*The Connection: Abortion, Permissive
Sex Instruction, and Family Planning
What the Pro-Abortion Experts Say
And What the Pro-Life and other Experts Say
(A compilation by Lynn K. Murphy of Life Research Institute,
(510) 676-2929. November, 1993 revision)
Pro-abortion researcher Malcolm Potts: ". . .those who use
contraception are more likely than those who do not to resort to
induced abortion . . ."[1]
Pro-abortion researcher Alfred Kinsey: ". . . we have found the
highest frequency of induced [deliberate] abortion in the group
which, in general, most frequently uses contraceptives."[2]
Pro-abortion former President of Planned Parenthood, Dr. Alan
Guttmacher: "We find that when an abortion is easily obtainable,
contraception is neither actively nor diligently used. . . there
would be no reward for the woman who practices effective
contraception. . . . Abortion on demand relieves the husband of all
possible responsibility; he simply becomes a coital animal."[3]
Dr. Alan Guttmacher also said (immediately after the <Roe v. Wade
Decision> that legalized abortion), "Then how can the Supreme Court
Decision be absolutely secured? The answer to winning the battle for
elective abortion once and for all is sex education."[4]*
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF SEXUALITY EDUCATION/PERMISSIVE SEX INSTRUCTION FAILURES:
Professor of economics and statistics, Professor Jacqueline Kasun,
reported to Congress that pregnancy and abortion rates are higher
among teens who participated in family planning programs. Those
states which spent the most on family planning showed and caused the
largest increases in abortions and births out of wedlock. Those
states which didn't participate in these programs continued to have
lower rates. [In California] by offering free contraceptives and
free abortions to all, the OFP [Office of Family Planning] has in
effect invited all young people to engage in "free", "riskless" sex
and has made those who do not accept the invitation feel that they
are out of step.[5]
A Louis Harris poll says Teens who have had "comprehensive" sexuality
education courses have a 50% <higher> rate of sexual activity than
those who have not had such courses.[6]
A pro-abortion publication reports "One of Ms. Dawson's statistical
models shows '<prior contraceptive education increases the odds of
starting intercourse at age 14 by a factor of 1.5 - (50%).>[7]
Pro-abortion Planned Parenthood says[8] that
* A fourteen-year-old girl faithfully using the pill has a 44% chance
of getting pregnant at least once before she finishes high school.
* She has a 69% chance of getting pregnant at least once before she
finishes college.
* She has a 30% chance of getting pregnant two or more times.
People are now beginning to call sexuality education promiscuity education.
* Using condoms, the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy while she is in
school rises to nearly 87%. One must conclude that this
pro-abortion, pro-contraception organization who writes and
implements most of the nation's sexuality-education programs realizes
that sexuality education and contraception programs are a great
failure.
From 1971 to 1981 government funding at all levels for contraceptive education increased by 4,000 percent.
In that time teen pregnancies increased by 20 percent and teenage
abortions nearly doubled.[9]
Testimony before a congressional committee be a committee staff
member noted that 3 out of 10 sexually active unmarried teens became
pregnant in 1971 and that this rate has not changed.[10] We all know
that many more teens now have sex. Conclusion: Contraception use and
sexuality education have increased pregnancies.
