall, therefore, not ask any more what it is that is  called a day, but rather what time
is, for it is by time that we  measure the circuit of the sun, and would be able to say that it  was
finished in half the period of time that it customarily takes  if it were completed in a period of only
twelve hours.  If, then,  we compare these periods, we could call one of them a single and  the
other a double period, as if the sun might run his course from  east to east sometimes in a single
period and sometimes in a  double period.
    Let no man tell me, therefore, that the motions of the  heavenly bodies constitute time.  For
when the sun stood still at  the prayer of a certain man in order that he might gain his  victory in
battle, the sun stood still but time went on.  For in  as long a span of time as was sufficient the
battle was fought and  ended.[442]
    I see, then, that time is a certain kind of extension.  But  do I see it, or do I only seem to?
Thou, O Light and Truth, wilt  show me.


                         CHAPTER XXIV

    31.  Dost thou command that I should agree if anyone says  that time is "the motion of a
body"?  Thou dost not so command.   For I hear that no body is moved but in time; this thou
tellest  me.  But that the motion of a body itself is time I do not hear;  thou dost not say so.  For
when a body is moved, I measure by time  how long it was moving from the time when it began to
be moved  until it stopped.  And if I did not see when it began to be moved,  and if it continued to
move so that I could not see when it  stopped, I could not measure the movement, except from
the time  when I began to see it until I stopped.  But if I look at it for a  long time, I can affirm
only that the time is long but not how  long it may be.  This is because when we say, "How
long?", we are  speaking comparatively as: "This is as long as that," or, "This is  twice as long as
that"; or other such similar ratios.  But if we  were able to observe the point in space where and
from which the  body, which is moved, comes and the point to which it is moved; or  if we can
observe its parts moving as in a wheel, we can say how  long the movement of the body took or
the movement of its parts  from this place to that.  Since, therefore, the motion of a body  is one
thing, and the norm by which we measure how long it takes  is another thing, we cannot see
which of these two is to be called  time.  For, although a body is sometimes moved and sometimes
stands still, we measure not only its motion but also its rest as  well; and both by time!  Thus we
say, "It stood still as long as  it moved," or, "It stood still twice or three times as long as it
moved" -- or any other ratio which our measuring has either  determined or imagined, either
roughly or precisely, according to  our custom.  Therefore, time is not the motion of a body.


                         CHAPTER XXV

    32.  And I confess to thee, O Lord, that I am still ignorant  as to what time is.  And again I
confess to thee, O Lord, that I  know that I am speaking all these things in time, and that I have
already spoken of time a long time, and that "very long" is not  long except when measured by the
duration of time.  How, then, do  I know this, when I do not know what time is?  Or, is it possible
that I do not know how I can express what I do know?  Alas for me!   I do not even know the
extent of my own ignorance.  Behold, O my  God, in thy presence I do not lie.  As my heart is, so
I speak.   Thou shalt light my candle; thou, O Lord my God, wilt enlighten my  darkness.[443]


                        CHAPTER XXVI

    33.  Does not my soul most truly confess to thee that I do  measure intervals of time?  But
what is it that I thus measure, O  my God, and how is it that I do not know what I measure?  I
measure the motion of a body by time, but the time itself I do not  measure.  But, truly, could I
measure the motion of a body -- how  long it takes, how long it is in motion from this place to
that --  unless I could measure the time in which it is moving?
    How, then, do I measure this time itself?  Do we measure a  longer time by a shorter time, as
we measure the length of a  crossbeam in terms of cubits?[444]  Thus, we can say that the
length of a long syllable is measured by the length of a short  syllable and thus say that the long
syllable is double.  So also  we measure the length of poems by the length of the lines, and the
length of the line by the length of the feet, and the length of  the feet by the length of the syllable,
and the length of the long  syllables by the length of the short ones.  We do not measure by  pages
-- for in that way we would measure space rather than time  -- but when we speak the words as
they pass by we say: "It is a  long stanza, because it is made up of so many verses; they are  long
verses because they consist of so many feet; they are long  feet because they extend over so many
syllables; this is a long  syllable because it is twice the length of a short one."
    But no certain measure of time is obtained this way; since it  is possible that if a shorter verse
is pronounced slowly, it may  take up more time than a longer one if it is pronounced hurriedly.
The same would hold for a stanza, or a foot, or a syllable.  From  this it appears to me that time is
nothing other than
extendedness;[445] but extendedness of what I do not know.  This  is a marvel to me.  The
extendedness may be of the mind itself.   For what is it I measure, I ask thee, O my God, when I
say either,  roughly, "This time is longer than that," or, more precisely,  "This is _twice_ as long
as that." I know that I am measuring  time.  But I am not measuring the future, for it is not yet;
and I  am not measuring the present because it is extended by no length;  and I am not measuring
the past because it no longer is.  What is  it, therefore, that I am measuring?  Is it time in its
passage,  but not time past [praetereuntia tempora, non praeterita]?  This  is what I have been
saying.


                        CHAPTER XXVII

    34.  Press on, O my mind, and attend with all your power.   God is our Helper: "it is he that
hath made us and not we  ourselves."[446]  Give heed where the truth begins to dawn.[447]
Suppose now that a bodily voice begins to sound, and continues to  sound -- on and on -- and
then ceases.  Now there is silence.  The  voice is past, and there is no longer a sound.  It was
future  before it sounded, and could not be measured because it was not  yet; and now it cannot
be measured because it is no longer.   Therefore, while it was sounding, it might have been
measured  because then there was something that could be measured.  But even  then it did not
stand still, for it was in motion and was passing  away.  Could it, on that account, be any more
readily measured?   For while it was passing away, it was being extended into some  interval of
time in which it might be measured, since the present  has no length.  Supposing, though, that it
might have been  measured -- then also suppose that another voice had begun to  sound and is still
sounding without any interruption to break its  continued flow.  We can measure it only while it is
sounding, for  when it has ceased to sound it will be already past and there will  not be anything
there that can be measured.  Let us measure it  exactly; and let us say how much it is.  But while it
is sounding,  it cannot be measured except from the instant when it began to  sound, down to the
final moment when it left off.  For we measure  the time interval itself from some beginning point
to some end.   This is why a voice that has not yet ended cannot be measured, so  that one could
say how long or how briefly it will continue.  Nor  can it be said to be equal to another voice or
single or double in  comparison to it or anything like this.  But when it is ended, it  is no longer.
How, therefore, may it be measured?  And yet we  measure times; not those which are not yet,
nor those which no  longer are, nor those which are stretched out by some delay, nor  those which
have no limit.  Therefore, we measure neither times  future nor times past, nor times present, nor
times passing by;  and yet we do measure times.
    35.  Deus Creator omnium[448]: this verse of eight syllables  alternates between short and
long syllables.  The four short ones  -- that is, the first, third, fifth, and seventh -- are single in
relation to the four long ones -- that is, the second, fourth,  sixth, and eighth.  Each of the long
ones is double the length of  each of the short ones.  I affirm this and report it, and common
sense perceives that this indeed is the case.  By common sense,  then, I measure a long syllable by
a short one, and I find that it  is twice as long.  But when one sounds after another, if the first
be short and the latter long, how can I hold the short one and how  can I apply it to the long one
as a measure, so that I can  discover that the long one is twice as long, when, in fact, the
long one does not begin to sound until the short one leaves off  sounding?  That same long
syllable I do not measure as present,  since I cannot measure it until it is ended; but its ending is its
passing away.
    What is it, then, that I can measure?  Where is the short  syllable by which I measure?  Where
is the long one that I am  measuring?  Both have sounded, have flown away, have passed on,
and are no longer.  And still I measure, and I confidently answer  -- as far as a trained ear can be
trusted -- that this syllable is  single and that syllable double.  And I could not do this unless  they
both had passed and were ended.  Therefore I do not measure  them, for they do not exist any
more.  But I measure something in  my memory which remains fixed.
    36.  It is in you, O mind of mine, that I measure the periods  of time.  Do not shout me down
that it exists [objectively]; do  not overwhelm yourself with the turbulent flood of your
impressions.  In you, as I have said, I measure the periods of  time.  I measure as time present the
impression that things make  on you as they pass by and what remains after they have passed by
-- I do not measure the things themselves which have passed by and  left their impression on you.
This is what I measure when I  measure periods of time.  Either, then, these are the periods of
time or else I do not measure time at all.
    What are we doing when we measure silence, and say that this  silence has lasted as long as
that voice lasts?  Do we not project  our thought to the measure of a sound, as if it were then
sounding, so that we can say something concerning the intervals of  silence in a given span of
time?  For, even when both the voice  and the tongue are still, we review -- in thought -- poems
and  verses, and discourse of various kinds or various measures of  motions, and we specify their
time spans -- how long this is in  relation to that -- just as if we were speaking them aloud.  If
anyone wishes to utter a prolonged sound, and if, in forethought,  he has decided how long it
should be, that man has already in  silence gone through a span of time, and committed his sound
to  memory.  Thus he begins to speak and his voice sounds until it  reaches the predetermined
end.  It has truly sounded and will go  on sounding.  But what is already finished has already
sounded and  what remains will still sound.  Thus it passes on, until the  present intention carries
the future over into the past.  The past  increases by the diminution of the future until by the
consumption  of all the future all is past.[449]


                         CHAPTER XXVIII

    37.  But how is the future diminished or consumed when it  does not yet exist?  Or how does
the past, which exists no longer,  increase, unless it is that in the mind in which all this happens
there are three functions?  For the mind expects, it attends, and  it remembers; so that what it
expects passes into what it  remembers by way of what it attends to.  Who denies that future
things do not exist as yet?  But still there is already in the  mind the expectation of things still
future.  And who denies that  past things now exist no longer?  Still there is in the mind the
memory of things past.  Who denies that time present has no  length, since it passes away in a
moment?  Yet, our attention has  a continuity and it is through this that what is present may
proceed to become absent.  Therefore, future time, which is  nonexistent, is not long; but "a long
future" is "a long
expectation of the future." Nor is time past, which is now no  longer, long; a "long past" is "a long
memory of the past."      38.  I am about to repeat a psalm that I know.  Before I  begin, my
attention encompasses the whole, but once I have begun,  as much of it as becomes past while I
speak is still stretched out  in my memory.  The span of my action is divided between my memory,
which contains what I have repeated, and my expectation, which  contains what I am about to
repeat.  Yet my attention is
continually present with me, and through it what was future is  carried over so that it becomes
past.  The more this is done and  repeated, the more the memory is enlarged -- and expectation is
shortened -- until the whole expectation is exhausted.  Then the  whole action is ended and passed
into memory.  And what takes  place in the entire psalm takes place also in each individual part
of it and in each individual syllable.  This also holds in the  even longer action of which that psalm
is only a portion.  The  same holds in the whole life of man, of which all the actions of  men are
parts.  The same holds in the whole age of the sons of  men, of which all the lives of men are
parts.


                        CHAPTER XXIX

    39.  But "since thy loving-kindness is better than life  itself,"[450] observe how my life is but a
stretching out, and how  thy right hand has upheld me in my Lord, the Son of Man, the  Mediator
between thee, the One, and us, the many -- in so many  ways and by so many means.  Thus
through him I may lay hold upon  him in whom I am also laid hold upon; and I may be gathered
up  from my old way of life to follow that One and to forget that  which is behind, no longer
stretched out but now pulled together  again -- stretching forth not to what shall be and shall pass
away  but to those things that _are_ before me.  Not distractedly now,  but intently, I follow on
for the prize of my heavenly
calling,[451] where I may hear the sound of thy praise and  contemplate thy delights, which
neither come to be nor pass away.      But now my years are spent in mourning.[452]  And thou,
O  Lord, art my comfort, my eternal Father.  But I have been torn  between the times, the order of
which I do not know, and my  thoughts, even the inmost and deepest places of my soul, are
mangled by various commotions until I shall flow together into  thee, purged and molten in the
fire of thy love.


                         CHAPTER XXX

    40.  And I will be immovable and fixed in thee, and thy truth  will be my mold.  And I shall not
have to endure the questions of  those men who, as if in a morbid disease, thirst for more than
they can hold and say, "What did God make before he made heaven  and earth?"  or, "How did it
come into his mind to make something  when he had never before made anything?"  Grant them,
O Lord, to  consider well what they are saying; and grant them to see that  where there is no time
they cannot say "never." When, therefore,  he is said "never to have made" something -- what is
this but to  say that it was made in no time at all?  Let them therefore see  that there could be no
time without a created world, and let them  cease to speak vanity of this kind.  Let them also be
stretched  out to those things which are before them, and understand that  thou, the eternal
Creator of all times, art before all times and  that no times are coeternal with thee; nor is any
creature, even  if there is a creature "above time."


                        CHAPTER XXXI

    41.  O Lord my God, what a chasm there is in thy deep secret!   How far short of it have the
consequences of my sins cast me?   Heal my eyes, that I may enjoy thy light.  Surely, if there is a
mind that so greatly abounds in knowledge and foreknowledge, to  which all things past and
future are as well known as one psalm is  well known to me, that mind would be an exceeding
marvel and  altogether astonishing.  For whatever is past and whatever is yet  to come would be
no more concealed from him than the past and  future of that psalm were hidden from me when I
was chanting it:  how much of it had been sung from the beginning and what and how  much still
remained till the end.  But far be it from thee, O  Creator of the universe, and Creator of our souls
and bodies --  far be it from thee that thou shouldst merely know all things past  and future.  Far,
far more wonderfully, and far more mysteriously  thou knowest them.  For it is not as the feelings
of one singing  familiar songs, or hearing a familiar song in which, because of  his expectation of
words still to come and his remembrance of  those that are past, his feelings are varied and his
senses are  divided.  This is not the way that anything happens to thee, who  art unchangeably
eternal, that is, the truly eternal Creator of  minds.  As in the beginning thou knewest both the
heaven and the  earth without any change in thy knowledge, so thou didst make  heaven and earth
in their beginnings without any division in thy  action.[453]  Let him who understands this confess
to thee; and  let him who does not understand also confess to thee!  Oh, exalted  as thou art, still
the humble in heart are thy dwelling place!   For thou liftest them who are cast down and they fall
not for whom  thou art the Most High.[454]





                        BOOK TWELVE


    The mode of creation and the truth of Scripture.  Augustine  explores the relation of the visible
and formed matter of heaven  and earth to the prior matrix from which it was formed.  This  leads
to an intricate analysis of "unformed matter" and the primal  "possibility" from which God created,
itself created  de nihilo.   He finds a reference to this in the misconstrued Scriptural phrase
"the heaven of heavens." Realizing that his interpretation of Gen.  1:1, 2, is not self-evidently the
only possibility, Augustine  turns to an elaborate discussion of the multiplicity of
perspectives in hermeneutics and, in the course of this, reviews  the various possibilities of true
interpretation of his Scripture  text.  He emphasizes the importance of tolerance where there are
plural options, and confidence where basic Christian faith is  concerned.


                          CHAPTER I

    1.  My heart is deeply stirred, O Lord, when in this poor  life of mine the words of thy Holy
Scripture strike upon it.  This  is why the poverty of the human intellect expresses itself in an
abundance of language.  Inquiry is more loquacious than discovery.   Demanding takes longer
than obtaining; and the hand that knocks is  more active than the hand that receives.  But we have
the promise,  and who shall break it?  "If God be for us, who can be against  us?"[455]  "Ask, and
you shall receive; seek, and you shall find;  knock, and it shall be opened unto you; for everyone
that asks  receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him that knocks, it shall  be opened."[456]
These are thy own promises, and who need fear to  be deceived when truth promises?


                         CHAPTER II

    2.  In lowliness my tongue confesses to thy exaltation, for  thou madest heaven and earth.
This heaven which I see, and this  earth on which I walk -- from which came this "earth" that I
carry  about me -- thou didst make.
    But where is that heaven of heavens, O Lord, of which we hear  in the words of the psalm,
"The heaven of heavens is the Lord's,  but the earth he hath given to the children of men"?[457]
Where  is the heaven that we cannot see, in relation to which all that we  can see is earth?  For
this whole corporeal creation has been  beautifully formed -- though not everywhere in its entirety
-- and  our earth is the lowest of these levels.  Still, compared with  that heaven of heavens, even
the heaven of our own earth is only  earth.  Indeed, it is not absurd to call each of those two great
bodies[458] "earth" in comparison with that ineffable heaven which  is the Lord's, and not for the
sons of men.


                         CHAPTER III

    3.  And truly this earth was invisible and unformed,[459] and  there was an inexpressibly
profound abyss[460] above which there  was no light since it had no form.  Thou didst command
it written  that "darkness was on the face of the deep."[461]  What else is  darkness except the
absence of light?  For if there had been  light, where would it have been except by being over all,
showing  itself rising aloft and giving light?  Therefore, where there was  no light as yet, why was
it that darkness was present, unless it  was that light was absent?  Darkness, then, was heavy upon
it,  because the light from above was absent; just as there is silence  where there is no sound.  And
what is it to have silence anywhere  but simply not to have sound?  Hast thou not, O Lord, taught
this  soul which confesses to thee?  Hast thou not thus taught me, O  Lord, that before thou didst
form and separate this formless  matter there was _nothing_: neither color, nor figure, nor body,
nor spirit?  Yet it was not absolutely nothing; it was a certain  formlessness without any shape.


                         CHAPTER IV

    4.  What, then, should that formlessness be called so that  somehow it might be indicated to
those of sluggish mind, unless we  use some word in common speech?  But what can be found
anywhere in  the world nearer to a total formlessness than the earth and the  abyss?  Because of
their being on the lowest level, they are less  beautiful than are the other and higher parts, all
translucent and  shining.  Therefore, why may I not consider the formlessness of  matter -- which
thou didst create without shapely form, from which  to make this shapely world -- as fittingly
indicated to men by the  phrase, "The earth invisible and unformed"?


                          CHAPTER V

    5.  When our thought seeks something for our sense to fasten  to [in this concept of unformed
matter], and when it says to  itself, "It is not an intelligible form, such as life or justice,  since it is
the material for bodies; and it is not a former  perception, for there is nothing in the invisible and
unformed  which can be seen and felt" -- while human thought says such  things to itself, it may be
attempting either to know by being  ignorant or by knowing how not to know.


                         CHAPTER VI

    6.  But if, O Lord, I am to confess to thee, by my mouth and  my pen, the whole of what thou
hast taught me concerning this  unformed matter, I must say first of all that when I first heard  of
such matter and did not understand it -- and those who told me  of it could not understand it
either -- I conceived of it as  having countless and varied forms.  Thus, I did not think about it
rightly.  My mind in its agitation used to turn up all sorts of  foul and horrible "forms"; but still
they were "forms." And still  I called it formless, not because it was unformed, but because it  had
what seemed to me a kind of form that my mind turned away  from, as bizarre and incongruous,
before which my human weakness  was confused.  And even what I did conceive of as unformed
was so,  not because it was deprived of all form, but only as it compared  with more beautiful
forms.  Right reason, then, persuaded me that  I ought to remove altogether all vestiges of form
whatever if I  wished to conceive matter that was wholly unformed; and this I  could not do.  For
I could more readily imagine that what was  deprived of all form simply did not exist than I could
conceive of  anything between form and nothing -- something which was neither  formed nor
nothing, something that was unformed and nearly  nothing.
    Thus my mind ceased to question my spirit -- filled as it was  with the images of formed
bodies, changing and varying them  according to its will.  And so I applied myself to the bodies
themselves and looked more deeply into their mutability, by which  they cease to be what they had
been and begin to be what they were  not.  This transition from form to form I had regarded as
involving something like a formless condition, though not actual  nothingness.[462]
    But I desired to know, not to guess.  And, if my voice and my  pen were to confess to thee all
the various knots thou hast untied  for me about this question, who among my readers could
endure to  grasp the whole of the account?  Still, despite this, my heart  will not cease to give
honor to thee or to sing thy praises  concerning those things which it is not able to express.[463]
 For the mutability of mutable things carries with it the  possibility of all those forms into which
mutable things can be  changed.  But this mutability -- what is it?  Is it soul?  Is it  body?  Is it the
external appearance of soul or body?  Could it be  said, "Nothing was something," and "That
which is, is not"?  If  this were possible, I would say that this was it, and in some such  manner it
must have been in order to receive these visible and  composite forms.[464]


                         CHAPTER VII

    7.  Whence and how was this, unless it came from thee, from  whom all things are, in so far as
they are?  But the farther  something is from thee, the more unlike thee it is -- and this is  not a
matter of distance or place.
    Thus it was that thou, O Lord, who art not one thing in one  place and another thing in another
place but the Selfsame, and the  Selfsame, and the Selfsame -- "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God
Almighty"[465] -- thus it was that in the beginning, and through  thy Wisdom which is from thee
and born of thy substance, thou  didst create something and that out of nothing.[466]  For thou
didst create the heaven and the earth -- not out of thyself, for  then they would be equal to thy
only Son and thereby to thee.  And  there is no sense in which it would be right that anything
should  be equal to thee that was not of thee.  But what else besides thee  was there out of which
thou mightest create these things, O God,  one Trinity, and trine Unity?[467]  And, therefore, it
was out of  nothing at all that thou didst create the heaven and earth --  something great and
something small -- for thou art Almighty and  Good, and able to make all things good: even the
great heaven and  the small earth.  Thou wast, and there was nothing else from which  thou didst
create heaven and earth: these two things, one near  thee, the other near to nothing; the one to
which only thou art  superior, the other to which nothing else is inferior.


                        CHAPTER VIII

    8.  That heaven of heavens was thine, O Lord, but the earth  which thou didst give to the sons
of men to be seen and touched  was not then in the same form as that in which we now see it and
touch it.  For then it was invisible and unformed and there was an  abyss over which there was no
light.  The darkness was truly  _over_ the abyss, that is, more than just _in_ the abyss.  For  this
abyss of waters which now is visible has even in its depths a  certain light appropriate to its
nature, perceptible in some  fashion to fishes and the things that creep about on the bottom of  it.
But then the entire abyss was almost nothing, since it was  still altogether unformed.  Yet even
there, there was something  that had the possibility of being formed.  For thou, O Lord, hadst
made the world out of unformed matter, and this thou didst make  out of nothing and didst make
it into almost nothing.  From it  thou hast then made these great things which we, the sons of men,
marvel at.  For this corporeal heaven is truly marvelous, this  firmament between the water and
the waters which thou didst make  on the second day after the creation of light, saying, "Let it be
done," and it was done.[468]  This firmament thou didst call  heaven, that is, the heaven of this
earth and sea which thou  madest on the third day, giving a visible shape to the unformed
matter which thou hadst made before all the days.  For even before  any day thou hadst already
made a heaven, but that was the heaven  of this heaven: for in the beginning thou hadst made
heaven and  earth.
    But this earth itself which thou hadst made was unformed  matter; it was invisible and
unformed, and darkness was over the  abyss.  Out of this invisible and unformed earth, out of this
formlessness which is almost nothing, thou didst then make all  these things of which the
changeable world consists -- and yet  does not fully consist in itself[469] -- for its very
changeableness appears in this, that its times and seasons can be  observed and numbered.  The
periods of time are measured by the  changes of things, while the forms, whose matter is the
invisible  earth of which we have spoken, are varied and altered.


                         CHAPTER IX

    9.  And therefore the Spirit, the Teacher of thy
servant,[470] when he mentions that "in the beginning thou madest  heaven and earth," says
nothing about times and is silent as to  the days.  For, clearly, that heaven of heavens which thou
didst  create in the beginning is in some way an intellectual creature,  although in no way coeternal
with thee, O Trinity.  Yet it is  nonetheless a partaker in thy eternity.  Because of the sweetness
of its most happy contemplation of thee, it is greatly restrained  in its own mutability and cleaves
to thee without any lapse from  the time in which it was created, surpassing all the rolling
change of time.  But this shapelessness -- this earth invisible  and unformed -- was not numbered
among the days itself.  For where  there is no shape or order there is nothing that either comes or
goes, and where this does not occur there certainly are no days,  nor any vicissitude of duration.


                          CHAPTER X

    10.  O Truth, O Light of my heart, let not my own darkness  speak to me!  I had fallen into
that darkness and was darkened  thereby.  But in it, even in its depths, I came to love thee.  I
went astray and still I remembered thee.  I heard thy voice behind  me, bidding me return, though
I could scarcely hear it for the  tumults of my boisterous passions.  And now, behold, I am
returning, burning and thirsting after thy fountain.  Let no one  hinder me; here will I drink and so
have life.  Let me not be my  own life; for of myself I have lived badly.  I was death to  myself; in
thee I have revived.  Speak to me; converse with me.  I  have believed thy books, and their words
are very deep.


                         CHAPTER XI

    11.  Thou hast told me already, O Lord, with a strong voice  in my inner ear, that thou art
eternal and alone hast immortality.   Thou art not changed by any shape or motion, and thy will is
not  altered by temporal process, because no will that changes is  immortal.  This is clear to me, in
thy sight; let it become  clearer and clearer, I beseech thee.  In that light let me abide  soberly
under thy wings.
    Thou hast also told me, O Lord, with a strong voice in my  inner ear, that thou hast created all
natures and all substances,  which are not what thou art thyself; and yet they do exist.  Only  that
which is nothing at all is not from thee, and that motion of  the will away from thee, who art,
toward something that exists  only in a lesser degree -- such a motion is an offense and a sin.
No one's sin either hurts thee or disturbs the order of thy rule,  either first or last.  All this, in thy
sight, is clear to me.   Let it become clearer and clearer, I beseech thee, and in that  light let me
abide soberly under thy wings.
    12.  Likewise, thou hast told me, with a strong voice in my  inner ear, that this creation --
whose delight thou alone art --  is not coeternal with thee.  With a most persevering purity it
draws its support from thee and nowhere and never betrays its own  mutability, for thou art ever
present with it; and it cleaves to  thee with its entire affection, having no future to expect and no
past that it remembers; it is varied by no change and is extended  by no time.
    O blessed one -- if such there be -- clinging to thy  blessedness!  It is blest in thee, its
everlasting Inhabitant and  its Light.  I cannot find a term that I would judge more fitting  for "the
heaven of the heavens of the Lord" than "Thy house" --  which contemplates thy delights without
any declination toward  anything else and which, with a pure mind in most harmonious  stability,
joins all together in the peace of those saintly  spirits who are citizens of thy city in those heavens
that are  above this visible heaven.
    13.  From this let the soul that has wandered far away from  thee understand -- if now it thirsts
for thee; if now its tears  have become its bread, while daily they say to it, "Where is your
God?"[471]; if now it requests of thee just one thing and seeks  after this: that it may dwell in thy
house all the days of its  life (and what is its life but thee?  And what are thy days but  thy eternity,
like thy years which do not fail, since thou art the  Selfsame?) -- from this, I say, let the soul
understand (as far as  it can) how far above all times thou art in thy eternity; and how  thy house
has never wandered away from thee; and, although it is  not coeternal with thee, it continually and
unfailingly clings to  thee and suffers no vicissitudes of time.  This, in thy sight, is  clear to me;
may it become clearer and clearer to me, I beseech  thee, and in this light may I abide soberly
under thy wings.      14.  Now I do not know what kind of formlessness there is in  these
mutations of these last and lowest creatures.  Yet who will  tell me, unless it is someone who, in
the emptiness of his own  heart, wanders about and begins to be dizzy in his own fancies?   Who
except such a one would tell me whether, if all form were  diminished and consumed,
formlessness alone would remain, through  which a thing was changed and turned from one
species into  another, so that sheer formlessness would then be characterized by  temporal
change?  And surely this could not be, because without  motion there is no time, and where there
is no form there is no  change.


                         CHAPTER XII

    15.  These things I have considered as thou hast given me  ability, O my God, as thou hast
excited me to knock, and as thou  hast opened to me when I knock.  Two things I find which thou
hast  made, not within intervals of time, although neither is coeternal  with thee.  One of them is
so formed that, without any wavering in  its contemplation, without any interval of change --
mutable but  not changed -- it may fully enjoy thy eternity and immutability.   The other is so
formless that it could not change from one form to  another (either of motion or of rest), and so
time has no hold  upon it.  But thou didst not leave this formless, for, before any  "day" in the
beginning, thou didst create heaven and earth --  these are the two things of which I spoke.
    But "the earth was invisible and unformed, and darkness was  over the abyss." By these words
its formlessness is indicated to  us -- so that by degrees they may be led forward who cannot
wholly  conceive of the privation of all form without arriving at nothing.   From this formlessness
a second heaven might be created and a  second earth -- visible and well formed, with the ordered
beauty  of the waters, and whatever else is recorded as created (though  not without days) in the
formation of this world.  And all this  because such things are so ordered that in them the changes
of  time may take place through the ordered processes of motion and  form.


                        CHAPTER XIII

    16.  Meanwhile this is what I understand, O my God, when I  hear thy Scripture saying, "In the
beginning God made the heaven  and the earth, but the earth was invisible and unformed, and
darkness was over the abyss." It does not say on what day thou  didst create these things.  Thus,
for the time being I understand  that "heaven of heavens" to mean the intelligible heaven, where to
understand is to know all at once -- not "in part," not "darkly,"  not "through a glass" -- but as a
simultaneous whole, in full  sight, "face to face."[472]  It is not this thing now and then  another
thing, but (as we said) knowledge all at once without any  temporal change.  And by the invisible
and unformed earth, I  understand that which suffers no temporal vicissitude.  Temporal  change
customarily means having one thing now and another later;  but where there is no form there can
be no distinction between  this or that.  It is, then, by means of these two -- one thing  well formed
in the beginning and another thing wholly unformed,  the one heaven (that is, the heaven of
heavens) and the other one  earth (but the earth invisible and unformed) -- it is by means of  these
two notions that I am able to understand why thy Scripture  said, without mention of days, "In the
beginning God created the  heaven and the earth." For it immediately indicated which earth it  was
speaking about.  When, on the second day, the firmament is  recorded as having been created and
called heaven, this suggests  to us which heaven it was that he was speaking about earlier,
without specifying a day.


                          CHAPTER XIV

    17.  Marvelous is the depth of thy oracles.  Their surface is  before us, inviting the little ones;
and yet wonderful is their  depth, O my God, marvelous is their depth!  It is a fearful thing  to
look into them: an awe of honor and a tremor of love.  Their  enemies I hate vehemently.  Oh, if
thou wouldst slay them with thy  two-edged sword, so that they should not be enemies!  For I
would  prefer that they should be slain to themselves, that they might  live to thee.  But see, there
are others who are not critics but  praisers of the book of Genesis; they say: "The Spirit of God
who  wrote these things by his servant Moses did not wish these words  to be understood like
this.  He did not wish to have it understood  as you say, but as we say." To them, O God of us all,
thyself  being the judge, I give answer.


                          CHAPTER XV

    18.  "Will you say that these things are false which Truth  tells me, with a loud voice in my
inner ear, about the very  eternity of the Creator: that his essence is changed in no respect  by time
and that his will is not distinct from his essence?  Thus,  he doth not will one thing now and
another thing later, but he  willeth once and for all everything that he willeth -- not again  and
again; and not now this and now that.  Nor does he will  afterward what he did not will before,
nor does he cease to will  what he had willed before.  Such a will would be mutable and no
mutable thing is eternal.  But our God is eternal.
    "Again, he tells me in my inner ear that the expectation of  future things is turned to sight when
they have come to pass.  And  this same sight is turned into memory when they have passed.
Moreover, all thought that varies thus is mutable, and nothing  mutable is eternal.  But our God is
eternal." These things I sum  up and put together, and I conclude that my God, the eternal God,
hath not made any creature by any new will, and his knowledge does  not admit anything
transitory.
    19.  "What, then, will you say to this, you objectors?  Are  these things false?"  "No," they say.
"What then?  Is it false  that every entity already formed and all matter capable of  receiving form
is from him alone who is supremely good, because he  is supreme?"  "We do not deny this,
either," they say.  "What  then?  Do you deny this: that there is a certain sublime created  order
which cleaves with such a chaste love to the true and truly  eternal God that, although it is not
coeternal with him, yet it  does not separate itself from him, and does not flow away into any
mutation of change or process but abides in true contemplation of  him alone?"  If thou, O God,
dost show thyself to him who loves  thee as thou hast commanded -- and art sufficient for him --
then,  such a one will neither turn himself away from thee nor turn away  toward himself.  This is
"the house of God." It is not an earthly  house and it is not made from any celestial matter; but it
is a  spiritual house, and it partakes in thy eternity because it is  without blemish forever.  For thou
hast made it steadfast forever  and ever; thou hast given it a law which will not be removed.
Still, it is not coeternal with thee, O God, since it is not  without beginning -- it was created.
    20.  For, although we can find no time before it (for wisdom  was created before all
things),[473] this is certainly not that  Wisdom which is absolutely coeternal and equal with thee,
our God,  its Father, the Wisdom through whom all things were created and in  whom, in the
beginning, thou didst create the heaven and earth.   This is truly the created Wisdom, namely, the
intelligible nature  which, in its contemplation of light, is light.  For this is also  called wisdom,
even if it is a created wisdom.  But the difference  between the Light that lightens and that which
is enlightened is  as great as is the difference between the Wisdom that creates and  that which is
created.  So also is the difference between the  Righteousness that justifies and the righteousness
that is made by  justification.  For we also are called thy righteousness, for a  certain servant of
thine says, "That we might be made the  righteousness of God in him."[474]  Therefore, there is a
certain  created wisdom that was created before all things: the rational  and intelligible mind of
that chaste city of thine.  It is our  mother which is above and is free[475] and "eternal in the
heavens"[476] -- but in what heavens except those which praise  thee, the "heaven of heavens"?
This also is the "heaven of  heavens" which is the Lord's -- although we find no time before  it,
since what has been created before all things also precedes  the creation of time.  Still, the eternity
of the Creator himself  is before it, from whom it took its beginning as created, though  not in
time (since time as yet was not), even though time belongs  to its created nature.
    21.  Thus it is that the intelligible heaven came to be from  thee, our God, but in such a way
that it is quite another being  than thou art; it is not the Selfsame.  Yet we find that time is  not
only not _before_ it, but not even _in_ it, thus making it  able to behold thy face forever and not
ever be turned aside.   Thus, it is varied by no change at all.  But there is still in it  that mutability
in virtue of which it could become dark and cold,  if it did not, by cleaving to thee with a supernal
love, shine and  glow from thee like a perpetual noon.  O house full of light and  splendor!  "I
have loved your beauty and the place of the  habitation of the glory of my Lord,"[477] your
builder and  possessor.  In my wandering let me sigh for you; this I ask of him  who made you,
that he should also possess me in you, seeing that  he hath also made me.  "I have gone astray like
a lost sheep[478];  yet upon the shoulders of my Shepherd, who is your builder, I have  hoped
that I may be brought back to you."[479]
    22.  "What will you say to me now, you objectors to whom I  spoke, who still believe that
Moses was the holy servant of God,  and that his books were the oracles of the Holy Spirit?  Is it
not  in this 'house of God' -- not coeternal with God, yet in its own  mode 'eternal in the heavens'
-- that you vainly seek for temporal  change?  You will not find it there.  It rises above all
extension  and every revolving temporal period, and it rises to what is  forever good and cleaves
fast to God."
    "It is so," they reply.  "What, then, about those things  which my heart cried out to my God,
when it heard, within, the  voice of his praise?  What, then, do you contend is false in them?
Is it because matter was unformed, and since there was no form  there was no order?  But where
there was no order there could have  been no temporal change.  Yet even this 'almost nothing,'
since it  was not altogether nothing, was truly from him from whom
everything that exists is in whatever state it is." "This also,"  they say, "we do not deny."


                         CHAPTER XVI

    23.  Now, I would like to discuss a little further, in thy  presence, O my God, with those who
admit that all these things are  true that thy Truth has indicated to my mind.  Let those who deny
these things bark and drown their own voices with as much clamor  as they please.  I will
endeavor to persuade them to be quiet and  to permit thy word to reach them.  But if they are
unwilling, and  if they repel me, I ask of thee, O my God, that thou shouldst not  be silent to
me.[480]  Speak truly in my heart; if only thou  wouldst speak thus, I would send them away,
blowing up the dust  and raising it in their own eyes.  As for myself I will enter into  my
closet[481] and there sing to thee the songs of love, groaning  with groanings that are unutterable
now in my pilgrimage,[482] and  remembering Jerusalem with my heart uplifted to Jerusalem my
country, Jerusalem my mother[483]; and to thee thyself, the Ruler  of the source of Light, its
Father, Guardian, Husband; its chaste  and strong delight, its solid joy and all its goods ineffable --
and all of this at the same time, since thou art the one supreme  and true Good!  And I will not be
turned away until thou hast  brought back together all that I am from this dispersion and
deformity to the peace of that dearest mother, where the first  fruits of my spirit are to be found
and from which all these  things are promised me which thou dost conform and confirm  forever,
O my God, my Mercy.  But as for those who do not say that  all these things which are true are
false, who still honor thy  Scripture set before us by the holy Moses, who join us in placing
it on the summit of authority for us to follow, and yet who oppose  us in some particulars, I say
this: "Be thou, O God, the judge  between my confessions and their gainsaying."


                        CHAPTER XVII

    24.  For they say: "Even if these things are true, still  Moses did not refer to these two things
when he said, by divine  revelation, 'In the beginning God created the heaven and the  earth.' By
the term 'heaven' he did not mean that spiritual or  intelligible created order which always beholds
the face of God.   And by the term 'earth' he was not referring to unformed matter."      "What
then do these terms mean?"
    They reply, "That man [Moses] meant what we mean; this is  what he was saying in those
terms." "What is that?"
    "By the terms of heaven and earth," they say, "he wished  first to indicate universally and
briefly this whole visible  world; then after this, by an enumeration of the days, he could  point
out, one by one, all the things that it has pleased the Holy  Spirit to reveal in this way.  For the
people to whom he spoke  were rude and carnal, so that he judged it prudent that only those
works of God which were visible should be mentioned to them."      But they do agree that the
phrases, "The earth was invisible  and unformed," and "The darkened abyss," may not
inappropriately  be understood to refer to this unformed matter -- and that out of  this, as it is
subsequently related, all the visible things which  are known to all were made and set in order
during those specified  "days."
    25.  But now, what if another one should say, "This same  formlessness and chaos of matter
was first mentioned by the name  of heaven and earth because, out of it, this visible world -- with
all its entities which clearly appear in it and which we are  accustomed to be called by the name of
heaven and earth -- was  created and perfected"?  And what if still another should say:  "The
invisible and visible nature is quite fittingly called heaven  and earth.  Thus, the whole creation
which God has made in his  wisdom -- that is, in the beginning -- was included under these
two terms.  Yet, since all things have been made, not from the  essence of God, but from nothing;
and because they are not the  same reality that God is; and because there is in them all a  certain
mutability, whether they abide as the eternal house of God  abides or whether they are changed as
the soul and body of man are  changed -- then the common matter of all things invisible and
visible (still formless but capable of receiving form) from which  heaven and earth were to be
created (that is, the creature already  fashioned, invisible as well as visible) -- all this was spoken
of  in the same terms by which the invisible and unformed earth and  the darkness over the abyss
would be called.  There was this  difference, however: that the invisible and unformed earth is to
be understood as having corporeal matter before it had any manner  of form; but the darkness
over the abyss was _spiritual_ matter,  before its unlimited fluidity was harnessed, and before it
was  enlightened by Wisdom."
    26.  And if anyone wished, he might also say, "The entities  already perfected and formed,
invisible and visible, are not  signified by the terms 'heaven and earth,' when it reads, 'In the
beginning God created the heaven and the earth'; instead, the  unformed beginning of things, the
matter capable of receiving form  and being made was called by these terms -- because the chaos
was  contained in it and was not yet distinguished by qualities and  forms, which have now been
arranged in their own orders and are  called heaven and earth: the former a spiritual creation, the
latter a physical creation."


                        CHAPTER XVIII

    27.  When all these things have been said and considered, I  am unwilling to contend about
words, for such contention is  profitable for nothing but the subverting of the hearer.[484]  But
the law is profitable for edification if a man use it lawfully:  for the end of the law "is love out of a
pure heart, and a good  conscience, and faith unfeigned."[485]  And our Master knew it  well, for
it was on these two commandments that he hung all the  Law and the Prophets.  And how would
it harm me, O my God, thou  Light of my eyes in secret, if while I am ardently confessing
these things -- since many different things may be understood from  these words, all of which may
be true -- what harm would be done  if I should interpret the meaning of the sacred writer
differently  from the way some other man interprets?  Indeed, all of us who  read are trying to
trace out and understand what our author wished  to convey; and since we believe that he speaks
truly we dare not  suppose that he has spoken anything that we either know or suppose  to be
false.  Therefore, since every person tries to understand in  the Holy Scripture what the writer
understood, what harm is done  if a man understands what thou, the Light of all truth-speaking
minds, showest him to be true, although the author he reads did  not understand this aspect of the
truth even though he did  understand the truth in a different meaning?[486]


                      CHAPTER XIX[487]

    28.  For it is certainly true, O Lord, that thou didst create  the heaven and the earth.  It is also
true that "the beginning" is  thy wisdom in which thou didst create all things.  It is likewise  true
that this visible world has its own great division (the  heaven and the earth) and these two terms
include all entities  that have been made and created.  It is further true that  everything mutable
confronts our minds with a certain lack of  form, whereby it receives form, or whereby it is
capable of taking  form.  It is true, yet again, that what cleaves to the changeless  form so closely
that even though it is mutable it is not changed  is not subject to temporal process.  It is true that
the
formlessness which is almost nothing cannot have temporal change  in it.  It is true that that from
which something is made can, in  a manner of speaking, be called by the same name as the thing
that  is made from it.  Thus that formlessness of which heaven and earth  were made might be
called "heaven and earth." It is true that of  all things having form nothing is nearer to the
unformed than the  earth and the abyss.  It is true that not only every created and  formed thing
but also everything capable of creation and of form  were created by Thee, from whom all things
are.[488]  It is true,  finally, that everything that is formed from what is formless was  formless
before it was formed.


                         CHAPTER XX

    29.  From all these truths, which are not doubted by those to  whom thou hast granted insight
in such things in their inner eye  and who believe unshakably that thy servant Moses spoke in the
spirit of truth -- from all these truths, then, one man takes the  sense of "In the beginning God
created the heaven and the earth"  to mean, "In his Word, coeternal with himself, God made both
the  intelligible and the tangible, the spiritual and the corporeal  creation." Another takes it in a
different sense, that "In the  beginning God created the heaven and the earth" means, "In his
Word, coeternal with himself, God made the universal mass of this  corporeal world, with all the
observable and known entities that  it contains." Still another finds a different meaning, that "In
the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" means, "In his  Word, coeternal with himself,
God made the unformed matter of the  spiritual and corporeal creation." Another can take the
sense that  "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" means, "In  his Word,
coeternal with himself, God made the unformed matter of  the physical creation, in which heaven
and earth were as yet  indistinguished; but now that they have come to be separated and  formed,
we can now perceive them both in the mighty mass of this  world."[489]  Another takes still a
further meaning, that "In the  beginning God created heaven and earth" means, "In the very
beginning of creating and working, God made that unformed matter  which contained,
undifferentiated, heaven and earth, from which  both of them were formed, and both now stand
out and are
observable with all the things that are in them."


