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ST. JEROME
THE LIFE OF MALCHUS, THE CAPTIVE MONK
[Translated by The Hon. W. H. Fremantle, M.A., Canon of Canterbury
Cathedral and Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford, with the
assistance of the Rev. G. Lewis, M.A., of Balliol College, Oxford, Vicar of
Dodderhill near Droitwick, and the Rev. W. G. Martley, M.A., of Balliol
College, Oxford.]
1. They who have to fight a naval battle prepare for it in harbours and
calm waters by adjusting the helm, plying the oars, and making ready the
hooks and grappling irons. They draw up the soldiers on the decks and
accustom them to stand steady with poised foot and on slippery ground; so
that they may not shrink from all this when the real encounter comes,
because they have had experience of it in the sham fight. And so it is in
my case. I have long held my peace, because silence was imposed on me by
one to whom I give pain when I speak of him. But now, in preparing to write
history on a wider scale I desire to practise myself by means of this
little work and as it were to wipe the rust from my tongue. For I have
purposed (if God grant me life, and if my censurers will at length cease to
persecute me, now that I am a fugitive and shut up in a monastery) to write
a history of the church of Christ[1] from the advent of our Saviour up to
our own age, that is from the apostles to the dregs of time in which we
live, and to show by what means and through what agents it received its
birth, and how, as it gained strength, it grew by persecution and was
crowned with martyrdom; and then, after reaching the Christian Emperors,
how it increased in influence and in wealth but decreased in Christian
virtues. But of this elsewhere. Now to the matter in hand.
2. Maronia is a little hamlet some thirty miles to the east of Antioch
in Syria. After having many owners or landlords,[1] at the time when I was
staying as a young man in Syria[2] it came into the possession of my
intimate friend, the Bishop Evagrius,[3] whose name I now give in order to
show the source of my information. Well, there was at the place at that
time an old man by name Malchus, which we might render "king," a Syrian by
race and speech, in fact a genuine son of the soil. His companion was an
old woman very decrepit who seemed to be at death's door, both of them so
zealously pious and such constant frequenters of the Church, they might
have been taken for Zacharias and Elizabeth in the Gospel but for the fact
that there was no John to be seen. With some curiosity I asked the
neighbours what was the link between them; was it marriage, or kindred, or
the bond of the Spirit? All with one accord replied that they were holy
people, well pleasing to God, and gave me a strange account of them.
Longing to know more I began to question the man with much eagerness about
the truth of what I heard, and learnt as follows.
3. My son, said he, I used to farm a bit of ground at Nisibis[4] and
was an only son. My parents regarding me as the heir and the only survivor
of their race, wished to force me into marriage, but I said I would rather
be a monk. How my father threatened and my mother coaxed me to betray my
chastity requires no other proof than the fact that I fled from home and
parents. I could not go to the East because Persia was close by and the
frontiers were guarded by the soldiers of Rome; I therefore turned my steps
to the West, taking with me some little provision for the journey, but
barely sufficient to ward off destitution. To be brief, I came at last to
the desert of Chalcis[1] which is situate between Immae and Beroa farther
south There, finding some monks, I placed myself under their direction,
earning my livelihood by the labour of my hands, and curbing the wantonness
of the flesh by fasting. After many years the desire came over me to return
to my country, and stay with my mother and cheer her widowhood while she
lived (for my father, as I had already heard, was dead), and then to sell
the little property and give part to the poor, settle part on the
monasteries and (I blush to confess my faithlessness) keep some to spend in
comforts for myself. My abbot began to cry out that it was a temptation of
the devil, and that under fair pretexts some snare of the old enemy lay
hid. It was, he declared, a case of the dog returning to his vomit. Many
monks, be said, had been deceived by such suggestions, for the devil never
showed himself openly. He set before me many examples from the Scriptures,
and told me that even Adam and Eve in the beginning had been overthrown by
him through the hope of becoming gods. When he failed to convince me he
fell upon his knees and besought me not to forsake him, nor ruin myself by
looking back after putting my hand to the plough. Unhappily for myself I
had the misfortune to conquer my adviser. I thought he was seeking not my
salvation but his own comfort. So he followed me from the monastery as if
he had been going to a funeral, and at last bade me farewell, saying, "I
see that you bear the brand of a son of Satan. I do not ask your reasons
nor take your excuses. The sheep which forsakes its fellows is at once
exposed to the jaws of the wolf."
4. On the road from Beroa to Edessa[2] adjoining the high-way is a
waste over which the Saracens roam to and fro without having any fixed
abode. Through fear of them travellers in those parts assemble in numbers,
so that by mutual assistance they may escape impending danger. There were
in my company men, women, old men, youths, children, altogether about
seventy persons. All of a sudden the Ishmaelites on horses and camels made
an assault upon us, with their flowing hair bound with fillets, their
bodies half-naked, with their broad military boots, their cloaks streaming
behind them, and their quivers slung upon the shoulders. They carried their
bows unstrung and brandished their long spears; for they had come not to
fight, but to plunder. We were seized, dispersed, and carried in different
directions. I, meanwhile, repenting too late of the step I had taken, and
far indeed from gaining possession of my inheritance, was assigned, along
with another poor sufferer, a woman, to the service of one and the same
owner. We were led, or rather carried, high upon the camel's back through a
desert waste, every moment expecting destruction, and suspended, I may say,
rather than seated. Flesh half raw was our food, camel's milk our drink.