"Rates of teenage pregnancy were reduced when parents supervised WHO
the adolescent dates, WHERE the adolescent went on dates, and the
ARRIVAL TIME back home."[11]
"We find a net INCREASE of about 120 pregnancies among all 15- to
19-year old women for every 1,000 teenage family-planning clients
RATHER THAN THE EXPECTED REDUCTIONS in the pregnancy rate."[12]
"As the number and proportion of teen-age family-planning clinics
increased, we observed a corresponding increase in the teen-age
pregnancy and abortion rates: 50 to 120 more pregnancies per thousand
clients, rather than the 200 to 300 fewer pregnancies as estimated
by researchers at the Alan Guttmacher Institute (formerly the
research arm of the Planned Parenthood Federation.) We did find that
greater teen- age participation in such clinics led to lower teen
<birthrates>. However, the impact on the abortion and total pregnancy
rates was exactly opposite the stated intentions of the program. The
original problems appear to have grown worse. . . . Our findings have
twice sustained formal review by specialists in the field."[13]
"The truth is, Planned Parenthood's sex education programs have
backfired, actually <increasing> teen pregnancies. According to its
own survey, conducted in 1986 by the Louis Harris pollsters, teens
who have taken "comprehensive" sex education courses have a fifty
percent <higher> rate of sexual activity than their "unenlightened"
peers.[14]. And yet the courses had no significant effect on their
contraceptive usage.[15] The conclusion, one that even Planned
Parenthood researchers have been unable to escape, is that sex
education courses only exacerbate [increase] the teen pregnancy
problem."[16, 17]
From Charles E. Rice, Professor of Law at Notre Dame University: "As
one student said, 'if the clinic is giving it to you, it's telling
you, 'Go ahead. Have sex'. Since they're giving it out, why not?'
The reduction in teen-pregnancy rates that is claimed as a result of
the SBCs [school-based clinics] has been achieved by an increase in
teen abortion, not by a reduction in teen sex activity."[18]
"One study by the Center for Disease Control showed that in 1970 (the
earliest figure available) the percentage of girls having had
premarital sexual intercourse before their sixteenth birthday was 4.6
percent, and that in 1988, the figure was 25.6 percent. Meanwhile,
in 1974, the first full year that abortion was legal, there were
763,467[19] abortions in the United States, and in the years since
1987 there have been approximately 1,800,000 per year.[20] Although I
was unable to find figures for how many of the 763,467 abortions were
on teenagers, the pro-abortion Alan Guttmacher Institute reported
that for 1987 25.5 percent of all abortions were on teenagers. 25.5
percent of 1,800,000 is 459,000 abortions by teenagers. Thus, it
would be hard to believe that teen abortion hasn't skyrocketed since
abortion was legalized in 1973. 1973 was a year when sex education
was being introduced into our schools at a very fast rate."[21]
"In addition, a current study[22] shows that for every 1,000 girls
who take Planned Parenthood-type sexuality education (promiscuity
education), 113 get pregnant before marriage, but for every 1,000
girls getting abstinence sex education, only 4 get pregnant before
marriage."
"Exaggerated reports of the 'soaring welfare costs' of teenage
pregnancy have been based on arbitrary assumptions and statistical
exaggerations and fabrications.[23] . . .
What then is the 'teenage pregnancy problem' in California? Although
<births> among teenagers have declined, total pregnancies--that is,
the sum of births and abortions--have increased by almost 50 percent
since 1970. The <rate> of pregnancy has increased by more than a
third. The abortion rate has more than tripled and now exceeds the
rate of births among California women under 20 by 40 percent. Though
comparable data for other states are not available for 1985, in 1980
California's teenage abortion rate was the highest of any state. In
1982 California's teenage abortion rate was 50 percent higher than
the national average.[24]
"Abundant statistical evidence[24] shows the futility of
government-funded programs to control teenage pregnancy:
1. <Sex education does not reduce premarital sex activity>. Quite
the opposite, studies have shown that teenagers who have had sex
education are <more> likely to engage in sex at ages 14, 15, and 16
than youngsters who have not had sex education. On the other hand,
girls who attend church regularly are <less> likely to engage in
premarital sex, and girls with both parents in the home are less
likely to engage in sex [25].
2. <Public family planning programs do not reduce adolescent
pregnancy>. Teenage pregnancy in California has risen <in close
correspondence> with rising state expenditures on 'family planning'
programs for teenagers. The more 'family planning' expenditures,
the more teenage pregnancy. The states which spend most heavily to
provide free contraceptives and abortions have the highest rates of
teenage pregnancy. And the differences are major. The rate of
premarital teenage pregnancy is more than twice as high in California
as in Idaho or South Dakota, and California spends more than four
times as much per capita as the other two states on 'free' birth
control.[26]
3. <There is no evidence that school clinics reduce pregnancy.> The
one clinic to claim to do so--the one in Baltimore--lost over 90
percent of its sample to follow-up. [More on this topic under
references 45 - 49.]