                         CHAPTER XXI

    30.  Again, regarding the interpretation of the following  words, one man selects for himself,
from all the various truths,  the interpretation that "the earth was invisible and unformed and
darkness was over the abyss" means, "That corporeal entity which  God made was as yet the
formless matter of physical things without  order and without light." Another takes it in a different
sense,  that "But the earth was invisible and unformed, and darkness was  over the abyss" means,
"This totality called heaven and earth was  as yet unformed and lightless matter, out of which the
corporeal  heaven and the corporeal earth were to be made, with all the  things in them that are
known to our physical senses." Another  takes it still differently and says that "But the earth was
invisible and unformed, and darkness was over the abyss" means,  "This totality called heaven and
earth was as yet an unformed and  lightless matter, from which were to be made that intelligible
heaven (which is also called 'the heaven of heavens') and the  earth (which refers to the whole
physical entity, under which term  may be included this corporeal heaven) -- that is, He made the
intelligible heaven from which every invisible and visible  creature would be created." He takes it
in yet another sense who  says that "But the earth was invisible and unformed, and darkness  was
over the abyss" means, "The Scripture does not refer to that  formlessness by the term 'heaven and
earth'; that formlessness  itself already existed.  This it called the invisible 'earth' and  the unformed
and lightless 'abyss,' from which -- as it had said  before -- God made the heaven and the earth
(namely, the spiritual  and the corporeal creation)." Still another says that "But the  earth was
invisible and formless, and darkness was over the abyss"  means, "There was already an unformed
matter from which, as the  Scripture had already said, God made heaven and earth, namely, the
entire corporeal mass of the world, divided into two very great  parts, one superior, the other
inferior, with all those familiar  and known creatures that are in them."


                        CHAPTER XXII

    31.  Now suppose that someone tried to argue against these  last two opinions as follows: "If
you will not admit that this  formlessness of matter appears to be called by the term 'heaven  and
earth,' then there was something that God had not made out of  which he did make heaven and
earth.  And Scripture has not told us  that God made _this_ matter, unless we understand that it is
implied in the term 'heaven and earth' (or the term 'earth' alone)  when it is said, 'In the beginning
God created the heaven and  earth.' Thus, in what follows -- 'the earth was invisible and
unformed' -- even though it pleased Moses thus to refer to  unformed matter, yet we can only
understand by it that which God  himself hath made, as it stands written in the previous verse,
'God made heaven and earth.'" Those who maintain either one or the  other of these two opinions
which we have set out above will  answer to such objections: "We do not deny at all that this
unformed matter was created by God, from whom all things are, and  are very good -- because we
hold that what is created and endowed  with form is a higher good; and we also hold that what is
made  capable of being created and endowed with form, though it is a  lesser good, is still a good.
But the Scripture has not said  specifically that God made this formlessness -- any more than it
has said it specifically of many other things, such as the orders  of 'cherubim' and 'seraphim' and
those others of which the apostle  distinctly speaks: 'thrones,' 'dominions,' 'principalities,'
'powers'[490] -- yet it is clear that God made all of these.  If  in the phrase 'He made heaven and
earth' all things are included,  what are we to say about the waters upon which the Spirit of God
moved?  For if they are understood as included in the term  'earth,' then how can unformed matter
be meant by the term 'earth'  when we see the waters so beautifully formed?  Or, if it be taken
thus, why, then, is it written that out of the same formlessness  the firmament was made and called
heaven, and yet is it not  specifically written that the waters were made?  For these waters,  which
we perceive flowing in so beautiful a fashion, are not  formless and invisible.  But if they received
that beauty at the  time God said of them, 'Let the waters which are under the  firmament be
gathered together,'[491] thus indicating that their  gathering together was the same thing as their
reception of form,  what, then, is to be said about the waters that are _above_ the  firmament?
Because if they are unformed, they do not deserve to  have a seat so honorable, and yet it is not
written by what  specific word they were formed.  If, then, Genesis is silent about  anything that
God hath made, which neither sound faith nor  unerring understanding doubts that God hath
made, let not any  sober teaching dare to say that these waters were coeternal with  God because
we find them mentioned in the book of Genesis and do  not find it mentioned when they were
created.  If Truth instructs  us, why may we not interpret that unformed matter which the
Scripture calls the earth -- invisible and unformed -- and the  lightless abyss as having been made
by God from nothing; and thus  understand that they are not coeternal with him, although the
narrative fails to tell us precisely when they were made?"

                        CHAPTER XXIII

    32.  I have heard and considered these theories as well as my  weak apprehension allows, and I
confess my weakness to Thee, O  Lord, though already thou knowest it.  Thus I see that two sorts
of disagreements may arise when anything is related by signs, even  by trustworthy reporters.
There is one disagreement about the  truth of the things involved; the other concerns the meaning
of  the one who reports them.  It is one thing to inquire as to what  is true about the formation of
the Creation.  It is another thing,  however, to ask what that excellent servant of thy faith, Moses,
would have wished for the reader and hearer to understand from  these words.  As for the first
question, let all those depart from  me who imagine that Moses spoke things that are false.  But
let me  be united with them in thee, O Lord, and delight myself in thee  with those who feed on
thy truth in the bond of love.  Let us  approach together the words of thy book and make diligent
inquiry  in them for thy meaning through the meaning of thy servant by  whose pen thou hast
given them to us.


                        CHAPTER XXIV

    33.  But in the midst of so many truths which occur to the  interpreters of these words
(understood as they can be in  different ways), which one of us can discover that single
interpretation which warrants our saying confidently that Moses  thought _thus_ and that in this
narrative he wishes _this_ to be  understood, as confidently as he would say that _this_ is true,
whether Moses thought the one or the other.  For see, O my God, I  am thy servant, and I have
vowed in this book an offering of  confession to thee,[492] and I beseech thee that by thy mercy I
may pay my vow to thee.  Now, see, could I assert that Moses meant  nothing else than _this_
[i.e., my interpretation] when he wrote,  "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,"
as  confidently as I can assert that thou in thy immutable Word hast  created all things, invisible
and visible?  No, I cannot do this  because it is not as clear to me that _this_ was in his mind when
he wrote these things, as I see it to be certain in thy truth.   For his thoughts might be set upon the
very beginning of the  creation when he said, "In the beginning"; and he might have  wished it
understood that, in this passage, "heaven and earth"  refers to no formed and perfect entity,
whether spiritual or  corporeal, but each of them only newly begun and still formless.   Whichever
of these possibilities has been mentioned I can see that  it might have been said truly.  But which
of them he did actually  intend to express in these words I do not clearly see.  However,  whether
it was one of these or some other meaning which I have not  mentioned that this great man saw in
his mind when he used these  words I have no doubt whatever that he saw it truly and expressed
it suitably.


                         CHAPTER XXV

    34.  Let no man fret me now by saying, "Moses did not mean  what _you_ say, but what _I_
say." Now if he asks me, "How do you  know that Moses meant what you deduce from his
words?", I ought to  respond calmly and reply as I have already done, or even more  fully if he
happens to be untrained.  But when he says, "Moses did  not mean what _you_ say, but what _I_
say," and then does not deny  what either of us says but allows that _both_ are true -- then, O  my
God, life of the poor, in whose breast there is no
contradiction, pour thy soothing balm into my heart that I may  patiently bear with people who
talk like this!  It is not because  they are godly men and have seen in the heart of thy servant what
they say, but rather they are proud men and have not considered  Moses' meaning, but only love
their own -- not because it is true  but because it is their own.  Otherwise they could equally love
another true opinion, as I love what they say when what they speak  is true -- not because it is
theirs but because it is true, and  therefore not theirs but true.  And if they love an opinion
because it is true, it becomes both theirs and mine, since it is  the common property of all lovers of
the truth.[493]  But I  neither accept nor approve of it when they contend that Moses did  not
mean what I say but what they say -- and this because, even if  it were so, such rashness is born
not of knowledge, but of  impudence.  It comes not from vision but from vanity.
    And therefore, O Lord, thy judgments should be held in awe,  because thy truth is neither mine
nor his nor anyone else's; but  it belongs to all of us whom thou hast openly called to have it in
common; and thou hast warned us not to hold on to it as our own  special property, for if we do
we lose it.  For if anyone  arrogates to himself what thou hast bestowed on all to enjoy, and  if he
desires something for his own that belongs to all, he is  forced away from what is common to all
to what is, indeed, his  very own -- that is, from truth to falsehood.  For he who tells a  lie speaks
of his own thought.[494]
    35.  Hear, O God, best judge of all!  O Truth itself, hear  what I say to this disputant.  Hear it,
because I say it in thy  presence and before my brethren who use the law rightly to the end  of
love.  Hear and give heed to what I shall say to him, if it  pleases thee.
    For I would return this brotherly and peaceful word to him:  "If we both see that what you say
is true, and if we both say that  what I say is true, where is it, I ask you, that we see this?
Certainly, I do not see it in you, and you do not see it in me,  but both of us see it in the
unchangeable truth itself, which is  above our minds."[495]  If, then, we do not disagree about the
true light of the Lord our God, why do we disagree about the  thoughts of our neighbor, which
we cannot see as clearly as the  immutable Truth is seen?  If Moses himself had appeared to us
and  said, "This is what I meant," it would not be in order that we  should see it but that we
should believe him.  Let us not, then,  "go beyond what is written and be puffed up for the one
against  the other."[496]  Let us, instead, "love the Lord our God with all  our heart, with all our
soul, and with all our mind, and our  neighbor as ourself."[497]  Unless we believe that whatever
Moses  meant in these books he meant to be ordered by these two precepts  of love, we shall
make God a liar, if we judge of the soul of his  servant in any other way than as he has taught us.
See now, how  foolish it is, in the face of so great an abundance of true  opinions which can be
elicited from these words, rashly to affirm  that Moses especially intended only one of these
interpretations;  and then, with destructive contention, to violate love itself, on  behalf of which he
had said all the things we are endeavoring to  explain!


                        CHAPTER XXVI

    36.  And yet, O my God, thou exaltation of my humility and  rest of my toil, who hearest my
confessions and forgivest my sins,  since thou commandest me to love my neighbor as myself, I
cannot  believe that thou gavest thy most faithful servant Moses a lesser  gift than I should wish
and desire for myself from thee, if I had  been born in his time, and if thou hadst placed me in the
position  where, by the use of my heart and my tongue, those books might be  produced which so
long after were to profit all nations throughout  the whole world -- from such a great pinnacle of
authority -- and  were to surmount the words of all false and proud teachings.  If I  had been
Moses -- and we all come from the same mass,[498] and  what is man that thou art mindful of
him?[499] -- if I had been  Moses at the time that he was, and if I had been ordered by thee  to
write the book of Genesis, I would surely have wished for such  a power of expression and such
an art of arrangement to be given  me, that those who cannot as yet understand _how_ God
createth  would still not reject my words as surpassing their powers of  understanding.  And I
would have wished that those who are already  able to do this would find fully contained in the
laconic speech  of thy servant whatever truths they had arrived at in their own  thought; and if, in
the light of the Truth, some other man saw  some further meaning, that too would be found
congruent to my  words.


                        CHAPTER XXVII

    37.  For just as a spring dammed up is more plentiful and  affords a larger supply of water for
more streams over wider  fields than any single stream led off from the same spring over a  long
course -- so also is the narration of thy minister: it is  intended to benefit many who are likely to
discourse about it and,  with an economy of language, it overflows into various streams of  clear
truth, from which each one may draw out for himself that  particular truth which he can about
these topics -- this one that  truth, that one another truth, by the broader survey of various
interpretations.  For some people, when they read or hear these  words,[500] think that God, like
some sort of man or like some  sort of huge body, by some new and sudden decision, produced
outside himself and at a certain distance two great bodies: one  above, the other below, within
which all created things were to be  contained.  And when they hear, "God said, 'Let such and
such be  done,' and it was done," they think of words begun and ended,  sounding in time and then
passing away, followed by the coming  into being of what was commanded.  They think of other
things of  the same sort which their familiarity with the world suggests to  them.
    In these people, who are still little children and whose  weakness is borne up by this humble
language as if on a mother's  breast, their faith is built up healthfully and they come to  possess
and to hold as certain the conviction that God made all  entities that their senses perceive all
around them in such  marvelous variety.  And if one despises these words as if they  were trivial,
and with proud weakness stretches himself beyond his  fostering cradle, he will, alas, fall away
wretchedly.  Have pity,  O Lord God, lest those who pass by trample on the unfledged  bird,[501]
and send thy angel who may restore it to its nest, that  it may live until it can fly.


                       CHAPTER XXVIII

    38.  But others, to whom these words are no longer a nest  but, rather, a shady thicket, spy the
fruits concealed in them and  fly around rejoicing and search among them and pluck them with
cheerful chirpings: For when they read or hear these words, O God,  they see that all times past
and times future are transcended by  thy eternal and stable permanence, and they see also that
there is  no temporal creature that is not of thy making.  By thy will,  since it is the same as thy
being, thou hast created all things,  not by any mutation of will and not by any will that previously
was nonexistent -- and not out of thyself, but in thy own  likeness, thou didst make from nothing
the form of all things.   This was an unlikeness which was capable of being formed by thy  likeness
through its relation to thee, the One, as each thing has  been given form appropriate to its kind
according to its
preordained capacity.  Thus, all things were made very good,  whether they remain around thee or
whether, removed in time and  place by various degrees, they cause or undergo the beautiful
changes of natural process.
    They see these things and they rejoice in the light of thy  truth to whatever degree they can.
    39.  Again, one of these men[502] directs his attention to  the verse, "In the beginning God
made the heaven and the earth,"  and he beholds Wisdom as the true "beginning," because it also
speaks to us.  Another man directs his attention to the same  words, and by "beginning" he
understands simply the commencement  of creation, and interprets it thus: "In the beginning he
made,"  as if it were the same thing as to say, "At the first moment, God  made . . ."  And among
those who interpret "In the beginning" to  mean that in thy wisdom thou hast created the heaven
and earth,  one believes that the matter out of which heaven and earth were to  be created is what
is referred to by the phrase "heaven and  earth." But another believes that these entities were
already  formed and distinct.  Still another will understand it to refer to  one formed entity -- a
spiritual one, designated by the term  "heaven" -- and to another unformed entity of corporeal
matter,  designated by the term "earth." But those who understand the  phrase "heaven and earth"
to mean the yet unformed matter from  which the heaven and the earth were to be formed do not
take it in  a simple sense: one man regards it as that from which the  intelligible and tangible
creations are both produced; and another  only as that from which the tangible, corporeal world is
produced,  containing in its vast bosom these visible and observable  entities.  Nor are they in
simple accord who believe that "heaven  and earth" refers to the created things already set in
order and  arranged.  One believes that it refers to the invisible and  visible world; another, only to
the visible world, in which we  admire the luminous heavens and the darkened earth and all the
things that they contain.


                        CHAPTER XXIX

    40.  But he who understands "In the beginning he made" as if  it meant, "At first he made," can
truly interpret the phrase  "heaven and earth" as referring only to the "matter" of heaven and
earth, namely, of the prior universal, which is the intelligible  and corporeal creation.  For if he
would try to interpret the  phrase as applying to the universe already formed, it then might  rightly
be asked of him, "If God first made this, what then did he  do afterward?"  And, after the
universe, he will find nothing.   But then he must, however unwillingly, face the question, How is
this the first if there is nothing afterward?  But when he said  that God made matter first formless
and then formed, he is not  being absurd if he is able to discern what precedes by eternity,
and what proceeds in time; what comes from choice, and what comes  from origin.  In eternity,
God is before all things; in the  temporal process, the flower is before the fruit; in the act of
choice, the fruit is before the flower; in the case of origin,  sound is before the tune.  Of these four
relations, the first and  last that I have referred to are understood with much difficulty.   The
second and third are very easily understood.  For it is an  uncommon and lofty vision, O Lord, to
behold thy eternity  immutably making mutable things, and thereby standing always  before them.
Whose mind is acute enough to be able, without great  labor, to discover how the sound comes
before the tune?  For a  tune is a formed sound; and an unformed thing may exist, but a  thing that
does not exist cannot be formed.  In the same way,  matter is prior to what is made from it.  It is
not prior because  it makes its product, for it is itself made; and its priority is  not that of a time
interval.  For in time we do not first utter  formless sounds without singing and then adapt or
fashion them  into the form of a song, as wood or silver from which a chest or  vessel is made.
Such materials precede in time the forms of the  things which are made from them.  But in singing
this is not so.   For when a song is sung, its sound is heard at the same time.   There is not first a
formless sound, which afterward is formed  into a song; but just as soon as it has sounded it
passes away,  and you cannot find anything of it which you could gather up and  shape.
Therefore, the song is absorbed in its own sound and the  "sound" of the song is its "matter." But
the sound is formed in  order that it may be a tune.  This is why, as I was saying, the  matter of the
sound is prior to the form of the tune.  It is not  "before" in the sense that it has any power of
making a sound or  tune.  Nor is the sound itself the composer of the tune; rather,  the sound is
sent forth from the body and is ordered by the soul  of the singer, so that from it he may form a
tune.  Nor is the  sound first in time, for it is given forth together with the tune.   Nor is it first in
choice, because a sound is no better than a  tune, since a tune is not merely a sound but a beautiful
sound.   But it is first in origin, because the tune is not formed in order  that it may become a
sound, but the sound is formed in order that  it may become a tune.
    From this example, let him who is able to understand see that  the matter of things was first
made and was called "heaven and  earth" because out of it the heaven and earth were made.  This
primal formlessness was not made first in time, because the form  of things gives rise to time; but
now, in time, it is intuited  together with its form.  And yet nothing can be related of this
unformed matter unless it is regarded as if it were the first in  the time series though the last in
value -- because things formed  are certainly superior to things unformed -- and it is preceded by
the eternity of the Creator, so that from nothing there might be  made that from which something
might be made.


                         CHAPTER XXX

    41.  In this discord of true opinions let Truth itself bring  concord, and may our God have
mercy on us all, that we may use the  law rightly to the end of the commandment which is pure
love.   Thus, if anyone asks me which of these opinions was the meaning of  thy servant Moses,
these would not be my confessions did I not  confess to thee that I do not know.  Yet I do know
that those  opinions are true -- with the exception of the carnal ones --  about which I have said
what I thought was proper.  Yet those  little ones of good hope are not frightened by these words
of thy  Book, for they speak of high things in a lowly way and of a few  basic things in many
varied ways.  But let all of us, whom I  acknowledge to see and speak the truth in these words,
love one  another and also love thee, our God, O Fountain of Truth -- as we  will if we thirst not
after vanity but for the Fountain of Truth.   Indeed, let us so honor this servant of thine, the
dispenser of  this Scripture, full of thy Spirit, so that we will believe that  when thou didst reveal
thyself to him, and he wrote these things  down, he intended through them what will chiefly
minister both for  the light of truth and to the increase of our fruitfulness.

                        CHAPTER XXXI

    42.  Thus, when one man says, "Moses meant what I mean," and  another says, "No, he meant
what I do," I think that I speak more  faithfully when I say, "Why could he not have meant both if
both  opinions are true?"  And if there should be still a third truth or  a fourth one, and if anyone
should seek a truth quite different in  those words, why would it not be right to believe that
Moses saw  all these different truths, since through him the one God has  tempered the Holy
Scriptures to the understanding of many  different people, who should see truths in it even if they
are  different?  Certainly -- and I say this fearlessly and from my  heart -- if I were to write
anything on such a supreme authority,  I would prefer to write it so that, whatever of truth anyone
might  apprehend from the matter under discussion, my words should re- echo in the several
minds rather than that they should set down  one true opinion so clearly on one point that I should
exclude the  rest, even though they contained no falsehood that offended me.   Therefore, I am
unwilling, O my God, to be so headstrong as not to  believe that this man [Moses] has received at
least this much from  thee.  Surely when he was writing these words, he saw fully and  understood
all the truth we have been able to find in them, and  also much besides that we have not been able
to discern, or are  not yet able to find out, though it is there in them still to be  found.


                        CHAPTER XXXII

    43.  Finally, O Lord -- who art God and not flesh and blood  -- if any man sees anything less,
can anything lie hid from "thy  good Spirit" who shall "lead me into the land of
uprightness,"[503] which thou thyself, through those words, wast  revealing to future readers,
even though he through whom they were  spoken fixed on only one among the many
interpretations that might  have been found?  And if this is so, let it be agreed that the  meaning he
saw is more exalted than the others.  But to us, O  Lord, either point out the same meaning or any
other true one, as  it pleases thee.  Thus, whether thou makest known to us what thou  madest
known to that man of thine, or some other meaning by the  agency of the same words, still do
thou feed us and let error not  deceive us.  Behold, O Lord, my God, how much we have written
concerning these few words -- how much, indeed!  What strength of  mind, what length of time,
would suffice for all thy books to be  interpreted in this fashion?[504]  Allow me, therefore, in
these  concluding words to confess more briefly to thee and select some  one, true, certain, and
good sense that thou shalt inspire,  although many meanings offer themselves and many indeed are
possible.[505]  This is the faith of my confession, that if I  could say what thy servant meant, that
is truest and best, and for  that I must strive.  Yet if I do not succeed, may it be that I  shall say at
least what thy Truth wished to say to me through its  words, just as it said what it wished to
Moses.




                       BOOK THIRTEEN


    The mysteries and allegories of the days of creation.   Augustine undertakes to interpret Gen.
1:2-31 in a mystical and  allegorical fashion so as to exhibit the profundities of God's  power and
wisdom and love.  He is also interested in developing  his theories of hermeneutics on his favorite
topic: creation.  He  finds the Trinity in the account of creation and he ponders the  work of the
Spirit moving over the waters.  In the firmament he  finds the allegory of Holy Scripture and in
the dry land and  bitter sea he finds the division between the people of God and the  conspiracy of
the unfaithful.  He develops the theme of man's  being made in the image and likeness of God.  He
brings his survey  to a climax and his confessions to an end with a meditation on the  goodness of
all creation and the promised rest and blessedness of  the eternal Sabbath, on which God, who is
eternal rest, "rested."

                          CHAPTER I

    1.  I call on thee, my God, my Mercy, who madest me and didst  not forget me, though I was
forgetful of thee.  I call thee into  my soul, which thou didst prepare for thy reception by the
desire  which thou inspirest in it.  Do not forsake me when I call on  thee, who didst anticipate me
before I called and who didst  repeatedly urge with manifold calling that I should hear thee afar
off and be turned and call upon thee, who callest me.  For thou, O  Lord, hast blotted out all my
evil deserts, not punishing me for  what my hands have done; and thou hast anticipated all my
good  deserts so as to recompense me for what thy hands have done -- the  hands which made me.
Before I was, thou wast, and I was not  anything at all that thou shouldst grant me being.  Yet,
see how I  exist by reason of thy goodness, which made provision for all that  thou madest me to
be and all that thou madest me from.  For thou  didst not stand in need of me, nor am I the kind of
good entity  which could be a help to thee, my Lord and my God.  It is not that  I may serve thee
as if thou wert fatigued in working, or as if thy  power would be the less if it lacked my assistance.
Nor is the  service I pay thee like the cultivation of a field, so that thou  wouldst go untended if I
did not tend thee.[506]  Instead, it is  that I may serve and worship thee to the end that I may
have my  well-being from thee, from whom comes my capacity for well-being.

                         CHAPTER II

    2.  Indeed, it is from the fullness of thy goodness that thy  creation exists at all: to the end that
the created good might not  fail to be, even though it can profit thee nothing, and is nothing
of thee nor equal to thee -- since its created existence comes  from thee.
    For what did the heaven and earth, which thou didst make in  the beginning, ever deserve from
thee?  Let them declare -- these  spiritual and corporeal entities, which thou madest in thy wisdom
-- let them declare what they merited at thy hands, so that the  inchoate and the formless, whether
spiritual or corporeal, would  deserve to be held in being in spite of the fact that they tend  toward
disorder and extreme unlikeness to thee?  An unformed  spiritual entity is more excellent than a
formed corporeal entity;  and the corporeal, even when unformed, is more excellent than if  it
were simply nothing at all.  Still, these formless entities are  held in their state of being by thee,
until they are recalled to  thy unity and receive form and being from thee, the one sovereign
Good.  What have they deserved of thee, since they would not even  be unformed entities except
from thee?
    3.  What has corporeal matter deserved of thee -- even in its  invisible and unformed state --
since it would not exist even in  this state if thou hadst not made it?  And, if it did not exist,
it could not merit its existence from thee.
    Or, what has that formless spiritual creation deserved of  thee -- that it should flow lightlessly
like the abyss -- since it  is so unlike thee and would not exist at all if it had not been  turned by
the Word which made it that same Word, and, illumined by  that Word, had been "made
light"[507] although not as thy equal  but only as an image of that Form [of Light] which is equal
to  thee?  For, in the case of a body, its being is not the same thing  as its being beautiful; else it
could not then be a deformed body.   Likewise, in the case of a created spirit, living is not the
same  state as living wisely; else it could then be immutably wise.  But  the true good of every
created thing is always to cleave fast to  thee, lest, in turning away from thee, it lose the light it
had  received in being turned by thee, and so relapse into a life like  that of the dark abyss.
    As for ourselves, who are a spiritual creation by virtue of  our souls, when we turned away
from thee, O Light, we were in that  former life of darkness; and we toil amid the shadows of our
darkness until -- through thy only Son -- we become thy
righteousness,[508] like the mountains of God.  For we, like the  great abyss,[509] have been the
objects of thy judgments.


                         CHAPTER III

    4.  Now what thou saidst in the beginning of the creation --  "Let there be light: and there was
light" -- I interpret, not  unfitly, as referring to the spiritual creation, because it  already had a kind
of life which thou couldst illuminate.  But,  since it had not merited from thee that it should be a
life  capable of enlightenment, so neither, when it already began to  exist, did it merit from thee
that it should be enlightened.  For  neither could its formlessness please thee until it became light
-- and it became light, not from the bare fact of existing, but by  the act of turning its face to the
light which enlightened it, and  by cleaving to it.  Thus it owed the fact that it lived, and lived
happily, to nothing whatsoever but thy grace, since it had been  turned, by a change for the better,
toward that which cannot be  changed for either better or worse.  Thou alone art, because thou
alone art without complication.  For thee it is not one thing to  live and another thing to live in
blessedness; for thou art  thyself thy own blessedness.


                         CHAPTER IV

    5.  What, therefore, would there have been lacking in thy  good, which thou thyself art, even if
these things had never been  made or had remained unformed?  Thou didst not create them out of
any lack but out of the plenitude of thy goodness, ordering them  and turning them toward
form,[510] but not because thy joy had to  be perfected by them.  For thou art perfect, and their
imperfection is displeasing.  Therefore were they perfected by  thee and became pleasing to thee --
but not as if thou wert before  that imperfect and had to be perfected in their perfection.  For  thy
good Spirit which moved over the face of the waters[511] was  not borne up by them as if he
rested on them.  For those in whom  thy good Spirit is said to rest he actually causes to rest in
himself.  But thy incorruptible and immutable will -- in itself  all-sufficient for itself -- moved over
that life which thou hadst  made: in which living is not at all the same thing as living  happily,
since that life still lives even as it flows in its own  darkness.  But it remains to be turned to him by
whom it was made  and to live more and more like "the fountain of life," and in his  light "to see
light,"[512] and to be perfected, and enlightened,  and made blessed.


                          CHAPTER V

    6.  See now,[513] how the Trinity appears to me in an enigma.   And thou art the Trinity, O
my God, since thou, O Father -- in the  beginning of our wisdom, that is, in thy wisdom born of
thee,  equal and coeternal with thee, that is, thy Son -- created the  heaven and the earth.  Many
things we have said about the heaven  of heavens, and about the earth invisible and unformed, and
about  the shadowy abyss -- speaking of the aimless flux of its being  spiritually deformed unless it
is turned to him from whom it has  its life (such as it is) and by his Light comes to be a life
suffused with beauty.  Thus it would be a [lower] heaven of that  [higher] heaven, which
afterward was made between water and  water.[514]
    And now I came to recognize, in the name of God, the Father  who made all these things, and
in the term "the Beginning" to  recognize the Son, through whom he made all these things; and
since I did believe that my God was the Trinity, I sought still  further in his holy Word, and,
behold, "Thy Spirit moved over the  waters." Thus, see the Trinity, O my God: Father, Son, and
Holy  Spirit, the Creator of all creation!


                         CHAPTER VI

    7.  But why, O truth-speaking Light?  To thee I lift up my  heart -- let it not teach me vain
notions.  Disperse its shadows  and tell me, I beseech thee, by that Love which is our mother;  tell
me, I beseech thee, the reason why -- after the reference to  heaven and to the invisible and
unformed earth, and darkness over  the abyss -- thy Scripture should then at long last refer to thy
Spirit?  Was it because it was appropriate that he should first be  shown to us as "moving over";
and this could not have been said  unless something had already been mentioned over which thy
Spirit  could be understood as "moving"?  For he did not "move over" the  Father and the Son,
and he could not properly be said to be  "moving over" if he were "moving over" nothing.  Thus,
what it was  he was "moving over" had to be mentioned first and he whom it was  not proper to
mention otherwise than as "moving over" could then  be mentioned.  But why was it not fitting
that he should have been  introduced in some other way than in this context of "moving  over"?


                         CHAPTER VII

    8.  Now let him who is able follow thy apostle with his  understanding when he says, "Thy love
is shed abroad in our hearts  by the Holy Spirit, who is given to us"[515] and who teacheth us
about spiritual gifts[516] and showeth us a more excellent way of  love; and who bows his knee
unto thee for us, that we may come to  the surpassing knowledge of the love of Christ.[517]
Thus, from  the beginning, he who is above all was "moving over" the waters.      To whom shall I
tell this?  How can I speak of the weight of  concupiscence which drags us downward into the
deep abyss, and of  the love which lifts us up by thy Spirit who moved over the  waters?  To
whom shall I tell this?  How shall I tell it?  For  concupiscence and love are not certain "places"
into which we are  plunged and out of which we are lifted again.  What could be more  like, and
yet what more unlike?  They are both feelings; they are  both loves.  The uncleanness of our own
spirit flows downward with  the love of worldly care; and the sanctity of thy Spirit raises us
upward by the love of release from anxiety -- that we may lift our  hearts to thee where thy Spirit
is "moving over the waters." Thus,  we shall have come to that supreme rest where our souls shall
have  passed through the waters which give no standing ground.[518]

                        CHAPTER VIII

    9.  The angels fell, and the soul of man fell; thus they  indicate to us the deep darkness of the
abyss, which would have  still contained the whole spiritual creation if thou hadst not  said, in the
beginning, "Let there be light: and there was light"  -- and if every obedient mind in thy heavenly
city had not adhered  to thee and had not reposed in thy Spirit, which moved immutable  over all
things mutable.  Otherwise, even the heaven of heavens  itself would have been a dark shadow,
instead of being, as it is  now, light in the Lord.[519]  For even in the restless misery of  the fallen
spirits, who exhibit their own darkness when they are  stripped of the garments of thy light, thou
showest clearly how  noble thou didst make the rational creation, for whose rest and  beatitude
nothing suffices save thee thyself.  And certainly it is  not itself sufficient for its beatitude.  For it
is thou, O our  God, who wilt enlighten our darkness; from thee shall come our  garments of light;
and then our darkness shall be as the noonday.   Give thyself to me, O my God, restore thyself to
me!  See, I love  thee; and if it be too little, let me love thee still more  strongly.  I cannot measure
my love so that I may come to know how  much there is still lacking in me before my life can run
to thy  embrace and not be turned away until it is hidden in "the covert  of thy presence."[520]
Only this I know, that my existence is my  woe except in thee -- not only in my outward life, but
also within  my inmost self -- and all abundance I have which is not my God is  poverty.


                         CHAPTER IX

    10.  But was neither the Father nor the Son "moving over the  waters"?  If we understand this
as a motion in space, as a body  moves, then not even the Holy Spirit "moved." But if we
understand  the changeless supereminence of the divine Being above every  changeable thing, then
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit "moved over  the waters."
    Why, then, is this said of thy Spirit alone?  Why is it said  of him only -- as if he had been in a
"place" that is not a place  -- about whom alone it is written, "He is thy gift"?  It is in thy  gift that
we rest.  It is there that we enjoy thee.  Our rest is  our "place." Love lifts us up toward that
place, and thy good  Spirit lifts our lowliness from the gates of death.[521]  Our  peace rests in
the goodness of will.  The body tends toward its  own place by its own gravity.  A weight does
not tend downward  only, but moves to its own place.  Fire tends upward; a stone  tends
downward.  They are propelled by their own mass; they seek  their own places.  Oil poured under
the water rises above the  water; water poured on oil sinks under the oil.  They are moved by
their own mass; they seek their own places.  If they are out of  order, they are restless; when their
order is restored, they are  at rest.  My weight is my love.  By it I am carried wherever I am
carried.  By thy gift,[522] we are enkindled and are carried  upward.  We burn inwardly and move
forward.  We ascend thy ladder  which is in our heart, and we sing a canticle of degrees[523]; we
glow inwardly with thy fire -- with thy good fire[524] -- and we  go forward because we go up to
the peace of Jerusalem[525]; for I  was glad when they said to me, "Let us go into the house of
the  Lord."[526]  There thy good pleasure will settle us so that we  will desire nothing more than
to dwell there forever.[527]

                          CHAPTER X

    11.  Happy would be that creature who, though it was in  itself other than thou, still had
known no other state than this  from the time it was made, so that it was never without thy gift
which moves over everything mutable -- who had been borne up by  the call in which thou saidst,
"Let there be light: and there was  light."[528]  For in us there is a distinction between the time
when we were darkness and the time when we were made light.  But  we are not told what would
have been the case with that creature  if the light had not been made.  It is spoken of as though
there  had been something of flux and darkness in it beforehand so that  the cause by which it was
made to be otherwise might be evident.   This is to say, by being turned to the unfailing Light it
might  become light.  Let him who is able understand this; and let him  who is not ask of thee.
Why trouble me, as if I could "enlighten  every man that comes into the world"[529]?


                         CHAPTER XI

    12.  Who can understand the omnipotent Trinity?  And yet who  does not speak about it, if
indeed it is of it that he speaks?   Rare is the soul who, when he speaks of it, also knows of what
he  speaks.  And men contend and strive, but no man sees the vision of  it without peace.
    I could wish that men would consider three things which are  within themselves.  These three
things are quite different from  the Trinity, but I mention them in order that men may exercise
their minds and test themselves and come to realize how different  from it they are.[530]
    The three things I speak of are: to be, to know, and to will.   For I am, and I know, and I will.
I am a knowing and a willing  being; I know that I am and that I will; and I will to be and to
know.  In these three functions, therefore, let him who can see  how integral a life is; for there is
one life, one mind, one  essence.  Finally, the distinction does not separate the things,  and yet it is
a distinction.  Surely a man has this distinction  before his mind; let him look into himself and see,
and tell me.   But when he discovers and can say anything about any one of these,  let him not
think that he has thereby discovered what is immutable  above them all, which _is_ immutably and
_knows_ immutably and  _wills_ immutably.  But whether there is a Trinity there because
these three functions exist in the one God, or whether all three  are in each Person so that they are
each threefold, or whether  both these notions are true and, in some mysterious manner, the
Infinite is in itself its own Selfsame object -- at once one and  many, so that by itself it is and
knows itself and suffices to  itself without change, so that the Selfsame is the abundant  magnitude
of its Unity -- who can readily conceive?  Who can in  any fashion express it plainly?  Who can in
any way rashly make a  pronouncement about it?


                         CHAPTER XII

    13.  Go forward in your confession, O my faith; say to the  Lord your God, "Holy, holy, holy,
O Lord my God, in thy name we  have been baptized, in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy
Spirit." In thy name we baptize, in the name of the Father, the  Son, and the Holy Spirit.  For
among us also God in his Christ  made "heaven and earth," namely, the spiritual and carnal
members  of his Church. And true it is that before it received "the form of  doctrine," our
"earth"[531] was "invisible and unformed," and we  were covered with the darkness of our
ignorance; for thou dost  correct man for his iniquity,[532] and "thy judgments are a great
abyss."[533]  But because thy Spirit was moving over these waters,  thy mercy did not forsake
our wretchedness, and thou saidst, "Let  there be light; repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at
hand."[534]  Repent, and let there be light.  Because our soul was  troubled within us, we
remembered thee, O Lord, from the land of  Jordan, and from the mountain[535] -- and as we
became displeased  with our darkness we turned to thee, "and there was light." And  behold, we
were heretofore in darkness, but now we are light in  the Lord.[536]


                        CHAPTER XIII

    14.  But even so, we still live by faith and not by sight,  for we are saved by hope; but hope
that is seen is not hope.  Thus  far deep calls unto deep, but now in "the noise of thy
waterfalls."[537]  And thus far he who said, "I could not speak to  you as if you were spiritual
ones, but only as if you were  carnal"[538] -- thus far even he does not count himself to have
apprehended, but forgetting the things that are behind and  reaching forth to the things that are
before, he presses on to  those things that are ahead,[539] and he groans under his burden
and his soul thirsts after the living God as the stag pants for  the water brooks,[540] and says,
"When shall I come?"[541] --  "desiring to be further clothed by his house which is from
heaven."[542]  And he called to this lower deep, saying, "Be not  conformed to this world, but be
transformed by the renewing of  your mind."[543]  And "be not children in understanding,
although  in malice be children," in order that "in understanding you may  become perfect."[544]
"O foolish Galatians, who has bewitched  you?"[545]  But this is not now only in his own voice
but in thy  voice, who sent thy Spirit from above through Him who both  "ascended up on
high"[546] and opened up the floodgates of his  gifts, that the force of his streams might make
glad the city of  God.[547]
    For that city and for him sighs the Bridegroom's friend,[548]  who has now the first fruits of
the Spirit laid up with him, but  who is still groaning within himself and waiting for adoption,  that
is, the redemption of his body.[549]  To Him he sighs, for he  is a member of the Bride[550]; for
him he is jealous, not for  himself, but because not in his own voice but in the voice of thy
waterfalls he calls on that other deep, of which he is jealous and  in fear; for he fears lest, as the
serpent seduced Eve by his  subtlety, his mind should be corrupted from the purity which is in  our
Bridegroom, thy only Son.  What a light of beauty that will be  when "we shall see him as he
is"[551]! -- and when these tears  shall pass away which "have been my meat day and night, while
they  continually say unto me, 'Where is your God?'"[552]


                         CHAPTER XIV

    15.  And I myself say: "O my God, where art thou?  See now,  where art thou?"  In thee I take
my breath for a little while,  when I pour out my soul beyond myself in the voice of joy and
praise, in the voice of him that keeps holyday.[553]  And still it  is cast down because it relapses
and becomes an abyss, or rather  it feels that it still is an abyss.  My faith speaks to my soul --
the faith that thou dost kindle to light my path in the night:  "Why are you cast down, O my soul,
and why are you disquieted in  me?  Hope in God."[554]  For his word is a lamp to your
feet.[555]   Hope and persevere until the night passes -- that mother of the  wicked; until the
Lord's wrath subsides -- that wrath whose  children once we were, of whom we were beforehand
in darkness,  whose residue we still bear about us in our bodies, dead because  of sin.[556]  Hope
and endure until the day breaks and the shadows  flee away.[557]  Hope in the Lord: in the
morning I shall stand in  his presence and keep watch[558]; I shall forever give praise to  him.  In
the morning I shall stand and shall see my God, who is  the health of my countenance,[559] who
also will quicken our  mortal bodies by the Spirit that dwells in us,[560] because in  mercy he was
moving over our lightless and restless inner deep.   From this we have received an earnest, even
now in this
pilgrimage, that we are now in the light, since already we are  saved by hope and are children of
the light and children of the  day -- not children of the night, nor of the darkness,[561] which  we
have been hitherto.  Between those children of the night and  ourselves, in this still uncertain state
of human knowledge, only  thou canst rightly distinguish -- thou who dost test the heart and  who
dost call the light day, and the darkness night.[562]  For who  can see us clearly but thee?  What
do we have that we have not  received from thee, who madest from the same lump some vessels
to  noble, and others to ignoble, use[563]?


                         CHAPTER XV

    16.  Now who but thee, our God, didst make for us that  firmament of the authority of thy
divine Scripture to be over us?   For "the heaven shall be folded up like a scroll"[564]; but now it
is stretched over us like a skin.  Thy divine Scripture is of more  sublime authority now that those
mortal men through whom thou  didst dispense it to us have departed this life.  And thou
knowest, O Lord, thou knowest how thou didst clothe men with skins  when they became mortal
because of sin.[565]  In something of the  same way, thou hast stretched out the firmament of thy
Book as a  skin -- that is to say, thou hast spread thy harmonious words over  us through the
ministry of mortal men.  For by their very death  that solid firmament of authority in thy sayings,
spoken forth by  them, stretches high over all that now drift under it; whereas  while they lived on
earth their authority was not so widely  extended.  Then thou hadst not yet spread out the heaven
like a  skin; thou hadst not yet spread abroad everywhere the fame of  their death.
    17.  Let us see, O Lord, "the heavens, the work of thy  fingers,"[566] and clear away from our
eyes the fog with which  thou hast covered them.  In them[567] is that testimony of thine  which
gives wisdom even to the little ones.  O my God, out of the  mouth of babes and sucklings,
perfect thy praise.[568]  For we  know no other books that so destroy man's pride, that so break
down the adversary and the self-defender who resists thy
reconciliation by an effort to justify his own sins.  I do not  know, O Lord, I do not know any
other such pure words that so  persuade me to confession and make my neck submissive to thy
yoke,  and invite me to serve thee for nothing else than thy own sake.   Let me understand these
things, O good Father.  Grant this to me,  since I am placed under them; for thou hast established
these  things for those placed under them.
    18.  There are other waters that are above this firmament,  and I believe that they are immortal
and removed from earthly  corruption.  Let them praise thy name -- this super-celestial  society,
thy angels, who have no need to look up at this firmament  or to gain a knowledge of thy Word
by reading it -- let them  praise thee.  For they always behold thy face and read therein,  without
any syllables in time, what thy eternal will intends.   They read, they choose, they love.[569]  They
are always reading,  and what they read never passes away.  For by choosing and by  loving they
read the very immutability of thy counsel.  Their book  is never closed, nor is the scroll folded up,
because thou thyself  art this to them, and art this to them eternally; because thou  didst range
them above this firmament which thou madest firm over  the infirmities of the people below the
heavens, where they might  look up and learn thy mercy, which proclaims in time thee who
madest all times.  "For thy mercy, O Lord, is in the heavens, and  thy faithfulness reaches to the
clouds."[570]  The clouds pass  away, but the heavens remain.  The preachers of thy Word pass
away  from this life into another; but thy Scripture is spread abroad  over the people, even to the
end of the world.  Indeed, both  heaven and earth shall pass away, but thy words shall never pass
away.[571]  The scroll shall be rolled together, and the "grass"  over which it was spread shall,
with all its goodliness, pass  away; but thy Word remains forever[572] -- thy Word which now
appears to us in the dark image of the clouds and through the  glass of heaven, and not as it really
is.  And even if we are the  well-beloved of thy Son, it has not yet appeared what we shall
be.[573]  He hath seen us through the entanglement[574] of our  flesh, and he is fair-speaking,
and he hath enkindled us, and we  run after his fragrance.[575]  But "when he shall appear, then
we  shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is."[576]  As he is,  O Lord, we shall see him --
although that time is not yet.