5. At length, after crossing a great river we came to the interior of
the desert, where, being commanded after the custom of the people to pay
reverence to the mistress and her children, we bowed our heads. Here, as if
I were a prisoner, I changed my dress, that is, learnt to go naked, the
heat being so excessive as to allow of no clothing beyond a covering for
the loins. Some sheep were given to me to tend, and, comparatively
speaking, I found this occupation a comfort, for I seldom saw my masters or
fellow slaves. My fate seemed to be like that of Jacob in sacred history,
and reminded me also of Moses; both of whom were once shepherds in the
desert. I fed on fresh cheese and milk, prayed continually, and sang psalms
which I had learnt in the monastery. I was delighted with my captivity, and
thanked God because I had found in the desert the monk's estate which I was
on the point of losing in my country.
6. But no condition can ever shut out the Devil. How manifold past
expression are his snares! Hid though I was, his malice found me out. My
master seeing his flock increasing and finding no dishonesty in me (I knew
that the Apostle has given command that masters should be as faithfully
served as God Himself), and wishing to reward me in order to secure my
greater fidelity, gave me the woman who was once my fellow servant in
captivity. On my refusing and saying I was a Christian, and that it was not
lawful for me to take a woman to wife so long as her husband was alive (her
husband had been captured with us, but carried off by another master), my
owner was relentless in his rage, drew his sword and began to make at me.
If I had not without delay stretched out my hand and taken possession of
the woman, he would have slain me on the spot. Well; by this time a darker
night than usual had set in and, for me, all too soon. I led my bride into
an old cave; sorrow was bride's-maid; we shrank from each other but did not
confess it. Then I really felt my captivity; I threw myself down on the
ground, and began to lament the monastic state which I had lost, and said:
"Wretched man that I am! have I been preserved for this? has my wickedness
brought me to this, that in my gray hairs I must lose my virgin state and
become a married man? What is the good of having despised parents, country,
property, for the Lord's sake, if I do the thing I wished to avoid doing
when I despised them? And yet it may be perhaps the case that I am in this
condition because I longed for home. What are we to do, my soul? are we to
perish, or conquer? Are we to wait for the hand of the Lord, or pierce
ourselves with our own sword? Turn your weapon against yourself; I must
fear your death, my soul, more than the death of the body. Chastity
preserved has its own martyrdom. Let the witness for Christ lie unburied in
the desert; I will be at once the persecutor and the martyr." Thus speaking
I drew my sword which glittered even in the dark, and turning its point
towards me said: "Farewell, unhappy woman: receive me as a martyr not as a
husband." She threw herself at my feet and exclaimed: "I pray you by Jesus
Christ, and adjure you by this hour of trial, do not shed your blood and
bring its guilt upon me. If you choose to die, first turn your sword
against me. Let us rather be united upon these terms. Supposing my husband
should return to me, I would preserve the chastity which I have learnt in
captivity; I would even die rather than lose it. Why should you die to
prevent a union with me? I would die if you desired it. Take me then as the
partner of your chastity; and love me more in this union of the spirit than
you could in that of the body only. Let our master believe that you are my
husband. Christ knows you are my brother. We shall easily convince them we
are married when they see us so loving." I confess, I was astonished and,
much as I had before admired the virtue of the woman, I now loved her as a
wife still more. Yet I never gazed upon her naked person; I never touched
her flesh, for I was afraid of losing in peace what I had preserved in the
conflict. In this strange wedlock many days passed away. Marriage had made
us more pleasing to our masters, and there was no suspicion of our flight;
sometimes I was absent for even a whole month like a trusty shepherd
traversing the wilderness.
7. After a long time as I sat one day by myself in the desert with
nothing in sight save earth and sky, I began quickly to turn things over in
my thoughts, and amongst others called to mind my friends the monks, and
specially the look of the father who had instructed me, kept me, and lost
me. While I was thus musing I saw a crowd of ants swarming over a narrow
path. The loads they carried were clearly larger than their own bodies.
Some with their forceps were dragging along the seeds of herbs: others were
excavating the earth from pits and banking it up to keep out the water. One
party, in view of approaching winter, and wishing to prevent their store
from being converted into grass through the dampness of the ground, were
cutting off the tips of the grains they had carried in; another with solemn
lamentation were removing the dead. And, what is stranger still in such a
host, those coming out did not hinder those going in; nay rather, if they
saw one fall beneath his burden they would put their shoulders to the load
and give him assistance. In short that day afforded me a delightful
entertainment. So, remembering how Solomon sends us to the shrewdness of
the ant and quickens our sluggish faculties by setting before us such an
example, I began to tire of captivity, and to regret the monk's cell, and
long to imitate those ants and their doings, where toil is for the
community, and, since nothing belongs to any one, all things belong to all.