4. <On the other hand, restricting minor children's access to
contraceptives and abortions has resulted in declines in
pregnancy, abortion, and births.> Evidence of this comes from
Minnesota, Massachusetts, Utah, and South Dakota. For example, in
1981 the state of Minnesota passed a law requiring parents to be
notified of minor's abortions. There ensued dramatic reductions in
abortions, births, add pregnancies among teenagers. Between 1980
and 1983 the teenage abortion rate fell by 20 percent, the pregnancy
rate by 16 percent, and the fertility rate fell by 13 percent.[27]
5. <Cutting off government abortion funding has resulted in declines
in pregnancy, abortion, and births.> Evidence from Ohio and
Georgia has shown this.[28]
There are two reasons why government teenage pregnancy programs don't
work and why restricting teenagers' access to free contraceptives and
abortions does reduce pregnancy as well as abortions and births:
First, freely available abortion and birth control encourage sexual
risk-taking and a higher level of unintended pregnancy. On the other
hand, when access to abortion and birth control is restricted, a
significant number of persons take fewer risks of unintended
pregnancy."
"Twenty years ago women were more resigned to unwanted pregnancy, but
as they have become more conscious of preventing conception, so they
have come to request terminations when contraception fails. There is
overwhelming evidence that, contrary to what you might expect, <the
availability of contraception leads to an increase in the abortion
rate.">[29] (emphasis added)
"The 'fun' [sex] ends for those who discover the reality that, in
American society, venereal disease is second only to the common cold
in frequency among teenagers. One of every four young people in this
nation will contract venereal disease before reaching age 20. By the
way, for the sake of you humanists who happen to read this, venereal
disease is not a religious issue; it is a physical problem which
often accompanies advanced promiscuity. It occurs in those who are
exercising their 'right' to reject any attempts to impose Biblical
morality upon society."[30]
"Adams High School of Commerce City, Colorado became the first school
in the nation to distribute free condoms three years ago. According
to <USA Today>, the birth rate at Adams has soared to 31 percent
above the national average of 58.1 births per 1,000 students."[31]
Planned Parenthood's own journal states: <Family Planning
Perspectives>, states; "More teenagers are using contraceptives and
using them more consistently than ever before. Yet the number and
rate of premarital pregnancies continues to rise."[32]
"In 1982, 1,888 women (ages 15 to 19) were surveyed and researchers
found that 'prior exposure to a sex education course is positively
and significantly associated with the initiation of sexual activity
at ages 15 and 16."[33]
"Even after exposure to comprehensive sex education, research shows
that 'only 40% of sexually active student[s] . . . regularly use
contraception."[34]
"In 1972, the pregnancy rate for 15- to 19-year olds was about 95 per
1,000. In 1981 the rate was 113 per thousand in that same category.
In that time period, when the size of the teen population was little
changed, teen abortion went from 190,000 to 430,000. One must
reconcile the rise in teen pregnancies with major program efforts
that saw a fivefold increase in teen-age clients and a twenty-fold
constant-dollar increase in funding." [Constant dollar means adjusted
for inflation.] . . . "Apparently the programs are more effective at
convincing teens to avoid birth than to avoid pregnancy."[35]
"Massive, federally subsidized 'sex education' programs entered the
American public school system during the 1970s, often supplemented by
clinics located in the schools and offering additional information
and referrals on matters of sex, pregnancy and abortion. Before
these programs began, teenage pregnancy was already declining, for
more than a decade.[36]
This long decline in teenage pregnancy then reversed and teenage
pregnancies soared, as 'sex education' spread pervasively throughout
the public schools. The pregnancy rate among 15- to 19- year-old
females was 68 per thousand in 1970 and 96 per thousand by 1980. . .