                         CHAPTER XVI

    19.  For just as thou art the utterly Real, thou alone dost  fully know, since thou art immutably,
and thou knowest immutably,  and thou willest immutably.  And thy Essence knows and wills
immutably.  Thy Knowledge is and wills immutably.  Thy Will is and  knows immutably.  And it
does not seem right to thee that the  immutable Light should be known by the enlightened but
mutable  creature in the same way as it knows itself.  Therefore, to thee  my soul is as a land
where no water is[577]; for, just as it  cannot enlighten itself by itself, so it cannot satisfy itself by
itself.  Thus the fountain of life is with thee, and "in thy light  shall we see light."[578]


                        CHAPTER XVII

    20.  Who has gathered the "embittered ones"[579] into a  single society?  For they all have the
same end, which is temporal  and earthly happiness.  This is their motive for doing everything,
although they may fluctuate within an innumerable diversity of  concerns.  Who but thee, O Lord,
gathered them together, thou who  saidst, "Let the waters be gathered together into one place and
let the dry land appear" -- athirst for thee?  For the sea also is  thine, and thou madest it, and thy
hands formed the dry land.[580]   For it is not the bitterness of men's wills but the gathering
together of the waters which is called "the sea"; yet thou dost  curb the wicked lusts of men's
souls and fix their bounds: how far  they are allowed to advance, and where their waves will be
broken  against each other -- and thus thou makest it "a sea," by the  providence of thy
governance of all things.
    21.  But as for the souls that thirst after thee and who  appear before thee -- separated from
"the society of the [bitter]  sea" by reason of their different ends -- thou waterest them by a
secret and sweet spring, so that "the earth" may bring forth her  fruit and -- thou, O Lord,
commanding it -- our souls may bud  forth in works of mercy after their kind.[581]  Thus we shall
love  our neighbor in ministering to his bodily needs, for in this way  the soul has seed in itself
after its kind when in our own  infirmity our compassion reaches out to the relief of the needy,
helping them even as we would desire to be helped ourselves if we  were in similar need.  Thus we
help, not only in easy problems (as  is signified by "the herb yielding its seed") but also in the
offering of our best strength in affording them the aid of  protection (such as "the tree bearing its
fruit").  This is to  say, we seek to rescue him who is suffering injury from the hands  of the
powerful -- furnishing him with the sheltering protection  which comes from the strong arm of a
righteous judgment.[582]

                        CHAPTER XVIII

    22.  Thus, O Lord, thus I beseech thee: let it happen as thou  hast prepared it, as thou givest
joy and the capacity for joy.   Let truth spring up out of the earth, and let righteousness look
down from heaven,[583] and let there be lights in the
firmament.[584]
    Let us break our bread with the hungry, let us bring the  shelterless poor to our house; let us
clothe the naked, and never  despise those of our own flesh.[585]  See from the fruits which
spring forth from the earth how good it is.  Thus let our temporal  light break forth, and let us
from even this lower level of  fruitful action come to the joy of contemplation and hold on high
the Word of Life.  And let us at length appear like "lights in the  world,"[586] cleaving to the
firmament of thy Scripture.
    For in it thou makest it plain to us how we may distinguish  between things intelligible and
things tangible, as if between the  day and the night -- and to distinguish between souls who give
themselves to things of the mind and others absorbed in things of  sense.  Thus it is that now thou
art not alone in the secret of  thy judgment as thou wast before the firmament was made, and
before thou didst divide between the light and the darkness.  But  now also thy spiritual children,
placed and ranked in this same  firmament -- thy grace being thus manifest throughout the world
--  may shed light upon the earth, and may divide between the day and  night, and may be for the
signs of the times[587]; because old  things have passed away, and, lo, all things are become
new[588];  and because our salvation is nearer than when we believed; and  because "the night is
far spent and the day is at hand"[589]; and  because "thou crownest the year with blessing,"[590]
sending the  laborers into thy harvest, in which others have labored in the  sowing and sending
laborers also to make new sowings whose harvest  shall not be until the end of time.  Thus thou
dost grant the  prayers of him who seeks, and thou dost bless the years of the  righteous man.  But
thou art always the Selfsame, and in thy years  which fail not thou preparest a granary for our
transient years.   For by an eternal design thou spreadest the heavenly blessings on  the earth in
their proper seasons.
    23.  For "to one there is given by thy Spirit the word of  wisdom"[591] (which resembles the
greater light -- which is for  those whose delight is in the clear light of truth -- as the light  which
is given for the ruling of the day[592]).  But to another  the word of knowledge is given by the
same Spirit (as it were, the  "lesser light"); to another, faith; to another, the gift of  healing; to
another, the power of working miracles; to another,  the gift of prophecy; to another, the
discerning of spirits; to  another, other kinds of tongues -- and all these gifts may be  compared to
"the stars." For in them all the one and selfsame  Spirit is at work, dividing to every man his own
portion, as He  wills, and making stars to appear in their bright splendor for the  profit of souls.
But the word of knowledge, scientia, in which is  contained all the mysteries[593] which change in
their seasons  like the moon; and all the other promises of gifts, which when  counted are like the
stars -- all of these fall short of that  splendor of Wisdom in which the day rejoices and are only
for the  ruling of the night.  Yet they are necessary for those to whom thy  most prudent servant
could not speak as to the spiritually mature,  but only as if to carnal men -- even though he could
speak wisdom  among the perfect.[594]  Still the natural man -- as a babe in  Christ, and a drinker
of milk, until he is strong enough for solid  meat, and his eye is able to look into the sun -- do not
leave him  in a lightless night.  Instead, let him be satisfied with the  light of the moon and the
stars.  In thy book thou dost discuss  these things with us wisely, our God -- in thy book, which is
thy  "firmament" -- in order that we may be able to view all things in  admiring contemplation,
although thus far we must do so through  signs and seasons and in days and years.


                        CHAPTER XIX

    24.  But, first, "wash yourselves and make you clean; put  away iniquity from your souls and
from before my eyes"[595] -- so  that "the dry land" may appear.  "Learn to do well, judge the
fatherless, plead for the widow,"[596] that the earth may bring  forth the green herb for food and
fruit-bearing trees.  "And come,  let us reason together, saith the Lord"[597] -- that there may be
lights in the firmament of heaven and that they may shine upon the  earth.
    There was that rich man who asked of the good Teacher what he  should do to attain eternal
life.  Let the good Teacher (whom the  rich man thought a man and nothing more) give him an
answer -- he  is good for he is God.  Let him answer him that, if he would enter  into life, he must
keep the commandments: let him put away from  himself the bitterness of malice and wickedness;
let him not kill,  nor commit adultery, nor steal, nor bear false witness[598] --  that "the dry land"
may appear and bring forth the honoring of  fathers and mothers and the love of neighbor.  "All
these," he  replied, "I have kept." Where do so many thorns come from, if the  earth is really
fruitful?  uproot the brier patch of avarice;  "sell what you have, and be filled with fruit by giving
to the  poor, and you shall have treasure in heaven; and follow" the Lord  if you would be perfect
and joined with those in whose midst he  speaketh wisdom -- who know how to give rightly to the
day and to  the night -- and you will also understand, so that for you also  there may be lights in
the firmament of heaven -- which will not  be there, however, unless your heart is there also.  And
your  heart will not be there unless your treasure is there,[599] as you  have heard from the good
Teacher.  But "the barren earth"[600] was  grieved, and the briers choked the word.[601]
    25.  But you, O elect people, set in the firmament of the  world,[602] who have forsaken all
that you may follow the Lord:  follow him now, and confound the mighty!  Follow him, O
beautiful  feet,[603] and shine in the firmament, that the heavens may  declare his glory, dividing
the light of the perfect ones[604] --  though not yet so perfect as the angels -- from the darkness
of  the little ones -- who are nevertheless not utterly despised.   Shine over all the earth, and let
the day be lighted by the sun,  utter the Word of wisdom to the day ("day unto day utters
speech"[605]) and let the night, lighted by the moon, display the  Word of knowledge to the night.
The moon and the stars give light  for the night; the night does not put them out, and they illumine
in its proper mode.  For lo, it is as if God were saying, "Let  there be lights in the firmament of the
heaven": and suddenly  there came a sound from heaven, as if it were a rushing mighty  wind, and
there appeared cloven tongues of fire, and they sat on  each of them.[606]  And then they were
made to be lights in the  firmament of heaven, having the Word of life.  Run to and fro
everywhere, you holy fires, you lovely fires, for you are the  light of the world and you are not to
be hid under a peck  measure.[607]  He to whom you cleave is raised on high, and he  hath raised
you on high.  Run to and fro; make yourselves known  among all the nations!


                         CHAPTER XX

    26.  Also let the sea conceive and bring forth your works,  and let the waters bear the moving
creatures that have life.[608]   For by separating the precious from the vile you are made the
mouth of God[609] by whom he said, "Let the waters bring forth."  This does not refer to the
living creatures which the earth brings  forth, but to the creeping creatures that have life and the
fowls  that fly over the earth.  For, by the ministry of thy holy ones,  thy mysteries have made their
way amid the buffeting billows of  the world, to instruct the nations in thy name, in thy Baptism.
And among these things many great and marvelous works have been  wrought, which are
analogous to the huge whales.  The words of thy  messengers have gone flying over the earth,
high in the firmament  of thy Book which is spread over them as the authority beneath  which they
are to fly wheresoever they go.  For "there is no  speech nor language where their voice is not
heard," because  "their sound has gone out through all the earth, and their words  to the end of
the world"[610] -- and this because thou, O Lord,  hast multiplied these things by thy blessing.
    27.  Am I speaking falsely?  Am I mingling and confounding  and not rightly distinguishing
between the knowledge of these  things in the firmament of heaven and those corporeal works in
the  swelling sea and beneath the firmament of heaven?  For there are  those things, the
knowledge of which is solid and defined.  It  does not increase from generation to generation and
thus they  stand, as it were, as lights of wisdom and knowledge.  But there  are many and varied
physical processes that manifest these  selfsame principles.  And thus one thing growing from
another is  multiplied by thy blessing, O God, who dost so refresh our easily  wearied mortal
senses that in our mental cognition a single thing  may be figured and signified in many different
ways by different  bodily motions.
    "The waters" have brought forth these mysteries, but only at  thy word.  The needs of the
people who were alien to the eternity  of thy truth have called them forth, but only in thy gospel,
since  it was these "waters" which cast them up -- the waters whose  stagnant bitterness was the
reason why they came forth through thy  Word.
    28.  Now all the things that thou hast made are fair, and  yet, lo, thou who didst make all
things art inexpressibly fairer.   And if Adam had not fallen away from thee, that brackish sea --
the human race -- so deeply prying, so boisterously swelling, so  restlessly moving, would never
have flowed forth from his belly.   Thus, there would have been no need for thy ministers to use
corporeal and tangible signs in the midst of many "waters" in  order to show forth their mystical
deeds and words.  For this is  the way I interpret the phrases "creeping creatures" and "flying
fowl." Still, men who have been instructed and initiated and made  dependent on thy corporeal
mysteries would not be able to profit  from them if it were not that their soul has a higher life and
unless, after the word of its admission, it did not look beyond  toward its perfection.


                         CHAPTER XXI

    29.  And thus, in thy Word, it was not the depth of the sea  but "the earth,"[611] separated
from the brackishness of the  water, that brought forth, not "the creeping and the flying  creature
that has life," but "the living soul" itself![612]      And now this soul no longer has need of
baptism, as the  heathen had, or as it did when it was covered with the waters --  and there can be
no other entrance into the Kingdom of Heaven,  since thou hast appointed that baptism should be
the entrance.   Nor does it seek great, miraculous works by which to buttress  faith.  For such a
soul does not refuse to believe unless it sees  signs and marvels, now that "the faithful earth" is
separated from  "the waters" of the sea, which have been made bitter by
infidelity.  Thus, for them, "tongues are for a sign, not to those  who believe but to those who do
not believe."[613]
    And the earth which thou hast founded above the waters does  not stand in need of those
flying creatures which the waters  brought forth at thy word.  Send forth thy word into it by the
agency of thy messengers.  For we only tell of their works, but it  is thou who dost the works in
them, so that they may bring forth  "a living soul" in the earth.
    The earth brings forth "the living soul" because "the earth"  is the cause of such things being
done by thy messengers, just as  the sea was the cause of the production of the creeping creatures
having life and the flying fowl under the firmament of heaven.   "The earth" no longer needs them,
although it feeds on the Fish  which was taken out of the deep,[614] set out on that table which
thou preparest in the presence of those who believe.  To this end  he was raised from the deep:
that he might feed "the dry land."  And "the fowl," even though they were bred in the sea, will yet
be  multiplied on the earth.  The preaching of the first evangelists  was called forth by reason of
man's infidelity, but the faithful  also are exhorted and blessed by them in manifold ways, day by
day.  "The living soul" has its origin from "the earth," because  only to the faithful is there any
profit in restraining themselves  from the love of this world, so that their soul may live to thee.
This soul was dead while it was living in pleasures -- in  pleasures that bear death in them --
whereas thou, O Lord, art the  living delight of the pure heart.
    30.  Now, therefore, let thy ministers do their work on "the  earth" -- not as they did formerly
in "the waters" of infidelity,  when they had to preach and speak by miracles and mysteries and
mystical expressions, in which ignorance -- the mother of wonder  -- gives them an attentive ear
because of its fear of occult and  strange things.  For this is the entry into faith for the sons of
Adam who are forgetful of thee, who hide themselves from thy face,  and who have become a
darkened abyss.  Instead, let thy ministers  work even as on "the dry land," safe from the
whirlpools of the  abyss.  Let them be an example unto the faithful by living before  them and
stirring them up to imitation.
    For in such a setting, men will heed, not with the mere  intent to hear, but also to act.  Seek
the Lord and your soul  shall live[615] and "the earth" may bring forth "the living soul."  Be not
conformed to this world;[616] separate yourselves from it.   The soul lives by avoiding those
things which bring death if they  are loved.  Restrain yourselves from the unbridled wildness of
pride, from the indolent passions of luxury, and from what is  falsely called knowledge.[617]
Thus may the wild beast be tamed,  the cattle subdued, and the serpent made harmless.  For, in
allegory, these figures are the motions of our mind: that is to  say, the haughtiness of pride, the
delight of lust, and the poison  of curiosity are motions of the dead soul -- not so dead that it  has
lost all motion, but dead because it has deserted the fountain  of life, and so has been taken up by
this transitory world and  conformed to it.
    31.  But thy Word, O God, is a fountain of life eternal, and  it does not pass away.  Therefore,
this desertion is restrained by  thy Word when it says to us, "Be not conformed to this world," to
the end that "the earth" may bring forth a "living soul" in the  fountain of life -- a soul disciplined
by thy Word, by thy  evangelists, by the following of the followers of thy Christ.  For  this is the
meaning of "after his kind." A man tends to follow the  example of his friend.  Thus, he [Paul]
says, "Become as I am,  because I have become as you are."[618]
    Thus, in this "living soul" there shall be good beasts,  acting meekly.  For thou hast
commanded this, saying: "Do your  work in meekness and you shall be loved by all men."[619]
And the  cattle will be good, for if they eat much they shall not suffer  from satiety; and if they do
not eat at all they will suffer no  lack.  And the serpents will be good, not poisonous to do harm,
but only cunning in their watchfulness -- exploring only as much  of this temporal nature as is
necessary in order that the eternal  nature may "be clearly seen, understood through the things
that  have been made."[620]  For all these animals will obey reason  when, having been restrained
from their death-dealing ways, they  live and become good.


                        CHAPTER XXII

    32.  Thus, O Lord, our God, our Creator, when our affections  have been turned from the love
of the world, in which we died by  living ill; and when we began to be "a living soul" by living
well; and when the word, "Be not conformed to this world," which  thou didst speak through thy
apostle, has been fulfilled in us,  then will follow what thou didst immediately add when thou
saidst,  "But be transformed by the renewing of your mind."[621]  This will  not now be "after
their kind," as if we were following the  neighbor who went before us, or as if we were living after
the  example of a better man -- for thou didst not say, "Let man be  made after his kind," but
rather, "Let us make man in our own  image and our own likeness,"[622] so that then we may be
able to  prove what thy will is.
    This is why thy minister -- begetting children by the gospel  so that he might not always have
them babes whom he would have to  feed with milk and nurse as children -- this is why he said,
"Be  transformed by the renewing of your minds, that you may prove what  is the good and
acceptable and perfect will of God."[623]   Therefore thou didst not say, "Let man be made," but
rather, "Let  us make man." And thou didst not say, "After his kind," but after  "our image" and
"likeness." Indeed, it is only when man has been  renewed in his mind, and comes to behold and
apprehend thy truth,  that he does not need another man as his director, to show him how
to imitate human examples.  Instead, by thy guidance, he proves  what is thy good and acceptable
and perfect will.  And thou dost  teach him, now that he is able to understand, to see the trinity  of
the Unity and the unity of the Trinity.
    This is why the statement in the plural, "Let us make man,"  is also connected with the
statement in the singular, "And God  made man." Thus it is said in the plural, "After our likeness,"
and then in the singular, "After the image of God." Man is thus  transformed in the knowledge of
God, according to the image of Him  who created him.  And now, having been made spiritual, he
judges  all things -- that is, all things that are appropriate to be  judged -- and he himself is judged
of no man.[624]


                        CHAPTER XXIII

    33.  Now this phrase, "he judges all things," means that man  has dominion over the fish of the
sea, and over the fowl of the  air, and over all cattle and wild beasts, and over all the earth,
and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.  And he  does this by the power of reason
in his mind by which he perceives  "the things of the Spirit of God."[625]  But, when man was put
in  this high office, he did not understand what was involved and thus  was reduced to the level of
the brute beasts, and made like  them.[626]
    Therefore in thy Church, O our God, by the grace thou hast  given us -- since we are thy
workmanship, created in good works  (not only those who are in spiritual authority but also those
who  are spiritually subject to them) -- thou madest man male and  female.  Here all are equal in
thy spiritual grace where, as far  as sex is concerned, there is neither male nor female, just as
there is neither Jew nor Greek, nor bond nor free.  Spiritual men,  therefore, whether those who
are in authority or those who are  subject to authority, judge spiritually.  They do not judge by the
light of that spiritual knowledge which shines in the firmament,  for it is inappropriate for them to
judge by so sublime an  authority.  Nor does it behoove them to judge concerning thy Book  itself,
although there are some things in it which are not clear.   Instead, we submit our understanding to
it and believe with  certainty that what is hidden from our sight is still rightly and  truly spoken.  In
this way, even though a man is now spiritual and  renewed by the knowledge of God according to
the image of him who  created him, he must be a doer of the law rather than its  judge.[627]
Neither does the spiritual man judge concerning that  division between spiritual and carnal men
which is known to thy  eyes, O God, and which may not, as yet, be made manifest to us by  their
external works, so that we may know them by their fruits;  yet thou, O God, knowest them
already and thou hast divided and  called them secretly, before the firmament was made.  Nor
does a  man, even though he is spiritual, judge the disordered state of  society in this world.  For
what business of his is it to judge  those who are without, since he cannot know which of them
may  later on come into the sweetness of thy grace, and which of them  may continue in the
perpetual bitterness of their impiety?       34.  Man, then, even if he was made after thy own
image, did  not receive the power of dominion over the lights of heaven, nor  over the secret
heaven, nor over the day and the night which thou  calledst forth before the creation of the
heaven, nor over the  gathering together of the waters which is the sea.  Instead, he  received
dominion over the fish of the sea, and the fowls of the  air; and over all cattle, and all the earth;
and over all creeping  things which creep on the earth.
    Indeed, he judges and approves what he finds right and  disapproves what he finds amiss,
whether in the celebration of  those mysteries by which are initiated those whom thy mercy hast
sought out in the midst of many waters; or in that sacrament in  which is exhibited the Fish
itself[628] which, being raised from  the depths, the pious "earth"[629] feeds upon; or, in the
signs  and symbols of words, which are subject to the authority of thy  Book -- such signs as burst
forth and sound from the mouth, as if  it were "flying" under the firmament, interpreting,
expounding,  discoursing, disputing, blessing, invoking thee, so that the  people may answer,
"Amen."[630]  The reason that all these words  have to be pronounced vocally is because of the
abyss of this  world and the blindness of our flesh in which thoughts cannot be  seen directly,[631]
but have to be spoken aloud in our ears.   Thus, although the flying fowl are multiplied on the
earth, they  still take their origins from the waters.
    The spiritual man also judges by approving what is right and  reproving what he finds amiss in
the works and morals of the  faithful, such as in their almsgiving, which is signified by the
phrase, "The earth bringing forth its fruit." And he judges of the  "living soul," which is then made
to live by the disciplining of  her affections in chastity, in fasting, and in holy meditation.
And he also judges concerning all those things which are perceived  by the bodily senses.  For it
can be said that he should judge in  all matters about which he also has the power of correction.

                        CHAPTER XXIV

    35.  But what is this; what kind of mystery is this?  Behold,  O Lord, thou dost bless men in
order that they may be "fruitful  and multiply, and replenish the earth." In this art thou not  making
a sign to us that we may understand something
[allegorically]?  Why didst thou not also bless the light, which  thou calledst "the day," nor the
firmament of heaven, nor the  lights, nor the stars, nor the earth, nor the sea?  I might reply,  O
our God, that thou in creating us after thy own image -- I might  reply that thou didst will to
bestow this gift of blessing upon  man alone, if thou hadst not similarly blessed the fishes and the
whales, so that they too should be fruitful and multiply and  replenish the waters of the sea; and
also the fowls, so that they  should be multiplied on the earth.  In like fashion, I might say  that
this blessing properly belonged only to such creatures as are  propagated from their own kind, if I
could find it given also as a  blessing to trees, and plants, and the beasts of the earth.  But
this "increase and multiply" was not said to plants or trees or  beasts or serpents -- although all of
these, along with fishes and  birds and men, do actually increase by propagation and so preserve
their species.
    36.  What, then, shall I say, O Truth, O my Life: that it was  idly and vainly said?  Surely not
this, O Father of piety; far be  it from a servant of thy Word to say anything like this!  But if I  do
not understand what thou meanest by that phrase, let those who  are better than I -- that is, those
more intelligent than I --  interpret it better, in the degree that thou hast given each of us  the
ability to understand.
    But let also my confession be pleasing in thy eyes, for I  confess to thee that I believe, O Lord,
that thou hast not spoken  thus in vain.  Nor will I be silent as to what my reading has  suggested
to me.  For it is valid, and I do not see anything to  prevent me from thus interpreting the
figurative sayings in thy  books.  For I know that a thing that is understood in only one way  in the
mind may be expressed in many different ways by the body;  and I know that a thing that has only
one manner of expression  through the body may be understood in the mind in many different
ways.  For consider this single example -- the love of God and of  our neighbor -- by how many
different mysteries and countless  languages, and, in each language, by how many different ways
of  speaking, this is signified corporeally!  In similar fashion, the  "young fish" in "the waters"
increase and multiply.  On the other  hand, whoever you are who reads this, observe and behold
what  Scripture declares, and how the voice pronounces it _in only one  way_, "In the beginning
God created heaven and earth."[632]  Is  this not understood in many different ways by different
kinds of  true interpretations which do not involve the deceit of error?   Thus the offspring of men
are fruitful and do multiply.[633]      37.  If, then, we consider the nature of things, in their
strictly literal sense, and not allegorically, the phrase, "Be  fruitful and multiply," applies to all
things that are begotten by  seed.  But if we treat these words figuratively, as I judge that  the
Scripture intended them to be -- since it cannot be for  nothing that this blessing is attributed only
to the offspring of  marine life and man -- then we discover that the characteristic of  fecundity
belongs also to the spiritual and physical creations  (which are signified by "heaven and earth"),
and also in righteous  and unrighteous souls (which are signified by "light and
darkness") and in the sacred writers through whom the law is  uttered (who are signified by "the
firmament established between  the waters and the waters"); and in the earthly commonwealth still
steeped in their bitterness (which is signified by "the sea"); and  in the zeal of holy souls (signified
by "the dry land"); and the  works of mercy done in this present life (signified by "the seed-
bearing herbs and fruit-bearing trees"); and in spiritual gifts  which shine out for our edification
(signified by "the lights of  heaven"); and to human affections ruled by temperance (signified
by "the living soul").  In all these instances we meet with  multiplicity and fertility and increase;
but the particular way in  which "Be fruitful and multiply" can be exemplified differs  widely.
Thus a single category may include many things, and we  cannot discover them except through
their signs displayed  corporeally and by the things being excogitated by the mind.      We thus
interpret the phrase, "The generation of the waters,"  as referring to the corporeally expressed
signs [of fecundity],  since they are made necessary by the degree of our involvement in  the flesh.
But the power of human generation refers to the  process of mental conception; this we see in the
fruitfulness of  reason.  Therefore, we believe that to both of these two kinds it  has been said by
thee, O Lord, "Be fruitful and multiply." In this  blessing, I recognize that thou hast granted us the
faculty and  power not only to express what we understand by a single idea in  many different
ways but also to understand in many ways what we  find expressed obscurely in a single
statement.  Thus the waters  of the sea are replenished, and their waves are symbols of diverse
meanings.  And thus also the earth is also replenished with human  offspring.  Its dryness is the
symbol of its thirst for truth, and  of the fact that reason rules over it.


                         CHAPTER XXV

    38.  I also desire to say, O my Lord God, what the following  Scripture suggests to me.
Indeed, I will speak without fear, for  I will speak the truth, as thou inspirest me to know what
thou  dost will that I should say concerning these words.  For I do not  believe I can speak the
truth by any other inspiration than thine,  since thou art the Truth, and every man a liar.[634]
Hence, he  that speaks a lie, speaks out of himself.  Therefore, if I am to  speak the truth, I must
speak of thy truth.
    Behold, thou hast given us for our food every seed-bearing  herb on the face of the earth, and
all trees that bear in  themselves seed of their own kind; and not to us only, but to all  the fowls of
the air and the beasts of the field and all creeping  things.[635]  Still, thou hast not given these
things to the  fishes and great whales.  We have said that by these fruits of the  earth the works of
mercy were signified and figured forth in an  allegory: thus, from the fruitful earth, things are
provided for  the necessities of life.  Such an "earth" was the godly
Onesiphorus, to whose house thou gavest mercy because he often  refreshed Paul and was not
ashamed of his bonds.[636]  This was  also the way of the brethren from Macedonia, who bore
such fruit  and supplied to him what he lacked.  But notice how he grieves for  certain "trees,"
which did not give him the fruit that was due,  when he said, "At my first answer no man stood
with me, but all  men forsook me: I pray God, that it be not laid up to their  charge."[637]  For we
owe "fruits" to those who minister spiritual  doctrine to us through their understanding of the
divine
mysteries.  We owe these to them as men.  We owe these fruits,  also, to "the living souls" since
they offer themselves as  examples for us in their own continence.  And, finally, we owe  them
likewise to "the flying creatures" because of their blessings  which are multiplied on the earth, for
"their sound has gone forth  into all the earth."[638]


                        CHAPTER XXVI

    39.  Those who find their joy in it are fed by these  "fruits"; but those whose god is their belly
find no joy in them.   For in those who offer these fruits, it is not the fruit itself  that matters, but
the spirit in which they give them.  Therefore,  he who serves God and not his own belly may
rejoice in them, and I  plainly see why.  I see it, and I rejoice with him greatly.  For  he [Paul] had
received from the Philippians the things they had  sent by Epaphroditus; yet I see why he rejoiced.
He was fed by  what he found his joy in; for, speaking truly, he says, "I rejoice  in the Lord
greatly, that now at the last your care of me has  flourished again, in which you were once so
careful, but it had  become a weariness to you.[639]  These Philippians, in their  extended period
of weariness in well-doing, had become weak and  were, so to say, dried up; they were no longer
bringing forth the  fruits of good works.  And now Paul rejoices in them -- and not  just for
himself alone -- because they were flourishing again in  ministering to his needs.  Therefore he
adds: "I do not speak in  respect of my want, for I have learned in whatsoever state I am
therewith to be content.  I know both how to be abased and how to  abound; everywhere and in
all things I am instructed both to be  full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need.  I
can  do all things through Christ who strengtheneth me."[640]
    40.  Where do you find joy in all things, O great Paul?  What  is the cause of your joy?  On
what do you feed, O man, renewed now  in the knowledge of God after the image of him who
created you, O  living soul of such great continence -- O tongue like a winged  bird, speaking
mysteries?  What food is owed such creatures; what  is it that feeds you?  It is joy!  For hear what
follows:  "Nevertheless, you have done well in that you have shared with me  in my
affliction."[641]  This is what he finds his joy in; this is  what he feeds on.  They have done well,
not merely because his  need had been relieved -- for he says to them, "You have opened my
heart when I was in distress" -- but because he knew both how to  abound and how to suffer need,
in thee who didst strengthen him.   And so he said, "You [Philippians] know also that in the
beginning  of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church shared  with me in regard
to giving and receiving, except you only.  For  even in Thessalonica you sent time and time again,
according to my  need."[642]  He now finds his joy in the fact that they have  returned once again
to these good works, and he is made glad that  they are flourishing again, as a fruitful field when it
recovers  its fertility.
    41.  Was it on account of his own needs alone that he said,  "You have sent me gifts according
to my needs?"  Does he find joy  in that?  Certainly not for that alone.  But how do we know this?
We know it because he himself adds, "Not because I desire a gift,  but because I desire
fruit."[643]
    Now I have learned from thee, O my God, how to distinguish  between the terms "gift" and
"fruit." A "gift" is the thing  itself, given by one who bestows life's necessities on another --
such as money, food, drink, clothing, shelter, and aid.  But "the  fruit" is the good and right will of
the giver.  For the good  Teacher not only said, "He that receives a prophet," but he added,
"In the name of a prophet." And he did not say only, "He who  receives a righteous man," but
added, "In the name of a righteous  man."[644]  Thus, surely, the former shall receive the reward
of a  prophet; the latter, that of a righteous man.  Nor did he say  only, "Whoever shall give a cup
of cold water to one of these  little ones to drink," but added, "In the name of a disciple"; and
concluded, "Truly I tell you he shall not lose his reward." The  "gift" involves receiving a prophet,
receiving a righteous man,  handing a cup of cold water to a disciple: but the "fruit" is to
do all this in the name of a prophet, in the name of a righteous  man, in the name of a disciple.
Elijah was fed by the widow with  "fruit," for she knew that she was feeding a man of God and
this  is why she fed him.  But he was fed by the raven with a "gift."  The inner man of Elijah was
not fed by this "gift," but only the  outer man, which otherwise might have perished from the lack
of  such food.


                        CHAPTER XXVII

    42.  Therefore I will speak before thee, O Lord, what is  true, in order that the
uninstructed[645] and the infidels, who  require the mysteries of initiation and great works of
miracles --  which we believe are signified by the phrase, "Fishes and great  whales" -- may be
helped in being gained [for the Church] when  they endeavor to provide that thy servants are
refreshed in body,  or otherwise aided in this present life.  For they do not really  know why this
should be done, and to what end.  Thus the former do  not feed the latter, and the latter do not
feed the former; for  neither do the former offer their "gifts" through a holy and right  intent, nor
do the others rejoice in the gifts of those who do not  as yet see the "fruit." For it is on the "fruit"
that the mind is  fed, and by which it is gladdened.  And, therefore, fishes and  whales are not fed
on such food as the earth alone brings forth  when they have been separated and divided from the
bitterness of  "the waters" of the sea.


                       CHAPTER XXVIII

    43.  And thou, O God, didst see everything that thou hadst  made and, behold, it was very
good.[646]  We also see the whole  creation and, behold, it is all very good.  In each separate
kind  of thy work, when thou didst say, "Let them be made," and they  were made, thou didst see
that it was good.  I have counted seven  times where it is written that thou didst see what thou
hadst made  was "good." And there is the eighth time when thou didst see _all_  things that thou
hadst made and, behold, they were not only good  but also _very_ good; for they were now seen
as a totality.   Individually they were only good; but taken as a totality they  were both good and
very good.  Beautiful bodies express this  truth; for a body which consists of several parts, each of
which  is beautiful, is itself far more beautiful than any of its  individual parts separately, by whose
well-ordered union the whole  is completed even though these parts are separately beautiful.

                        CHAPTER XXIX

    44.  And I looked attentively to find whether it was seven or  eight times that thou didst see
thy works were good, when they  were pleasing to thee, but I found that there was no "time" in
thy  seeing which would help me to understand in what sense thou hadst  looked so many "times"
at what thou hadst made.  And I said: "O  Lord, is not this thy Scripture true, since thou art true,
and thy  truth doth set it forth?  Why, then, dost thou say to me that in  thy seeing there are no
times, while this Scripture tells me that  what thou madest each day thou didst see to be good; and
when I  counted them I found how many 'times'?"  To these things, thou  didst reply to me, for
thou art my God, and thou dost speak to thy  servant with a strong voice in his inner ear, my
deafness, and  crying: "O man, what my Scripture says, I say.  But it speaks in  terms of time,
whereas time does not affect my Word -- my Word  which exists coeternally with myself.  Thus
the things you see  through my Spirit, I see; just as what you say through my Spirit,  I say.  But
while you see those things in time, I do not see them  in time; and when you speak those things in
time, I do not speak  them in time."


                         CHAPTER XXX

    45.  And I heard this, O Lord my God, and drank up a drop of  sweetness from thy truth, and
understood that there are some men  to whom thy works are displeasing, who say that many of
them thou  didst make under the compulsion of necessity -- such as the  pattern of the heavens
and the courses of the stars -- and that  thou didst not make them out of what was thine, but that
they were  already created elsewhere and from other sources.  It was thus  [they say] that thou
didst collect and fashion and weave them  together, as if from thy conquered enemies thou didst
raise up the  walls of the universe; so that, built into the ramparts of the  building, they might not
be able a second time to rebel against  thee.  And, even of other things, they say that thou didst
neither  make them nor arrange them -- for example, all flesh and all the  very small living
creatures, and all things fastened to the earth  by their roots.  But [they say] a hostile mind and an
alien nature  -- not created by thee and in every way contrary to thee -- begot  and framed all
these things in the nether parts of the world.[647]  They who speak thus are mad [insani], since
they do not see thy  works through thy Spirit, nor recognize thee in them.


                        CHAPTER XXXI

    46.  But for those who see these things through thy Spirit,  it is thou who seest them in them.
When, therefore, they see that  these things are good, it is thou who seest that they are good;
and whatsoever things are pleasing because of thee, it is thou who  dost give us pleasure in those
things.  Those things which please  us through thy Spirit are pleasing to thee in us.  "For what
man  knows the things of a man except the spirit of a man which is in  him?  Even so, no man
knows the things of God, but the Spirit of  God.  Now we have not received the spirit of the
world, but the  Spirit of God, that we might know the things that are freely given  to us from
God."[648]  And I am admonished to say: "Yes, truly.   No man knows the things of God, but the
Spirit of God: but how,  then, do we also know what things are given us by God?"  The  answer is
given me: "Because we know these things by his Spirit;  for no one knows but the Spirit of God."
But just as it is truly  said to those who were to speak through the Spirit of God, "It is  not you
who speak," so it is also truly said to them who know  through the Spirit of God, "It is not you
yourselves who know,"  and just as rightly it may be said to those who perceive through  the
Spirit of God that a thing is good; it is not they who see,  but God who seeth that it is good.
    It is, therefore, one thing to think like the men who judge  something to be bad when it is
good, as do those whom we have  already mentioned.  It is quite another thing that a man should
see as good what is good -- as is the case with many whom thy  creation pleases because it is
good, yet what pleases them in it  is not thee, and so they would prefer to find their joy in thy
creatures rather than to find their joy in thee.  It is still  another thing that when a man sees a thing
to be good, God should  see in him that it is good -- that truly he may be loved in what  he hath
made, he who cannot be loved except through the Holy  Spirit which he hath given us: "Because
the love of God is shed  abroad in our hearts by the Holy Spirit who is given to us."[649]
It is by him that we see whatever we see to be good in any degree,  since it is from him, who doth
not exist in any particular degree  but who simply is what he is.[650]


                        CHAPTER XXXII

    47.  Thanks be to thee, O Lord!  We see the heaven and the  earth, either the corporeal part --
higher and lower -- or the  spiritual and physical creation.  And we see the light made and  divided
from the darkness for the adornment of these parts, from  which the universal mass of the world
or the universal creation is  constituted.  We see the firmament of heaven, either the original
"body" of the world between the spiritual (higher) waters and the  corporeal (lower) waters[651]
or the expanse of air -- which is  also called "heaven" -- through which the fowls of heaven
wander,  between the waters which move in clouds above them and which drop  down in dew on
clear nights, and those waters which are heavy and  flow along the earth.  We see the waters
gathered together in the  vast plains of the sea; and the dry land, first bare and then  formed, so as
to be visible and well-ordered; and the soil of  herbs and trees.  We see the light shining from
above -- the sun  to serve the day, the moon and the stars to give cheer in the  night; and we see
by all these that the intervals of time are  marked and noted.  We see on every side the watery
elements,  fruitful with fishes, beasts, and birds -- and we notice that the  density of the
atmosphere which supports the flights of birds is  increased by the evaporation of the waters.  We
see the face of  the earth, replete with earthly creatures; and man, created in thy  image and
likeness, in the very image and likeness of thee -- that  is, having the power of reason and
understanding -- by virtue of  which he has been set over all irrational creatures.  And just as
there is in his soul one element which controls by its power of  reflection and another which has
been made subject so that it  should obey, so also, physically, the woman was made for the man;
for, although she had a like nature of rational intelligence in  the mind, still in the sex of her body
she should be similarly  subject to the sex of her husband, as the appetite of action is  subjected to
the deliberation of the mind in order to conceive the  rules of right action.  These things we see,
and each of them is  good; and the whole is very good!


                       CHAPTER XXXIII

    48.  Let thy works praise thee, that we may love thee; and  let us love thee that thy works may
praise thee -- those works  which have a beginning and an end in time -- a rising and a  setting, a
growth and a decay, a form and a privation.  Thus, they  have their successions of morning and
evening, partly hidden,  partly plain.  For they were made from nothing by thee, and not  from
thyself, and not from any matter that is not thine, or that  was created beforehand.  They were
created from concreated matter  -- that is, matter that was created by thee at the same time that
thou didst form its formlessness, without any interval of time.   Yet, since the matter of heaven
and earth is one thing and the  form of heaven and earth is another thing, thou didst create  matter
out of absolutely nothing (de omnino nihilo), but the form  of the world thou didst form from
formless matter (de informi  materia).  But both were done at the same time, so that form
followed matter with no delaying interval.


                        CHAPTER XXXIV

    49.  We have also explored the question of what thou didst  desire to figure forth, both in the
creation and in the
description of things in this particular order.  And we have seen  that things taken separately are
good, and all things taken  together are very good, both in heaven and earth.  And we have
seen that this was wrought through thy Word, thy only Son, the  head and the body of the
Church, and it signifies thy
predestination before all times, without morning and evening.  But  when, in time, thou didst
begin to unfold the things destined  before time, so that thou mightest make hidden things
manifest and  mightest reorder our disorders -- since our sins were over us and  we had sunk into
profound darkness away from thee, and thy good  Spirit was moving over us to help us in due
season -- thou didst  justify the ungodly and also didst divide them from the wicked;  and thou
madest the authority of thy Book a firmament between  those above who would be amenable to
thee and those beneath who  would be subject to them.  And thou didst gather the society of
unbelievers[652] into a conspiracy, in order that the zeal of the  faithful might become manifest
and that they might bring forth  works of mercy unto thee, giving their earthly riches to the poor
to obtain heavenly riches.  Then thou didst kindle the lights in  the firmament, which are thy holy
ones, who have the Word of Life  and who shine with an exalted authority, warranted to them by
their spiritual gifts.  And then, for the instruction of the  unbelieving nations, thou didst out of
physical matter produce the  mysteries and the visible miracles and the sounds of words in
harmony with the firmament of thy Book, through which the faithful  should be blessed.  After
this thou didst form "the living soul"  of the faithful, through the ordering of their passions by the
strength of continence.  And then thou didst renew, after thy  image and likeness, the mind which
is faithful to thee alone,  which needs to imitate no human authority.  Thus, thou didst
subordinate rational action to the higher excellence of
intelligence, as the woman is subordinate to the man.  Finally, in  all thy ministries which were
needed to perfect the faithful in  this life, thou didst will that these same faithful ones should
themselves bring forth good things, profitable for their temporal  use and fruitful for the life to
come.  We see all these things,  and they are very good, because thou seest them thus in us -- thou
who hast given us thy Spirit, by which we may see them so and love  thee in them.


                        CHAPTER XXXV

    50.  O Lord God, grant us thy peace -- for thou hast given us  all things.  Grant us the peace of
quietness, the peace of the  Sabbath, the peace without an evening.  All this most beautiful
array of things, all so very good, will pass away when all their  courses are finished -- for in them
there is both morning and  evening.
    51.  But the seventh day is without an evening, and it has no  setting, for thou hast sanctified it
with an everlasting duration.   After all thy works of creation, which were very good, thou didst
rest on the seventh day, although thou hadst created them all in  unbroken rest -- and this so that
the voice of thy Book might  speak to us with the prior assurance that after our works -- and
they also are very good because thou hast given them to us -- we  may find our rest in thee in the
Sabbath of life eternal.[653]

                       CHAPTER XXXVII

    52.  For then also thou shalt so rest in us as now thou  workest in us; and, thus, that will be thy
rest through us, as  these are thy works through us.  But thou, O Lord, workest  evermore and art
always at rest.  Thou seest not in time, thou  movest not in time, thou restest not in time.  And yet
thou makest  all those things which are seen in time -- indeed, the very times  themselves -- and
everything that proceeds in and from time.