8. When I returned to my chamber, my wife met me. My looks betrayed the
sadness of my heart. She asked why I was so dispirited. I told her the
reasons, and exhorted her to escape. She did not reject the idea. I begged
her to be silent on the matter. She pledged her word. We constantly spoke
to one another in whispers; and we floated in suspense betwixt hope and
fear. I had in the flock two very fine he-goats: these I killed, made their
skins into bottles, and from their flesh prepared food for the way. Then in
the early evening when our masters thought we had retired to rest we began
our journey, taking with us the bottles and part of the flesh. When we
reached the river which was about ten miles off, having inflated the skins
and got astride upon them, we intrusted ourselves to the water, slowly
propelling ourselves with our feet, that we might be carried down by the
stream to a point on the opposite bank much below that at which we
embarked, and that thus the pursuers might lose the track. But meanwhile
the flesh became sodden and partly lost, and we could not depend on it for
more than three days' sustenance. We drank till we could drink no more by
way of preparing for the thirst we expected to endure, then hastened away,
constantly looking behind us, and advanced more by night than day, on
account both of the ambushes of the roaming Saracens, and of the excessive
heat of the sun. I grow terrified even as I relate what happened; and,
although my mind is perfectly at rest, yet my frame shudders from head to
foot.
9. Three days after we saw in the dim distance two men riding on camels
approaching with all speed. At once foreboding ill I began to think my
master purposed putting us to death, and our sun seemed to grow dark again.
In the midst of our fear, and just as we realized that our footsteps on the
sand had betrayed us, we found on our right hand a cave which extended far
underground. Well, we entered the cave: but we were afraid of venomous
beasts such as vipers, basilisks, scorpions, and other creatures of the
kind, which often resort to such shady places so as to avoid the heat of
the sun. We therefore barely went inside, and took shelter in a pit on the
left, not venturing a step farther, lest in fleeing from death we should
run into death. We thought thus within ourselves: If the Lord helps us in
our misery we have found safety: if He rejects us for our sins, we have
found our grave. What do you suppose were our feelings? What was our
terror, when in front of the cave, close by, there stood our master and
fellow-servant, brought by the evidence of our footsteps to our hiding
place? How much worse is death expected than death inflicted! Again my
tongue stammers with distress and fear; it seems as if I heard my master's
voice, and I hardly dare mutter a word. He sent his servant to drag us from
the cavern while he himself held the camels and, sword in hand, waited for
us to come. Meanwhile the servant entered about three or four cubits, and
we in our hiding place saw his back though he could not see us, for the
nature of the eye is such that those who go into the shade out of the
sunshine can see nothing. His voice echoed through the cave: "Come out, you
felons; come out and die; why do you stay? Why do you delay? Come out, your
master is calling and patiently waiting for you." He was still speaking
when lo! through the gloom we saw a lioness seize the man, strangle him,
and drag him, covered with blood, farther in. Good Jesus! how great was our
terror now, how intense our joy! We beheld, though our master knew not of
it, our enemy perish. He, when he saw that he was long in returning,
supposed that the fugitives being two to one were offering resistance.
Impatient in his rage, and sword still in hand, he came to the cavern, and
shouted like a madman as he chided the slowness of his slave, but was
seized upon by the wild beast before he reached our hiding place. Who ever
would believe that before our eyes a brute would fight for us?
One cause of fear was removed, but there was the prospect of a similar
death for ourselves, though the rage of the lion was not so bad to bear as
the anger of the man. Our hearts failed for fear: without venturing to stir
a step we awaited the issue, having no wall of defence in the midst of so
great dangers save the consciousness of our chastity; when, early in the
morning, the lioness, afraid of some snare and aware that she had been seen
took up her cub in her teeth and carried it away, leaving us in possession
of our retreat. Our confidence was not restored all at once. We did not
rush out, but waited for a long time; for as often as we thought of coming
out we pictured to ourselves the horror of falling in with her.
10. At last we got rid of our fright; and when that day was spent, we
sallied forth towards evening, and saw the camels, on account of their
great speed called dromedaries, quietly chewing the cud. We mounted, and
with the strength gained from the new supply of grain, after ten days'
travelling through the desert arrived at the Roman camp. After being
presented to the tribune we told all, and from thence were sent to
Sabianus, who commanded in Mesopotamia, where we sold our camels. My dear
old abbot was now sleeping in the Lord; I betook myself therefore to this
place, and returned to the monastic life, while I entrusted my companion
here to the care of the virgins; for though I loved her as a sister, I did
not commit myself to her as if she were my sister.
Malchus was an old man, I a youth, when he told me these things. I who
have related them to you am now old, and I have set them forth as a history
of chastity for the chaste. Virgins, I exhort you, guard your chastity.
Tell the story to them that come after, that they may realize that in the
midst of swords, and wild beasts of the desert, virtue is never a captive,
and that he who is devoted to the service of Christ may die, but cannot be
conquered.
Taken from "The Early Church Fathers and Other Works" originally published
by Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. in English in Edinburgh, Scotland, beginning in
1867. (LNPF II/VI, Schaff and Wace). The digital version is by The
Electronic Bible
Society, P.O. Box 701356, Dallas, TX 75370, 214-407-WORD.
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