[36]
Soaring rates of abortion were in fact offsetting soaring rates of
pregnancy. Between 1970 and 1987, for example, the number of
abortions increased by 250,000, even though the number of teenagers
declined by 400,000.[36]
The National Center for Health Statistics claims that 53% of
unplanned pregnancies were due to failed contraception.[37]
"Since the federal government began its major contraception program
in 1970, unwed pregnancies have increased 87 percent among 15- to 19-
year-olds.[38] Likewise, abortions among teens rose 67 percent;[39]
and unwed births went up 61 percent.[40] And venereal disease has
infected a generation of young people. Nice job, sex counselors.
Good thinking, senators and congressmen. Nice nap, America."[41]
"There are 12 million new cases of STD's annually in the United
States and 67% of these occur among persons under the age of 25."
"Every year one out of six teens contracts an STD."[42] Note that
teen girls are encouraged to have sex no matter what birth control
method they use, but that only the condom offers any protection
against STD's. Thus, the high STD rate is far from surprising.
"Myth 9 [This is not PP saying this is a myth, it is pro-life saying
it. Ditto with Myth 10.] : Sex ed can change teen sexual attitudes
and behaviors so that sexually active teens will use birth control."
The author then provides facts from a Louis Harris 1986 poll
sponsored by pro-abortion Planned Parenthood: "Thus, 60% of all
students who have taken a comprehensive sex-ed course and who are
sexually active do not consistently practice contraception. The
comparable regular-use figures are 30% for students who have had a
noncomprehensive sex-ed course and 25% for students who have had no
sex education course." (Most of figures developed from Louis Harris
poll can be found on page 15 of <American Teens Speak . . . .
>Full text of poll is available from Louis Harris and Associates,
Inc., 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10111.)[43]
"Myth 10: Contraceptive oriented sex ed courses do not encourage teen
fornication; rather, they are effective in decreasing teen
promiscuity and teen pregnancies. Wrong again. While biological sex
ed courses do not increase teen promiscuity, contraceptive-oriented
sex ed courses yield an astounding 50% higher rate of promiscuity."
Internal reference: Calculated from <American Teens Speak>, page 53.
"In addition, comprehensive sex education courses are correlated with
a 31% increase in both the rate and the absolute number of teens
engaging in sexual intercourse without regular contraception."
Internal reference: same + calculations.[43]
Now quoting the pro-abortion Alan Guttmacher Institute, "The final
result to emerge from the analysis [of our data] is that neither
pregnancy education nor contraceptive education exerts any
significant effect on the risk of premarital pregnancy among sexually
active teenagers--a finding that calls into question the argument
that formal sex education is an effective tool for reducing
adolescent pregnancy."[43]
In Virginia Beach, Virginia, 14% additional females became sexually
active immediately after promiscuity education compared with before.
The figure for Norfolk, Virginia is 12.9%.[44]
Evidence is lacking for even one successful family-planning program:
Declared U.S. Public Health Service officer, Dr. William Archer III,
in 1992: "No condom program of school-based clinic has ever shown the
ability to reduce pregnancy."[45] The following two examples show
that attempts by Planned Parenthood to show otherwise have been
invalid: Following initial praise from a sympathetic media, Planned
Parenthood's Baltimore School Birth Control Program wilted under
scrutiny. Analysts noted that program evaluators failed to account
for a) girls who dropped out because of pregnancy; or to explain b)
why the dropout rate at campuses offering birth control was three
times that of schools with no birth control clinic; c) why only 96 or
1033 girls returned their final questionnaire;[46] d) why seniors
supplied no responses;[47] or e) why abortion was not mentioned as a
depressant on the pregnancy rate.[48] Similarly, in-house evaluators
for Planned Parenthood's acclaimed St. Paul program a) failed to
account for a 25% enrollment decline; b) failed to verify the
pregnancy rate; and c) failed to provide abortion statistics (they
gave only birth data).[49]
An analysis of Planned Parenthood's research data shows ". . .