                       CHAPTER XXXVIII

    53.  We can see all those things which thou hast made because  they are -- but they are
because thou seest them.[654]  And we see  with our eyes that they are, and we see with our
minds that they  are good.  But thou sawest them as made when thou sawest that they  would be
made.
    And now, in this present time, we have been moved to do well,  now that our heart has been
quickened by thy Spirit; but in the  former time, having forsaken thee, we were moved to do
evil.[655]   But thou, O the one good God, hast never ceased to do good!  And  we have
accomplished certain good works by thy good gifts, and  even though they are not eternal, still we
hope, after these  things here, to find our rest in thy great sanctification.  But  thou art the Good,
and needest no rest, and art always at rest,  because thou thyself art thy own rest.
    What man will teach men to understand this?  And what angel  will teach the angels?  Or what
angels will teach men?  We must  ask it of thee; we must seek it in thee; we must knock for it at
thy door.  Only thus shall we receive; only thus shall we find;  only thus shall thy door be
opened.[656]




                           NOTES

[1] He had no models before him, for such earlier writings as the  Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
and the autobiographical sections  in Hilary of Poitiers and Cyprian of Carthage have only to be
compared with the Confessions to see how different they are. [2] Gen. 1:1.
[3] Gen. 2:2.
[4] Notice the echo here of Acts 9:1.
[5] Ps. 100:3.
[6] Cf. Ps. 145:3 and Ps. 147:5.
[7] Rom. 10:14.
[8] Ps. 22:26.
[9] Matt. 7:7.
[10] A reference to Bishop Ambrose of Milan; see Bk. V, Ch. XIII;  Bk. VIII, Ch. 11, 3.
[11] Ps. 139:8.
[12] Jer. 23:24.
[13] Cf. Ps. 18:31.
[14] Ps. 35:3.
[15] Cf. Ps. 19:12, 13.
[16] Ps. 116:10.
[17] Cf. Ps. 32:5.
[18] Cf. Job 9:2.
[19] Ps. 130:3.
[20] Ps. 102:27.
[21] Ps. 102:27.
[22] Cf. Ps. 92:1.
[23] Cf. Ps. 51:5.
[24] In baptism which, Augustine believed, established the  effigiem Christi in the human soul.
[25] Cf. Ps. 78:39.
[26] Cf. Ps. 72:27.
[27] Aeneid, VI, 457
[28] Cf. Aeneid, II.
[29] Lignum is a common metaphor for the cross; and it was often  joined to the figure of Noah's
ark, as the means of safe transport  from earth to heaven.
[30] This apostrophe to "the torrent of human custom" now switches  its focus to the poets who
celebrated the philanderings of the  gods; see De civ. Dei, II, vii-xi; IV, xxvi-xxviii.
[31] Probably a contemporary disciple of Cicero (or the Academics)  whom Augustine had heard
levy a rather common philosopher's  complaint against Olympian religion and the poetic myths
about it.   Cf. De Labriolle, I, 21 (see Bibl.).
[32] Terence, Eunuch., 584-591; quoted again in De civ. Dei, II,  vii.
[33] Aeneid, I, 38.
[34] Cf. Ps. 103:8 and Ps. 86:15.
[35] Ps. 27:8.
[36] An interesting mixed reminiscence of Enneads, I, 5:8 and Luke  15:13-24.
[37] Ps. 123:1.
[38] Matt. 19:14.
[39] Another Plotinian echo; cf. Enneads, III, 8:10.
[40] Yet another Plotinian phrase; cf. Enneads, I, 6, 9:1-2. [41] Cf. Gen. 3:18 and De bono
conjugali, 8-9, 39-35 (N-PNF, III,  396-413).
[42] 1 Cor. 7:28.
[43] 1 Cor. 7:1.
[44] 1 Cor. 7:32, 33.
[45] Cf. Matt. 19:12.
[46] Twenty miles from Tagaste, famed as the birthplace of  Apuleius, the only notable classical
author produced by the  province of Africa.
[47] Another echo of the De profundis (Ps. 130:1) -- and the most  explicit statement we have
from Augustine of his motive and aim in  writing these "confessions."
[48] Cf. 1 Cor. 3:9.
[49] Ps. 116:16.
[50] Cf. Jer. 51:6; 50:8.
[51] Cf. Ps. 73:7.
[52] Cicero, De Catiline, 16.
[53] Deus summum bonum et bonum verum meum.
[54] Avertitur, the opposite of convertitur: the evil will turns  the soul _away_ from God; this is
sin.  By grace it is turned _to_  God; this is _conversion_.
[55] Ps. 116:12.
[56] Ps. 19:12.
[57] Cf. Matt. 25:21.
[58] Cf. Job 2:7, 8.
[59] 2 Cor. 2:16.
[60] Eversores, "overturners," from overtere, to overthrow or  ruin.  This was the nickname of a
gang of young hoodlums in  Carthage, made up largely, it seems, of students in the schools.
[61] A minor essay now lost.  We know of its existence from other  writers, but the only
fragments that remain are in Augustine's  works: Contra Academicos, III, 14:31; De beata vita, X;
Soliloquia, I, 17; De civitate Dei, III, 15; Contra Julianum, IV,  15:78; De Trinitate, XIII, 4:7,
5:8; XIV, 9:12, 19:26; Epist.  CXXX, 10.
[62] Note this merely parenthetical reference to his father's  death and contrast it with the account
of his mother's death in  Bk. IX, Chs. X-XII.
[63] Col. 2:8, 9.
[64] I.e., Marcus Tullius Cicero.
[65] These were the Manicheans, a pseudo-Christian sect founded by  a Persian religious teacher,
Mani (c. A.D. 216-277).  They  professed a highly eclectic religious system chiefly distinguished
by its radical dualism and its elaborate cosmogony in which good  was co-ordinated with light and
evil with darkness.  In the sect,  there was an esoteric minority called perfecti, who were supposed
to obey the strict rules of an ascetic ethic; the rest were  auditores, who followed, at a distance,
the doctrines of the  perfecti but not their rules.  The chief attraction of Manicheism  lay in the
fact that it appeared to offer a straightforward,  apparently profound and rational solution to the
problem of evil,  both in nature and in human experience.  Cf. H.C. Puech, Le  Manicheisme, son
fondateur -- sa doctrine (Paris, 1949); F.C.  Burkitt, The Religion of the Manichees (Cambridge,
1925); and  Steven Runciman, The Medieval Manichee (Cambridge, 1947).
[66] James 1:17.
[67] Cf. Plotinus, Enneads, V, 3:14.
[68] Cf. Luke 15:16.
[69] Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, VII, 219-224.
[70] For the details of the Manichean cosmogony, see Burkitt, op.  cit., ch. 4.
[71] Prov. 9:18.
[72] Cf. Prov. 9:17; see also Prov. 9:13 (Vulgate text).
[73] Cf. Enchiridion, IV.
[74] Cf. Matt. 22:37-39.
[75] Cf. 1 John 2:16.  And see also Bk. X, Chs. XXX-XLI, for an  elaborate analysis of them.
[76] Cf. Ex. 20:3-8; Ps. 144:9.  In Augustine's Sermon IX, he  points out that in the Decalogue
_three_ commandments pertain to  God and _seven_ to men.
[77] Acts 9:5.
[78] An example of this which Augustine doubtless had in mind is  God's command to Abraham
to offer up his son Isaac as a human  sacrifice.  Cf. Gen. 22:1, 2.
[79] Electi sancti.  Another Manichean term for the perfecti, the  elite and "perfect" among them.
[80] Ps. 144:7.
[81] Dedocere me mala ac docere bona; a typical Augustinian  wordplay.
[82] Ps. 50:14.
[83] Cf. John 6:27.
[84] Ps. 74:21.
[85] Cf. Ps. 4:2.
[86] The rites of the soothsayers, in which animals were killed,  for auguries and propitiation of
the gods.
[87] Cf. Hos. 12:1.
[88] Ps. 41:4.
[89] John 5:14.
[90] Ps. 51:17.
[91] Vindicianus; see below, Bk. VII, Ch. VI, 8.
[92] James 4:6; 1 Peter 5:5.
[93] Rom. 5:5.
[94] Cf. Ps. 106:2.
[95] Cf. Ps. 42:5; 43:5.
[96] Ibid.
[97] Cf. Ovid, Tristia, IV, 4:74.
[98] Cf. Horace, Ode I, 3:8, where he speaks of Virgil, et serves  animae dimidium meae.
Augustine's memory changes the text here to  dimidium animae suae.
[99] 2 Tim. 4:3.
[100] Ps. 119:142.
[101] Ps. 80:3.
[102] That is, our physical universe.
[103] Ps. 19:5.
[104] John 1:10.
[105] De pulchro et apto; a lost essay with no other record save  echoes in the rest of Augustine's
aesthetic theories.  Cf. The  Nature of the Good Against the Manicheans, VIII-XV; City of God,
XI, 18; De ordine, I, 7:18; II, 19:51; Enchiridion, III, 10; I, 5. [106] Eph. 4:14.
[107] Ps. 72:18.
[108] Ps. 18:28.
[109] John 1:16.
[110] John 1:9.
[111] Cf. James 1:17.
[112] Cf. James 4:6; 1 Peter 5:5.
[113] Ps. 78:39.
[114] Cf. Jer. 25:10; 33:11; John 3:29; Rev. 18:23.
[115] Cf. Ps. 51:8.
[116] The first section of the Organon, which analyzes the problem  of predication and develops
"the ten categories" of essence and  the nine "accidents." This existed in a Latin translation by
Victorinus, who also translated the Enneads of Plotinus, to which  Augustine refers infra, Bk.
VIII, Ch. II, 3.
[117] Cf. Gen. 3:18.
[118] Again, the Prodigal Son theme; cf. Luke 15:13.
[119] Cf. Ps. 17:8.
[120] Ps. 35:10.
[121] Cf. Ps. 19:6.
[122] Cf. Rev. 21:4.
[123] Cf. Ps. 138:6.
[124] Ps. 8:7.
[125] Heb. 12:29.
[126] An echo of the opening sentence, Bk. I, Ch. I, 1.
[127] Cf. 1 Cor. 1:30.
[128] Cf. Matt. 22:21.
[129] Cf. Rom. 1:21ff.
[130] Cf. Rom. 1:23.
[131] Cf. Rom. 1:25.
[132] Wis. 11:20.
[133] Cf. Job 28:28.
[134] Eph. 4:13, 14.
[135] Ps. 36:23 (Vulgate).
[136] Ps. 142:5.
[137] Cf. Eph. 2:15.
[138] Bk. I, Ch. XI, 17.
[139] Cf. Ps. 51:17.
[140] A constant theme in The Psalms and elsewhere; cf. Ps. 136. [141] Cf. Ps. 41:4.
[142] Cf. Ps 141:3f.
[143] Followers of the skeptical tradition established in the  Platonic Academy by Arcesilaus and
Carneades in the third century  B.C.  They taught the necessity of suspended judgment in all
questions of truth, and would allow nothing more than the consent  of probability.  This tradition
was known in Augustine's time  chiefly through the writings of Cicero; cf. his Academica.  This
kind of skepticism shook Augustine's complacency severely, and he  wrote one of his first
dialogues, Contra Academicos, in an effort  to clear up the problem posed thereby.
[144] The Manicheans were under an official ban in Rome.
[145] Ps. 139:22.
[146] A mixed figure here, put together from Ps. 4:7; 45:7;  104:15; the phrase sobriam vini
ebrietatem is almost certainly an  echo of a stanza of one of Ambrose's own hymns, Splendor
paternae  gloriae, which Augustine had doubtless learned in Milan: "Bibamus  sobriam ebrietatem
spiritus." Cf. W.I. Merrill, Latin Hymns  (Boston, 1904), pp. 4, 5.
[147] Ps. 119:155.
[148] Cf. 2 Cor. 3:6.  The discovery of the allegorical method of  interpretation opened new
horizons for Augustine in Biblical  interpretation and he adopted it as a settled principle in his
sermons and commentaries; cf. M. Pontet, L'Exegese de Saint  Augustin predicateur (Lyons,
1946).
[149] Cf. Ps. 71:5.
[150] Cf. Ps. 10:1.
[151] Cf. Luke 7:11-17.
[152] Cf. John 4:14.
[153] Rom. 12:11.
[154] 2 Tim. 2:15.
[155] Cf. Gen. 1:26f.
[156] The Church.
[157] 2 Cor. 3:6.
[158] Another reference to the Academic doctrine of suspendium;  cf. Bk. V, Ch. X, 19, and also
Enchiridion, VII, 20.
[159] Nisi crederentur, omnino in hac vita nihil ageremus, which  should be set alongside the more
famous nisi crederitis, non  intelligetis (Enchiridion, XIII, 14).  This is the basic
assumption of Augustine's whole epistemology.  See Robert E.  Cushman, "Faith and Reason in
the Thought of St. Augustine," in  Church History (XIX, 4, 1950), pp. 271-294.
[160] Cf. Heb. 11:6.
[161] Cf. Plato, Politicus, 273 D.
[162] Alypius was more than Augustine's close friend; he became  bishop of Tagaste and was
prominent in local Church affairs in the  province of Africa.
[163] Prov. 9:8.
[164] Luke 16:10.
[165] Luke 16:11, 12.
[166] Cf. Ps. 145:15.
[167] Here begins a long soliloquy which sums up his turmoil over  the past decade and his
present plight of confusion and
indecision.
[168] Cf. Wis. 8:21 (LXX).
[169] Isa. 28:15.
[170] Ecclus. 3:26.
[171] The normal minimum legal age for marriage was twelve!  Cf.  Justinian, Institutiones, I,
10:22.
[172] Cf. Ps. 33:11.
[173] Cf. Ps. 145:15, 16.
[174] A variation on "restless is our heart until it comes to find  rest in Thee," Bk. I, Ch. I, 1.
[175] Isa. 46:4.
[176] Thirty years old; although the term "youth" (juventus)  normally included the years twenty
to forty.
[177] Phantasmata, mental constructs, which may be internally  coherent but correspond to no
reality outside the mind.
[178] Echoes here of Plato's Timaeus and Plotinus' Enneads,  although with no effort to recall the
sources or elaborate the  ontological theory.
[179] Cf. the famous "definition" of God in Anselm's ontological  argument: "that being than
whom no greater can be conceived." Cf.  Proslogium, II-V.
[180] This simile is Augustine's apparently original improvement  on Plotinus' similar figure of the
net in the sea; Enneads, IV,  3:9.
[181] Gen. 25:21 to 33:20.
[182] Cf. Job 15:26 (Old Latin version).
[183] Cf. Ps. 103:9-14.
[184] James 4:6.
[185] Cf. John 1:14.
[186] It is not altogether clear as to which "books" and which  "Platonists" are here referred to.
The succeeding analysis of  "Platonism" does not resemble any single known text closely enough
to allow for identification.  The most reasonable conjecture, as  most authorities agree, is that the
"books" here mentioned were  the Enneads  of Plotinus, which Marius Victorinus (q.v. infra, Bk.
VIII, Ch. II, 3-5) had translated into Latin several years before;  cf. M.P. Garvey, St. Augustine:
Christian or Neo-Platonist  (Milwaukee, 1939).  There is also a fair probability that  Augustine
had acquired some knowledge of the Didaskalikos of  Albinus; cf. R.E. Witt, Albinus and the
History of Middle  Platonism (Cambridge, 1937).
[187] Cf. this mixed quotation of John 1:1-10 with the Fifth  Ennead and note Augustine's
identification of Logos, in the Fourth  Gospel, with Nous in Plotinus.
[188] John 1:11, 12
[189] John 1:13.
[190] John 1:14.
[191] Phil. 2:6.
[192] Phil. 2:7-11.
[193] Rom. 5:6; 8:32.
[194] Luke 10:21.
[195] Cf. Matt. 11:28, 29.
[196] Cf. Ps. 25:9, 18.
[197] Matt. 11:29.
[198] Rom. 1:21, 22.
[199] Rom. 1:23.
[200] An echo of Porphyry's De abstinentia ab esu animalium. [201] The allegorical interpretation
of the Israelites' despoiling  the Egyptians (Ex. 12:35, 36) made it refer to the liberty of  Christian
thinkers in appropriating whatever was good and true  from the pagan philosophers of the
Greco-Roman world.  This was a  favorite theme of Clement of Alexandria and Origen and was
quite  explicitly developed in Origen's Epistle to Gregory Thaumaturgus   (ANF, IX, pp. 295,
296); cf. Augustine, On Christian Doctrine, II,  41-42.
[202] Cf. Acts 17:28.
[203] Cf. Rom. 1:25.
[204] Cf. Ps. 39:11.
[205] Some MSS. add "immo vero" ("yea, verily"), but not the best  ones; cf. De Labriolle, op.
cit., I, p. 162.
[206] Rom. 1:20.
[207] A locus classicus of the doctrine of the privative character  of evil and the positive character
of the good.  This is a  fundamental premise in Augustine's metaphysics: it reappears in  Bks.
XII-XIII, in the Enchiridion, and elsewhere (see note, infra,  p. 343).  This doctrine of the
goodness of all creation is taken  up into the scholastic metaphysics; cf. Confessions, Bks. XII-
XIII, and Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra gentes, II: 45.
[208] Ps. 148:7-12.
[209] Ps. 148:1-5.
[210] "The evil which overtakes us has its source in self-will, in  the entry into the sphere of
process and in the primal assertion  of the desire for self-ownership" (Plotinus, Enneads, V, 1:1).
[211] "We have gone weighed down from beneath; the vision is  frustrated" (Enneads, VI, 9:4).
[212] Rom. 1:20.
[213] The Plotinian Nous.
[214] This is an astonishingly candid and plain account of a  Plotinian ecstasy, the pilgrimage of
the soul from its absorption  in things to its rapturous but momentary vision of the One; cf.
especially the Sixth Ennead, 9:3-11, for very close parallels in  thought and echoes of language.
This is one of two ecstatic  visions reported in the Confessions ; the other is, of course, the  last
great moment with his mother at Ostia (Bk. IX, Ch. X, 23-25).   One comes before the
"conversion" in the Milanese garden (Bk.  VIII, Ch. XII, 28-29); the other, after.  They ought to
be  compared with particular interest in their _similarities_ as well  as their significant differences.
Cf. also K.E. Kirk, The Vision  of God (London, 1932), pp. 319-346.
[215] 1 Tim. 2:5.
[216] Rom. 9:5.
[217] John 14:6.
[218] An interesting reminder that the Apollinarian heresy was  condemned but not extinct.
[219] It is worth remembering that both Augustine and Alypius were  catechumens and had
presumably been receiving doctrinal
instruction in preparation for their eventual baptism and full  membership in the Catholic Church.
That their ideas on the  incarnation, at this stage, were in such confusion raises an  interesting
problem.
[220] Cf. Augustine's The Christian Combat as an example of "the  refutation of heretics."
[221] Cf. 1 Cor. 11:19.
[222] Non peritus, sed periturus essem.
[223] Cf. 1 Cor. 3:11f.
[224] Rom. 7:22, 23.
[225] Rom. 7:24, 25.
[226] Cf. Prov. 8:22 and Col. 1:15.  Augustine is here identifying  the figure of Wisdom in
Proverbs with the figure of the Logos in  the Prologue to the Fourth Gospel.  In the Arian
controversy both  these references to God's Wisdom and Word as "created" caused  great
difficulty for the orthodox, for the Arians triumphantly  appealed to them as proof that Jesus
Christ was a "creature" of  God.  But Augustine was a Chalcedonian before Chalcedon, and there
is no doubt that he is here quoting familiar Scripture and filling  it with the interpretation achieved
by the long struggle of the  Church to affirm the coeternity and consubstantiality of Jesus  Christ
and God the Father.
[227] Cf. Ps. 62:1, 2, 5, 6.
[228] Cf. Ps. 91:13.
[229] A figure that compares the dangers of the solitary traveler  in a bandit-infested land and the
safety of an imperial convoy on  a main highway to the capital city.
[230] Cf. 1 Cor. 15:9.
[231] Ps. 35:10.
[232] Cf. Ps. 116:16, 17.
[233] Cf. Ps. 8:1.
[234] 1 Cor. 13:12.
[235] Matt. 19:12.
[236] Rom. 1:21.
[237] Job 28:28.
[238] Prov. 3:7.
[239] Rom. 1:22.
[240] Col. 2:8.
[241] Virgil, Aeneid, VIII, 698.
[242] Ps. 144:5.
[243] Luke 15:4.
[244] Cf. Luke, ch. 15.
[245] 1 Cor. 1:27.
[246] A garbled reference to the story of the conversion of  Sergius Paulus, proconsul of Cyprus,
in Acts 13:4-12.
[247] 2 Tim. 2:21.
[248] Gal. 5:17.
[249] The text here is a typical example of Augustine's love of  wordplay and assonance, as a
conscious literary device: tuae  caritati me dedere quam meae cupiditati cedere; sed illud
placebat et vincebat, hoc libebat et vinciebat.
[250] Eph. 5:14.
[251] Rom. 7:22-25.
[252] The last obstacles that remained.  His intellectual  difficulties had been cleared away and the
intention to become a  Christian had become strong.  But incontinence and immersion in  his
career were too firmly fixed in habit to be overcome by an act  of conscious resolution.
[253] Treves, an important imperial town on the Moselle; the  emperor referred to here was
probably Gratian.  Cf. E.A. Freeman,  "Augusta Trevororum," in the British Quarterly Review
(1875), 62,  pp. 1-45.
[254] Agentes in rebus, government agents whose duties ranged from  postal inspection and tax
collection to espionage and secret  police work.  They were ubiquitous and generally dreaded by
the  populace; cf. J.S. Reid, "Reorganization of the Empire," in  Cambridge Medieval History,
Vol. I, pp. 36-38.
[255] The inner circle of imperial advisers; usually rather  informally appointed and usually with
precarious tenure.
[256] Cf. Luke 14:28-33.
[257] Eph. 5:8.
[258] Cf. Ps. 34:5.
[259] Cf. Ps. 6:3; 79:8.
[260] This is the famous Tolle, lege; tolle, lege.
[261] Doubtless from Ponticianus, in their earlier conversation. [262] Matt. 19:21.
[263] Rom. 13:13.
[264] Note the parallels here to the conversion of Anthony and the  agentes in rebus.
[265] Rom. 14:1.
[266] Eph. 3:20.
[267] Ps. 116:16, 17.
[268] An imperial holiday season, from late August to the middle  of October.
[269] Cf. Ps. 46:10.
[270] His subsequent baptism; see below, Ch. VI.
[271] Luke 14:14.
[272] Ps. 125:3.
[273] The heresy of Docetism, one of the earliest and most  persistent of all Christological errors.
[274] Cf. Ps. 27:8.
[275] The group included Monica, Adeodatus (Augustine's fifteen- year-old son), Navigius
(Augustine's brother), Rusticus and  Fastidianus (relatives), Alypius, Trygetius, and Licentius
(former  pupils).
[276] A somewhat oblique acknowledgment of the fact that none of  the Cassiciacum dialogues
has any distinctive or substantial  Christian content  This has often been pointed to as evidence
that  Augustine's conversion thus far had brought him no farther than to  a kind of Christian
Platonism; cf. P. Alfaric, L'Evolution  intellectuelle de Saint Augustin (Paris, 1918).
[277] The dialogues written during this stay at Cassiciacum:  Contra Academicos, De beata vita,
De ordine, Soliloquia.  See, in  this series, Vol. VI, pp. 17-63, for an English translation of the
Soliloquies.
[278] Cf. Epistles II and III.
[279] A symbolic reference to the "cedars of Lebanon"; cf. Isa.  2:12-14; Ps. 29:5.
[280] There is perhaps a remote connection here with Luke 10:18- 20.
[281] Ever since the time of Ignatius of Antioch who referred to  the Eucharist as "the medicine
of immortality," this had been a  popular metaphor to refer to the sacraments; cf. Ignatius,
Ephesians 20:2.
[282] Here follows (8-11) a brief devotional commentary on Ps. 4. [283] John 7:39.
[284] Idipsum -- the oneness and immutability of God.
[285] Cf. v. 9.
[286] 1 Cor. 15:54.
[287] Concerning the Teacher; cf. Vol. VI of this series, pp. 64- 101.
[288] This was apparently the first introduction into the West of  antiphonal chanting, which was
already widespread in the East.   Ambrose brought it in; Gregory brought it to perfection.
[289] Cf. S. of Sol. 1:3, 4.
[290] Cf. Isa. 40:6; 1 Peter 1:24: "All flesh is grass." See Bk.  XI, Ch. II, 3.
[291] Ecclus. 19:1.
[292] 1 Tim. 5:9.
[293] Phil. 3:13.
[294] Cf. 1 Cor. 2:9.
[295] Ps. 36:9.
[296] Idipsum.
[297] Cf. this report of a "Christian ecstasy" with the Plotinian  ecstasy recounted in Bk. VII, Ch.
XVII, 23, above.
[298] Cf. Wis. 7:21-30; see especially v. 27: "And being but one,  she [Wisdom] can do all things:
and remaining in herself the same,  she makes all things new."
[299] Matt. 25:21.
[300] 1 Cor. 15:51.
[301] Navigius, who had joined them in Milan, but about whom  Augustine is curiously silent save
for the brief and unrevealing  references in De beata vita-, I, 6, to II, 7, and De ordine, I, 2-
3.
[302] A.D. 387.
[303] Nec omnino moriebatur.  Is this an echo of Horace's famous  memorial ode, Exegi
monumentum aere perennius . . . non omnis  moriar?  Cf. Odes, Book III, Ode XXX.
[304] 1 Tim. 1:5.
[305] Cf. this passage, as Augustine doubtless intended, with the  story of his morbid and
immoderate grief at the death of his  boyhood friend, above, Bk. IV, Chs. IV, 9, to VII, 12.
[306] Ps. 101:1.
[307] Ps. 68:5.
[308] Sir Tobie Matthew (adapted).  For Augustine's own analysis  of the scansion and structure
of this hymn, see De musica, VI,  2:2-3; for a brief commentary on the Latin text, see A.S.
Walpole,  Early Latin Hymns (Cambridge, 1922), pp. 44-49.
[309] 1 Cor. 15:22.
[310] Matt. 5:22.
[311] 2 Cor. 10:17.
[312] Rom. 8:34.
[313] Cf. Matt. 6:12.
[314] Ps. 143:2.
[315] Matt. 5:7.
[316] Cf. Rom. 9:15.
[317] Ps. 119:108.
[318] Cf. 1 Cor. 13:12.
[319] Eph. 5:27.
[320] Ps. 51:6.
[321] John 3:21.
[322] 1 Cor. 2:11.
[323] 1 Cor. 13:7.
[324] Ps. 32:1.
[325] Ps. 144:7, 8.
[326] Cf. Rev. 8:3-5.  "And the smoke of the incense with the  prayers of the saints went up
before God out of the angel's hand"  (v. 4).
[327] 1 Cor. 2:11.
[328] 1 Cor. 13:12.
[329] Isa. 58:10.
[330] Rom. 1:20.
[331] Cf. Rom. 9:15.
[332] One of the pre-Socratic "physiologer." Cf. Cicero's On the  Nature of the Gods (a likely
source for Augustine's knowledge of  early Greek philosophy), I, 10: "After Anaximander comes
Anaximenes, who taught that the air is God. . . ."
[333] An important text for Augustine's conception of sensation  and the relation of body and
mind.  Cf. On Music, VI, 5:10; The  Magnitude of the Soul, 25:48; On the Trinity, XII, 2:2; see
also  F. Coplestone, A History of Philosophy (London, 1950), II, 51-60,  and E. Gilson,
Introduction a l'etude de Saint Augustin, pp. 74- 87.
[334] Rom. 1:20.
[335] Reading videnti (with De Labriolle) instead of vident (as in  Skutella).
[336] Ps. 32:9.
[337] The notion of the soul's immediate self-knowledge is a basic  conception in Augustine's
psychology and epistemology; cf. the  refutation of skepticism, Si fallor, sum in On Free Will, II,
3:7;  see also the City of God, XI, 26.
[338] Again, the mind-body dualism typical of the Augustinian  tradition.  Cf. E. Gilson, The
Spirit of Medieval Philosophy   (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1940), pp. 173-188; and E.
Gilson, The Philosophy of Saint Bonaventure (Sheed & Ward, New  York, 1938), ch. XI.
[339] Luke 15:8.
[340] Cf. Isa. 55:3.
[341] Cf. the early dialogue "On the Happy Life" in Vol. I of The  Fathers of the Church (New
York, 1948).
[342] Gal. 5:17.
[343] Ps. 42:11.
[344] Cf. Enchiridion, VI, 19ff.
[345] When he is known at all, God is known as the Self-evident.   This is, of course, not a
doctrine of innate ideas but rather of  the necessity, and reality, of divine illumination as the
dynamic  source of all our knowledge of divine reality.  Cf. Coplestone,  op. cit., ch. IV, and
Cushman, op. cit.
[346] Cf. Wis. 8:21.
[347] Cf. Enneads, VI, 9:4.
[348] 1 John 2:16.
[349] Eph. 3:20.
[350] 1 Cor. 15:54.
[351] Cf. Matt. 6:34.
[352] 1 Cor. 9:27.
[353] Cf. Luke 21:34.
[354] Cf. Wis. 8:21.
[355] Ecclus. 18:30.
[356] 1 Cor. 8:8.
[357] Phil. 4:11-13.
[358] Ps. 103:14.
[359] Cf. Gen. 3:19.
[360] Luke 15:24.
[361] Ecclus. 23:6.
[362] Titus 1:15.
[363] Rom. 14:20.
[364] 1 Tim. 4:4.
[365] 1 Cor. 8:8.
[366] Cf. Col. 2:16.
[367] Rom. 14:3.
[368] Luke 5:8.
[369] John 16:33.
[370] Cf. Ps. 139:16.
[371] Cf. the evidence for Augustine's interest and proficiency in  music in his essay De musica,
written a decade earlier.
[372] Cf. 2 Cor. 5:2.
[373] Cf. Tobit, chs. 2 to 4.
[374] Gen. 27:1; cf. Augustine's Sermon IV, 20:21f.
[375] Cf. Gen., ch. 48.
[376] Again, Ambrose, Deus, creator omnium, an obvious favorite of  Augustine's.  See above,
Bk. IX, Ch. XII, 32.
[377] Ps. 25:15.
[378] Ps. 121:4.
[379] Ps. 26:3.
[380] 1 John 2:16.
[381] Cf. Ps. 103:3-5.
[382] Cf. Matt. 11:30.
[383] 1 Peter 5:5.
[384] Cf. Ps. 18:7, 13.
[385] Cf. Isa. 14:12-14.
[386] Cf. Prov. 27:21.
[387] Cf. Ps. 19:12.
[388] Cf. Ps. 141:5.
[389] Ps. 109:22.
[390] Ps. 31:22.
[391] Cf. the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican, Luke 18:9- 14.
[392] Cf. Eph. 2:2.
[393] 2 Cor. 11:14.
[394] Rom. 6:23.
[395] 1 Tim. 2:5.
[396] Cf. Rom. 8:32.
[397] Phil. 2:6-8.
[398] Cf. Ps. 88:5; see Ps. 87:6 (Vulgate).
[399] Ps. 103:3.
[400] Cf. Rom. 8:34.
[401] John 1:14.
[402] 2 Cor. 5:15.
[403] Ps. 119:18.
[404] Col. 2:3.
[405] Cf. Ps. 21:27 (Vulgate).
[406] In the very first sentence of Confessions, Bk. I, Ch. I.   Here we have a basic and recurrent
motif of the Confessions from  beginning to end: the celebration and praise of the greatness and
goodness of God -- Creator and Redeemer.  The repetition of it  here connects this concluding
section of the Confessions, Bks. XI- XIII, with the preceding part.
[407] Matt. 6:8.
[408] The "virtues" of the Beatitudes, the reward for which is  blessedness; cf. Matt. 5:1-11.
[409] Ps. 118:1; cf. Ps. 136.
[410] An interesting symbol of time's ceaseless passage; the  reference is to a water clock
(clepsydra).
[411] Cf. Ps. 130:1, De profundis.
[412] Ps. 74:16.
[413] This metaphor is probably from Ps. 29:9.
[414] A repetition of the metaphor above, Bk. IX, Ch. VII, 16. [415] Ps. 26:7.
[416] Ps. 119:18.
[417] Cf. Matt. 6:33.
[418] Col. 2:3.
[419] Augustine was profoundly stirred, in mind and heart, by the  great mystery of creation and
the Scriptural testimony about it.   In addition to this long and involved analysis of time and
creation which follows here, he returned to the story in Genesis  repeatedly: e.g., De Genesi
contra Manicheos; De Genesi ad  litteram, liber imperfectus (both written _before_ the
Confessions  ); De Genesi ad litteram, libri  XII and De civitate Dei, XI-XII  (both written _after_
the Confessions ).
[420] The final test of truth, for Augustine, is self-evidence and  the final source of truth is the
indwelling Logos.
[421] Cf. the notion of creation in Plato's Timaeus (29D-30C; 48E- 50C), in which the Demiurgos
(craftsman) fashions the universe  from pre-existent matter and imposes as much form as the
Receptacle will receive.  The notion of the world fashioned from  pre-existent matter of some sort
was a universal idea in Greco- Roman cosmology.
[422] Cf. Ps. 33:9.
[423] Matt. 3:17.
[424] Cf. the Vulgate of John 8:25.
[425] Cf. Augustine's emphasis on Christ as true Teacher in De  Magistro.
[426] Cf. John 3:29.
[427] Cf. Ps. 103:4, 5 (mixed text).
[428] Ps. 104:24.
[429] Pleni vetustatis suae.  In Sermon CCLXVII, 2 (PL 38, c.  1230), Augustine has a similar
usage.  Speaking of those who pour  new wine into old containers, he says: Carnalitas vetustas
est,  gratia novitas est, "Carnality is the old nature; grace is the  new"; cf. Matt. 9:17.
[430] The notion of the eternity of this world was widely held in  Greek philosophy, in different
versions, and was incorporated into  the Manichean rejection of the Christian doctrine of creatio
ex  nihilo which Augustine is citing here.  He returns to the  question, and his answer to it, again
in De civitate Dei, XI, 4-8. [431] The unstable "heart" of those who confuse time and eternity.
[432] Cf. Ps. 102:27.
[433] Ps. 2:7.
[434] Spatium, which means extension either in space or time. [435] The breaking light and the
image of the rising sun.   [436] Cf. Ps. 139:6.
[437] Memoria, contuitus, and expectatio: a pattern that
corresponds vaguely to the movement of Augustine's thought in the  Confessions: from direct
experience back to the supporting  memories and forward to the outreach of hope and confidence
in  God's provident grace.
[438] Cf. Ps. 116:10.
[439] Cf. Matt. 25:21, 23.
[440] Communes notitias, the universal principles of "common  sense." This idea became a basic
category in scholastic
epistemology.
[441] Gen. 1:14.
[442] Cf. Josh. 10:12-14.
[443] Cf. Ps. 18:28.
[444] Cubitum, literally the distance between the elbow and the  tip of the middle finger; in the
imperial system of weights and  measures it was 17.5 inches.
[445] Distentionem, "spread-out-ness"; cf. Descartes' notion of  res extensae, and its relation to
time.
[446] Ps. 100:3.
[447] Here Augustine begins to summarize his own answers to the  questions he has raised in his
analysis of time.
[448] The same hymn of Ambrose quoted above, Bk. IX, Ch. XII, 39,  and analyzed again in De
musica, VI, 2:2.
[449] This theory of time is worth comparing with its most notable  restatement in modern poetry,
in T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets and  especially "Burnt Norton."
[450] Ps. 63:3.
[451] Cf. Phil. 3:12-14.
[452] Cf. Ps. 31:10.
[453] Note here the preparation for the transition from this  analysis of time in Bk. XI to the
exploration of the mystery of  creation in Bks. XII and XIII.
[454] Celsitudo, an honorific title, somewhat like "Your
Highness."
[455] Rom. 8:31.
[456] Matt. 7:7, 8.
[457] Vulgate, Ps. 113:16 (cf. Ps. 115:16, K.J.; see also Ps.  148:4, both Vulgate and K.J.):
Caelum caeli domino, etc.   Augustine finds a distinction here for which the Hebrew text gives
no warrant.  The Hebrew is a typical nominal sentence and means  simply "The heavens are the
heavens of Yahweh"; cf. the Soncino  edition of The Psalms, edited by A. Cohen; cf. also R.S.V.,
Ps.  115:16.  The LXX reading seems to rest on a variant Hebrew text.   This idiomatic
construction does not mean "the heavens of the  heavens" (as it is too literally translated in the
LXX), but  rather "highest heaven." This is a familiar way, in Hebrew, of  emphasizing a
superlative (e.g., "King of kings," "Song of  songs").  The singular thing can be described
superlatively only  in terms of itself!
[458] Earth and sky.
[459] It is interesting that Augustine should have preferred the  invisibilis et incomposita of the
Old Latin version of Gen. 1:2  over the inanis et vacua of the Vulgate, which was surely
accessible to him.  Since this is to be a key phrase in the  succeeding exegesis this reading can
hardly have been the casual  citation of the old and familiar version.  Is it possible that  Augustine
may have had the sensibilities and associations of his  readers in mind -- for many of them may
have not known Jerome's  version or, at least, not very well?
[460] Abyssus, literally, the unplumbed depths of the sea, and as  a constant meaning here, "the
depths beyond measure."
[461] Gen. 1:2.
[462] Augustine may not have known the Platonic doctrine of  nonbeing (cf. Sophist,
236C-237B), but he clearly is deeply  influenced here by Plotinus; cf. Enneads, II, 4:8f., where
matter  is analyzed as a substratum without quantity or quality; and 4:15:  "Matter, then, must be
described as toapeiron (the indefinite). .  . .  Matter is indeterminateness and nothing else." In
short,  materia informis is sheer possibility; not anything and not  nothing!
[463] Dictare: was Augustine dictating his Confessions? It is very  probable.
[464] Visibiles et compositas, the opposite of "invisible and  unformed."
[465] Isa. 6:3; Rev. 4:8.
[466] De nihilo.
[467] Trina unitas.
[468] Cf. Gen. 1:6.
[469] Constat et non constat, the created earth really exists but  never is self-sufficient.
[470] Moses.
[471] Ps. 42:3, 10.
[472] Cor. 13:12.
[473] Cf. Ecclus. 1:4.
[474] 2 Cor. 5:21.
[475] Cf. Gal. 4:26.
[476] 2 Cor. 5:1.
[477] Cf. Ps. 26:8.
[478] Ps. 119:176.
[479] To "the house of God."
[480] Cf. Ps. 28:1.
[481] Cubile, i.e., the heart.
[482] Cf. Rom. 8:26.
[483] The heavenly Jerusalem of Gal. 4:26, which had become a  favorite Christian symbol of the
peace and blessedness of heaven;  cf. the various versions of the hymn "Jerusalem, My Happy
Home" in  Julian's Dictionary of Hymnology, pp. 580-583.  The original text  is found in the Liber
meditationum, erroneously ascribed to  Augustine himself.
[484] Cf. 2 Tim. 2:14.
[485] 1 Tim. 1:5.
[486] This is the basis of Augustine's defense of allegory as both  legitimate and profitable in the
interpretation of Scripture.  He  did not mean that there is a plurality of literal truths in  Scripture
but a multiplicity of perspectives on truth which  amounted to different levels and interpretations
of truth.  This  gave Augustine the basis for a positive tolerance of varying  interpretations which
did hold fast to the essential common  premises about God's primacy as Creator; cf. M. Pontet,
L'Exegese  de Saint Augustin predicateur (Lyons, 1944), chs. II and III. [487] In this chapter,
Augustine summarizes what he takes to be  the Christian consensus on the questions he has
explored about the  relation of the intellectual and corporeal creations.
[488] Cf. 1 Cor. 8:6.
[489] Mole mundi.
[490] Cf. Col. 1:16.
[491] Gen. 1:9.
[492] Note how this reiterates a constant theme in the Confessions  as a whole; a further
indication that Bk. XII is an integral part  of the single whole.
[493] Cf. De libero arbitrio, II, 8:20, 10:28.
[494] Cf. John 8:44.
[495] The essential thesis of the De Magistro; it has important  implications both for Augustine's
epistemology and for his theory  of Christian nurture; cf. the De catechizandis rudibus.
[496] 1 Cor. 4:6.
[497] Cf. Deut. 6:5; Lev. 19:18; see also Matt. 22:37, 39. [498] Cf. Rom. 9:21.
[499] Cf. Ps. 8:4.
[500] "In the beginning God created," etc.
[501] An echo of Job 39:13-16.
[502] The thicket denizens mentioned above.
[503] Cf. Ps. 143:10.
[504] Something of an understatement!  It is interesting to note  that Augustine devotes more
time and space to these opening verses  of Genesis than to any other passage in the entire Bible --
and he  never commented on the _full_ text of Genesis.  Cf. Karl Barth's  274 pages devoted to
Gen., chs. 1;2, in the Kirchliche Dogmatik,  III, I, pp. 103-377.
[505] Transition, in preparation for the concluding book (XIII),  which undertakes a constructive
resolution to the problem of the  analysis of the mode of creation made here in Bk. XII.
[506] This is a compound -- and untranslatable -- Latin pun: neque  ut sic te colam quasi terram,
ut sis uncultus si non te colam. [507] Cf. Enneads, I, 2:4: "What the soul now sees, it certainly
always possessed, but as lying in the darkness. . . .  To dispel  the darkness and thus come to
knowledge of its inner content, it  must thrust toward the light." Compare the notions of the
initiative of such movements in the soul in Plotinus and
Augustine.
[508] Cf. 2 Cor. 5:21.
[509] Cf. Ps. 36:6 and see also Augustine's Exposition on the  Psalms, XXXVI, 8, where he says
that "the great preachers  [receivers of God's illumination] are the mountains of God," for
they first catch the light on their summits.  The abyss he called  "the depth of sin" into which the
evil and unfaithful fall. [510] Cf. Timaeus, 29D-30A, "He [the Demiurge-Creator] was good:
and in the good no jealousy . . . can ever arise.  So, being  without jealousy, he desired that all
things should come as near  as possible to being like himself. . . .  He took over all that is  visible .
. and brought it from order to order, since he judged  that order was in every way better" (F. M.
Cornford, Plato's  Cosmology, New York, 1937, p. 33).  Cf. Enneads, V, 4:1, and  Athanasius,
On the Incarnation, III, 3.
[511] Cf. Gen. 1:2.
[512] Cf. Ps. 36:9.
[513] In this passage in Genesis on the creation.
[514] Cf. Gen. 1:6.
[515] Rom. 5:5.
[516] 1 Cor. 12:1.
[517] Cf. Eph. 3:14, 19.
[518] Cf. the Old Latin version of Ps. 123:5.
[519] Cf. Eph. 5:8.
[520] Cf. Ps. 31:20.
[521] Cf. Ps. 9:13.
[522] The Holy Spirit.
[523] Canticum graduum.  Psalms 119 to 133 as numbered in the  Vulgate were regarded as a
single series of ascending steps by  which the soul moves up toward heaven; cf. The Exposition
on the  Psalms, loc. cit.
[524] Tongues of fire, symbol of the descent of the Holy Spirit;  cf. Acts 2:3, 4.
[525] Cf. Ps. 122:6.
[526] Ps. 122:1.
[527] Cf. Ps. 23:6.
[528] Gen. 1:3.
[529] John 1:9.
[530] Cf. the detailed analogy from self to Trinity in De  Trinitate, IX-XII.
[531] I.e., the Church.
[532] Cf. Ps. 39:11.
[533] Ps. 36:6.
[534] Gen. 1:3 and Matt. 4:17; 3:2.
[535] Cf. Ps. 42:5, 6.
[536] Cf. Eph. 5:8.
[537] Ps. 42:7.
[538] Cf. 1 Cor. 3:1.
[539] Cf. Phil. 3:13.
[540] Cf. Ps. 42:1.
[541] Ps. 42:2.
[542] Cf. 2 Cor. 5:1-4.
[543] Rom. 12:2.
[544] 1 Cor. 14:20.
[545] Gal. 3:1.
[546] Eph. 4:8, 9.
[547] Cf. Ps. 46:4.
[548] Cf. John 3:29.
[549] Cf. Rom. 8:23.
[550] I.e., the Body of Christ.
[551] 1 John 3:2.
[552] Ps. 42:3.
[553] Cf. Ps. 42:4.
[554] Ps. 43:5.
[555] Cf. Ps. 119:105.
[556] Cf. Rom. 8:10.
[557] Cf. S. of Sol. 2:17.
[558] Cf. Ps. 5:3.
[559] Ps. 43:5.
[560] Cf. Rom. 8:11.
[561] 1 Thess. 5:5.
[562] Cf. Gen. 1:5.
[563] Cf. Rom. 9:21.
[564] Isa. 34:4.
[565] Cf. Gen. 3:21.
[566] Ps. 8:3.
[567] "The heavens," i.e. the Scriptures.
[568] Cf. Ps. 8:2.
[569] Legunt, eligunt, diligunt.
[570] Ps. 36:5.
[571] Cf. Matt. 24:35.
[572] Cf. Isa. 40:6-8.
[573] Cf. 1 John 3:2.
[574] Retia, literally "a net"; such as those used by retiarii,  the gladiators who used nets to
entangle their opponents.
[575] Cf. S. of Sol. 1:3, 4.
[576] 1 John 3:2.
[577] Cf. Ps. 63:1.
[578] Ps. 36:9.
[579] Amaricantes, a figure which Augustine develops both in the  Exposition of the Psalms and
The City of God.  Commenting on Ps.  65, Augustine says: "For the sea, by a figure, is used to
indicate  this world, with its bitter saltiness and troubled storms, where  men with perverse and
depraved appetites have become like fishes  devouring one another." In The City of God, he
speaks of the  bitterness of life in the civitas terrena; cf. XIX, 5.
[580] Cf. Ps. 95:5.
[581] Cf. Gen. 1:10f.
[582] In this way, Augustine sees an analogy between the good  earth bearing its fruits and the
ethical "fruit-bearing" of the  Christian love of neighbor.
[583] Cf. Ps. 85:11.
[584] Cf. Gen. 1:14.
[585] Cf. Isa. 58:7.
[586] Cf. Phil. 2:15.
[587] Cf. Gen. 1:19.
[588] Cf. 2 Cor. 5:17.
[589] Cf. Rom. 13:11, 12.
[590] Ps. 65:11.
[591] For this whole passage, cf. the parallel developed here with  1 Cor. 12:7-11.
[592] In principio diei, an obvious echo to the Vulgate ut  praesset diei of Gen. 1:16.  Cf. Gibb
and Montgomery, p. 424 (see  Bibl.), for a comment on in principio diei and in principio  noctis,
below.
[593] Sacramenta; but cf. Augustine's discussion of sacramenta in  the Old Testament in the
Exposition of the Psalms, LXXIV, 2: "The  sacraments of the Old Testament promised a Saviour;
the sacraments  of the New Testament give salvation."
[594] Cf. 1 Cor. 3:1; 2:6.
[595] Isa. 1:16.
[596] Isa. 1:17.
[597] Isa. 1:18.
[598] Cf. for this syntaxis, Matt. 19:16-22 and Ex. 20:13-16. [599] Cf. Matt. 6:21.
[600] I.e., the rich young ruler.
[601] Cf. Matt. 13:7.
[602] Cf. Matt. 97 Reading here, with Knoll and the Sessorianus,  in firmamento mundi.
[603] Cf. Isa. 52:7.
[604] Perfectorum.  Is this a conscious use, in a Christian  context, of the distinction he had
known so well among the  Manicheans -- between the perfecti and the auditores?
[605] Ps. 19:2.
[606] Cf. Acts 2:2, 3.
[607] Cf. Matt. 5:14, 15.
[608] Cf. Gen. 1:20.
[609] Cf. Jer. 15:19.
[610] Ps. 19:4.
[611] That is, the Church.
[612] An allegorical ideal type of the perfecti in the Church. [613] 1 Cor. 14:22.
[614] The fish was an early Christian rebus for "Jesus Christ."  The Greek word for fish, was
arranged acrostically to make the  phrase Jesus Christ, God�s Son, Saviour; cf. Smith and
Cheetham,  Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, pp. 673f.; see also Cabrol,  Dictionnaire
d'archeologie chretienne, Vol. 14, cols. 1246-1252,  for a full account of the symbolism and
pictures of early  examples.
[615] Cf. Ps. 69:32.
[616] Cf. Rom. 12:2.
[617] Cf. 1 Tim. 6:20.
[618] Gal. 4:12.
[619] Cf. Ecclus. 3:19.
[620] Rom. 1:20.
[621] Rom. 12:2.
[622] Gen. 1:26.
[623] Rom. 12:2 (mixed text).
[624] Cf. 1 Cor. 2:15.
[625] 1 Cor. 2:14.
[626] Cf. Ps. 49:20.
[627] Cf. James 4:11.
[628] See above, Ch. XXI, 30.
[629] I.e., the Church.
[630] Cf. 1 Cor. 14:16.
[631] Another reminder that, ideally, knowledge is immediate and  direct.
[632] Here, again, as in a coda, Augustine restates his central  theme and motif in the whole of his
"confessions": the primacy of  God, His constant creativity, his mysterious, unwearied,
unfrustrated redemptive love.  All are summed up in this mystery  of creation in which the
purposes of God are announced and from  which all Christian hope takes its premise.
[633] That is, from basic and essentially simple ideas, they  proliferate multiple -- and valid --
implications and corollaries. [634] Cf. Rom. 3:4.
[635] Cf. Gen. 1:29, 30.
[636] Cf. 2 Tim. 1:16.
[637] 2 Tim. 4:16.
[638] Cf. Ps. 19:4.
[639] Phil. 4:10 (mixed text).
[640] Phil. 4:11-13.
[641] Phil. 4:14.
[642] Phil. 4:15-17.
[643] Phil. 4:17.,
[644] Cf. Matt. 10:41, 42.
[645] Idiotae: there is some evidence that this term was used to  designate pagans who had a
nominal connection with the Christian  community but had not formally enrolled as catechumens.
See Th.  Zahn in Neue kirkliche Zeitschrift (1899), pp. 42-43.
[646] Gen. 1:31.
[647] A reference to the Manichean cosmogony and similar dualistic  doctrines of "creation."
[648] 1 Cor. 2:11, 12.
[649] Rom. 5:5.
[650] Sed quod est, est.  Note the variant text in Skutella, op.  cit.: sed est, est.  This is obviously
an echo of the Vulgate Ex.  3:14: ego sum qui sum.
[651] Augustine himself had misgivings about this passage.  In the  Retractations, he says that this
statement was made "without due  consideration." But he then adds, with great justice:
"However,  the point in question is very obscure" (res autem in abdito est  valde); cf. Retract.,
2:6.
[652] See above, amaricantes, Ch. XVII, 20.
[653] Cf. this requiescamus in te with the requiescat in te in Bk.  I, Ch. I.
[654] Cf. The City of God, XI, 10, on Augustine's notion that the  world exists as a thought in the
mind of God.
[655] Another conscious connection between Bk. XIII and Bks. I-X. [656] This final ending is an
antiphon to Bk. XII, Ch. I, 1 above.