contraceptive users were more than 20% more likely to become
unintentionally pregnant than were girls who did not use
contraceptives."[50] Reasons for the high risk include carelessness,
false security, more frequent intercourse, more partners, intercourse
at a younger age, and reliance on abortion.[50]
Professor of economics and statistics, Professor Jacqueline Kasun,
reported that "for every additional million dollars given to family
planners by the federal government, about 2,000 adolescent
pregnancies were occurring two years later."[51]
Kasun also found that states most heavily invested in family planning
programs have the highest incidence of premarital pregnancy and
abortion and that an actual reduction in state government
appropriations to family planning led to a reduction in teen
pregnancies and abortions.[52]
Wrote Dr. Douglas Smith, a former family-planning director in
Tennessee: "Contrary to claims that the knowledge of birth control is
the truth that sets on free, these programs often result in just the
opposite, chaining young people to a loss of self-respect, moral
dissipation, and unrelenting guilt. They present teenage sexual
activity as an acceptable lifestyle, providing teenagers use the
agents of exploitation that they peddle . . . ."[53]
The U.S. government reports: "Currently, federal policy mandates
that children be given contraceptives without their parents'
knowledge and consent [should have said "or consent"]. The result
has been a dramatic increase in the rate of pregnancy among unmarried
teens, due to a proportionate increase in sexual activity among
unmarried teens and no decrease in pregnancy rates for those who are
sexually active."[54]
To gain clients, Planned Parenthood endeavors to counsel adolescents
onto contraceptives before the youth are sexually active. Once
active, adolescents who use contraceptives experience sexual
intercourse more frequently than do peers without birth control.
Garris, Steckler, and McIntire found among teenage contraceptive
users a rise from 8.8 to 13.4 acts monthly, within six to eight
months of their first clinic visit.[55] In 1992, Planned Parenthood
earned approximately $85 million from contraceptive sales in the U.S.
Editorializing by Lynn Murphy: If the rumor is true that the average
married person has intercourse twice per week, the above means that
teens visiting clinics have intercourse 50% more than married people
do!
Rockford Institute's president Allan Carlson has outlined the
promiscuity-education industry's strategy for "a new moral and sexual
order,"[56] as follows: 1) declare the old morality dead; 2) destroy
the residual influence of tradition and religion; 3) make everything
relative by recasting the traditional as the abnormal; 4) declare
religious opinion unacceptable in public debate; 5) advocate
"choice"; 6) advance the "contraceptive" solution; 7) seize control
of the schools and indoctrinate the young.[57]
Harvard University contraceptive developer Dr. Robert Kistner said in
1977, "About 10 years ago I declared that the pill would not lead
to promiscuity. Well, I was wrong."[58]
George Grant said, "Just as Planned Parenthood's wealth and prestige
has been built on death, defilement, and destruction, its reputation
has been built on deception, disinformation, and distortion. It is a
reputation build on illusion."[59]
"The only avenue the International Planned Parenthood Federation and
its allies could travel to win the battle for abortion on demand is
through sex education."[60]
When asked "What do you tell people who claim that sex ed programs
haven't decreased teen pregnancy and VD," Cory Richards of the Alan
Guttmacher Institute (part of Planned Parenthood, who designs the
programs) said "the goal of comprehensive sex education was not to
reduce teen pregnancy and VD, and moreover that it was unfair to
suggest that the programs actually do so."[61]
Endnotes
1. Malcolm Potts, <Abortion,> 491.
2. Alfred C. Kinsey quoted in Mary Calderone and Planned Parenthood
Federation of America, <Abortion in the United States> (New York:
Paul B. Hoeber, Harper & Brothers, 1958), 157.
3. <Symposium, 27 March 1968,> "Rutgers Law Review," vol. 22, 415-43.
4. <Washington Star Times,> 3 May 1973.
5. Congress, House, <Hearing before the House Select Committee on
Children, Youth, and Families,> 20 July 1983 (Washington DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office), 131-33.
6. A poll for Planned Parenthood by Louis Harris and Associates,
<American Teens Speak: Sex, Myths, TV, and Birth Control,> 1986, Lou
Harris Project No. 864012.
7. Deborah Dawson in a Planned Parenthood publication, <Family Planning
Perspectives,> July/August 1986, 166.
8. <Family Planning Perspectives,> two issues: September/October 1986,
Table 5; January/February 1984, 6-13.
9. Richard D. Glasow, <School Based Clinics, The Abortion Connection>
(Washington, DC: National Right to Life Trust Fund, 1988).
10. Congress, House, <Hearing before the House Select Committee on
Children, Youth and Families,> December 1985, "Teen Pregnancy and
What is Being Done: A State-by-State Look" (Washington DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office), 385.
11. Hogan and Kitagawa, <Journal of Marriage and Family> (1987), 250-51.
12. Joseph A. Olson, "Effects of Family Planning Programs for Teenagers
on Adolescent Birth and Pregnancy Rates," <Family Perspectives
Journal,> Fall 1986, 160; Stan E. Weed, "Curbing Births, Not
Pregnancies," <Wall Street Journal,> 14 October 1986, 32.
13. Weed, 32.
14. Only thirty-two percent of teens who have had no sex education are
sexually active, compared to forty-six percent of those who have had
"Comprehensive" sex education courses. Lou Harris Project No.
864012.
15. Harris Project 864012; William Marsiglio and Frank L. Mott, "The
Impact of Sex Education on Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use and
Premarital Pregnancy Among American Teenagers," <Family Planning
Perspectives,> July/August 1986.
16. "Celebrating seventy years of service" <1986 Annual Report,> 3,
18-21; Alan F. Guttmacher, <Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning>
(New York: Signet, 1973), 163-175; Alan F. Guttmacher and Irwin H.
Kaiser, <Pregnancy, Birth, and Family Planning> (New York: Signet,
1986), 203-20 and 464-64.
17. George Grant, <Grand Illusions, The Legacy of Planned Parenthood>
(Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt, 1988) 32.
18. Charles E. Rice, Professor of Law at Notre Dame University.
19. <Abortion Surveillance,> Center for Disease Control.
20. A figure accepted as approximately correct by both pro-life and
pro-abortion if increased by 12.5% to account for abortions done for
super secrecy and income-tax evasion.
21. Lynn K. Murphy, <The Facts of Pro-Life,> 111.
22. Dinah Richard, <Has Sex Education Felled our Teenagers?>
23. Assembly, State of California, <Conference on the Preservation of
the Family: Summary of the 1988 Public Hearings on the Family,> 229.
24. Ibid.
25. <Family Planning Perspectives,> July/Aug 1986, 151-70.
26. Jacqueline R. Kasun, <Teenage Pregnancy: What Comparisons Among
States and Countries Show> (Stafford, Virginia: American Life League,
1986).
27. Congress, House, <Report of the Select Committee on Children, Youth,
and Families,> 99th Cong., 1st sess., December 1985, 196-99.
28. James Trussell et al., "The Impact of Restricting Medicaid Financing
for Abortion," <Family Planning Perspectives,> May/June 1980, 120-30.
29. Judith Bury, "Sex Education for Bureaucrats," <The Scotsman, >29
June 1981.
30. Kent Kelly, <Abortion, The American Holocaust,> 101.
31. "Condom Distribution Increases Birth Rate," <Voice for the unborn,>
October/December 1992, 6.
32. "In This Issue," <Family Planning Perspectives,> September/October
1980, 229.
33. William Marsiglio and Frank Mott, "The Impact of Sex Education on
Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use and Premarital Pregnancy among
American Teenagers," <Family Planning Perspectives,> July/August
1986, 151, 158.
34. <American Teens Speak: Sex, Myths, TV, and Birth Control,> 1986,
quoted in Robert H. Ruff, <Aborting Planned Parenthood> (Arlington,
Texas: New Vision Press, 1988), 44.
35. Stan E. Weed, "Curbing Births, Not Pregnancies," <Wall Street
Journal,> 14 October 1982, 32.