                        Enchiridion

                  On Faith, Hope, and Love


                             by

                      Saint Augustine






                         CHAPTER I

         The Occasion and Purpose of this "Manual"

    1.  I cannot say, my dearest son Laurence, how much your  learning pleases me, and how
much I desire that you should be wise  -- though not one of those of whom it is said: "Where is
the wise?   Where is the scribe?  Where is the disputant of this world?  Hath  not God made
foolish the wisdom of this world?"[1]  Rather, you  should be one of those of whom it is written,
"The multitude of  the wise is the health of the world"[2]; and also you should be  the kind of man
the apostle wishes those men to be to whom he  said,[3] "I would have you be wise in goodness
and simple in  evil."[4]
    2.  Human wisdom consists in piety.  This you have in the  book of the saintly Job, for there he
writes that Wisdom herself  said to man, "Behold, piety is wisdom."[5]  If, then, you ask what
kind of piety she was speaking of, you will find it more
distinctly designated by the Greek term qeosebeia, literally, "the  service of God." The Greek has
still another word for "piety,"  ensebeia, which also signifies "proper service." This too refers
chiefly to the service of God.  But no term is better than  qeosebeia, which clearly expresses the
idea of the man's service  of God as the source of human wisdom.
    When you ask me to be brief, you do not expect me to speak of  great issues in a few
sentences, do you?  Is not this rather what  you desire: a brief summary or a short treatise on the
proper mode  of worshipping [serving] God?
    3.  If I should answer, "God should be worshipped in faith,  hope, love," you would doubtless
reply that this was shorter than  you wished, and might then beg for a brief explication of what
each of these three means: What should be believed, what should be  hoped for, and what should
be loved?  If I should answer these  questions, you would then have everything you asked for in
your  letter.  If you have kept a copy of it, you can easily refer to  it.  If not, recall your questions
as I discuss them.
    4.  It is your desire, as you wrote, to have from me a book,  a sort of enchiridion,[6] as it
might be called -- something to  have "at hand" -- that deals with your questions.  What is to be
sought after above all else?  What, in view of the divers  heresies, is to be avoided above all else?
How far does reason  support religion; or what happens to reason when the issues  involved
concern faith alone; what is the beginning and end of our  endeavor?  What is the most
comprehensive of all explanations?   What is the certain and distinctive foundation of the catholic
faith?  You would have the answers to all these questions if you  really understood what a man
should believe, what he should hope  for, and what he ought to love.  For these are the chief
things --  indeed, the only things -- to seek for in religion.  He who turns  away from them is either
a complete stranger to the name of Christ  or else he is a heretic.  Things that arise in sensory
experience,  or that are analyzed by the intellect, may be demonstrated by the  reason.  But in
matters that pass beyond the scope of the physical  senses, which we have not settled by our own
understanding, and  cannot -- here we must believe, without hesitation, the witness of  those men
by whom the Scriptures (rightly called divine) were  composed, men who were divinely aided in
their senses and their  minds to see and even to foresee the things about which they  testify.
    [5].  But, as this faith, which works by love,[7] begins to  penetrate the soul, it tends, through
the vital power of goodness,  to change into sight, so that the holy and perfect in heart catch
glimpses of that ineffable beauty whose full vision is our highest  happiness.  Here, then, surely, is
the answer to your question  about the beginning and the end of our endeavor.  We begin in  faith,
we are perfected in sight.[8]  This likewise is the most  comprehensive of all explanations.  As for
the certain and  distinctive foundation of the catholic faith, it is Christ.  "For  other foundation,"
said the apostle, "can no man lay save that  which has been laid, which is Christ Jesus."[9]  Nor
should it be  denied that this is the distinctive basis of the catholic faith,  just because it appears
that it is common to us and to certain  heretics as well.  For if we think carefully about the
meaning of  Christ, we shall see that among some of the heretics who wish to  be called
Christians, the _name_ of Christ is held in honor, but  the reality itself is not among them.  To
make all this plain  would take too long -- because we would then have to review all  the heresies
that have been, the ones that now exist, and those  which could exist under the label "Christian,"
and we would have  to show that what we have said of all is true of each of them.   Such a
discussion would take so many volumes as to make it seem  endless.[10]
    6.  You have asked for an enchiridion, something you could  carry around, not just baggage
for your bookshelf.  Therefore we  may return to these three ways in which, as we said, God
should be  served: faith, hope, love.  It is easy to _say_ what one ought to  believe, what to hope
for, and what to love.  But to defend our  doctrines against the calumnies of those who think
differently is  a more difficult and detailed task.  If one is to have this  wisdom, it is not enough
just to put an enchiridion in the hand.   It is also necessary that a great zeal be kindled in the heart.


                         CHAPTER II

     The Creed and the Lord's Prayer as Guides to the
                   Interpretation of the
       Theological Virtues of Faith, Hope, and Love

    7.  Let us begin, for example, with the Symbol[11] and the  Lord's Prayer.  What is shorter to
hear or to read?  What is more  easily memorized?  Since through sin the human race stood
grievously burdened by great misery and in deep need of mercy, a  prophet, preaching of the time
of God's grace, said, "And it shall  be that all who invoke the Lord's name will be saved."[12]
Thus,  we have the Lord's Prayer.  Later, the apostle, when he wished to  commend this same
grace, remembered this prophetic testimony and  promptly added, "But how shall they invoke him
in whom they have  not believed?"[13]  Thus, we have the Symbol.  In these two we  have the
three theological virtues working together: faith  believes; hope and love pray.  Yet without faith
nothing else is  possible; thus faith prays too.  This, then, is the meaning of the  saying, "How shall
they invoke him in whom they have not
believed?"
    8.  Now, is it possible to hope for what we do not believe  in?  We can, of course, believe in
something that we do not hope  for.  Who among the faithful does not believe in the punishment
of  the impious?  Yet he does not hope for it, and whoever believes  that such a punishment is
threatening him and draws back in horror  from it is more rightly said to fear than to hope.  A
poet,  distinguishing between these two feelings, said,

      "Let those who dread be allowed to hope,"[14]

but another poet, and a better one, did not put it rightly:
    "Here, if I could have hoped for [i.e., foreseen]
              such a grievous blow..." [15]

Indeed, some grammarians use this as an example of inaccurate  language and comment, "He said
'to hope' when he should have said  'to fear.'"
    Therefore faith may refer to evil things as well as to good,  since we believe in both the good
and evil.  Yet faith is good,  not evil.  Moreover, faith refers to things past and present and
future.  For we believe that Christ died; this is a past event.   We believe that he sitteth at the
Father's right hand; this is  present.  We believe that he will come as our judge; this is  future.
Again, faith has to do with our own affairs and with  those of others.  For everyone believes, both
about himself and  other persons -- and about things as well -- that at some time he  began to exist
and that he has not existed forever.  Thus, not  only about men, but even about angels, we believe
many things that  have a bearing on religion.
    But hope deals only with good things, and only with those  which lie in the future, and which
pertain to the man who  cherishes the hope.  Since this is so, faith must be distinguished  from
hope: they are different terms and likewise different  concepts.  Yet faith and hope have this in
common: they refer to  what is not seen, whether this unseen is believed in or hoped for.   Thus in
the Epistle to the Hebrews, which is used by the
enlightened defenders of the catholic rule of faith, faith is said  to be "the conviction of things not
seen."[16]  However, when a  man maintains that neither words nor witnesses nor even
arguments,  but only the evidence of present experience, determine his faith,  he still ought not to
be called absurd or told, "You have seen;  therefore you have not believed." For it does not follow
that  unless a thing is not seen it cannot be believed.  Still it is  better for us to use the term "faith,"
as we are taught in "the  sacred eloquence,"[17] to refer to things not seen.  And as for  hope, the
apostle says: "Hope that is seen is not hope.  For if a  man sees a thing, why does he hope for it?
If, however, we hope  for what we do not see, we then wait for it in patience."[18]   When,
therefore, our good is believed to be future, this is the  same thing as hoping for it.
    What, then, shall I say of love, without which faith can do  nothing?  There can be no true
hope without love.  Indeed, as the  apostle James says, "Even the demons believe and
tremble."[19]       Yet they neither hope nor love.  Instead, believing as we do  that what we hope
for and love is coming to pass, they tremble.   Therefore, the apostle Paul approves and
commends the faith that  works by love and that cannot exist without hope.  Thus it is that
love is not without hope, hope is not without love, and neither  hope nor love are without faith.


                        CHAPTER III

                  God the Creator of All;
              and the Goodness of All Creation

    9.  Wherefore, when it is asked what we ought to believe in  matters of religion, the answer is
not to be sought in the  exploration of the nature of things [rerum natura], after the  manner of
those whom the Greeks called "physicists."[20]  Nor  should we be dismayed if Christians are
ignorant about the  properties and the number of the basic elements of nature, or  about the
motion, order, and deviations of the stars, the map of  the heavens, the kinds and nature of
animals, plants, stones,  springs, rivers, and mountains; about the divisions of space and  time,
about the signs of impending storms, and the myriad other  things which these "physicists" have
come to understand, or think  they have.  For even these men, gifted with such superior insight,
with their ardor in study and their abundant leisure, exploring  some of these matters by human
conjecture and others through  historical inquiry, have not yet learned everything there is to
know.  For that matter, many of the things they are so proud to  have discovered are more often
matters of opinion than of verified  knowledge.
    For the Christian, it is enough to believe that the cause of  all created things, whether in heaven
or on earth, whether visible  or invisible, is nothing other than the goodness of the Creator,
who is the one and the true God.[21]  Further, the Christian  believes that nothing exists save God
himself and what comes from  him; and he believes that God is triune, i.e., the Father, and the
Son begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit proceeding from  the same Father, but one and the
same Spirit of the Father and the  Son.
    10.  By this Trinity, supremely and equally and immutably  good, were all things created.  But
they were not created  supremely, equally, nor immutably good.  Still, each single  created thing is
good, and taken as a whole they are very good,  because together they constitute a universe of
admirable beauty.      11.  In this universe, even what is called evil, when it is  rightly ordered and
kept in its place, commends the good more  eminently, since good things yield greater pleasure
and praise  when compared to the bad things.  For the Omnipotent God, whom  even the heathen
acknowledge as the Supreme Power over all, would  not allow any evil in his works, unless in his
omnipotence and  goodness, as the Supreme Good, he is able to bring forth good out  of evil.
What, after all, is anything we call evil except the  privation of good?  In animal bodies, for
instance, sickness and  wounds are nothing but the privation of health.  When a cure is  effected,
the evils which were present (i.e., the sickness and the  wounds) do not retreat and go elsewhere.
Rather, they simply do  not exist any more.  For such evil is not a substance; the wound  or the
disease is a defect of the bodily substance which, as a  substance, is good.  Evil, then, is an
accident, i.e., a privation  of that good which is called health.  Thus, whatever defects there
are in a soul are privations of a natural good.  When a cure takes  place, they are not transferred
elsewhere but, since they are no  longer present in the state of health, they no longer exist at
all.[22]


                         CHAPTER IV

                     The Problem of Evil

    12.  All of nature, therefore, is good, since the Creator of  all nature is supremely good.  But
nature is not supremely and  immutably good as is the Creator of it.  Thus the good in created
things can be diminished and augmented.  For good to be diminished  is evil; still, however much
it is diminished, something must  remain of its original nature as long as it exists at all.  For no
matter what kind or however insignificant a thing may be, the good  which is its "nature" cannot
be destroyed without the thing itself  being destroyed.  There is good reason, therefore, to praise
an  uncorrupted thing, and if it were indeed an incorruptible thing  which could not be destroyed,
it would doubtless be all the more  worthy of praise.  When, however, a thing is corrupted, its
corruption is an evil because it is, by just so much, a privation  of the good.  Where there is no
privation of the good, there is no  evil.  Where there is evil, there is a corresponding diminution of
the good.  As long, then, as a thing is being corrupted, there is  good in it of which it is being
deprived; and in this process, if  something of its being remains that cannot be further corrupted,
this will then be an incorruptible entity [natura
incorruptibilis], and to this great good it will have come through  the process of corruption.  But
even if the corruption is not  arrested, it still does not cease having some good of which it
cannot be further deprived.  If, however, the corruption comes to  be total and entire, there is no
good left either, because it is  no longer an entity at all.  Wherefore corruption cannot consume
the good without also consuming the thing itself.  Every actual  entity [natura] is therefore good;
a greater good if it cannot be  corrupted, a lesser good if it can be.  Yet only the foolish and
unknowing can deny that it is still good even when corrupted.   Whenever a thing is consumed by
corruption, not even the
corruption remains, for it is nothing in itself, having no  subsistent being in which to exist.
    13.  From this it follows that there is nothing to be called  evil if there is nothing good.  A
good that wholly lacks an evil  aspect is entirely good.  Where there is some evil in a thing, its
good is defective or defectible.  Thus there can be no evil where  there is no good.  This leads us
to a surprising conclusion: that,  since every being, in so far as it is a being, is good, if we then
say that a defective thing is bad, it would seem to mean that we  are saying that what is evil is
good, that only what is good is  ever evil and that there is no evil apart from something good.
This is because every actual entity is good [omnis natura bonum  est].  Nothing evil exists _in
itself_, but only as an evil aspect  of some actual entity.  Therefore, there can be nothing evil
except something good.  Absurd as this sounds, nevertheless the  logical connections of the
argument compel us to it as inevitable.   At the same time, we must take warning lest we incur the
prophetic  judgment which reads: "Woe to those who call evil good and good  evil: who call
darkness light and light darkness; who call the  bitter sweet and the sweet bitter."[23]  Moreover
the Lord himself  saith: "An evil man brings forth evil out of the evil treasure of  his heart."[24]
What, then, is an evil man but an evil entity  [natura mala], since man is an entity?  Now, if a man
is something  good because he is an entity, what, then, is a bad man except an  evil good?  When,
however, we distinguish between these two  concepts, we find that the bad man is not bad
because he is a man,  nor is he good because he is wicked.  Rather, he is a good entity  in so far as
he is a man, evil in so far as he is wicked.   Therefore, if anyone says that simply to be a man is
evil, or that  to be a wicked man is good, he rightly falls under the prophetic  judgment: "Woe to
him who calls evil good and good evil." For this  amounts to finding fault with God's work,
because man is an entity  of God's creation.  It also means that we are praising the defects  in this
particular man _because_ he is a wicked person.  Thus,  every entity, even if it is a defective one,
in so far as it is an  entity, is good.  In so far as it is defective, it is evil.      14.  Actually, then, in
these two contraries we call evil and  good, the rule of the logicians fails to apply.[25]  No
weather is  both dark and bright at the same time; no food or drink is both  sweet and sour at the
same time; no body is, at the same time and  place, both white and black, nor deformed and
well-formed at the  same time.  This principle is found to apply in almost all  disjunctions: two
contraries cannot coexist in a single thing.   Nevertheless, while no one maintains that good and
evil are not  contraries, they can not only coexist, but the evil cannot exist  at all without the
good, or in a thing that is not a good.  On the  other hand, the good can exist without evil.  For a
man or an  angel could exist and yet not be wicked, whereas there cannot be  wickedness except
in a man or an angel.  It is good to be a man,  good to be an angel; but evil to be wicked.  These
two contraries  are thus coexistent, so that if there were no good in what is  evil, then the evil
simply could not be, since it can have no mode  in which to exist, nor any source from which
corruption springs,  unless it be something corruptible.  Unless this something is  good, it cannot
be corrupted, because corruption is nothing more  than the deprivation of the good.  Evils,
therefore, have their  source in the good, and unless they are parasitic on something  good, they
are not anything at all.  There is no other source  whence an evil thing can come to be.  If this is
the case, then,  in so far as a thing is an entity, it is unquestionably good.  If  it is an incorruptible
entity, it is a great good.  But even if it  is a corruptible entity, it still has no mode of existence
except  as an aspect of something that is good.  Only by corrupting  something good can
corruption inflict injury.
    15.  But when we say that evil has its source in the good, do  not suppose that this denies our
Lord's judgment: "A good tree  cannot bear evil fruit."[26]  This cannot be, even as the Truth
himself declareth: "Men do not gather grapes from thorns," since  thorns cannot bear grapes.
Nevertheless, from good soil we can  see both vines and thorns spring up.  Likewise, just as a bad
tree  does not grow good fruit, so also an evil will does not produce  good deeds.  From a human
nature, which is good in itself, there  can spring forth either a good or an evil will.  There was no
other place from whence evil could have arisen in the first place  except from the nature -- good in
itself -- of an angel or a man.   This is what our Lord himself most clearly shows in the passage
about the trees and the fruits, for he said: "Make the tree good  and the fruits will be good, or
make the tree bad and its fruits  will be bad."[27]  This is warning enough that bad fruit cannot
grow on a good tree nor good fruit on a bad one.  Yet from that  same earth to which he was
referring, both sorts of trees can  grow.


                         CHAPTER V

              The Kinds and Degrees of Error

    16.  This being the case, when that verse of Maro's gives us  pleasure,

    "Happy is he who can understand the causes of things,"[28]
it still does not follow that our felicity depends upon our  knowing the causes of the great physical
processes in the world,  which are hidden in the secret maze of nature,

    "Whence earthquakes, whose force swells the sea to flood,       so that they burst their bounds
and then subside again,"[29]
and other such things as this.
    But we ought to know the causes of good and evil in things,  at least as far as men may do so
in this life, filled as it is  with errors and distress, in order to avoid these errors and  distresses.
We must always aim at that true felicity wherein  misery does not distract, nor error mislead.  If it
is a good  thing to understand the causes of physical motion, there is  nothing of greater concern
in these matters which we ought to  understand than our own health.  But when we are in
ignorance of  such things, we seek out a physician, who has seen how the secrets  of heaven and
earth still remain hidden from us, and what patience  there must be in unknowing.
    17.  Although we should beware of error wherever possible,  not only in great matters but in
small ones as well, it is  impossible not to be ignorant of many things.  Yet it does not  follow that
one falls into error out of ignorance alone.  If  someone thinks he knows what he does not know,
if he approves as  true what is actually false, this then is error, in the proper  sense of the term.
Obviously, much depends on the question  involved in the error, for in one and the same question
one  naturally prefers the instructed to the ignorant, the expert to  the blunderer, and this with
good reason.  In a complex issue,  however, as when one man knows one thing and another man
knows  something else, if the former knowledge is more useful and the  latter is less useful or even
harmful, who in this latter case  would not prefer ignorance?  There are some things, after all,
that it is better not to know than to know.  Likewise, there is  sometimes profit in error -- but on a
journey, not in morals.[30]   This sort of thing happened to us once, when we mistook the way at
a crossroads and did not go by the place where an armed gang of  Donatists lay in wait to ambush
us.  We finally arrived at the  place where we were going, but only by a roundabout way, and
upon  learning of the ambush, we were glad to have erred and gave thanks  to God for our error.
Who would doubt, in such a situation, that  the erring traveler is better off than the unerring
brigand?  This  perhaps explains the meaning of our finest poet, when he speaks  for an unhappy
lover:

         "When I saw [her] I was undone,
         and fatal error swept me away,"[31]

for there is such a thing as a fortunate mistake which not only  does no harm but actually does
some good.
    But now for a more careful consideration of the truth in this  business.  To err means nothing
more than to judge as true what is  in fact false, and as false what is true.  It means to be certain
about the uncertain, uncertain about the certain, whether it be  certainly true or certainly false.
This sort of error in the mind  is deforming and improper, since the fitting and proper thing  would
be to be able to say, in speech or judgment: "Yes, yes.  No,  no."[32]  Actually, the wretched lives
we lead come partly from  this: that sometimes if they are not to be entirely lost, error is
unavoidable.  It is different in that higher life where Truth  itself is the life of our souls, where
none deceives and none is  deceived.  In this life men deceive and are deceived, and are  actually
worse off when they deceive by lying than when they are  deceived by believing lies.  Yet our
rational mind shrinks from  falsehood, and naturally avoids error as much as it can, so that  even a
deceiver is unwilling to be deceived by somebody else.[33]   For the liar thinks he does not
deceive himself and that he  deceives only those who believe him.  Indeed, he does not err in  his
lying, if he himself knows what the truth is.  But he is  deceived in this, that he supposes that his
lie does no harm to  himself, when actually every sin harms the one who commits it more
that it does the one who suffers it.


                         CHAPTER VI

                    The Problem of Lying

    18.  Here a most difficult and complex issue arises which I  once dealt with in a large book, in
response to the urgent  question whether it is ever the duty of a righteous man to  lie.[34]  Some
go so far as to contend that in cases concerning  the worship of God or even the nature of God, it
is sometimes a  good and pious deed to speak falsely.  It seems to me, however,  that every lie is a
sin, albeit there is a great difference  depending on the intention and the topic of the lie.  He does
not  sin as much who lies in the attempt to be helpful as the man who  lies as a part of a deliberate
wickedness.  Nor does one who, by  lying, sets a traveler on the wrong road do as much harm as
one  who, by a deceitful lie, perverts the way of a life.  Obviously,  no one should be adjudged a
liar who speaks falsely what he  sincerely supposes is the truth, since in his case he does not
deceive but rather is deceived.  Likewise, a man is not a liar,  though he could be charged with
rashness, when he incautiously  accepts as true what is false.  On the other hand, however, that
man is a liar in his own conscience who speaks the truth supposing  that it is a falsehood.  For as
far as his soul is concerned,  since he did not say what he believed, he did not tell the truth,
even though the truth did come out in what he said.  Nor is a man  to be cleared of the charge of
lying whose mouth unknowingly  speaks the truth while his conscious intention is to lie.  If we  do
not consider the things spoken of, but only the intentions of  the one speaking, he is the better
man who unknowingly speaks  falsely -- because he judges his statement to be true -- than the
one who unknowingly speaks the truth while in his heart he is  attempting to deceive.  For the first
man does not have one  intention in his heart and another in his word, whereas the other,
whatever be the facts in his statement, still "has one thought  locked in his heart, another ready on
his tongue,"[35] which is  the very essence of lying.  But when we do consider the things  spoken
of, it makes a great difference in what respect one is  deceived or lies.  To be deceived is a lesser
evil than to lie, as  far as a man's intentions are concerned.  But it is far more  tolerable that a man
should lie about things not connected with  religion than for one to be deceived in matters where
faith and  knowledge are prerequisite to the proper service of God.  To  illustrate what I mean by
examples: If one man lies by saying that  a dead man is alive, and another man, being deceived,
believes  that Christ will die again after some extended future period --  would it not be
incomparably better to lie in the first case than  to be deceived in the second?  And would it not be
a lesser evil  to lead someone into the former error than to be led by someone  into the latter?
    19.  In some things, then, we are deceived in great matters;  in others, small.  In some of them
no harm is done; in others,  even good results.  It is a great evil for a man to be deceived so  as
not to believe what would lead him to life eternal, or what  would lead to eternal death.  But it is a
small evil to be  deceived by crediting a falsehood as the truth in a matter where  one brings on
himself some temporal setback which can then be  turned to good use by being borne in faithful
patience -- as for  example, when someone judges a man to be good who is actually bad,  and
consequently has to suffer evil on his account.  Or, take the  man who believes a bad man to be
good, yet suffers no harm at his  hand.  He is not badly deceived nor would the prophetic
condemnation fall on him: "Woe to those who call evil good." For  we should understand that this
saying refers to the things in  which men are evil and not to the men themselves.  Hence, he who
calls adultery a good thing may be rightly accused by the  prophetic word.  But if he calls a man
good supposing him to be  chaste and not knowing that he is an adulterer, such a man is not
deceived in his doctrine of good and evil, but only as to the  secrets of human conduct.  He calls
the man good on the basis of  what he supposed him to be, and this is undoubtedly a good thing.
Moreover, he calls adultery bad and chastity good.  But he calls  this particular man good in
ignorance of the fact that he is an  adulterer and not chaste.  In similar fashion, if one escapes an
injury through an error, as I mentioned before happened to me on  that journey, there is even
something good that accrues to a man  through his mistakes.  But when I say that in such a case a
man  may be deceived without suffering harm therefrom, or even may gain  some benefit thereby,
I am not saying that error is not a bad  thing, nor that it is a positively good thing.  I speak only of
the evil which did not happen or the good which did happen,  through the error, which was not
caused by the error itself but  which came out of it.  Error, in itself and by itself, whether a
great error in great matters or a small error in small affairs, is  always a bad thing.  For who,
except in error, denies that it is  bad to approve the false as though it were the truth, or to
disapprove the truth as though it were falsehood, or to hold what  is certain as if it were uncertain,
or what is uncertain as if it  were certain?  It is one thing to judge a man good who is actually
bad -- this is an error.  It is quite another thing not to suffer  harm from something evil if the
wicked man whom we supposed to be  good actually does nothing harmful to us.  It is one thing
to  suppose that this particular road is the right one when it is not.   It is quite another thing that,
from this error -- which is a bad  thing -- something good actually turns out, such as being saved
from the onslaught of wicked men.


                        CHAPTER VII

            Disputed Questions about the Limits
       of Knowledge and Certainty in Various Matters

    20.  I do not rightly know whether errors of this sort should  be called sins -- when one thinks
well of a wicked man, not  knowing what his character really is, or when, instead of our  physical
perception, similar perceptions occur which we experience  in the spirit (such as the illusion of the
apostle Peter when he  thought he was seeing a vision but was actually being liberated  from
fetters and chains by the angel[36]) Or in perceptual  illusions when we think something is smooth
which is actually  rough, or something sweet which is bitter, something fragrant  which is putrid,
that a noise is thunder when it is actually a  wagon passing by, when one takes this man for that,
or when two  men look alike, as happens in the case of twins -- whence our poet  speaks of "a
pleasant error for parents"[37] -- I say I do not  know whether these and other such errors should
be called sins.      Nor am I at the moment trying to deal with that knottiest of  questions which
baffled the most acute men of the Academy, whether  a wise man ought ever to affirm anything
positively lest he be  involved in the error of affirming as true what may be false,  since all
questions, as they assert, are either mysterious  [occulta] or uncertain.  On these points I wrote
three books in  the early stages of my conversion because my further progress was  being blocked
by objections like this which stood at the very  threshold of my understanding.[38]  It was
necessary to overcome  the despair of being unable to attain to truth, which is what  their
arguments seemed to lead one to.  Among them every error is  deemed a sin, and this can be
warded off only by a systematic  suspension of positive assent.  Indeed they say it is an error if
someone believes in what is uncertain.  For them, however, nothing  is certain in human
experience, because of the deceitful likeness  of falsehood to the truth, so that even if what
appears to be true  turns out to be true indeed, they will still dispute it with the  most acute and
even shameless arguments.
    Among us, on the other hand, "the righteous man lives by  faith."[39]  Now, if you take away
positive affirmation,[40] you  take away faith, for without positive affirmation nothing is
believed.  And there are truths about things unseen, and unless  they are believed, we cannot
attain to the happy life, which is  nothing less than life eternal.  It is a question whether we ought
to argue with those who profess themselves ignorant not only about  the eternity yet to come but
also about their present existence,  for they [the Academics] even argue that they do not know
what  they cannot help knowing.  For no one can "not know" that he  himself is alive.  If he is not
alive, he cannot "not know" about  it or anything else at all, because either to know or to "not
know" implies a living subject.  But, in such a case, by not  positively affirming that they are alive,
the skeptics ward off  the appearance of error in themselves, yet they do make errors  simply by
showing themselves alive; one cannot err who is not  alive.  That we live is therefore not only
true, but it is  altogether certain as well.  And there are many things that are  thus true and certain
concerning which, if we withhold positive  assent, this ought not to be regarded as a higher
wisdom but  actually a sort of dementia.
    21.  In those things which do not concern our attainment of  the Kingdom of God, it does not
matter whether they are believed  in or not, or whether they are true or are supposed to be true or
false.  To err in such questions, to mistake one thing for  another, is not to be judged as a sin or, if
it is, as a small and  light one.  In sum, whatever kind or how much of an error these  miscues may
be, it does not involve the way that leads to God,  which is the faith of Christ which works
through love.  This way  of life was not abandoned in that error so dear to parents  concerning the
twins.[41]  Nor did the apostle Peter deviate from  this way when he thought he saw a vision and
so mistook one thing  for something else.  In his case, he did not discover the actual  situation
until after the angel, by whom he was freed, had  departed from him.  Nor did the patriarch Jacob
deviate from this  way when he believed that his son, who was in fact alive, had been  devoured by
a wild beast.  We may err through false impressions of  this kind, with our faith in God still safe,
nor do we thus leave  the way that leads us to him.  Nevertheless, such mistakes, even  if they are
not sins, must still be listed among the evils of this  life, which is so readily subject to vanity that
we judge the  false for true, reject the true for the false, and hold as  uncertain what is actually
certain.  For even if these mistakes do  not affect that faith by which we move forward to affirm
truth and  eternal beatitude, yet they are not unrelated to the misery in  which we still exist.
Actually, of course, we would be deceived  in nothing at all, either in our souls or our physical
senses, if  we were already enjoying that true and perfected happiness.      22.  Every lie, then,
must be called a sin, because every man  ought to speak what is in his heart -- not only when he
himself  knows the truth, but even when he errs and is deceived, as a man  may be.  This is so
whether it be true or is only supposed to be  true when it is not.  But a man who lies says the
opposite of what  is in his heart, with the deliberate intent to deceive.  Now  clearly, language, in
its proper function, was developed not as a  means whereby men could deceive one another, but
as a medium  through which a man could communicate his thought to others.   Wherefore to use
language in order to deceive, and not as it was  designed to be used, is a sin.
    Nor should we suppose that there is any such thing as a lie  that is not a sin, just because we
suppose that we can sometimes  help somebody by lying.  For we could also do this by stealing, as
when a secret theft from a rich man who does not feel the loss is  openly given to a pauper who
greatly appreciates the gain.  Yet no  one would say that such a theft was not a sin.  Or again, we
could  also "help" by committing adultery, if someone appeared to be  dying for love if we would
not consent to her desire and who, if  she lived, might be purified by repentance.  But it cannot be
denied that such an adultery would be a sin.  If, then, we hold  chastity in such high regard,
wherein has truth offended us so  that although chastity must not be violated by adultery, even for
the sake of some other good, yet truth may be violated by lying?   That men have made progress
toward the good, when they will not  lie save for the sake of human values, is not to be denied.
But  what is rightly praised in such a forward step, and perhaps even  rewarded, is their good will
and not their deceit.  The deceit may  be pardoned, but certainly ought not to be praised,
especially  among the heirs of the New Covenant to whom it has been said, "Let  your speech be
yes, yes; no, no: for what is more than this comes  from evil."[42]  Yet because of what this evil
does, never ceasing  to subvert this mortality of ours, even the joint heirs of Christ  themselves
pray, "Forgive us our debts."[43]


                        CHAPTER VIII

             The Plight of Man After the Fall

    23.  With this much said, within the necessary brevity of  this kind of treatise, as to what we
need to know about the causes  of good and evil -- enough to lead us in the way toward the
Kingdom, where there will be life without death, truth without  error, happiness without anxiety --
we ought not to doubt in any  way that the cause of everything pertaining to our good is nothing
other than the bountiful goodness of God himself.  The cause of  evil is the defection of the will of
a being who is mutably good  from the Good which is immutable.  This happened first in the case
of the angels and, afterward, that of man.
    24.  This was the primal lapse of the rational creature, that  is, his first privation of the good.
In train of this there crept  in, even without his willing it, ignorance of the right things to
do and also an appetite for noxious things.  And these brought  along with them, as their
companions, error and misery.  When  these two evils are felt to be imminent, the soul's motion in
flight from them is called fear.  Moreover, as the soul's  appetites are satisfied by things harmful or
at least inane -- and  as it fails to recognize the error of its ways -- it falls victim  to unwholesome
pleasures or may even be exhilarated by vain joys.   From these tainted springs of action -- moved
by the lash of  appetite rather than a feeling of plenty -- there flows out every  kind of misery
which is now the lot of rational natures.
    25.  Yet such a nature, even in its evil state, could not  lose its appetite for blessedness.  There
are the evils that both  men and angels have in common, for whose wickedness God hath
condemned them in simple justice.  But man has a unique penalty as  well: he is also punished by
the death of the body.  God had  indeed threatened man with death as penalty if he should sin.  He
endowed him with freedom of the will in order that he might rule  him by rational command and
deter him by the threat of death.  He  even placed him in the happiness of paradise in a sheltered
nook  of life [in umbra vitae] where, by being a good steward of  righteousness, he would rise to
better things.
    26.  From this state, after he had sinned, man was banished,  and through his sin he subjected
his descendants to the punishment  of sin and damnation, for he had radically corrupted them, in
himself, by his sinning.  As a consequence of this, all those  descended from him and his wife (who
had prompted him to sin and  who was condemned along with him at the same time) -- all those
born through carnal lust, on whom the same penalty is visited as  for disobedience -- all these
entered into the inheritance of  original sin.  Through this involvement they were led, through
divers errors and sufferings (along with the rebel angels, their  corruptors and possessors and
companions), to that final stage of  punishment without end.  "Thus by one man, sin entered into
the  world and death through sin; and thus death came upon all men,  since all men have
sinned."[44]  By "the world" in this passage  the apostle is, of course, referring to the whole
human race.      27.  This, then, was the situation: the whole mass of the  human race stood
condemned, lying ruined and wallowing in evil,  being plunged from evil into evil and, having
joined causes with  the angels who had sinned, it was paying the fully deserved  penalty for
impious desertion.  Certainly the anger of God rests,  in full justice, on the deeds that the wicked
do freely in blind  and unbridled lust; and it is manifest in whatever penalties they  are called on to
suffer, both openly and secretly.  Yet the  Creator's goodness does not cease to sustain life and
vitality  even in the evil angels, for were _this_ sustenance withdrawn,  they would simply cease to
exist.  As for mankind, although born  of a corrupted and condemned stock, he still retains the
power to  form and animate his seed, to direct his members in their temporal  order, to enliven his
senses in their spatial relations, and to  provide bodily nourishment.  For God judged it better to
bring  good out of evil than not to permit any evil to exist.  And if he  had willed that there should
be no reformation in the case of men,  as there is none for the wicked angels, would it not have
been  just if the nature that deserted God and, through the evil use of  his powers, trampled and
transgressed the precepts of his Creator,  which could have been easily kept -- the same creature
who  stubbornly turned away from His Light and violated the image of  the Creator in himself,
who had in the evil use of his free will  broken away from the wholesome discipline of God's law
-- would it  not have been just if such a being had been abandoned by God  wholly and forever
and laid under the everlasting punishment which  he deserved?  Clearly God would have done this
if he were only  just and not also merciful and if he had not willed to show far  more striking
evidence of his mercy by pardoning some who were  unworthy of it.


                         CHAPTER IX

          The Replacement of the Fallen Angels By
     Elect Men (28-30); The Necessity of Grace (30-32)

    28.  While some of the angels deserted God in impious pride  and were cast into the lowest
darkness from the brightness of  their heavenly home, the remaining number of the angels
persevered  in eternal bliss and holiness with God.  For these faithful angels  were not descended
from a single angel, lapsed and damned.  Hence,  the original evil did not bind them in the fetters
of inherited  guilt, nor did it hand the whole company over to a deserved  punishment, as is the
human lot.  Instead, when he who became the  devil first rose in rebellion with his impious
company and was  then with them prostrated, the rest of the angels stood fast in  pious obedience
to the Lord and so received what the others had  not had -- a sure knowledge of their everlasting
security in his  unfailing steadfastness.
    29.  Thus it pleased God, Creator and Governor of the  universe, that since the whole
multitude of the angels had not  perished in this desertion of him, those who had perished would
remain forever in perdition, but those who had remained loyal  through the revolt should go on
rejoicing in the certain knowledge  of the bliss forever theirs.  From the other part of the rational
creation -- that is, mankind -- although it had perished as a  whole through sins and punishments,
both original and personal,  God had determined that a portion of it would be restored and  would
fill up the loss which that diabolical disaster had caused  in the angelic society.  For this is the
promise to the saints at  the resurrection, that they shall be equal to the angels of  God.[45]
    Thus the heavenly Jerusalem, our mother and the commonwealth  of God, shall not be
defrauded of her full quota of citizens, but  perhaps will rule over an even larger number.  We
know neither the  number of holy men nor of the filthy demons, whose places are to  be filled by
the sons of the holy mother, who seemed barren in the  earth, but whose sons will abide time
without end in the peace the  demons lost.  But the number of those citizens, whether those who
now belong or those who will in the future, is known to the mind  of the Maker, "who calleth into
existence things which are not, as  though they were,"[46] and "ordereth all things in measure and
number and weight."[47]
    30.  But now, can that part of the human race to whom God  hath promised deliverance and a
place in the eternal Kingdom be  restored through the merits of their own works?  Of course not!
For what good works could a lost soul do except as he had been  rescued from his lostness?
Could he do this by the determination  of his free will?  Of course not!  For it was in the evil use
of  his free will that man destroyed himself and his will at the same  time.  For as a man who kills
himself is still alive when he kills  himself, but having killed himself is then no longer alive and
cannot resuscitate himself after he has destroyed his own life --  so also sin which arises from the
action of the free will turns  out to be victor over the will and the free will is destroyed.   "By
whom a man is overcome, to this one he then is bound as  slave."[48]  This is clearly the judgment
of the apostle Peter.   And since it is true, I ask you what kind of liberty can one have  who is
bound as a slave except the liberty that loves to sin?       He serves freely who freely does the will
of his master.   Accordingly he who is slave to sin is free to sin.  But thereafter  he will not be free
to do right unless he is delivered from the  bondage of sin and begins to be the servant of
righteousness.   This, then, is true liberty: the joy that comes in doing what is  right.  At the same
time, it is also devoted service in obedience  to righteous precept.
    But how would a man, bound and sold, get back his liberty to  do good, unless he could regain
it from Him whose voice saith, "If  the Son shall make you free, then you will be free indeed"[49]?
But before this process begins in man, could anyone glory in his  good works as if they were acts
of his free will, when he is not  yet free to act rightly?  He could do this only if, puffed up in
proud vanity, he were merely boasting.  This attitude is what the  apostle was reproving when he
said, "By grace you have been saved  by faith."[50]
    31.  And lest men should arrogate to themselves saving faith  as their own work and not
understand it as a divine gift, the same  apostle who says somewhere else that he had "obtained
mercy of the  Lord to be trustworthy"[51] makes here an additional comment: "And  this is not of
yourselves, rather it is a gift of God -- not  because of works either, lest any man should
boast."[52]  But  then, lest it be supposed that the faithful are lacking in good  works, he added
further, "For we are his workmanship, created in  Christ Jesus to good works, which God hath
prepared beforehand for  us to walk in them."[53]
    We are then truly free when God ordereth our lives, that is,  formeth and createth us not as
men -- this he hath already done --  but also as good men, which he is now doing by his grace,
that we  may indeed be new creatures in Christ Jesus.[54]  Accordingly, the  prayer: "Create in me
a clean heart, O God."[55]  This does not  mean, as far as the natural human heart is concerned,
that God  hath not already created this.
    32.  Once again, lest anyone glory, if not in his own works,  at least in the determination of his
free will, as if some merit  had originated from him and as if the freedom to do good works had
been bestowed on him as a kind of reward, let him hear the same  herald of grace, announcing:
"For it is God who is at work in you  both to will and to do according to his good will."[56]  And,
in  another place: "It is not therefore a matter of man's willing, or  of his running, but of God's
showing mercy."[57]  Still, it is  obvious that a man who is old enough to exercise his reason
cannot  believe, hope, or love unless he wills it, nor could he run for  the prize of his high calling
in God without a decision of his  will.  In what sense, therefore, is it "not a matter of human
willing or running but of God's showing mercy," unless it be that  "the will itself is prepared by the
Lord," even as it is
written?[58]  This saying, therefore, that "it is not a matter of  human willing or running but of
God's showing mercy," means that  the action is from both, that is to say, from the will of man
and  from the mercy of God.  Thus we accept the dictum, "It is not a  matter of human willing or
running but of God's showing mercy," as  if it meant, "The will of man is not sufficient by itself
unless  there is also the mercy of God." By the same token, the mercy of  God is not sufficient by
itself unless there is also the will of  man.  But if we say rightly that "it is not a matter of human
willing or running but of God's showing mercy," because the will  of man alone is not enough,
why, then, is not the contrary rightly  said, "It is not a matter of God's showing mercy but of a
man's  willing," since the mercy of God by itself alone is not enough?   Now, actually, no Christian
would dare to say, "It is not a matter  of God's showing mercy but of man's willing," lest he
explicitly  contradict the apostle.  The conclusion remains, therefore, that  this saying: "Not man's
willing or running but God's showing  mercy," is to be understood to mean that the whole process
is  credited to God, who both prepareth the will to receive divine aid  and aideth the will which
has been thus prepared.[59]
    For a man's good will comes before many other gifts from God,  but not all of them.  One of
the gifts it does not antedate is --  just itself!  Thus in the Sacred Eloquence we read both, "His
mercy goes before me,"[60] and also, "His mercy shall follow  me."[61]  It predisposes a man
before he wills, to prompt his  willing.  It follows the act of willing, lest one's will be  frustrated.
Otherwise, why are we admonished to pray for our  enemies,[62] who are plainly not now willing
to live piously,  unless it be that God is even now at work in them and in their  wills?[63]  Or
again, why are we admonished to ask in order to  receive, unless it be that He who grants us what
we will is he  through whom it comes to pass that we will?  We pray for enemies,  therefore, that
the mercy of God should go before them, as it goes  before us; we pray for ourselves that his
mercy shall follow us.

                         CHAPTER X

                 Jesus Christ the Mediator

    33.  Thus it was that the human race was bound in a just doom  and all men were children of
wrath.  Of this wrath it is written:  "For all our days are wasted; we are ruined in thy wrath; our
years seem like a spider's web."[64]  Likewise Job spoke of this  wrath: "Man born of woman is
of few days and full of trouble."[65]   And even the Lord Jesus said of it: "He that believes in the
Son  has life everlasting, but he that believes not does not have life.   Instead, the wrath of God
abides in him."[66]  He does not say,  "It will come," but, "It now abides." Indeed every man is
born  into this state.  Wherefore the apostle says, "For we too were by  nature children of wrath
even as the others."[67]  Since men are  in this state of wrath through original sin -- a condition
made  still graver and more pernicious as they compounded more and worse  sins with it -- a
Mediator was required; that is to say, a  Reconciler who by offering a unique sacrifice, of which
all the  sacrifices of the Law and the Prophets were shadows, should allay  that wrath.  Thus the
apostle says, "For if, when we were enemies,  we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son,
even more now  being reconciled by his blood we shall be saved from wrath through  him."[68]
However, when God is said to be wrathful, this does not  signify any such perturbation in him as
there is in the soul of a  wrathful man.  His verdict, which is always just, takes the name  "wrath"
as a term borrowed from the language of human feelings.   This, then, is the grace of God through
Jesus Christ our Lord --  that we are reconciled to God through the Mediator and receive the
Holy Spirit so that we may be changed from enemies into sons, "for  as many as are led by the
Spirit of God, they are the sons of  God."[69]
    34.  It would take too long to say all that would be truly  worthy of this Mediator.  Indeed,
men cannot speak properly of  such matters.  For who can unfold in cogent enough fashion this
statement, that "the Word became flesh and dwelt among us,"[70] so  that we should then believe
in "the only Son of God the Father  Almighty, born of the Holy Spirit and Mary the Virgin." Yet it
is  indeed true that the Word was made flesh, the flesh being assumed  by the Divinity, not the
Divinity being changed into flesh.  Of  course, by the term "flesh" we ought here to understand
"man," an  expression in which the part signifies the whole, just as it is  said, "Since by the works
of the law no flesh shall be
justified,"[71] which is to say, no _man_ shall be justified.  Yet  certainly we must say that in that
assumption nothing was lacking  that belongs to human nature.
    But it was a nature entirely free from the bonds of all sin.   It was not a nature born of both
sexes with fleshly desires, with  the burden of sin, the guilt of which is washed away in
regeneration.  Instead, it was the kind of nature that would be  fittingly born of a virgin, conceived
by His mother's faith and  not her fleshly desires.  Now if in his being born, her virginity  had been
destroyed, he would not then have been born of a virgin.   It would then be false (which is
unthinkable) for the whole Church  to confess him "born of the Virgin Mary." This is the Church
which, imitating his mother, daily gives birth to his members yet  remains virgin.  Read, if you
please, my letter on the virginity  of Saint Mary written to that illustrious man, Volusianus, whom
I  name with honor and affection.[72]
    35.  Christ Jesus, Son of God, is thus both God and man.  He  was God before all ages; he is
man in this age of ours.  He is God  because he is the Word of God, for "the Word was God."[73]
Yet he  is man also, since in the unity of his Person a rational soul and  body is joined to the
Word.
    Accordingly, in so far as he is God, he and the Father are  one.  Yet in so far as he is man, the
Father is greater than he.   Since he was God's only Son -- not by grace but by nature -- to  the
end that he might indeed be the fullness of all grace, he was  also made Son of Man -- and yet he
was in the one nature as well  as in the other, one Christ.  "For being in the form of God, he
judged it not a violation to be what he was by nature, the equal  of God.  Yet he emptied himself,
taking on the form of a
servant,"[74] yet neither losing nor diminishing the form of  God.[75]  Thus he was made less and
remained equal, and both these  in a unity as we said before.  But he is one of these because he  is
the Word; the other, because he was a man.  As the Word, he is  the equal of the Father; as a man,
he is less.  He is the one Son  of God, and at the same time Son of Man; the one Son of Man, and
at the same time God's Son.  These are not two sons of God, one  God and the other man, but
_one_ Son of God -- God without origin,  man with a definite origin -- our Lord Jesus Christ.


                         CHAPTER XI

             The Incarnation as Prime Example
               of the Action of God's Grace

    36.  In this the grace of God is supremely manifest,  commended in grand and visible fashion;
for what had the human  nature in the man Christ merited, that it, and no other, should be
assumed into the unity of the Person of the only Son of God?  What  good will, what zealous
strivings, what good works preceded this  assumption by which that particular man deserved to
become one  Person with God?  Was he a man before the union, and was this  singular grace
given him as to one particularly deserving before  God?  Of course not!  For, from the moment he
began to be a man,  that man began to be nothing other than God's Son, the only Son,  and this
because the Word of God assuming him became flesh, yet  still assuredly remained God.  Just as
every man is a personal  unity -- that is, a unity of rational soul and flesh -- so also is  Christ a
personal unity: Word and man.
    Why should there be such great glory to a human nature -- and  this undoubtedly an act of
grace, no merit preceding unless it be  that those who consider such a question faithfully and
soberly  might have here a clear manifestation of God's great and sole  grace, and this in order that
they might understand how they  themselves are justified from their sins by the selfsame grace
which made it so that the man Christ had no power to sin?  Thus  indeed the angel hailed his
mother when announcing to her the  future birth: "Hail," he said, "full of grace." And shortly
thereafter, "You have found favor with God."[76]  And this was  said of her, that she was full of
grace, since she was to be  mother of her Lord, indeed the Lord of all.  Yet, concerning  Christ
himself, when the Evangelist John said, "And the Word  became flesh and dwelt among us," he
added, "and we beheld his  glory, a glory as of the only Son of the Father, full of grace and
truth."[77]  When he said, "The Word was made flesh," this means,  "Full of grace." When he also
said, "The glory of the only  begotten of the Father," this means, "Full of truth." Indeed it
was Truth himself, God's only begotten Son -- and, again, this not  by grace but by nature -- who,
by grace, assumed human nature into  such a personal unity that he himself became the Son of
Man as  well.
    37.  This same Jesus Christ, God's one and only Son our Lord,  was born of the Holy Spirit
and the Virgin Mary.  Now obviously  the Holy Spirit is God's gift, a gift that is itself equal to the
Giver; wherefore the Holy Spirit is God also, not inferior to the  Father and the Son.  Now what
does this mean, that Christ's birth  in respect to his human nature was of the Holy Spirit, save that
this was itself also a work of grace?
    For when the Virgin asked of the angel the manner by which  what he announced would come
to pass (since she had known no man),  the angel answered: "The Holy Spirit shall come upon you
and the  power of the Most High shall overshadow you; therefore the Holy  One which shall be
born of you shall be called the Son of  God."[78]  And when Joseph wished to put her away,
suspecting  adultery (since he knew she was not pregnant by him), he received  a similar answer
from the angel: "Do not fear to take Mary as your  wife; for that which is conceived in her is of
the Holy
Spirit"[79] -- that is, "What you suspect is from another man is  of the Holy Spirit."


                        CHAPTER XII

               The Role of the Holy Spirit

    38.  Are we, then, to say that the Holy Spirit is the Father  of Christ's human nature, so that as
God the Father generated the  Word, so the Holy Spirit generated the human nature, and that
from  both natures Christ came to be one, Son of God the Father as the  Word, Son of the Holy
Spirit as man?  Do we suppose that the Holy  Spirit is his Father through begetting him of the
Virgin Mary?   Who would dare to say such a thing?  There is no need to show by  argument how
many absurd consequences such a notion has, when it  is so absurd in itself that no believer's ear
can bear to hear it.   Actually, then, as we confess our Lord Jesus Christ, who is God  from God
yet born as man of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary,  there is in each nature (in both the divine
and the human) the  only Son of God the Father Almighty, from whom proceeds the Holy  Spirit.
    How, then, do we say that Christ is born of the Holy Spirit,  if the Holy Spirit did not beget
him?  Is it because he made him?   This might be, since through our Lord Jesus Christ -- in the
form  of God -- all things were made.  Yet in so far as he is man, he  himself was made, even as
the apostle says: "He was made of the  seed of David according to the flesh."[80]  But since that
creature which the Virgin conceived and bore, though it was  related to the Person of the Son
alone, was made by the whole  Trinity -- for the works of the Trinity are not separable -- why  is
the Holy Spirit named as the One who made it?  Is it, perhaps,  that when any One of the Three is
named in connection with some  divine action, the whole Trinity is to be understood as involved
in that action?  This is true and can be shown by examples, but we  should not dwell too long on
this kind of solution.
    For what still concerns us is how it can be said, "Born of  the Holy Spirit," when he is in no
wise the Son of the Holy  Spirit?  Now, just because God made [fecit] this world, one could  not
say that the world is the son of God, or that it is "born" of  God.  Rather, one says it was "made"
or "created" or "founded" or  "established" by him, or however else one might like to speak of  it.
So, then, when we confess, "Born of the Holy Spirit and the  Virgin Mary," the sense in which he
is not the Son of the Holy  Spirit and yet is the son of the Virgin Mary, when he was born  both of
him and of her, is difficult to explain.  But there is no  doubt as to the fact that he was not born
from him as Father as he  was born of her as mother.
    39.  Consequently we should not grant that whatever is born  of something should therefore be
called the son of that thing.   Let us pass over the fact that a son is "born" of a man in a  different
sense than a hair is, or a louse, or a maw worm -- none  of these is a son.  Let us pass over these
things, since they are  an unfitting analogy in so great a matter.  Yet it is certain that  those who
are born of water and of the Holy Spirit would not  properly be called sons of the water by
anyone.  But it does make  sense to call them sons of God the Father and of Mother Church.
Thus, therefore, the one born of the Holy Spirit is the son of God  the Father, not of the Holy
Spirit.
    What we said about the hair and the other things has this  much relevance, that it reminds us
that not everything which is  "born" of something is said to be "son" to him from which it is
"born." Likewise, it does not follow that those who are called  sons of someone are always said to
have been born of him, since  there are some who are adopted.  Even those who are called "sons
of Gehenna" are not born _of_ it, but have been destined _for_ it,  just as the sons of the Kingdom
are destined for that.
    40.  Wherefore, since a thing may be "born" of something  else, yet not in the fashion of a
"son," and conversely, since not  everyone who is called son is born of him whose son he is called
-- this is the very mode in which Christ was "born" of the Holy  Spirit (yet not as a son), and of
the Virgin Mary as a son -- this  suggests to us the grace of God by which a certain human
person,  no merit whatever preceding, at the very outset of his existence,  was joined to the Word
of God in such a unity of person that the  selfsame one who is Son of Man should be Son of God,
and the one  who is Son of God should be Son of Man.  Thus, in his assumption  of human nature,
grace came to be natural to that nature, allowing  no power to sin.  This is why grace is signified
by the Holy  Spirit, because he himself is so perfectly God that he is also  called God's Gift.  Still,
to speak adequately of this -- even if  one could -- would call for a very long discussion.


                         CHAPTER XIII

                   Baptism and Original Sin

    41.  Since he was begotten and conceived in no pleasure of  carnal appetite -- and therefore
bore no trace of original sin --  he was, by the grace of God (operating in a marvelous and an
ineffable manner), joined and united in a personal unity with the  only-begotten Word of the
Father, a Son not by grace but by  nature.  And although he himself committed no sin, yet because
of  "the likeness of sinful flesh"[81] in which he came, he was  himself called sin and was made a
sacrifice for the washing away  of sins.
    Indeed, under the old law, sacrifices for sins were often  called sins.[82]  Yet he of whom
those sacrifices were mere  shadows was himself actually made sin.  Thus, when the apostle  said,
"For Christ's sake, we beseech you to be reconciled to God,"  he straightway added, "Him, who
knew no sin, he made to be sin for  us that we might be made to be the righteousness of God in
him."[83]  He does not say, as we read in some defective copies,  "He who knew no sin did sin for
us," as if Christ himself  committed sin for our sake.  Rather, he says, "He [Christ] who  knew no
sin, he [God] made to be sin for us." The God to whom we  are to be reconciled hath thus made
him the sacrifice for sin by  which we may be reconciled.
    He himself is therefore sin as we ourselves are righteousness  -- not our own but God's, not in
ourselves but in him.  Just as he  was sin -- not his own but ours, rooted not in himself but in us  --
so he showed forth through the likeness of sinful flesh, in  which he was crucified, that since sin
was not in him he could  then, so to say, die to sin by dying in the flesh, which was "the  likeness
of sin." And since he had never lived in the old manner  of sinning, he might, in his resurrection,
signify the new life  which is ours, which is springing to life anew from the old death  in which we
had been dead to sin.
    42.  This is the meaning of the great sacrament of baptism,  which is celebrated among us.  All
who attain to this grace die  thereby to sin -- as he himself is said to have died to sin  because he
died in the flesh, that is, "in the likeness of sin" --  and they are thereby alive by being reborn in the
baptismal font,  just as he rose again from the sepulcher.  This is the case no  matter what the age
of the body.
    43.  For whether it be a newborn infant or a decrepit old man  -- since no one should be barred
from baptism -- just so, there is  no one who does not die to sin in baptism.  Infants die to
original sin only; adults, to all those sins which they have  added, through their evil living, to the
burden they brought with  them at birth.
     44.  But even these are frequently said to die to sin, when  without doubt they die not to one
but to many sins, and to all the  sins which they have themselves already committed by thought,
word, and deed.  Actually, by the use of the singular number the  plural number is often signified,
as the poet said,

         "And they fill the belly with the armed warrior,"[84]
    although they did this with many warriors.  And in our own  Scriptures we read: "Pray
therefore to the Lord that he may take  from us the serpent."[85]  It does not say "serpents," as it
might, for they were suffering from many serpents.  There are,  moreover, innumerable other such
examples.
    Yet, when the original sin is signified by the use of the  plural number, as we say when infants
are baptized "unto the  remission of sins," instead of saying "unto the remission of sin,"  then we
have the converse expression in which the singular is  expressed by the plural number.  Thus in the
Gospel, it is said of  Herod's death, "For they are dead who sought the child's
life"[86]; it does not say, "He is dead." And in Exodus: "They  made," [Moses] says, "to
themselves gods of gold," when they had  made one calf.  And of this calf, they said: "These are
thy gods,  O Israel, which brought you out of the land of Egypt,"[87] here  also putting the plural
for the singular.
    45.  Still, even in that one sin -- which "entered into the  world by one man and so spread to all
men,"[88] and on account of  which infants are baptized -- one can recognize a plurality of  sins, if
that single sin is divided, so to say, into its separate  elements.  For there is pride in it, since man
preferred to be  under his own rule rather than the rule of God; and sacrilege too,  for man did not
acknowledge God; and murder, since he cast himself  down to death; and spiritual fornication, for
the integrity of the  human mind was corrupted by the seduction of the serpent; and  theft, since
the forbidden fruit was snatched; and avarice, since  he hungered for more than should have
sufficed for him -- and  whatever other sins that could be discovered in the diligent  analysis of
that one sin.
    46.  It is also said -- and not without support -- that  infants are involved in the sins of their
parents, not only of the  first pair, but even of their own, of whom they were born.   Indeed, that
divine judgment, "I shall visit the sins of the  fathers on their children,"[89] definitely applies to
them before  they come into the New Covenant by regeneration.  This Covenant  was foretold by
Ezekiel when he said that the sons should not bear  their fathers' sins, nor the proverb any longer
apply in Israel,  "Our fathers have eaten sour grapes and the children's teeth are  set on edge."[90]
    This is why each one of them must be born again, so that he  may thereby be absolved of
whatever sin was in him at the time of  birth.  For the sins committed by evil-doing after birth can
be  healed by repentance -- as, indeed, we see it happen even after  baptism.  For the new birth
[regeneratio] would not have been  instituted except for the fact that the first birth [generatio]
was tainted -- and to such a degree that one born of even a lawful  wedlock said, "I was
conceived in iniquities; and in sins did my  mother nourish me in her womb."[91]  Nor did he say
"in iniquity"  or "in sin," as he might have quite correctly; rather, he  preferred to say "iniquities"
and "sins," because, as I explained  above, there are so many sins in that one sin -- which has
passed  into all men, and which was so great that human nature was changed  and by it brought
under the necessity of death -- and also because  there are other sins, such as those of parents,
which, even if  they cannot change our nature in the same way, still involve the  children in guilt,
unless the gracious grace and mercy of God  interpose.
    47.  But, in the matter of the sins of one's other parents,  those who stand as one's forebears
from Adam down to one's own  parents, a question might well be raised: whether a man at birth
is involved in the evil deeds of all his forebears, and their  multiplied original sins, so that the later
in time he is born,  the worse estate he is born in; or whether, on this very account,  God threatens
to visit the sins of the parents as far as -- but no  farther than -- the third and fourth generations,
because in his  mercy he will not continue his wrath beyond that.  It is not his  purpose that those
not given the grace of regeneration be crushed  under too heavy a burden in their eternal
damnation, as they would  be if they were bound to bear, as original guilt, all the sins of  their
ancestors from the beginning of the human race, and to pay  the due penalty for them.  Whether
yet another solution to so  difficult a problem might or might not be found by a more diligent
search and interpretation of Holy Scripture, I dare not rashly  affirm.


                         CHAPTER XIV

           The Mysteries of Christ's Mediatorial
           Work (48-49) and Justification (50-55)

    48.  That one sin, however, committed in a setting of such  great happiness, was itself so great
that by it, in one man, the  whole human race was originally and, so to say, radically  condemned.
It cannot be pardoned and washed away except through  "the one mediator between God and
men, the man Christ Jesus,"[92]  who alone could be born in such a way as not to need to be
reborn.      49.  They were not reborn, those who were baptized by John's  baptism, by which
Christ himself was baptized.[93]  Rather, they  were _prepared_ by the ministry of this forerunner,
who said,  "Prepare a way for the Lord,"[94] for Him in whom alone they could  be reborn.
    For his baptism is not with water alone, as John's was, but  with the Holy Spirit as well.  Thus,
whoever believes in Christ is  reborn by that same Spirit, of whom Christ also was born, needing
not to be reborn.  This is the reason for the Voice of the Father  spoken over him at his baptism,
"Today have I begotten thee,"[95]  which pointed not to that particular day on which he was
baptized,  but to that "day" of changeless eternity, in order to show us that  this Man belonged to
the personal Unity of the Only Begotten.  For  a day that neither begins with the close of
yesterday nor ends  with the beginning of tomorrow is indeed an eternal "today."      Therefore, he
chose to be baptized in water by John, not  thereby to wash away any sin of his own, but to
manifest his great  humility.  Indeed, baptism found nothing in him to wash away, just  as death
found nothing to punish.  Hence, it was in authentic  justice, and not by violent power, that the
devil was overcome and  conquered: for, as he had most unjustly slain Him who was in no  way
deserving of death, he also did most justly lose those whom he  had justly held in bondage as
punishment for their sins.   Wherefore, He took upon himself both baptism and death, not out of
a piteous necessity but through his own free act of showing mercy  -- as part of a definite plan
whereby One might take away the sin  of the world, just as one man had brought sin into the
world, that  is, the whole human race.
    50.  There is a difference, however.  The first man brought  sin into the world, whereas this
One took away not only that one  sin but also all the others which he found added to it.  Hence,
the apostle says, "And the gift [of grace] is not like the effect  of the one that sinned: for the
judgment on that one trespass was  condemnation; but the gift of grace is for many offenses, and
brings justification."[96]  Now it is clear that the one sin  originally inherited, even if it were the
only one involved, makes  men liable to condemnation.  Yet grace justifies a man for many
offenses, both the sin which he originally inherited in common  with all the others and also the
multitude of sins which he has  committed on his own.
    51.  However, when he [the apostle] says, shortly after,  "Therefore, as the offense of one man
led all men to condemnation,  so also the righteousness of one man leads all men to the life of
justification,"[97] he indicates sufficiently that everyone born  of Adam is subject to damnation,
and no one, unless reborn of  Christ, is free from such a damnation.
    52.  And after this discussion of punishment through one man  and grace through the Other, as
he deemed sufficient for that part  of the epistle, the apostle passes on to speak of the great
mystery of holy baptism in the cross of Christ, and to do this so  that we may understand nothing
other in the baptism of Christ than  the likeness of the death of Christ.  The death of Christ
crucified is nothing other than the likeness of the forgiveness of  sins -- so that in the very same
sense in which the death is real,  so also is the forgiveness of our sins real, and in the same sense
in which his resurrection is real, so also in us is there  authentic justification.
    He asks: "What, then, shall we say?  Shall we continue in  sin, that grace may abound?"[98] --
for he had previously said,  "But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound."[99]  And
therefore he himself raised the question whether, because of the  abundance of grace that follows
sin, one should then continue in  sin.  But he answers, "God forbid!"  and adds, "How shall we,
who  are dead to sin, live any longer therein?"[100]  Then, to show  that we are dead to sin, "Do
you not know that all we who were  baptized in Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?"[101]
 If, therefore, the fact that we are baptized into the death  of Christ shows that we are dead to sin,
then certainly infants  who are baptized in Christ die to sin, since they are baptized  into his own
death.  For there is no exception in the saying, "All  we who are baptized into Christ Jesus are
baptized into his  death." And the effect of this is to show that we are dead to sin.      Yet what sin
do infants die to in being reborn except that  which they inherit in being born?  What follows in
the epistle  also pertains to this: "Therefore we were buried with him by  baptism into death; that,
as Christ was raised up from the dead by  the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in
the  newness of life.  For if we have been united with him in the  likeness of his death, we shall be
also united with him in the  likeness of his resurrection, knowing this, that our old man is
crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that  henceforth we should not serve
sin.  For he that is dead is freed  from sin.  Now if we are dead with Christ, we believe that we
shall also live with him: knowing that Christ, being raised from  the dead, dies no more; death has
no more dominion over him.  For  the death he died, he died to sin, once for all; but the life he
lives, he lives unto God.  So also, reckon yourselves also to be  dead to sin, but alive unto God
through Christ Jesus."[102]      Now, he had set out to prove that we should not go on  sinning, in
order that thereby grace might abound, and had said,  "If we have died to sin, how, then, shall we
go on living in it?"    And then to show that we were dead to sin, he had added, "Know you
not, that as many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were  baptized into his death?"  Thus he
concludes the passage as he  began it.  Indeed, he introduced the death of Christ in order to
say that even he died to sin.  To what sin, save that of the flesh  in which he existed, not as sinner,
but in "the likeness of sin"  and which was, therefore, called by the name of sin?  Thus, to
those baptized into the death of Christ -- into which not only  adults but infants as well are
baptized -- he says, "So also you  should reckon yourselves to be dead to sin, but alive to God in
Christ Jesus."
    53.  Whatever was done, therefore, in the crucifixion of  Christ, his burial, his resurrection on
the third day, his  ascension into heaven, his being seated at the Father's right hand  -- all these
things were done thus, that they might not only  signify their mystical meanings but also serve as a
model for the  Christian life which we lead here on the earth.  Thus, of his  crucifixion it was said,
"And they that are Jesus Christ's have  crucified their own flesh, with the passions and lusts
thereof"[103]; and of his burial, "For we are buried with Christ  by baptism into death"; of his
resurrection, "Since Christ is  raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we also
should walk with him in newness of life"; of his ascension and  session at the Father's right hand:
"But if you have risen again  with Christ, seek the things which are above, where Christ is  sitting
at the right hand of God.  Set your affection on things  above, not on things on the earth.  For you
are dead, and your  life is hid with Christ in God."[104]
    54.  Now what we believe concerning Christ's future actions,  since we confess that he will
come again from heaven to judge the  living and the dead, does not pertain to this life of ours as
we  live it here on earth, because it belongs not to his deeds already  done, but to what he will do
at the close of the age.  To this the  apostle refers and goes on to add, "When Christ, who is your
life,  shall appear, you shall then also appear with him in glory."[105]      55.  There are two ways
to interpret the affirmation that he  "shall judge the living and the dead." On the one hand, we may
understand by "the living" those who are not yet dead but who will  be found living in the flesh
when he comes; and we may understand  by "the dead" those who have left the body, or who shall
have left  it before his coming.  Or, on the other hand, "the living" may  signify "the righteous,"
and "the dead" may signify "the
unrighteous" -- since the righteous are to be judged as well as  the unrighteous.  For sometimes
the judgment of God is passed upon  the evil, as in the word, "But they who have done evil [shall
come  forth] to the resurrection of judgment."[106]  And sometimes it is  passed upon the good,
as in the word, "Save me, O God, by thy  name, and judge me in thy strength."[107]  Indeed, it is
by the  judgment of God that the distinction between good and evil is  made, to the end that,
being freed from evil and not destroyed  with the evildoers, the good may be set apart at his right
hand.[108]  This is why the psalmist cried, "Judge me, O God,"  and, as if to explain what he had
said, "and defend my cause  against an unholy nation."[109]


                         CHAPTER XV

        The Holy Spirit (56) and the Church (57-60)

    56.  Now, when we have spoken of Jesus Christ, the only Son  of God our Lord, in the brevity
befitting our confession of faith,  we go on to affirm that we believe also in the Holy Spirit, as
completing the Trinity which is God; and after that we call to  mind our faith "in holy Church." By
this we are given to
understand that the rational creation belonging to the free  Jerusalem ought to be mentioned in a
subordinate order to the  Creator, that is, the supreme Trinity.  For, of course, all that  has been
said about the man Christ Jesus refers to the unity of  the Person of the Only Begotten.
    Thus, the right order of the Creed demanded[110] that the  Church be made subordinate to the
Trinity, as a house is
subordinate to him who dwells in it, the temple to God, and the  city to its founder.  By the
Church here we are to understand the  whole Church, not just the part that journeys here on earth
from  rising of the sun to its setting, praising the name of the  Lord[111] and singing a new song
of deliverance from its old  captivity, but also that part which, in heaven, has always, from
creation, held fast to God, and which never experienced the evils  of a fall.  This part, composed
of the holy angels, remains in  blessedness, and it gives help, even as it ought, to the other
part still on pilgrimage.  For both parts together will make one  eternal consort, as even now they
are one in the bond of love --  the whole instituted for the proper worship of the one God.[112]
Wherefore, neither the whole Church nor any part of it wishes to  be worshiped as God nor to be
God to anyone belonging to the  temple of God -- the temple that is being built up of "the gods"
whom the uncreated God created.[113]  Consequently, if the Holy  Spirit were creature and not
Creator, he would obviously be a  rational creature, for this is the highest of the levels of
creation.  But in this case he would not be set in the rule of  faith _before_ the Church, since he
would then belong _to_ the  Church, in that part of it which is in heaven.  He would not have
a temple, for he himself would be a temple.  Yet, in fact, he hath  a temple of which the apostle
speaks, "Know you not that your body  is the temple of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you
have  from God?"[114]  In another place, he says of this body, "Know you  not that your bodies
are members of Christ?"[115]  How, then, is  he not God who has a temple?  Or how can he be
less than Christ  whose members are his temple?  It is not that he has one temple  and God
another temple, since the same apostle says: "Know you not  that you are the temple of God," and
then, as if to prove his  point, added, "and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you?"      God
therefore dwelleth in his temple, not the Holy Spirit  only, but also Father and Son, who saith of
his body -- in which  he standeth as Head of the Church on earth "that in all things he  may be
pre-eminent"[116] -- "Destroy this temple and in three days  I will raise it up again."[117]
Therefore, the temple of God- --  that is, of the supreme Trinity as a whole -- is holy Church, the
Universal Church in heaven and on the earth.
    57.  But what can we affirm about that part of the Church in  heaven, save that in it no evil is
to be found, nor any apostates,  nor will there be again, since that time when "God did not spare
the sinning angels" -- as the apostle Peter writes -- "but casting  them out, he delivered them into
the prisons of darkness in hell,  to be reserved for the sentence in the Day of Judgment"[118]?
58.  Still, how is life ordered in that most blessed and  supernal society?  What differences are
there in rank among the  angels, so that while all are called by the general title "angels"  -- as we
read in the Epistle to the Hebrews, "But to which of the  angels said he at any time, 'Sit at my
right hand'?"[119]; this  expression clearly signifies that all are angels without exception  -- yet
there are archangels there as well?  Again, should these  archangels be called "powers" [virtutes],
so that the verse,  "Praise him all his angels; praise him, all his powers,"[120]  would mean the
same thing as, "Praise him, all his angels; praise  him, all his archangels"?  Or, what distinctions
are implied by  the four designations by which the apostle seems to encompass the  entire
heavenly society, "Be they thrones or dominions,
principalities, or powers"[121]?  Let them answer these questions  who can, if they can indeed
prove their answers.  For myself, I  confess to ignorance of such matters.  I am not even certain
about  another question: whether the sun and moon and all the stars  belong to that same heavenly
society -- although they seem to be  nothing more than luminous bodies, with neither perception
nor  understanding.
    59.  Furthermore, who can explain the kind of bodies in which  the angels appeared to men, so
that they were not only visible,  but tangible as well?  And, again, how do they, not by impact of
physical stimulus but by spiritual force, bring certain visions,  not to the physical eyes but to the
spiritual eyes of the mind, or  speak something, not to the ears, as from outside us, but actually
from within the human soul, since they are present within it too?   For, as it is written in the book
of the Prophets: "And the angel  that spoke in me, said to me . . ."[122]  He does not say, "Spoke
_to_ me" but "Spoke _in_ me." How do they appear to men in sleep,  and communicate through
dreams, as we read in the Gospel: "Behold,  the angel of the Lord appeared to him in his sleep,
saying..."[123]?  By these various modes of presentation, the  angels seem to indicate that they do
not have tangible bodies.   Yet this raises a very difficult question: How, then, did the  patriarchs
wash the angels' feet?[124]  How, also, did Jacob  wrestle with the angel in such a tangible
fashion?[125]
    To ask such questions as these, and to guess at the answers  as one can, is not a useless
exercise in speculation, so long as  the discussion is moderate and one avoids the mistake of those
who  think they know what they do not know.


                        CHAPTER XVI

            Problems About Heavenly and Earthly
                  Divisions of the Church

    60.  It is more important to be able to discern and tell when  Satan transforms himself as an
angel of light, lest by this  deception he should seduce us into harmful acts.  For, when he
deceives the corporeal senses, and does not thereby turn the mind  from that true and right
judgment by which one leads the life of  faith, there is no danger to religion.  Or if, feigning
himself to  be good, he does or says things that would fit the character of  the good angels, even if
then we believe him good, the error is  neither dangerous nor fatal to the Christian faith.  But
when, by  these alien wiles, he begins to lead us into his own ways, then  great vigilance is
required to recognize him and not follow after.   But how few men are there who are able to
avoid his deadly  stratagems, unless God guides and preserves them!  Yet the very  difficulty of
this business is useful in this respect: it shows  that no man should rest his hopes in himself, nor
one man in  another, but all who are God's should cast their hopes on him.   And that this latter is
obviously the best course for us no pious  man would deny.
    61.  This part of the Church, therefore, which is composed of  the holy angels and powers of
God will become known to us as it  really is only when, at the end of the age, we are joined to it,
to possess, together with it, eternal bliss.  But the other part  which, separated from this heavenly
company, wanders through the  earth is better known to us because we are in it, and because it
is composed of men like ourselves.  This is the part that has been  redeemed from all sin by the
blood of the sinless Mediator, and  its cry is: "If God be for us, who is against us?  He that spared
not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all. . . ."[126]  Now  Christ did not die for the
angels.  But still, what was done for  man by his death for man's redemption and his deliverance
from  evil was done for the angels also, because by it the enmity caused  by sin between men and
the angels is removed and friendship  restored.  Moreover, this redemption of mankind serves to
repair  the ruins left by the angelic apostasy.
    62.  Of course, the holy angels, taught by God -- in the  eternal contemplation of whose truth
they are blessed -- know how  many of the human race are required to fill up the full census of
that commonwealth.  This is why the apostle says "that all things  are restored to unity in Christ,
both those in heaven and those on  the earth in him."[127]  The part in heaven is indeed restored
when the number lost from the angelic apostasy are replaced from  the ranks of mankind.  The
part on earth is restored when those  men predestined to eternal life are redeemed from the old
state of  corruption.
    Thus by the single sacrifice, of which the many victims of  the law were only shadows, the
heavenly part is set at peace with  the earthly part and the earthly reconciled to the heavenly.
Wherefore, as the same apostle says: "For it pleased God that all  plenitude of being should dwell
in him and by him to reconcile all  things to himself, making peace with them by the blood of his
cross, whether those things on earth or those in heaven."[128]      63.  This peace, as it is written,
"passes all
understanding." It cannot be known by us until we have entered  into it.  For how is the heavenly
realm set at peace, save  together with us; that is, by concord with us?  For in that realm  there is
always peace, both among the whole company of rational  creatures and between them and their
Creator.  This is the peace  that, as it is said, "passes all understanding." But obviously  this means
_our_ understanding, not that of those who always see  the Father's face.  For no matter how
great our understanding may  be, "we know in part, and we see in a glass darkly."[129]  But
when we shall have become "equal to God's angels,"[130] then, even  as they do, "we shall see
face to face."[131]  And we shall then  have as great amity toward them as they have toward us;
for we  shall come to love them as much as we are loved by them.
    In this way their peace will become known to us, since ours  will be like theirs in kind and
measure -- nor will it then  surpass our understanding.  But the peace of God, which is there,  will
still doubtless surpass our understanding and theirs as well.   For, of course, in so far as a rational
creature is blessed, this  blessedness comes, not from himself, but from God.  Hence, it  follows
that it is better to interpret the passage, "The peace of  God which passes all understanding," so
that from the word "all"  not even the understanding of the holy angels should be excepted.
Only God's understanding is excepted; for, of course, his peace  does not surpass his own
understanding.