36. Thomas Sowell, "The big lie," <Forbes,> 23 December 1991, 52.
37. "Contraceptive Problems Cause More Pregnancies," <Wall Street
Journal,> 25 May 1993, B1.
38. "Condom Roulette," <In Focus> (Washington: Family Research Council,
February 1992), 2.
39. Gilbert L. Crouse, Office of Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Dept. of
Health & Human Services, t.i., 12 March 1992, based on data from
Planned Parenthood's Alan Guttmacher Institute. Increase calculated
from 1973, the first year of natiowide legal abortion.
40. Congress, House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on
Health and the Environment, <The Reauthorization of Title X of the
Public Health Service Act,> testimony submitted by Charmaine Yoest,
102d Congress, 2d sess, 19 March 1991, 2.
41. <Focus on the Family>
42. <San Francisco Chronicle,> 1 April 1993.
43. Alan Guttmacher Institute, "The Effects of Sex Education on
Adolescent Behavior," <Family Planning Perspectives,> July/August,
1986, 162-169, quoted in Ruff, 44.
44. Calculations from "The Impact of Sex Education on Sex Activity,
Contraceptive Use and Premarital Pregnancy Among American Teenagers,"
<Family Planning Perspectives,> July/August 1986, 151-152, quoted in
Jacqueline R. Kasun, <Sex Education: A Flop!> (Stafford, Virginia:
American Life League, 1990) Calculations are from a table on page 6.
45. Larry Witham, "Abstinence-based Sex Classes Urged by Health Service
Aide," <The Washington Times,> 27 September 1992, A-6.
46. Jacqueline R. Kasun, Ph.D., "The Baltimore School Birth Control
Study: A comment," <School birth Control,> 74; and Robert G. Marshall
and Charles A. Donovan, <Blessed are the Barren,> (San Francisco:
Ignatius Press, 1991) 91.
47. Laurie S. Zabin, et al., "Evaluation of a Pregnancy Prevention
Program for Urban Teenagers," <Family Planning Perspectives,>
May/June 1986, 119-126, quoted in Marshall and Donovan, 91-92 and
Kasun. Marshall, Donovan, and Kasun also respond to Zabin.
48. Marshall and Donovan, 65.
49. Barret L. Mosbaker, ed., <School Based Clinics and Other Critical
Issues in Public Education> (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1987)
73-74.
50. James H. Ford, M.D. and Michael Schwartz, "Birth Control for
Teenagers: Diagram for Disaster," <Linacre Quarterly,> February 1979,
73-74.
51. Jacqueline R. Kasun, Ph.D., "Media Effects Versus Facts," <American
Life Education and Research Trust,> 1984, 2. In 1986 this was
updated by Kasun and reprinted in <School Birth Control,> (Stafford,
VA: American Life League, Inc., 1986) 61-68.
52. <Living World,> Winter 1987, 23-25, quoted in Kasun, <Teenage
Pregnancy:,> 22.
53. Congress, House Appropriations Committee, Labor and Human Services
Appropriations Subcommittee, <Title X Hearings,>, 14 March 1986,
testimony of Judie Brown quoted in <Doctors and Other
Professionals Tell Us Why birth Control Programs Are Dangerous for
Teens,> 9, a 1986 brochure published by American Life League,
Stafford, VA, 1986. (X is a Roman numeral. Title X means Title 10.)
54. Congress, House, <Hearing before the House Select committee on
Children, Youth, and Families (Minority Views), > December 1985
(Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 385.
55. Lorie Garris, et al., "The Relationship between Oral Contraceptives
and Adolescent Sexual Behavior," <The Journal of Sex Research,> May
1976, 138.
56. Barret L. Mosbaker, ed., <School Based, > 17.
57. Ibid, 18.
58. Robert W. Kistner, <Family Practice News,> 15 December 1977, 1.
59. George Grant, 24.
60. Alan Guttmacher, 73 May 3, quoted in <Humanity> magazine,
August/September 1979, 11.
61. <All About Issues,> September-October 1993, 21.
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