                        CHAPTER XVII

             Forgiveness of Sins in the Church

    64.  The angels are in concord with us even now, when our  sins are forgiven.  Therefore, in
the order of the Creed, after  the reference to "holy Church" is placed the reference to
"forgiveness of sins." For it is by this that the part of the  Church on earth stands; it is by this that
"what was lost and is  found again"[132] is not lost again.  Of course, the gift of  baptism is an
exception.  It is an antidote given us against  original sin, so that what is contracted by birth is
removed by  the new birth -- though it also takes away actual sins as well,  whether of heart,
word, or deed.  But except for this great  remission -- the beginning point of a man's renewal, in
which all  guilt, inherited and acquired, is washed away -- the rest of life,  from the age of
accountability (and no matter how vigorously we  progress in righteousness), is not without the
need for the  forgiveness of sins.  This is the case because the sons of God, as  long as they live
this mortal life, are in a conflict with death.   And although it is truly said of them, "As many as
are led by the  Spirit of God, they are the sons of God,"[133] yet even as they  are being led by
the Spirit of God and, as sons of God, advance  toward God, they are also being led by their own
spirits so that,  weighed down by the corruptible body and influenced by certain  human feelings,
they thus fall away from themselves and commit  sin.  But it matters _how much_.  Although
every crime is a sin,  not every sin is a crime.  Thus we can say of the life of holy men  even while
they live in this mortality, that they are found  without crime.  "But if we say that we have no sin,"
as the great  apostle says, "we deceive even ourselves, and the truth is not in  us."[134]
    65.  Nevertheless, no matter how great our crimes, their  forgiveness should never be
despaired of in holy Church for those  who truly repent, each according to the measure of his sin.
And,  in the act of repentance,[135] where a crime has been committed of  such gravity as also to
cut off the sinner from the body of  Christ, we should not consider the measure of time as much as
the  measure of sorrow.  For, "a contrite and humbled heart God will  not despise."[136]
    Still, since the sorrow of one heart is mostly hid from  another, and does not come to notice
through words and other such  signs -- even when it is plain to Him of whom it is said, "My
groaning is not hid from thee"[137] -- times of repentance have  been rightly established by those
set over the churches, that  satisfaction may also be made in the Church, in which the sins are
forgiven.  For, of course, outside her they are not forgiven.  For  she alone has received the
pledge of the Holy Spirit,[138] without  whom there is no forgiveness of sins.  Those forgiven
thus obtain  life everlasting.
    66.  Now the remission of sins has chiefly to do with the  future judgment.  In this life the
Scripture saying holds true: "A  heavy yoke is on the sons of Adam, from the day they come forth
from their mother's womb till the day of their burial in the  mother of us all."[139]  Thus we see
even infants, after the  washing of regeneration, tortured by divers evil afflictions.   This helps us
to understand that the whole import of the
sacraments of salvation has to do more with the hope of future  goods than with the retaining or
attaining of present goods.      Indeed, many sins seem to be ignored and go unpunished; but
their punishment is reserved for the future.  It is not in vain  that the day when the Judge of the
living and the dead shall come  is rightly called the Day of Judgment.  Just so, on the other  hand,
some sins are punished here, and, if they are forgiven, will  certainly bring no harm upon us in the
future age.  Hence,  referring to certain temporal punishments, which are visited upon  sinners in
this life, the apostle, speaking to those whose sins  are blotted out and not reserved to the end,
says: "For if we  judge ourselves truly we should not be judged by the Lord.  But  when we are
judged, we are chastised by the Lord, that we may not  be condemned along with this
world."[140]


                     CHAPTER XVIII[141]

                      Faith and Works

    67.  There are some, indeed, who believe that those who do  not abandon the name of Christ,
and who are baptized in his laver  in the Church, who are not cut off from it by schism or heresy,
who may then live in sins however great, not washing them away by  repentance, nor redeeming
them by alms -- and who obstinately  persevere in them to life's last day -- even these will still be
saved, "though as by fire." They believe that such people will be  punished by fire, prolonged in
proportion to their sins, but still  not eternal.
    But those who believe thus, and still are Catholics, are  deceived, as it seems to me, by a kind
of merely human
benevolence.  For the divine Scripture, when consulted, answers  differently.  Moreover, I have
written a book about this question,  entitled Faith and Works,[142] in which, with God's help, I
have  shown as best I could that, according to Holy Scripture, the faith  that saves is the faith that
the apostle Paul adequately describes  when he says, "For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision
avails  anything, nor uncircumcision, but the faith which works through  love."[143]  But if faith
works evil and not good, then without  doubt, according to the apostle James "it is dead in
itself."[144]   He then goes on to say, "If a man says he has faith, yet has not  works, can his faith
be enough to save him?"[145]
    Now, if the wicked man were to be saved by fire on account of  his faith only, and if this is the
way the statement of the  blessed Paul should be understood -- "But he himself shall be  saved, yet
so as by fire"[146] -- then faith without works would  be sufficient to salvation.  But then what
the apostle James said  would be false.  And also false would be another statement of the
same Paul himself: "Do not err," he says; "neither fornicators,  nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor
the unmanly, nor homosexuals,  nor thieves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor
extortioners, shall inherit the Kingdom of God."[147]  Now, if  those who persist in such crimes
as these are nevertheless saved  by their faith in Christ, would they not then be in the Kingdom of
God?
    68.  But, since these fully plain and most pertinent  apostolic testimonies cannot be false, that
one obscure saying  about those who build on "the foundation, which is Christ, not  gold, silver,
and precious stones, but wood, hay, and
stubble"[148] -- for it is about these it is said that they will  be saved as by fire, not perishing on
account of the saving worth  of their foundation -- such a statement must be interpreted so
that it does not contradict these fully plain testimonies.      In fact, wood and hay and stubble may
be understood, without  absurdity, to signify such an attachment to those worldly things  -- albeit
legitimate in themselves -- that one cannot suffer their  loss without anguish in the soul.  Now,
when such anguish "burns,"  and Christ still holds his place as foundation in the heart --  that is, if
nothing is preferred to him and if the man whose  anguish "burns" would still prefer to suffer loss
of the things he  greatly loves than to lose Christ -- then one is saved, "by fire."  But if, in time of
testing, he should prefer to hold onto these  temporal and worldly goods rather than to Christ, he
does not have  him as foundation -- because he has put "things" in the first  place -- whereas in a
building nothing comes before the
foundations.
    Now, this fire, of which the apostle speaks, should be  understood as one through which both
kinds of men must pass: that  is, the man who builds with gold, silver, and precious stones on  this
foundation and also the man who builds with wood, hay, and  stubble.  For, when he had spoken
of this, he added: "The fire  shall try every man's work, of what sort it is.  If any man's work
abides which he has built thereupon, he shall receive a reward.   If any man's work burns up, he
shall suffer loss; but he himself  shall be saved, yet so as by fire."[149]  Therefore the fire will  test
the work, not only of the one, but of both.
    The fire is a sort of trial of affliction, concerning which  it is clearly written elsewhere: "The
furnace tries the potter's  vessels and the trial of affliction tests righteous men."[150]   This kind of
fire works in the span of this life, just as the  apostle said, as it affects the two different kinds of
faithful  men.  There is, for example, the man who "thinks of the things of  God, how he may
please God." Such a man builds on Christ the  foundation, with gold, silver, and precious stones.
The other man  "thinks about the things of the world, how he may please his  wife"[151]; that is,
he builds upon the same foundation with wood,  hay, and stubble.  The work of the former is not
burned up, since  he has not loved those things whose loss brings anguish.  But the  work of the
latter is burned up, since things are not lost without  anguish when they have been loved with a
possessive love.  But  because, in this second situation, he prefers to suffer the loss  of these
things rather than losing Christ, and does not desert  Christ from fear of losing such things -- even
though he may  grieve over his loss -- "he is saved," indeed, "yet so as by  fire." He "burns" with
grief, for the things he has loved and  lost, but this does not subvert nor consume him, secured as
he is  by the stability and the indestructibility of his foundation.      69.  It is not incredible that
something like this should  occur after this life, whether or not it is a matter for fruitful  inquiry.  It
may be discovered or remain hidden whether some of  the faithful are sooner or later to be saved
by a sort of  purgatorial fire, in proportion as they have loved the goods that  perish, and in
proportion to their attachment to them.  However,  this does not apply to those of whom it was
said, "They shall not  possess the Kingdom of God,"[152] unless their crimes are remitted
through due repentance.  I say "due repentance" to signify that  they must not be barren of
almsgiving, on which divine Scripture  lays so much stress that our Lord tells us in advance that,
on the  bare basis of fruitfulness in alms, he will impute merit to those  on his right hand; and, on
the same basis of unfruitfulness,  demerit to those on his left -- when he shall say to the former,
"Come, blessed of my Father, receive the Kingdom," but to the  latter, "Depart into everlasting
fire."[153]


                        CHAPTER XIX

                Almsgiving and Forgiveness

    70.  We must beware, however, lest anyone suppose that  unspeakable crimes such as they
commit who "will not possess the  Kingdom of God" can be perpetrated daily and then daily
redeemed  by almsgiving.  Of course, life must be changed for the better,  and alms should be
offered as propitiation to God for our past  sins.  But he is not somehow to be bought off, as if we
always had  a license to commit crimes with impunity.  For, "he has given no  man a license to
sin"[154] -- although, in his mercy, he does blot  out sins already committed, if due satisfaction
for them is not  neglected.
    71.  For the passing and trivial sins of every day, from  which no life is free, the everyday
prayer of the faithful makes  satisfaction.  For they can say, "Our Father who art in heaven,"  who
have already been reborn to such a Father "by water and the  Spirit."[155]  This prayer completely
blots out our minor and  everyday sins.  It also blots out those sins which once made the  life of
the faithful wicked, but from which, now that they have  changed for the better by repentance,
they have departed.  The  condition of this is that just as they truly say, "Forgive us our  debts"
(since there is no lack of debts to be forgiven), so also  they truly say, "As we forgive our
debtors"[156]; that is, if what  is said is also done.  For to forgive a man who seeks forgiveness  is
indeed to give alms.
    72.  Accordingly, what our Lord says -- "Give alms and,  behold, all things are clean to
you"[157] -- applies to all useful  acts of mercy.  Therefore, not only the man who gives food to
the  hungry, drink to the thirsty, clothing to the naked, hospitality  to the wayfarer, refuge to the
fugitive; who visits the sick and  the prisoner, redeems the captive, bears the burdens of the weak,
leads the blind, comforts the sorrowful, heals the sick, shows the  errant the right way, gives
advice to the perplexed, and does  whatever is needful for the needy[158] -- not only does this
man  give alms, but the man who forgives the trespasser also gives alms  as well.  He is also a
giver of alms who, by blows or other  discipline, corrects and restrains those under his command,
if at  the same time he forgives from the heart the sin by which he has  been wronged or offended,
or prays that it be forgiven the  offender.  Such a man gives alms, not only in that he forgives and
prays, but also in that he rebukes and administers corrective  punishment, since in this he shows
mercy.
    Now, many benefits are bestowed on the unwilling, when their  interests and not their
preferences are consulted.  And men  frequently are found to be their own enemies, while those
they  suppose to be their enemies are their true friends.  And then, by  mistake, they return evil for
good, when a Christian ought not to  return evil even for evil.  Thus, there are many kinds of
alms, by  which, when we do them, we are helped in obtaining forgiveness of  our own sins.
    73.  But none of these alms is greater than the forgiveness  from the heart of a sin committed
against us by someone else.  It  is a smaller thing to wish well or even to do well to one who has
done you no evil.  It is far greater -- a sort of magnificent  goodness -- to love your enemy, and
always to wish him well and,  as you can, _do_ well to him who wishes you ill and who does you
harm when he can.  Thus one heeds God's command: "Love your  enemies, do good to them that
hate you, and pray for them that  persecute you."[159]
    Such counsels are for the perfect sons of God.  And although  all the faithful should strive
toward them and through prayer to  God and earnest endeavor bring their souls up to this level,
still  so high a degree of goodness is not possible for so great a  multitude as we believe are heard
when, in prayer, they say,  "Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors." Accordingly, it
cannot be doubted that the terms of this pledge are fulfilled if a  man, not yet so perfect that he
already loves his enemies, still  forgives from the heart one who has sinned against him and who
now  asks his forgiveness.  For he surely seeks forgiveness when he  asks for it when he prays,
saying, "As we forgive our debtors."  For this means, "Forgive us our debts when we ask for
forgiveness,  as we also forgive our debtors when they ask for forgiveness."      74.  Again, if one
seeks forgiveness from a man against whom  he sinned -- moved by his sin to seek it -- he should
no longer be  regarded as an enemy, and it should not now be as difficult to  love him as it was
when he was actively hostile.
    Now, a man who does not forgive from the heart one who asks  forgiveness and is repentant
of his sins can in no way suppose  that his own sins are forgiven by the Lord, since the Truth
cannot  lie, and what hearer and reader of the gospel has not noted who it  was who said, "I am
the Truth"[160]?  It is, of course, the One  who, when he was teaching the prayer, strongly
emphasized this  sentence which he put in it, saying: "For if you forgive men their  trespasses,
your Heavenly Father will also forgive you your  trespasses.  But if you will not forgive men,
neither will your  Father forgive you your offenses."[161]  He who is not awakened by  such great
thundering is not asleep, but dead.  And yet such a  word has power to awaken even the dead.


                         CHAPTER XX

                    Spiritual Almsgiving

    75.  Now, surely, those who live in gross wickedness and take  no care to correct their lives
and habits, who yet, amid their  crimes and misdeeds, continue to multiply their alms, flatter
themselves in vain with the Lord's words, "Give alms; and, behold,  all things are clean to you."
They do not understand how far this  saying reaches.  In order for them to understand, let them
notice  to whom it was that he said it.  For this is the context of it in  the Gospel: "As he was
speaking, a certain Pharisee asked him to  dine with him.  And he went in and reclined at the table.
And the  Pharisee began to wonder and ask himself why He had not washed  himself before
dinner.  But the Lord said to him: 'Now you  Pharisees clean the outside of the cup and the dish,
but within  you are still full of extortion and wickedness.  Foolish ones!   Did not He who made
the outside make the inside too?
Nevertheless, give for alms what remains within; and, behold, all  things are clean to you.'"[162]
Should we interpret this to mean  that to the Pharisees, who had not the faith of Christ, all things
are clean if only they give alms, as they deem it right to give  them, even if they have not believed
in him, nor been reborn of  water and the Spirit?  But all are unclean who are not made clean
by the faith of Christ, of whom it is written, "Cleansing their  hearts by faith."[163]  And as the
apostle said, "But to them that  are unclean and unbelieving nothing is clean; both their minds and
consciences are unclean."[164]  How, then, should all things be  clean to the Pharisees, even if
they gave alms, but were not  believers?  Or, how could they be believers, if they were  unwilling
to believe in Christ and to be born again in his grace?   And yet, what they heard is true: "Give
alms; and behold, all  things are clean to you."
    76.  He who would give alms as a set plan of his life should  begin with himself and give them
to himself.  For almsgiving is a  work of mercy, and the saying is most true: "Have mercy upon
your  own soul, pleasing God."[165]  The purpose of the new birth is  that we should become
pleasing to God, who is justly displeased  with the sin we contracted in birth.  This is the first
almsgiving, which we give to ourselves -- when through the mercy  of a merciful God we come to
inquire about our wretchedness and  come to acknowledge the just verdict by which we were put
in need  of that mercy, of which the apostle says, "Judgment came by that  one trespass to
condemnation."[166]  And the same herald of grace  then adds (in a word of thanksgiving for
God's great love), "But  God commendeth his love toward us in that, while we were yet  sinners,
Christ died for us."[167]  Thus, when we come to a valid  estimate of our wretchedness and begin
to love God with the love  he himself giveth us, we then begin to live piously and
righteously.
    But the Pharisees, while they gave as alms a tithing of even  the least of their fruits,
disregarded this "judgment and love of  God." Therefore, they did not begin their almsgiving with
themselves, nor did they, first of all, show mercy toward  themselves.  In reference to this right
order of self-love, it was  said, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."[168]
    Therefore, when the Lord had reproved the Pharisees for  washing themselves on the outside
while inwardly they were still  full of extortion and wickedness, he then admonished them also to
give those alms which a man owes first to himself -- to make clean  the inner man: "However," he
said, "give what remains as alms,  and, behold, all things are clean to you." Then, to make plain
the  import of his admonition, which they had ignored, and to show them  that he was not
ignorant of their kind of almsgiving, he adds,  "But woe to you, Pharisees"[169] -- as if to say, "I
am advising  you to give the kind of alms which shall make all things clean to  you." "But woe to
you, for you tithe mint and rue and every herb"  -- "I know these alms of yours and you need not
think I am  admonishing you to give them up" -- "and then neglect justice and  the love of God."
"_This_ kind of almsgiving would make you clean  from all inward defilement, just as the bodies
which you wash are  made clean by you." For the word "all" here means both "inward"  and
"outward" -- as elsewhere we read, "Make clean the inside, and  the outside will become
clean."[170]
    But, lest it appear that he was rejecting the kind of alms we  give of the earth's bounty, he
adds, "These things you should do"  -- that is, pay heed to the judgment and love of God -- and
"not  omit the others" -- that is, alms done with the earth's bounty.      77.  Therefore, let them not
deceive themselves who suppose  that by giving alms -- however profusely, and whether of their
fruits or money or anything else -- they purchase impunity to  continue in the enormity of their
crimes and the grossness of  their wickedness.  For not only do they do such things, but they
also love them so much that they would always choose to continue  in them -- if they could do so
with impunity.  "But he who loves  iniquity hates his own soul."[171]  And he who hates his own
soul  is not merciful but cruel to it.  For by loving it after the  world's way he hates it according to
God's way of judging.   Therefore, if one really wished to give alms to himself, that all  things
might become clean to him, he would hate his soul after the  world's way and love it according to
God's way.  No one, however,  gives any alms at all unless he gives from the store of Him who
needs not anything.  "Accordingly," it is said, "His mercy shall  go before me."[172]


                        CHAPTER XXI

                  Problems of Casuistry

    78.  What sins are trivial and what are grave, however, is  not for human but for divine
judgment to determine.  For we see  that, in respect of some sins, even the apostle, by pardoning
them, has conceded this point.  Such a case is seen in what the  venerable Paul says to married
folks: "Do not deprive one another,  except by consent for a time to give yourselves to prayer,
and  then return together lest Satan tempt you at the point of self- control."[173]  One could
consider that it is not a sin for a  married couple to have intercourse, not only for the sake of
procreating children -- which is the good of marriage -- but also  for the sake of the carnal
pleasure involved.  Thus, those whose  self-control is weak could avoid fornication, or adultery,
and  other kinds of impurity too shameful to name, into which their  lust might drag them through
Satan's tempting.  Therefore one  could, as I said, consider this not a sin, had the apostle not
added, "But I say this as a concession, not as a rule." Who, then,  denies that it is a sin when he
agrees that apostolic authority  for doing it is given only by "concession"?
    Another such case is seen where he says, "Dare any of you,  having a case against another,
bring it to be judged before the  unrighteous and not the saints?"[174]  And a bit later: "If,
therefore, you have cases concerning worldly things," he says,  "you appoint those who are
contemptible in the Church's eyes.  I  say this to shame you.  Can it be that there is not a wise man
among you, who could judge between his brethren?  But brother goes  to law with brother, and
that in the presence of
unbelievers."[175]  And here it might be thought that it was not a  sin to bring suit against a
brother, and that the only sin  consisted in wishing it judged outside the Church, if the apostle  had
not added immediately, "Now therefore the whole fault among  you is that you have lawsuits with
one another."[176]  Then, lest  someone excuse himself on this point by saying that he had a just
cause and was suffering injustice which he wished removed by  judicial sentence, the apostle
directly resists such thoughts and  excuses by saying: "Why not rather suffer iniquity?  Why not
rather be defrauded?"[177]  Thus we are brought back to that  saying of the Lord: "If anyone
would take your tunic and contend  in court with you, let go your cloak also."[178]  And in
another  place: "If a man takes away your goods, seek them not back."[179]   Thus, he forbids his
own to go to court with other men in secular  suits.  And it is because of this teaching that the
apostle says  that this kind of action is "a fault." Still, when he allows such  suits to be decided in
the Church, brothers judging brothers, yet  sternly forbids such a thing outside the Church, it is
clear that  some concession is being made here for the infirmities of the  weak.
    Because of these and similar sins -- and of others even less  than these, such as offenses in
words and thoughts -- and because,  as the apostle James confesses, "we all offend in many
things,"[180] it behooves us to pray to the Lord daily and often,  and say, "Forgive us our debts,"
and not lie about what follows  this petition, "As we also forgive our debtors."
    79.  There are, however, some sins that could be deemed quite  trifling if the Scriptures did not
show that they are more serious  than we think.  For who would suppose that one saying to his
brother, "You fool," is "in danger of hell-fire," if the Truth had  not said it?  Still, for the hurt he
immediately supplied a  medicine, adding the precept of brotherly reconciliation: "If,  therefore,
you are offering a gift at the altar, and remember  there that your brother has something against
you,"[181] etc.      Or who would think how great a sin it is to observe days and  months and
years and seasons -- as those people do who will or  will not begin projects on certain days or in
certain months or  years, because they follow vain human doctrines and suppose that  various
seasons are lucky or unlucky -- if we did not infer the  magnitude of this evil from the apostle's
fear, in saying to such  men, "I fear for you, lest perhaps I have labored among you in  vain"[182]?
    80.  To this one might add those sins, however grave and  terrible, which, when they come to
be habitual, are then believed  to be trivial or no sins at all.  And so far does this go that  such sins
are not only not kept secret, but are even proclaimed  and published abroad -- cases of which it is
written, "The sinner  is praised in the desires of his soul; and he that works iniquity  is
blessed."[183]
    In the divine books such iniquity is called a "cry" (clamor).   You have such a usage in the
prophet Isaiah's reference to the  evil vineyard: "I looked that he should perform justice, yet he
did iniquity; not justice but a cry."[184]  So also is that  passage in Genesis: "The cry of Sodom
and Gomorrah is
multiplied,"[185] for among these people such crimes were not only  unpunished, but were openly
committed, as if sanctioned by law.      So also in our times so many evils, even if not like those
[of old], have come to be public customs that we not only do not  dare excommunicate a layman;
we do not dare degrade a clergyman  for them.  Thus, several years ago, when I was expounding
the  Epistle to the Galatians, where the apostle says, "I fear for you,  lest perchance I have labored
in vain among you," I was moved to  exclaim: "Woe to the sins of men!  We shrink from them
only when  we are not accustomed to them.  As for those sins to which we are  accustomed --
although the blood of the Son of God was shed to  wash them away -- although they are so great
that the Kingdom of  God is wholly closed to them, yet, living with them often we come  to
tolerate them, and, tolerating them, we even practice some of  them!  But grant, O Lord, that we
do not practice any of them  which we could prohibit!"  I shall someday know whether
immoderate  indignation moved me here to speak rashly.


                        CHAPTER XXII

                   The Two Causes of Sin

    81.  I shall now mention what I have often discussed before  in other places in my short
treatises.[186]  We sin from two  causes: either from not seeing what we ought to do, or else
from  not doing what we have already seen we ought to do.  Of these two,  the first is ignorance
of the evil; the second, weakness.
    We must surely fight against both; but we shall as surely be  defeated unless we are divinely
helped, not only to see what we  ought to do, but also, as sound judgment increases, to make our
love of righteousness victor over our love of those things because  of which -- either by desiring
to possess them or by fearing to  lose them -- we fall, open-eyed, into known sin.  In this latter
case, we are not only sinners -- which we are even when we sin  through ignorance -- but also
lawbreakers: for we do not do what  we should, and we do what we know already we should not.
    Accordingly, we should pray for pardon if we have sinned, as  we do when we say, "Forgive
us our debts as we also forgive our  debtors." But we should also pray that God should guide us
away  from sin, and this we do when we say, "Lead us not into
temptation" -- and we should make our petitions to Him of whom it  is said in the psalm, "The
Lord is my light and my
salvation"[187]; that, as Light, he may take away our ignorance,  as Salvation, our weakness.
    82.  Now, penance itself is often omitted because of  weakness, even when in Church custom
there is an adequate reason  why it should be performed.  For shame is the fear of displeasing
men, when a man loves their good opinion more than he regards  judgment, which would make
him humble himself in penitence.   Wherefore, not only for one to repent, but also in order that he
may be enabled to do so, the mercy of God is prerequisite.   Otherwise, the apostle would not say
of some men, "In case God  giveth them repentance."[188]  And, similarly, that Peter might be
enabled to weep bitterly, the Evangelist tells, "The Lord looked  at him."[189]
    83.  But the man who does not believe that sins are forgiven  in the Church, who despises so
great a bounty of the divine gifts  and ends, and persists to his last day in such an obstinacy of
mind -- that man is guilty of the unpardonable sin against the  Holy Spirit, in whom Christ
forgiveth sins.[190]  I have discussed  this difficult question, as clearly as I could, in a little book
devoted exclusively to this very point.[191]


                       CHAPTER XXIII

             The Reality of the Resurrection

    84.  Now, with respect to the resurrection of the body -- and  by this I do not mean the cases
of resuscitation after which  people died again, but a resurrection to eternal life after the  fashion
of Christ's own body -- I have not found a way to discuss  it briefly and still give satisfactory
answers to all the  questions usually raised about it.  Yet no Christian should have  the slightest
doubt as to the fact that the bodies of all men,  whether already or yet to be born, whether dead or
still to die,  will be resurrected.
    85.  Once this fact is established, then, first of all, comes  the question about abortive fetuses,
which are indeed "born" in  the mother's womb, but are never so that they could be "reborn."
For, if we say that there is a resurrection for them, then we can  agree that at least as much is true
of fetuses that are fully  formed.  But, with regard to undeveloped fetuses, who would not  more
readily think that they perish, like seeds that did not  germinate?[192]
    But who, then, would dare to deny -- though he would not dare  to affirm it either -- that in
the resurrection day what is  lacking in the forms of things will be filled out?  Thus, the  perfection
which time would have accomplished will not be lacking,  any more than the blemishes wrought
by time will still be present.   Nature, then, will be cheated of nothing apt and fitting which  time's
passage would have brought, nor will anything remain  disfigured by anything adverse and
contrary which time has  wrought.  But what is not yet a whole will become whole, just as
what has been disfigured will be restored to its full figure.      86.  On this score, a corollary
question may be most  carefully discussed by the most learned men, and still I do not  know that
any man can answer it, namely: When does a human being  begin to live in the womb?  Is there
some form of hidden life, not  yet apparent in the motions of a living thing?  To deny, for
example, that those fetuses ever lived at all which are cut away  limb by limb and cast out of the
wombs of pregnant women, lest the  mothers die also if the fetuses were left there dead, would
seem  much too rash.  But, in any case, once a man begins to live, it is  thereafter possible for him
to die.  And, once dead, wheresoever  death overtook him, I cannot find the basis on which he
would not  have a share in the resurrection of the dead.
    87.  By the same token, the resurrection is not to be denied  in the cases of monsters which are
born and live, even if they  quickly die, nor should we believe that they will be raised as  they
were, but rather in an amended nature and free from faults.   Far be it from us to say of that
double-limbed man recently born  in the Orient -- about whom most reliable brethren have given
eyewitness reports and the presbyter Jerome, of holy memory, has  left a written account[193] --
far be it from us, I say, to  suppose that at the resurrection there will be one double man, and  not
rather two men, as there would have been if they had actually  been born twins.  So also in other
cases, which, because of some  excess or defect or gross deformity, are called monsters: at the
resurrection they will be restored to the normal human
physiognomy, so that every soul will have its own body and not two  bodies joined together, even
though they were born this way.   Every soul will have, as its own, all that is required to complete
a whole human body.
    88.  Moreover, with God, the earthly substance from which the  flesh of mortal man is
produced does not perish.  Instead, whether  it be dissolved into dust or ashes, or dispersed into
vapors and  the winds, or converted into the substance of other bodies (or  even back into the
basic elements themselves), or has served as  food for beasts or even men and been turned into
their flesh -- in  an instant of time this matter returns to the soul that first  animated it, and that
caused it to become a man, to live and to  grow.
    89.  This earthly matter which becomes a corpse upon the  soul's departure will not, at the
resurrection, be so restored  that the parts into which it was separated and which have become
parts of other things must necessarily return to the same parts of  the body in which they were
situated -- though they do return to  the body from which they were separated.  Otherwise, to
suppose  that the hair recovers what frequent clippings have taken off, or  the nails get back what
trimming has pared off, makes for a wild  and wholly unbecoming image in the minds of those
who speculate  this way and leads them thus to disbelieve in the resurrection.   But take the
example of a statue made of fusible metal: if it were  melted by heat or pounded into dust, or
reduced to a shapeless  mass, and an artist wished to restore it again from the mass of  the same
material, it would make no difference to the wholeness of  the restored statue which part of it was
remade of what part of  the metal, so long as the statue, as restored, had been given all  the
material of which it was originally composed.  Just so, God --  an artist who works in marvelous
and mysterious ways -- will  restore our bodies, with marvelous and mysterious celerity, out of
the whole of the matter of which it was originally composed.  And  it will make no difference, in
the restoration, whether hair  returns to hair and nails to nails, or whether the part of this  original
matter that had perished is turned back into flesh and  restored to other parts of the body.  The
main thing is that the  providence of the [divine] Artist takes care that nothing  unbecoming will
result.
    90.  Nor does it follow that the stature of each person will  be different when brought to life
anew because there were  differences in stature when first alive, nor that the lean will be  raised
lean or the fat come back to life in their former obesity.   But if this is in the Creator's plan, that
each shall retain his  special features and the proper and recognizable likeness of his  former self --
while an equality of physical endowment will be  preserved -- then the matter of which each
resurrection body is  composed will be so disposed that none shall be lost, and any  defect will be
supplied by Him who can create out of nothing as he  wills.
    But if in the bodies of those rising again there is to be an  intelligible inequality, such as
between voices that fill out a  chorus, this will be managed by disposing the matter of each body
so to bring men into their place in the angelic band and impose  nothing on their senses that is
inharmonious.  For surely nothing  unseemly will be there, and whatever is there will be fitting,
and  this because the unfitting will simply not be.
    91.  The bodies of the saints, then, shall rise again free  from blemish and deformity, just as
they will be also free from  corruption, encumbrance, or handicap.  Their facility [facilitas]  will be
as complete as their felicity [felicitas].  This is why  their bodies are called "spiritual," though
undoubtedly they will  be bodies and not spirits.  For just as now the body is called  "animate"
[animale], though it is a body and not a "spirit"  [anima], so then it will be a "spiritual body," but
still a body  and not a spirit.
    Accordingly, then, as far as the corruption which weighs down  the soul and the vices through
which "the flesh lusts against the  spirit"[194] are concerned, there will be no "flesh," but only
body, since there are bodies that are called "heavenly
bodies."[195]  This is why it is said, "Flesh and blood shall not  inherit the Kingdom of God," and
then, as if to expound what was  said, it adds, "Neither shall corruption inherit
incorruption."[196]  What the writer first called "flesh and  blood" he later called "corruption,"
and what he first called "the  Kingdom of God" he then later called "incorruption."
    But, as far as the substance of the resurrection body is  concerned, it will even then still be
"flesh." This is why the  body of Christ is called "flesh" even after the resurrection.   Wherefore
the apostle also says, "What is sown a natural body  [corpus animale] rises as a spiritual body
[corpus
spirituale]."[197]  For there will then be such a concord between  flesh and spirit -- the spirit
quickening the servant flesh  without any need of sustenance therefrom -- that there will be no
further conflict within ourselves.  And just as there will be no  more external enemies to bear with,
so neither shall we have to  bear with ourselves as enemies within.
    92.  But whoever are not liberated from that mass of  perdition (brought to pass through the
first man) by the one  Mediator between God and man, they will also rise again, each in  his own
flesh, but only that they may be punished together with  the devil and his angels.  Whether these
men will rise again with  all their faults and deformities, with their diseased and deformed
members -- is there any reason for us to labor such a question?   For obviously the uncertainty
about their bodily form and beauty  need not weary us, since their damnation is certain and
eternal.   And let us not be moved to inquire how their body can be
incorruptible if it can suffer -- or corruptible if it cannot die.   For there is no true life unless it be
lived in happiness; no true  incorruptibility save where health is unscathed by pain.  But  where an
unhappy being is not allowed to die, then death itself,  so to say, dies not; and where pain
perpetually afflicts but never  destroys, corruption goes on endlessly.  This state is called, in
the Scripture, "the second death."[198]
    93.  Yet neither the first death, in which the soul is  compelled to leave its body, nor the
second death, in which it is  not allowed to leave the body undergoing punishment, would have
befallen man if no one had sinned.  Surely, the lightest of all  punishments will be laid on those
who have added no further sin to  that originally contracted.  Among the rest, who have added
further Sins to that one, they will suffer a damnation somewhat  more tolerable in proportion to
the lesser degree of their  iniquity.


                        CHAPTER XXIV

      The Solution to Present Spiritual Enigmas to Be
          Awaited in the Life of the World To Come

    94.  And thus it will be that while the reprobated angels and  men go on in their eternal
punishment, the saints will go on  learning more fully the blessings which grace has bestowed
upon  them.  Then, through the actual realities of their experience,  they will see more clearly the
meaning of what is written in The  Psalms: "I will sing to thee of mercy and judgment, O
Lord"[199]  -- since no one is set free save by unmerited mercy and no one is  damned save by a
merited condemnation.
    95.  Then what is now hidden will not be hidden: when one of  two infants is taken up by
God's mercy and the other abandoned  through God's judgment -- and when the chosen one
knows what would  have been his just deserts in judgment -- why was the one chosen  rather than
the other, when the condition of the two was the same?   Or again, why were miracles not
wrought in the presence of certain  people who would have repented in the face of miraculous
works,  while miracles were wrought in the presence of those who were not  about to believe.
For our Lord saith most plainly: "Woe to you,  Chorazin; woe to you, Bethsaida.  For if in Tyre
and Sidon had  been wrought the miracles done in your midst, they would have  repented long
ago in sackcloth and ashes."[200]  Now, obviously,  God did not act unjustly in not willing their
salvation, even  though they could have been saved, if he willed it so.[201]      Then, in the
clearest light of wisdom, will be seen what now  the pious hold by faith, not yet grasping it in
clear
understanding -- how certain, immutable, and effectual is the will  of God, how there are things he
can do but doth not will to do,  yet willeth nothing he cannot do, and how true is what is sung in
the psalm: "But our God is above in heaven; in heaven and on earth  he hath done all things
whatsoever that he would."[202]  This  obviously is not true, if there is anything that he willed to
do  and did not do, or, what were worse, if he did not do something  because man's will prevented
him, the Omnipotent, from doing what  he willed.  Nothing, therefore, happens unless the
Omnipotent  wills it to happen.  He either allows it to happen or he actually  causes it to happen.
    96.  Nor should we doubt that God doth well, even when he  alloweth whatever happens ill to
happen.  For he alloweth it only  through a just judgment -- and surely all that is just is good.
Therefore, although evil, in so far as it is evil, is not good,  still it is a good thing that not only
good things exist but evil  as well.  For if it were not good that evil things exist, they  would
certainly not be allowed to exist by the Omnipotent Good,  for whom it is undoubtedly as easy not
to allow to exist what he  does not will, as it is for him to do what he does will.
    Unless we believe this, the very beginning of our Confession  of Faith is imperiled -- the
sentence in which we profess to  believe in God the Father Almighty.  For he is called Almighty
for  no other reason than that he can do whatsoever he willeth and  because the efficacy of his
omnipotent will is not impeded by the  will of any creature.
    97.  Accordingly, we must now inquire about the meaning of  what was said most truly by the
apostle concerning God, "Who  willeth that all men should be saved."[203]  For since not all --
not even a majority -- _are_ saved, it would indeed appear that  the fact that what God willeth to
happen does not happen is due to  an embargo on God's will by the human will.
    Now, when we ask for the reason why not all are saved, the  customary answer is: "Because
they themselves have not willed it."  But this cannot be said of infants, who have not yet come to
the  power of willing or not willing.  For, if we could attribute to  their wills the infant squirmings
they make at baptism, when they  resist as hard as they can, we would then have to say that they
were saved against their will.  But the Lord's language is clearer  when, in the Gospel, he
reproveth the unrighteous city: "How  often," he saith, "would I have gathered your children
together,  as a hen gathers her chicks, and you would not."[204]  This sounds  as if God's will had
been overcome by human wills and as if the  weakest, by not willing, impeded the Most Powerful
so that he  could not do what he willed.  And where is that omnipotence by  which "whatsoever
he willed in heaven and on earth, he has done,"  if he willed to gather the children of Jerusalem
together, and did  not do so?  Or, is it not rather the case that, although Jerusalem  did not will
that her children be gathered together by him, yet,  despite her unwillingness, God did indeed
gather together those  children of hers whom he would?  It is not that "in heaven and on  earth" he
hath willed and done some things, and willed other  things and not done them.  Instead, "all things
whatsoever he  willed, he hath done."


                        CHAPTER XXV

          Predestination and the Justice of God

    98.  Furthermore, who would be so impiously foolish as to say  that God cannot turn the evil
wills of men -- as he willeth, when  he willeth, and where he willeth -- toward the good?  But,
when he  acteth, he acteth through mercy; when he doth not act, it is  through justice.  For, "he
hath mercy on whom he willeth; and whom  he willeth, he hardeneth."[205]
    Now when the apostle said this, he was commending grace, of  which he had just spoken in
connection with the twin children in  Rebecca's womb: "Before they had yet been born, or had
done  anything good or bad, in order that the electing purpose of God  might continue -- not
through works but through the divine calling  -- it was said of them, 'The elder shall serve the
younger.'  "[206] Accordingly, he refers to another prophetic witness, where  it is written, "Jacob
I loved, but Esau have I hated."[207]  Then,  realizing how what he said could disturb those
whose understanding  could not penetrate to this depth of grace, he adds: "What  therefore shall
we say to this?  Is there unrighteousness in God?   God forbid!"[208]  Yet it does seem unfair
that, without any merit  derived from good works or bad, God should love the one and hate
the other.  Now, if the apostle had wished us to understand that  there were future good deeds of
the one, and evil deeds of the  other -- which God, of course, foreknew -- he would never have
said "not of good works" but rather "of _future_ works." Thus he  would have solved the
difficulty; or, rather, he would have left  no difficulty to be solved.  As it is, however, when he
went on to  exclaim, "God forbid!" -- that is, "God forbid that there should  be unfairness in God"
-- he proceeds immediately to add (to prove  that no unfairness in God is involved here), "For he
says to  Moses, 'I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will  show pity to whom I
will show pity.'"[209] Now, who but a fool  would think God unfair either when he imposes penal
judgment on  the deserving or when he shows mercy to the undeserving?  Finally,  the apostle
concludes and says, "Therefore, it is not a question  of him who wills nor of him who runs but of
God's showing  mercy."[210]
    Thus, both the twins were "by nature children of wrath,"[211]  not because of any works of
their own, but because they were both  bound in the fetters of damnation originally forged by
Adam.  But  He who said, "I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy," loved  Jacob in
unmerited mercy, yet hated Esau with merited justice.   Since this judgment [of wrath] was due
them both, the former  learned from what happened to the other that the fact that he had  not,
with equal merit, incurred the same penalty gave him no  ground to boast of his own distinctive
merits -- but, instead,  that he should glory in the abundance of divine grace, because "it  is not a
question of him who wills nor of him who runs, but of  God's showing mercy."[212]  And, indeed,
the whole visage of  Scripture and, if I may speak so, the lineaments of its
countenance, are found to exhibit a mystery, most profound and  salutary, to admonish all who
carefully look thereupon "that he  who glories, should glory in the Lord."[213]
    99.  Now, after the apostle had commended God's mercy in  saying, "So then, there is no
question of him who wills nor of him  who runs, but of God's showing mercy," next in order he
intends to  speak also of his judgment -- for where his mercy is not shown, it  is not unfairness but
justice.  For with God there is no
injustice.  Thus, he immediately added, "For the Scripture says to  Pharaoh, 'For this very purpose
I raised you up, that I may show  through you my power, and that my name may be proclaimed in
all  the earth."[214]  Then, having said this, he draws a conclusion  that looks both ways, that is,
toward mercy and toward judgment:  "Therefore," he says, "he hath mercy on whom he willeth,
and whom  he willeth he hardeneth." He showeth mercy out of his great  goodness; he hardeneth
out of no unfairness at all.  In this way,  neither does he who is saved have a basis for glorying in
any  merit of his own; nor does the man who is damned have a basis for  complaining of anything
except what he has fully merited.  For  grace alone separates the redeemed from the lost, all
having been  mingled together in the one mass of perdition, arising from a  common cause which
leads back to their common origin.  But if any  man hears this in such a way as to say: "Why then
does he find  fault?  For who resists his will?"[215] -- as if to make it seem  that man should not
therefore be blamed for being evil _because_  God "hath mercy on whom he willeth and whom he
willeth he  hardeneth" -- God forbid that we should be ashamed to give the  same reply as we see
the apostle giving: "O man, who are you to  reply to God?  Does the molded object say to the
molder, 'Why have  you made me like this?'  Or is not the potter master of his clay,  to make from
the same mass one vessel for honorable, another for  ignoble, use?"[216]
    There are some stupid men who think that in this part of the  argument the apostle had no
answer to give; and, for lack of a  reasonable rejoinder, simply rebuked the audacity of his
gainsayer.  But what he said -- "O man, who are you?" -- has  actually great weight and in an
argument like this recalls man, in  a single word, to consider the limits of his capacity and, at the
same time, supplies an important explanation.
    For if one does not understand these matters, who is he to  talk back to God?  And if one does
understand, he finds no better  ground even then for talking back.  For if he understands, he sees
that the whole human race was condemned in its apostate head by a  divine judgment so just that
not even if a single member of the  race were ever saved from it, no one could rail against God's
justice.  And he also sees that those who are saved had to be  saved on such terms that it would
show -- by contrast with the  greater number of those not saved but simply abandoned to their
wholly just damnation -- what the whole mass deserved and to what  end God's merited judgment
would have brought them, had not his  undeserved mercy interposed.  Thus every mouth of those
disposed  to glory in their own merits should be stopped, so that "he that  glories may glory in the
Lord."[217]


                        CHAPTER XXVI

           The Triumph of God's Sovereign Good Will

    100.  These are "the great works of the Lord, well-considered  in all his acts of will"[218] --
and so wisely well-considered  that when his angelic and human creation sinned (that is, did not
do what he willed, but what it willed) he could still accomplish  what he himself had willed and
this through the same creaturely  will by which the first act contrary to the Creator's will had  been
done.  As the Supreme Good, he made good use of evil deeds,  for the damnation of those whom
he had justly predestined to  punishment and for the salvation of those whom he had mercifully
predestined to grace.
    For, as far as they were concerned, they did what God did not  will that they do, but as far as
God's omnipotence is concerned,  they were quite unable to achieve their purpose.  In their very
act of going against his will, his will was thereby accomplished.   This is the meaning of the
statement, "The works of the Lord are  great, well-considered in all his acts of will" -- that in a
strange and ineffable fashion even that which is done against his  will is not done without his will.
For it would not be done  without his allowing it -- and surely his permission is not  unwilling but
willing -- nor would he who is good allow the evil  to be done, unless in his omnipotence he could
bring good even out  of evil.
    101.  Sometimes, however, a man of good will wills something  that God doth not will, even
though God's will is much more, and  much more certainly, good -- for under no circumstances
can it  ever be evil.  For example, it is a good son's will that his  father live, whereas it is God's
good will that he should die.   Or, again, it can happen that a man of evil will can will  something
that God also willeth with a good will -- as, for  example, a bad son wills that his father die and
this is also  God's will.  Of course, the former wills what God doth not will,  whereas the latter
does will what God willeth.  Yet the piety of  the one, though he wills not what God willeth, is
more consonant  with God's will than is the impiety of the other, who wills the  same thing that
God willeth.  There is a very great difference  between what is fitting for man to will and what is
fitting for  God -- and also between the ends to which a man directs his will  -- and this difference
determines whether an act of will is to be  approved or disapproved.  Actually, God achieveth
some of his  purposes -- which are, of course, all good -- through the evil  wills of bad men.  For
example, it was through the ill will of the  Jews that, by the good will of the Father, Christ was
slain for us  -- a deed so good that when the apostle Peter would have nullified  it he was called
"Satan" by him who had come in order to be  slain.[219]  How good seemed the purposes of the
pious faithful  who were unwilling that the apostle Paul should go to Jerusalem,  lest there he
should suffer the things that the prophet Agabus had  predicted![220]  And yet God had willed
that he should suffer  these things for the sake of the preaching of Christ, and for the  training of a
martyr for Christ.  And this good purpose of his he  achieved, not through the good will of the
Christians, but through  the ill will of the Jews.  Yet they were more fully his who did  not will
what he willed than were those who were willing
instruments of his purpose -- for while he and the latter did the  very same thing, he worked
through them with a good will, whereas  they did his good will with their ill will.
    102.  But, however strong the wills either of angels or of  men, whether good or evil, whether
they will what God willeth or  will something else, the will of the Omnipotent is always
undefeated.  And this will can never be evil, because even when it  inflicts evils, it is still just; and
obviously what is just is  not evil.  Therefore, whether through pity "he hath mercy on whom
he willeth," or in justice "whom he willeth, he hardeneth," the  omnipotent God never doth
anything except what he doth will, and  doth everything that he willeth.


                       CHAPTER XXVII

         Limits of God's Plan for Human Salvation

    103.  Accordingly, when we hear and read in sacred Scripture  that God "willeth that all men
should be saved,"[221] although we  know well enough that not all men are saved, we are not on
that  account to underrate the fully omnipotent will of God.  Rather, we  must understand the
Scripture, "Who will have all men to be  saved," as meaning that no man is saved unless God
willeth his  salvation: not that there is no man whose salvation he doth not  will, but that no one is
saved unless He willeth it.  Moreover,  his will should be sought in prayer, because if he willeth,
then  what he willeth must necessarily be.  And, indeed, it was of  prayer to God that the apostle
was speaking when he made that  statement.  Thus, we are also to understand what is written in
the  Gospel about Him "who enlighteneth every man."[222]  This means  that there is no man who
is enlightened except by God.
    In any case, the word concerning God, "who will have all men  to be saved," does not mean
that there is no one whose salvation  he doth not will -- he who was unwilling to work miracles
among  those who, he said, would have repented if he had wrought them --  but by "all men" we
are to understand the whole of mankind, in  every single group into which it can be divided: kings
and  subjects; nobility and plebeians; the high and the low; the  learned and unlearned; the healthy
and the sick; the bright, the  dull, and the stupid; the rich, the poor, and the middle class;
males, females, infants, children, the adolescent, young adults  and middle-aged and very old; of
every tongue and fashion, of all  the arts, of all professions, with the countless variety of wills  and
minds and all the other things that differentiate people.  For  from which of these groups doth not
God will that some men from  every nation should be saved through his only begotten Son our
Lord?  Therefore, he doth save them since the Omnipotent cannot  will in vain, whatsoever he
willeth.
    Now, the apostle had enjoined that prayers should be offered  "for all men"[223] and especially
"for kings and all those of  exalted station,"[224] whose worldly pomp and pride could be
supposed to be a sufficient cause for them to despise the humility  of the Christian faith.  Then,
continuing his argument, "for this  is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour"[225]--
that is, to pray even for such as these [kings] -- the apostle, to  remove any warrant for despair,
added, "Who willeth that all men  be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth."[226]  Truly,
then, God hath judged it good that through the prayers of the  lowly he would deign to grant
salvation to the exalted -- a  paradox we have already seen exemplified.  Our Lord also useth the
same manner of speech in the Gospel, where he saith to the  Pharisees, "You tithe mint and rue
and every herb."[227]   Obviously, the Pharisees did not tithe what belonged to others,  nor all the
herbs of all the people of other lands.  Therefore,  just as we should interpret "every herb" to
mean "every kind of  herb," so also we can interpret "all men" to mean "all kinds of  men." We
could interpret it in any other fashion, as long as we  are not compelled to believe that the
Omnipotent hath willed  anything to be done which was not done.  "He hath done all things
in heaven and earth, whatsoever he willed,"[228] as Truth sings of  him, and surely he hath not
willed to do anything that he hath not  done.  There must be no equivocation on this point.


                       CHAPTER XXVIII

                     The Destiny of Man

    104.  Consequently, God would have willed to preserve even  the first man in that state of
salvation in which he was created  and would have brought him in due season, after the begetting
of  children, to a better state without the intervention of death --  where he not only would have
been unable to sin, but would not  have had even the will to sin -- if he had foreknown that man
would have had a steadfast will to continue without sin, as he had  been created to do.  But since
he did foreknow that man would make  bad use of his free will -- that is, that he would sin -- God
prearranged his own purpose so that he could do good to man, even  in man's doing evil, and so
that the good will of the Omnipotent  should be nullified by the bad will of men, but should
nonetheless  be fulfilled.
    105.  Thus it was fitting that man should be created, in the  first place, so that he could will
both good and evil -- not  without reward, if he willed the good; not without punishment, if
he willed the evil.  But in the future life he will not have the  power to will evil; and yet this will
not thereby restrict his  free will.  Indeed, his will will be much freer, because he will  then have no
power whatever to serve sin.  For we surely ought not  to find fault with such a will, nor say it is
no will, or that it  is not rightly called free, when we so desire happiness that we  not only are
unwilling to be miserable, but have no power  whatsoever to will it.
    And, just as in our present state, our soul is unable to will  unhappiness for ourselves, so then
it will be forever unable to  will iniquity.  But the ordered course of God's plan was not to be
passed by, wherein he willed to show how good the rational  creature is that is able not to sin,
although one unable to sin is  better.[229]  So, too, it was an inferior order of immortality --  but
yet it was immortality -- in which man was capable of not  dying, even if the higher order which is
to be is one in which man  will be incapable of dying.[230]
    106.  Human nature lost the former kind of immortality  through the misuse of free will.  It is
to receive the latter  through grace -- though it was to have obtained it through merit,  if it had
not sinned.  Not even then, however, could there have  been any merit without grace.  For
although sin had its origin in  free will alone, still free will would not have been sufficient to
maintain justice, save as divine aid had been afforded man, in the  gift of participation in the
immutable good.  Thus, for example,  the power to die when he wills it is in a man's own hands --
since  there is no one who could not kill himself by not eating (not to  mention other means).  But
the bare will is not sufficient for  maintaining life, if the aids of food and other means of
preservation are lacking.
    Similarly, man in paradise was capable of self-destruction by  abandoning justice by an act of
will; yet if the life of justice  was to be maintained, his will alone would not have sufficed,  unless
He who made him had given him aid.  But, after the Fall,  God's mercy was even more abundant,
for then the will itself had  to be freed from the bondage in which sin and death are the  masters.
There is no way at all by which it can be freed by  itself, but only through God's grace, which is
made effectual in  the faith of Christ.  Thus, as it is written, even the will by  which "the will itself
is prepared by the Lord"[231] so that we  may receive the other gifts of God through which we
come to the  Gift eternal -- this too comes from God.
    107.  Accordingly, even the life eternal, which is surely the  wages of good works, is called a
_gift_ of God by the apostle.   "For the wages of sin," he says, "is death; but the gift of God is
eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord."[232]  Now, wages for  military service are paid as a just
debit, not as a gift.  Hence,  he said "the wages of sin is death," to show that death was not an
unmerited pun ishment for sin but a just debit.  But a gift,  unless it be gratuitous, is not grace.
We are, therefore, to  understand that even man's merited goods are gifts from God, and  when
life eternal is given through them, what else do we have but  "grace upon grace returned"[233]?
    Man was, therefore, made upright, and in such a fashion that  he could either continue in that
uprightness -- though not without  divine aid -- or become perverted by his own choice.
Whichever of  these two man had chosen, God's will would be done, either by man  or at least
_concerning_ him.  Wherefore, since man chose to do  his own will instead of God's, God's will
_concerning_ him was  done; for, from the same mass of perdition that flowed out of that
common source, God maketh "one vessel for honorable, another for  ignoble use"[234]; the ones
for honorable use through his mercy,  the ones for ignoble use through his judgment; lest anyone
glory  in man, or -- what is the same thing -- in himself.
    108.  Now, we could not be redeemed, even through "the one  Mediator between God and
man, Man himself, Christ Jesus,"[235] if  he were not also God.  For when Adam was made --
being made an  upright man -- there was no need for a mediator.  Once sin,  however, had widely
separated the human race from God, it was  necessary for a mediator, who alone was born, lived,
and was put  to death without sin, to reconcile us to God, and provide even for  our bodies a
resurrection to life eternal -- and all this in order  that man's pride might be exposed and healed
through God's  humility.  Thus it might be shown man how far he had departed from  God, when
by the incarnate God he is recalled to God; that man in  his contumacy might be furnished an
example of obedience by the  God-Man; that the fount of grace might be opened up; that even the
resurrection of the body -- itself promised to the redeemed --  might be previewed in the
resurrection of the Redeemer himself;  that the devil might be vanquished by that very nature he
was  rejoicing over having deceived -- all this, however, without  giving man ground for glory in
himself, lest pride spring up anew.   And if there are other advantages accruing from so great a
mystery  of the Mediator, which those who profit from them can see or  testify -- even if they
cannot be described -- let them be added  to this list.


                        CHAPTER XXIX

                      "The Last Things"

    109.  Now, for the time that intervenes between man's death  and the final resurrection, there is
a secret shelter for his  soul, as each is worthy of rest or affliction according to what it  has
merited while it lived in the body.
    110.  There is no denying that the souls of the dead are  benefited by the piety of their living
friends, when the sacrifice  of the Mediator is offered for the dead, or alms are given in the
church. But these means benefit only those who, when they were  living, have merited that such
services could be of help to them.   For there is a mode of life that is neither so good as not to
need  such helps after death nor so bad as not to gain benefit from them  after death.  There is,
however, a good mode of life that does not  need such helps, and, again, one so thoroughly bad
that, when such  a man departs this life, such helps avail him nothing.  It is  here, then, in this life,
that all merit or demerit is acquired  whereby a man's condition in the life hereafter is improved or
worsened.  Therefore, let no one hope to obtain any merit with God  after he is dead that he has
neglected to obtain here in this  life.
    So, then, those means which the Church constantly uses in  interceding for the dead are not
opposed to that statement of the  apostle when he said, "For all of us shall stand before the
tribunal of Christ, so that each may receive according to what he  has done in the body, whether
good or evil."[236]  For each man  has for himself while living in the body earned the merit
whereby  these means can benefit him [after death].  For they do not  benefit all.  And yet why
should they not benefit all, unless it  be because of the different kinds of lives men lead in the
body?   Accordingly, when sacrifices, whether of the altar or of alms, are  offered for the baptized
dead, they are thank offerings for the  very good, propitiations for the not-so-very-bad [non valde
malis], and, as for the very bad -- even if they are of no help to  the dead -- they are at least a sort
of consolation to the living.   Where they are of value, their benefit consists either in  obtaining a
full forgiveness or, at least, in making damnation  more tolerable.
    111.  After the resurrection, however, when the general  judgment has been held and finished,
the boundary lines will be  set for the two cities: the one of Christ, the other of the devil;  one for
the good, the other for the bad -- both including angels  and men.  In the one group, there will be
no will to sin, in the  other, no power to sin, nor any further possibility of dying.  The  citizens of
the first commonwealth will go on living truly and  happily in life eternal.  The second will go on,
miserable in  death eternal, with no power to die to it.  The condition of both  societies will then
be fixed and endless.  But in the first city,  some will outrank others in bliss, and in the second,
some will  have a more tolerable burden of misery than others.
    112.  It is quite in vain, then, that some -- indeed very  many -- yield to merely human feelings
and deplore the notion of  the eternal punishment of the damned and their interminable and
perpetual misery.  They do not believe that such things will be.   Not that they would go counter
to divine Scripture -- but,  yielding to their own human feelings, they soften what seems harsh
and give a milder emphasis to statements they believe are meant  more to terrify than to express
the literal truth.  "God will not  forget," they say, "to show mercy, nor in his anger will he shut  up
his mercy." This is, in fact, the text of a holy psalm.[237]   But there is no doubt that it is to be
interpreted to refer to  those who are called "vessels of mercy,"[238] those who are freed  from
misery not by their own merits but through God's mercy.  Even  so, if they suppose that the text
applies to all men, there is no  ground for them further to suppose that there can be an end for
those of whom it is said, "Thus these shall go into everlasting  punishment."[239]  Otherwise, it
can as well be thought that there  will also be an end to the happiness of those of whom the
antithesis was said: "But the righteous into life eternal."      But let them suppose, if it pleases
them, that, for certain  intervals of time, the punishments of the damned are somewhat  mitigated.
Even so, the wrath of God must be understood as still  resting on them.  And this is damnation --
for this anger, which  is not a violent passion in the divine mind, is called "wrath" in  God.  Yet
even in his wrath -- his wrath resting on them -- he  does not "shut up his mercy." This is not to
put an end to their  eternal afflictions, but rather to apply or interpose some little  respite in their
torments.  For the psalm does not say, "To put an  end to his wrath," or, "_After_ his wrath," but,
"_In_ his wrath."  Now, if this wrath were all there is [in man's damnation], and  even if it were
present only in the slightest degree conceivable  -- still, to be lost out of the Kingdom of God, to
be an exile  from the City of God, to be estranged from the life of God, to  suffer loss of the great
abundance of God's blessings which he has  hidden for those who fear him and prepared for those
who hope in  him[240] -- this would be a punishment so great that, if it be  eternal, no torments
that we know could be compared to it, no  matter how many ages they continued.
    113.  The eternal death of the damned -- that is, their  estrangement from the life of God -- will
therefore abide without  end, and it will be common to them all, no matter what some  people,
moved by their human feelings, may wish to think about  gradations of punishment, or the relief or
intermission of their  misery.  In the same way, the eternal life of the saints will  abide forever, and
also be common to all of them no matter how  different the grades of rank and honor in which
they shine forth  in their effulgent harmony.


                        CHAPTER XXX

    The Principles of Christian Living: Faith and Hope

    114.  Thus, from our confession of _faith_, briefly
summarized in the Creed (which is milk for babes when pondered at  the carnal level but food for
strong men when it is considered and  studied spiritually), there is born the good _hope_ of the
faithful, accompanied by a holy _love_.[241]  But of these  affirmations, all of which ought
_faithfully_ to be believed, only  those which have to do with _hope_ are contained in the Lord's
Prayer.  For "cursed is everyone," as the divine eloquence  testified, "who rests his hope in
man."[242]  Thus, he who rests  his hope in himself is bound by the bond of this curse.
Therefore, we should seek from none other than the Lord God  whatever it is that we hope to do
well, or hope to obtain as  reward for our good works.
    115.  Accordingly, in the Evangelist Matthew, the Lord's  Prayer may be seen to contain seven
petitions: three of them ask  for eternal goods, the other four for temporal goods, which are,
however, necessary for obtaining the eternal goods.
    For when we say: "Hallowed be thy name.  Thy Kingdom come.   Thy will be done on earth,
as it is in heaven"[243] -- this last  being wrongly interpreted by some as meaning "in body and
spirit"  -- these blessings will be retained forever.  They begin in this  life, of course; they are
increased in us as we make progress, but  in their perfection -- which is to be hoped for in the
other life  -- they will be possessed forever!  But when we say: "Give us this  day our daily bread.
And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our  debtors.  And lead us not into temptation, but deliver
us from  evil,"[244] who does not see that all these pertain to our needs  in the present life?  In
that life eternal -- where we all hope to  be -- the hallowing of God's name, his Kingdom, and his
will, in  our spirit and body will abide perfectly and immortally.  But in  this life we ask for "daily
bread" because it is necessary, in the  measure required by soul and body, whether we take the
term in a  spiritual or bodily sense, or both.  And here too it is that we  petition for forgiveness,
where the sins are committed; here too  are the temptations that allure and drive us to sinning;
here,  finally, the evil from which we wish to be freed.  But in that  other world none of these
things will be found.
    116.  However, the Evangelist Luke, in his version of the  Lord's Prayer, has brought together,
not seven, but five
petitions.  Yet, obviously, there is no discrepancy here, but  rather, in his brief way, the Evangelist
has shown us how the  seven petitions should be understood.  Actually, God's name is  even now
hallowed in the spirit, but the Kingdom of God is yet to  come in the resurrection of the body.
Therefore, Luke was seeking  to show that the third petition ["Thy will be done"] is a  repetition
of the first two, and makes this better understood by  omitting it.  He then adds three other
petitions, concerning daily  bread, forgiveness of sins, and avoidance of temptation.[245]
However, what Matthew puts in the last place, "But deliver us from  evil," Luke leaves out, in
order that we might understand that it  was included in what was previously said about
temptation.  This  is, indeed, why Matthew said, "_But_ deliver us," instead of,  "_And_ deliver
us," as if to indicate that there is only one  petition -- "Will not this, but that" -- so that anyone
would  realize that he is being delivered from evil in that he is not  being led into temptation.


                        CHAPTER XXXI

                            Love

    117.  And now regarding _love_, which the apostle says is  greater than the other two -- that
is, faith and hope -- for the  more richly it dwells in a man, the better the man in whom it  dwells.
For when we ask whether someone is a good man, we are not  asking what he believes, or hopes,
but what he loves.  Now, beyond  all doubt, he who loves aright believes and hopes rightly.
Likewise, he who does not love believes in vain, even if what he  believes is true; he hopes in vain,
even if what he hopes for is  generally agreed to pertain to true happiness, unless he believes  and
hopes for this: that he may through prayer obtain the gift of  love.  For, although it is true that he
cannot hope without love,  it may be that there is something without which, if he does not
love it, he cannot realize the object of his hopes.  An example of  this would be if a man hopes for
life eternal -- and who is there  who does not love that? -- and yet does not love _righteousness_,
without which no one comes to it.
    Now this is the true faith of Christ which the apostle  commends: faith that works through
love.  And what it yet lacks in  love it asks that it may receive, it seeks that it may find, and
knocks that it may be opened unto it.[246]  For faith achieves  what the law commands [fides
namque impetrat quod lex imperat].   And, without the gift of God -- that is, without the Holy
Spirit,  through whom love is shed abroad in our hearts -- the law may bid  but it cannot aid
[jubere lex poterit, non juvare].  Moreover, it  can make of man a transgressor, who cannot then
excuse himself by  pleading ignorance.  For appetite reigns where the love of God  does not.[247]
    118.  When, in the deepest shadows of ignorance, he lives  according to the flesh with no
restraint of reason -- this is the  primal state of man.[248]  Afterward, when "through the law the
knowledge of sin"[249] has come to man, and the Holy Spirit has  not yet come to his aid -- so
that even if he wishes to live  according to the law, he is vanquished -- man sins knowingly and  is
brought under the spell and made the slave of sin, "for by  whatever a man is vanquished, of this
master he is the
slave"[250].  The effect of the knowledge of the law is that sin  works in man the whole round of
concupiscence, which adds to the  guilt of the first transgression.  And thus it is that what was
written is fulfilled: "The law entered in, that the offense might  abound."[251]  This is the
_second_ state of man.[252]
    But if God regards a man with solicitude so that he then  believes in God's help in fulfilling His
commands, and if a man  begins to be led by the Spirit of God, then the mightier power of  love
struggles against the power of the flesh.[253]  And although  there is still in man a power that
fights against him -- his  infirmity being not yet fully healed -- yet he [the righteous man]
lives by faith and lives righteously in so far as he does not  yield to evil desires, conquering them
by his love of
righteousness.  This is the _third_ stage of the man of good hope.      A final peace is in store for
him who continues to go forward  in this course toward perfection through steadfast piety.  This
will be perfected beyond this life in the repose of the spirit,  and, at the last, in the resurrection of
the body.
    Of these four different stages of man, the first is before  the law, the second is under the law,
the third is under grace,  and the fourth is in full and perfect peace.  Thus, also, the  history of
God's people has been ordered by successive temporal  epochs, as it pleased God, who "ordered
all things in measure and  number and weight."[254]  The first period was before the law; the
second under the law, which was given through Moses; the next,  under grace which was revealed
through the first Advent of the  Mediator."[255]  This grace was not previously absent from those
to whom it was to be imparted, although, in conformity to the  temporal dispensations, it was
veiled and hidden.  For none of the  righteous men of antiquity could find salvation apart from the
faith of Christ.  And, unless Christ had also been known to them,  he could not have been
prophesied to us -- sometimes openly and  sometimes obscurely -- through their ministry.
    119.  Now, in whichever of these four "ages" -- if one can  call them that -- the grace of
regeneration finds a man, then and  there all his past sins are forgiven him and the guilt he
contracted in being born is removed by his being reborn.  And so  true is it that "the Spirit
breatheth where he willeth"[256] that  some men have never known the second "age" of slavery
under the  law, but begin to have divine aid directly under the new
commandment.
    120.  Yet, before a man can receive the commandment, he must,  of course, live according to
the flesh.  But, once he has been  imbued with the sacrament of rebirth, no harm will come to him
even if he then immediately depart this life -- "Wherefore on this  account Christ died and rose
again, that he might be the Lord of  both the living and the dead."'[257] Nor will the kingdom of
death  have dominion over him for whom He, who was "free among the  dead,"[258] died.


                       CHAPTER XXXII

                   The End of All the Law

    121.  All the divine precepts are, therefore, referred back  to _love_, of which the apostle says,
"Now the end of the  commandment is love, out of a pure heart, and a good conscience  and a
faith unfeigned."[259]  Thus every commandment harks back to  love.  For whatever one does
either in fear of punishment or from  some carnal impulse, so that it does not measure up to the
standard of love which the Holy Spirit sheds abroad in our hearts  -- whatever it is, it is not yet
done as it should be, although it  may seem to be.  Love, in this context, of course includes both
the love of God and the love of our neighbor and, indeed, "on  these two commandments hang all
the Law and the Prophets"[260] --  and, we may add, the gospel and the apostles, for from
nowhere  else comes the voice, "The end of the commandment is love,"[261]  and, "God is
love."[262]
    Therefore, whatsoever things God commands (and one of these  is, "Thou shalt not commit
adultery"[263]) and whatsoever things  are not positively ordered but are strongly advised as
good  spiritual counsel (and one of these is, "It is a good thing for a  man not to touch a
woman"[264]) -- all of these imperatives are  rightly obeyed only when they are measured by the
standard of our  love of God and our love of our neighbor in God [propter Deum].   This applies
both in the present age and in the world to come.   Now we love God in faith; then, at sight.  For,
though mortal men  ourselves, we do not know the hearts of mortal men.  But then "the  Lord will
illuminate the hidden things in the darkness and will  make manifest the cogitations of the heart;
and then shall each  one have his praise from God"[265] -- for what will be praised and  loved in a
neighbor by his neighbor is just that which, lest it  remain hidden, God himself will bring to light.
Moreover, passion  decreases as love increases[266] until love comes at last to that  fullness
which cannot be surpassed, "for greater love than this no  one has, that a man lay down his life for
his friends."[267]  Who,  then, can explain how great the power of love will be, when there  will
be no passion [cupiditas] for it to restrain or overcome?   For, then, the supreme state of true
health [summa sanitas] will  have been reached, when the struggle with death shall be no more.

                       CHAPTER XXXIII

                         Conclusion

    122.  But somewhere this book must have an end.  You can see  for yourself whether you
should call it an Enchiridion, or use it  as one.  But since I have judged that your zeal in Christ
ought  not to be spurned and since I believe and hope for good things for  you through the help of
our Redeemer, and since I love you greatly  as one of the members of his body, I have written this
book for  you -- may its usefulness match its prolixity! -- on Faith, Hope,  and Love.




                            NOTES

[1] 1 Cor. 1:20.
[2] Wis. 6:26 (Vulgate).
[3] Rom. 16:19.
[4] A later interpolation, not found in the best MSS., adds, "As  no one can exist from himself, so
also no one can be wise in  himself save only as he is enlightened by Him of whom it is  written,
'All wisdom is from God' [Ecclus. 1:1]."
[5] Job 28:28.
[6] A transliteration of the Greek, literally, a handbook or  manual.
[7] Cf. Gal. 5:6.
[8] Cf. 1 Cor. 13:10, 11.
[9] 1 Cor. 3:11.
[10] Already, very early in his ministry (397), Augustine had  written De agone Christiano, in
which he had reviewed and refuted  a full score of heresies threatening the orthodox faith.
[11] The Apostles' Creed.  Cf. Augustine's early essay On Faith  and the Creed.
[12] Joel 2:32.
[13] Rom. 10:14.
[14] Lucan, Pharsalia, II, 15.
[15] Virgil, Aeneid, IV, 419.  The context of this quotation is  Dido's lament over Aeneas'
prospective abandonment of her.  She is  saying that if she could have foreseen such a disaster,
she would  have been able to bear it.  Augustine's criticism here is a  literalistic quibble.
[16] Heb. 11:1.
[17] Sacra eloquia -- a favorite phrase of Augustine's for the  Bible.
[18] Rom. 8:24, 25 (Old Latin).
[19] James 2:19.
[20] One of the standard titles of early Greek philosophical  treatises would translate into Latin as
De rerum natura.  This is,  in fact, the title of Lucretius' famous poem, the greatest  philosophical
work written in classical Latin.
[21] This basic motif appears everywhere in Augustine's thought as  the very foundation of his
whole system.
[22] This section (Chs. III and IV) is the most explicit statement  of a major motif which pervades
the whole of Augustinian
metaphysics.  We see it in his earliest writings, Soliloquies, 1,  2, and De ordine, II, 7.  It is
obviously a part of the
Neoplatonic heritage which Augustine appropriated for his  Christian philosophy.  The good is
positive, constructive,  essential; evil is privative, destructive, parasitic on the good.   It has its
origin, not in nature, but in the will.  Cf.
Confessions, Bk. VII, Chs. III, V, XII-XVI; On Continence, 14-16;  On the Gospel of John,
Tractate XCVIII, 7; City of God, XI, 17;  XII, 7-9.
[23] Isa. 5:20.
[24] Matt. 12:35.
[25] This refers to Aristotle's well-known principle of "the  excluded middle."
[26] Matt. 7:18.
[27] Cf. Matt. 12:33.
[28] Virgil, Georgios, II, 490.
[29] Ibid., 479.
[30] Sed in via pedum, non in via morum.
[31] Virgil, Eclogue, VIII, 42.  The context of the passage is  Damon's complaint over his
faithless Nyssa; he is here remembering  the first time he ever saw her -- when he was twelve!  Cf.
Theocritus, II, 82.
[32] Cf. Matt. 5:37.
[33] Cf. Confessions, Bk. X, Ch. XXIII.
[34] Ad consentium contra mendacium, CSEL (J. Zycha, ed.), Vol.  41, pp. 469-528; also Migne,
PL, 40, c. 517-548; English
translation by H.B. Jaffee in Deferrari, St. Augustine: Treatises  on Various Subjects (The Fathers
of the Church, New York, 1952),  pp. 113-179.  This had been written about a year earlier than
the  Enchiridion.  Augustine had also written another treatise On Lying  much earlier, c. 395; see
De mendacio in CSEL (J. Zycha, ed.),  Vol. 41, pp. 413-466; Migne, PL, 40, c. 487-518; English
translation by M.S. Muldowney in Deferrari, op. cit., pp. 47-109.   This summary of his position
here represents no change of view  whatever on this question.
[35] Sallust, The War with Catiline, X, 6-7.
[36] Cf. Acts 12:9.
[37] Virgil, Aeneid, X, 392.
[38] This refers to one of the first of the Cassiciacum dialogues,  Contra Academicos.  The gist of
Augustine's refutation of  skepticism is in III, 23ff.  Throughout his whole career he  continued to
maintain this position: that certain knowledge begins  with self-knowledge.  Cf. Confessions, Bk.
V, Ch. X, 19; see also  City of God, XI, xxvii.
[39] Hab. 2:4; Rom. 1:17.
[40] A direct contrast between suspensus assenso -- the watchword  of the Academics -- and
assensio, the badge of Christian
certitude.
[41] See above, VII, 90.
[42] Matt. 5:37.
[43] Matt. 6:12.
[44] Rom. 5:12.
[45] Cf. Luke 20:36.
[46] Rom. 4:17.
[47] Wis. 11:20.
[48] 2 Peter 2:19.
[49] John 8:36.
[50] Eph. 2:8.
[51] 1 Cor. 7:25.
[52] Eph. 2:8, 9.
[53] Eph. 2:10.
[54] Cf. Gal. 6:15; I1 Cor. 5:17.
[55] Ps. 51:10.
[56] Phil. 2:13.
[57] Rom. 9:16.
[58] Prov. 8:35 (LXX).
[59] From the days at Cassiciacum till the very end, Augustine  toiled with the mystery of the
primacy of God's grace and the  reality of human freedom.  Of two things he was unwaveringly
sure,  even though they involved him in a paradox and the appearance of  confusion.  The first is
that God's grace is not only primary but  also sufficient as the ground and source of human
willing.  And  against the Pelagians and other detractors from grace, he did not  hesitate to insist
that grace is irresistible and inviolable.  Cf.  On Grace and Free Will, 99, 41-43; On the
Predestination of the  Saints, 19:10; On the Gift of Perseverance, 41; On the Soul and  Its Origin,
16; and even the Enchiridion, XXIV, 97.
    But he never drew from this deterministic emphasis the  conclusion that man is unfree and
everywhere roundly rejects the  not illogical corollary of his theonomism, that man's will counts
for little or nothing except as passive agent of God's will.  He  insists on responsibility on man's
part in responding to the  initiatives of grace.  For this emphasis, which is
characteristically directed to the faithful themselves, see On the  Psalms, LXVIII, 7-8; On the
Gospel of John, Tractate, 53:6-8; and  even his severest anti-Pelagian tracts: On Grace and Free
Will, 6- 8, 10, 31 and On Admonition and Grace, 2-8.
[60] Ps. 58:11 (Vulgate).
[61] Ps. 23:6.
[62] Cf. Matt. 5:44.
[63] The theme that he had explored in Confessions, Bks. I-IX.   See especially Bk. V, Chs. X,
XIII; Bk. VII, Ch. VIII; Bk. IX, Ch.  I.
[64] Cf. Ps. 90:9.
[65] Job 14:1.
[66] John 3:36.
[67] Eph. 2:3.
[68] Rom. 5:9, 10.
[69] Rom. 8:14.
[70] John 1:14.
[71] Rom. 3:20.
[72] Epistle CXXXVII, written in 412 in reply to a list of queries  sent to Augustine by the
proconsul of Africa.
[73] John 1:1.
[74] Phil. 2:6, 7.
[75] These metaphors for contrasting the "two natures" of Jesus  Christ were favorite figures of
speech in Augustine's
Christological thought.  Cf. On the Gospel of John, Tractate 78;  On the Trinity, I, 7; II, 2; IV,
19-20; VII, 3; New Testament  Sermons, 76, 14.
[76] Luke 1:28-30.
[77] John 1:14.
[78] Luke 1:35.
[79] Matt. 1:20.
[80] Rom. 1:3.
[81] Rom. 8:3.
[82] Cf. Hos. 4:8.
[83] I1 Cor. 5:20, 21.
[84] Virgil, Aeneid, II, 1, 20.
[85] Num. 21:7 (LXX).
[86] Matt. 2:20.
[87] Ex. 32:4.
[88] Rom. 5:12.
[89] Deut. 5:9.
[90] Ezek. 18:2.
[91] Ps. 51:5.
[92] 1 Tim. 2:5.
[93] Matt. 3:13.
[94] Luke 3:4; Isa. 40:3.
[95] Ps. 2:7; Heb. 5:5; cf. Mark 1:9-11.
[96] Rom. 5:16.
[97] Rom. 5:18.
[98] Rom. 6:1.
[99] Rom. 5:20.
[100] Rom. 6:2.
[101] Rom. 6:3.
[102] Rom. 6:4-11.
[103] Gal. 5:24.
[104] Col. 3:1-3.
[105] Col. 3:4.
[106] John 5:29.
[107] Ps. 54:1.
[108] Cf. Matt. 25:32, 33.
[109] Ps. 43:1.
[110] Reading the classical Latin form poscebat (as in Scheel and  PL) for the late form poxebat
(as in Riviere and many old MSS.). [111] Cf. Ps. 113:3.
[112] Here reading unum deum (with Riviere and PL) against deum  (in Scheel).
[113] A hyperbolic expression referring to "the saints."
Augustine's Scriptural backing for such an unusual phrase is Ps.  82:6 and John 10:34f.  But note
the firm distinction between ex  diis quos facit and non factus Deus.
[114] 1 Cor. 6:19.
[115] 1 Cor. 6:15.
[116] Col. 1:18.
[117] John 2:19.
[118] 2 Peter 2:4 (Old Latin).
[119] Heb. 1:13.
[120] Ps. 148:2 (LXX).
[121] Col. 1:16.
[122] Zech. 1:9.
[123] Matt. 1:20.
[124] Gen. 18:4; 19:2.
[125] Gen. 32:24.
[126] Rom. 8:31, 32.
[127] Cf. Eph. 1:10.
[128] Col. 1:19, 20.
[129] Cf. 1 Cor. 13:9, 12
[130] Cf. Luke 20:36.
[131] 1 Cor. 13:12.
[132] Cf. Luke 15:24.
[133] Rom. 8:14.
[134] 1 John 1:8.
[135] In actione poenitentiae; cf. Luther's similar conception of  poenitentiam agite in the 95
Theses and in De poenitentia. [136] Ps. 51:17.
[137] Ps. 38:9.
[138] I1 Cor. 1:22.
[139] Ecclus. 40:1 (Vulgate).
[140] 1 Cor. 11:31, 32.
[141] This chapter supplies an important clue to the date of the  Enchiridion and an interesting
side light on Augustine's
inclination to re-use "good material." In his treatise on The  Eight Questions of Dulcitius (De octo
Dulcitii quaestionibus), 1:  10-13, Augustine quotes this entire chapter as a part of his  answer to
the question whether those who sin after baptism are  ever delivered from hell.  The date of the
De octo is 422 or,  possibly, 423; thus we have a terminus ad quem for the date of the
Enchiridion.  Still the best text of De octo is Migne, PL, 40, c.  147-170, and the best English
translation is in Deferrari, St.  Augustine: Treatises on Various Subjects (The Fathers of the
Church, New York, 1952), pp. 427-466.
[142] A short treatise, written in 413, in which Augustine seeks  to combine the Pauline and
Jacobite emphases by analyzing what  kind of faith and what kind of works are _both_ essential to
salvation. The best text is that of Joseph Zycha in CSEL, Vol. 41,  pp. 35-97; but see also Migne,
PL, 40, c. 197-230.  There is an  English translation by C.L. Cornish in A Library of Fathers of
the  Holy Catholic Church; Seventeen Short Treatises, pp. 37-84. [143] Gal. 5:6.
[144] James 2:17.
[145] James 2:14.
[146] 1 Cor. 3:15.
[147] 1 Cor. 6:9, 10.
[148] 1 Cor. 3:11, 12.
[149] 1 Cor. 3:11-15.
[150] Ecclus. 27:5.
[151] Cf. 1 Cor. 7:32, 33
[152] See above, XVIII, 67.
[153] Matt. 25:34, 41.
[154] Ecclus. 15:20.
[155] John 3:5.
[156] Matt. 6:9-12.
[157] Cf. Luke 11 :41.
[158] This is a close approximation of the medieval lists of "The  Seven Works of Mercy." Cf.
J.T. McNeill, A History of the Cure of  Souls, pp. 155, 161.  (Harper & Brothers, 1951, New
York.) [159] Matt. 5:44.
[160] John 14:6.
[161] Matt. 6:14, 15.
[162] Luke 11:37-41.
[163] Acts 15:9.
[164] Titus 1:15.
[165] Ecclus. 30:24 (Vulgate).
[166] Rom. 5:16.
[167] Rom. 5:8.
[168] Luke 10:27.
[169] Luke 11:42.
[170] Matt. 23:26.
[171] Ps. 10:6 (Vulgate).
[172] Ps. 58:11 (Vulgate); cf. Ps. 59:10 (R.S.V.).
[173] 1 Cor. 7:5 (mixed text).
[174] 1 Cor. 6:1.
[175] 1 Cor. 6:4-6.
[176] 1 Cor. 6:7a.
[177] 1 Cor. 6:7b.
[178] Matt. 5:40.
[179] Luke 6:30.
[180] James 3:2 (Vulgate).
[181] Matt. 5:22, 23.
[182] Gal. 4:11 (Vulgate).
[183] Ps. 10:3 (Vulgate).
[184] Isa. 5:7 (LXX).
[185] Gen. 18:20 (Vulgate with one change).
[186] For example, Contra Faust., XXII, 78; De pecc. meritis et  remissione, I, xxxix, 70; ibid., II,
xxii, 26; Quaest. in  Heptateuch, 4:24; De libero arbitrio, 3:18, 55; De div. quaest.,  83:26; De
natura et gratia, 67:81; Contra duas ep. Pelag., I:3, 7;  I:13:27.
[187] Ps. 27:1.
[188] 2 Tim. 2:25 (mixed text).
[189] Cf. Luke 22:61.
[190] Cf. John 20:22, 23.
[191] This libellus is included in Augustine's Sermons (LXXI, PL,  38, col. 445-467), to which
Possidius gave the title De blasphemia  in Spiritum Sanctum.  English translation in N-PNF, 1st
Series,  Vol. VI, Sermon XXI, pp. 318-332.
[192] Sicut semina quae concepta non fuerint.
[193] Jerome, Epistle to Vitalis, Ep. LXXII, 2; PL, 22, 674.   Augustine also refers to similar
phenomena in The City of God,  XVI. viii, 2.
[194] Gal. 5:17.
[195] 1 Cor. 15:40.
[196] 1 Cor. 15:50.
[197] 1 Cor. 15:44.
[198] Rev. 2:11; 20:6, 14.
[199] Ps. 100:1 (Vulgate); cf. Ps. 101:1 (R.S.V.).
[200] Matt. 11:21.
[201] This is one of the rare instances in which a textual variant  in Augustine's text affects a basic
issue in the interpretation of  his doctrine.  All but one of the major old editions, up to and
including Migne, here read: Nec utique deus injuste noluit salvos  fiere eum possent salvi esse SI
VELLENT (if _they_ willed it).   This would mean the attribution of a decisive role in human
salvation to the human will and would thus stand out in bold  relief from his general stress in the
rest of the Enchiridion and  elsewhere on the primacy and even irresistibility of grace.  The
Jansenist edition of Augustine, by Arnauld in 1648, read SI VELLET  (if _He_ willed it) and the
reading became the subject of  acrimonious controversy between the Jansenists and the Molinists.
The Maurist edition reads si vellet, on the strength of much  additional MS. evidence that had not
been available up to that  time.  In modern times, the si vellet reading has come to have the
overwhelming support of the critical editors, although Riviere  still reads si vellent.  Cf. Scheel,
76-77 (See Bibl.); Riviere,  402-403; J.G. Krabinger, S. Aurelii Augustini Enchiridion  (Tubingen,
1861 ), p. 116; Faure-Passaglia, S. Aurelii Augustini  Enchiridion (Naples, 1847), p. 178; and H.
Hurter, Sanctorum  Patrum opuscula selecta (Innsbruck, 1895), p. 123.
[202] Cf. Ps. 113:11 (a mixed text; composed inexactly from Ps.  115:3 and Ps. 135:6; an
interesting instance of Augustine's sense  of liberty with the texts of Scripture.  Here he is
doubtless  quoting from memory).
[203] 1 Tim. 2:4.
[204] Matt. 23:37.
[205] Rom. 9:18.
[206] Rom. 9:11, 12.
[207] Cf. Mal. 1:2, 3 and Rom. 9:13.
[208] Rom. 9:14.
[209] Rom. 9:15.
[210] Rom. 9:15; see above, IX, 32.
[211] Eph. 2:3.
[212] Rom. 9:16.
[213] 1 Cor. 1 :31; cf. Jer. 9:24.  The _religious_ intention of  Augustine's emphasis upon divine
sovereignty and predestination is  never so much to account for the doom of the wicked as to
underscore the sheer and wonderful gratuity of salvation.
[214] Rom. 9:17; cf. Ex. 9:16.
[215] Rom. 9:19.
[216] Rom. 9:20, 21.
[217] 1 Cor. 1:31.
[218] Ps. 110:2 (Vulgate).
[219] Matt. 16:23.
[220] Acts 21:10-12.
[221] 1 Tim. 2:4.
[222] John 1:9.
[223] 1 Tim. 2:1.
[224] 1 Tim. 2:2.
[225] 1 Tim. 2:3.
[226] 1 Tim. 2:4.
[227] Luke 11:42.
[228] Ps. 135:6.
[229] Another example of Augustine's wordplay.  Man's original  capacities included both the
power not to sin and the power to sin  (posse non peccare et posse peccare).  In Adam's original
sin, man  lost the posse non peccare (the power not to sin) and retained the  posse peccare (the
power to sin) -- which he continues to  exercise.  In the fulfillment of grace, man will have the
posse  peccare taken away and receive the highest of all, the power not  to be able to sin, non
posse peccare.  Cf. On Correction and Grace  XXXIII.
[230] Again, a wordplay between posset non mori and non possit  mori.
[231] Prov. 8:35 (LXX).
[232] Rom. 6:23.
[233] Cf. John 1:16.
[234] Rom. 9:21.
[235] 1 Tim. 2:5 (mixed text).
[236] Rom. 14:10; I1 Cor. 5:10.
[237] Cf. Ps. 77:9.
[238] Rom. 9:23.
[239] Matt. 25:46.
[240] Cf. Ps. 31:19.
[241] Note the artificial return to the triadic scheme of the  treatise: faith, hope, and love.
[242] Jer. 17:5.
[243] Matt. 6:9, 10.
[244] Matt. 6:11-13.
[245] Luke 11:2-4.
[246] Matt. 7:7.
[247] Another wordplay on cupiditas and caritas.
[248] An interesting resemblance here to Freud's description of  the Id, the primal core of our
unconscious life.
[249] Rom. 3:20.
[250] 2 Peter 2:19.
[251] Rom. 5:20.
[252] Compare the psychological notion of the effect of external  moral pressures and their power
to arouse guilt feelings, as in  Freud's notion of "superego."
[253] Gal. 5:17.
[254] Wis. 11:21 (Vulgate).
[255] Cf. John 1:17.
[256] John 3:8.
[257] Rom. 14:9.
[258] Cf. Ps. 88:5.
[259] 1 Tim. 1:5.
[260] Matt. 22:40.
[261] 1 Tim. 1:5.
[262] 1 John 4:16.
[263] Ex. 20:14; Matt. 5:27; etc.
[264] 1 Cor. 7:1.
[265] 1 Cor. 4:5.
[266] Minuitur autem cupiditas caritate crescente.
[267] John 15:23.


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