Only when the goal is clear can the proper course be chartered. An
uncertain trumpet cannot proclaim an advance. So too with the preparation
necessary for any trade or profession. When the goal is doubtful, the means
are not effective.
The Church in our time has suffered from a decline in the numbers of young
men entering the priesthood. Among the chief causes of the problem is a
confusion among theologians about the very nature of the priesthood. When
the "terminus ad quem" is not readily and clearly understood, the via
toward it will be uncharted and few will set out, and many of those who
begin will falter and fail to arrive at the end. If the priesthood is not
the intimate sharing of a man in the life and action of Jesus Christ
Himself, so that the priest acts "in persona Christi," then who will assume
the sacrifices inherent in preparation for it or continue throughout life
in its practice?
And to a lesser degree, one might say the same for the church musician,
who in a certain sense also has a vocation. Just what music for the Church
should be today quickly provokes debate, anger and a great display of
ignorance, even after the extensive treatment of the subject by the II
Vatican Council, which accorded a greater exposition on the subject of
music for worship than ever before given by an ecumenical council. As there
is a shortage of those preparing for the priesthood, so there is a shortage
of young persons seriously preparing for professional service as church
musicians: composers, directors, performers both vocal and instrumental.
Why? The end is disputed; the way is uncertain; the future questionable.
Never before has the opportunity been greater for prospective church
musicians in this country. Times are affluent, when compared to previous
decades; the conciliar documents have declared the position of sacred music
to be "pars integrans in liturgia," giving it a security never before
enjoyed; a freedom for composing and performing has been assured by the
council; the official position of the Church has never before given such
encouragement to sacred music. But why has so little of value developed
since the council, and, in fact, why has church music declined and even
decayed in the last quarter century?
Why? Because it is not certain today just what church music is. What is
sacred? What is art? For some, church music is hymn singing. For others it
is the folk group, the combo and the guitar. For others it is a sweet and
sentimental vocal or instrumental performance, mood music, like piped-in
elevator sounds, intended mostly to cover noise, without any real value in
itself.
True, hymns are part of music for worship, but in no way do they
constitute the total treasury of sacred music that the council speaks of or
history records. The instruments used in today's combos hardly constitute
the compliment of instruments fittingly used in the Roman liturgy during
the centuries of its development. Sacred music is not necessarily soft or
sweet, prepared to be "seen but not heard."
The scope of the repertory we identify as church music is vast, covering
centuries, the product of many nations, wed to many languages, composed by
the greatest musicians of human history, making up the proudest heritage of
the human race. It is both instrumental and vocal; it embraces a multitude
of forms; it displays a variety of styles; it is truly an ecumenical art,
finding a purpose in many religions and sects; when good and true, and
therefore sacred and artistic, it constitutes the noblest of man's work,
because its purpose is so high: the glory of God and the edification of the
faithful.
With such characteristics, why do so few undertake to study and practice
church music? Chiefly because so few know what it truly is. When the end is
unknown, who will seek it?
Education in church music begins in the home as all Christian instruction
does. What parents inculcate at an early age begins the direction that the
youngster will follow. Then come the primary grades in school where the
earliest efforts are made to participate with others in the liturgy. As
good music is introduced to the elementary and high school students, the
proper understanding of the value of the artistic and the sacred is taught.
An appreciation for the good and ultimately a desire for the beautiful will
be a great treasure for students so fortunate as to be exposed to correct
music for worship. It is the reward of good teaching and liturgical
direction by qualified and dedicated teachers. All Catholics should be
brought to understand and to appreciate the treasury of church music, both
by performing it and by listening to its performance. The council clearly
directs that the treasury of sacred music be known and fostered by all.
In time, if God has given a special musical talent, a student who finds an
attraction to liturgical music will seek to perfect the talent through
study. Private instrumental lessons, membership in parish or community or
school choral groups, and eventually formal training in college will bring
him into a professional position as performer, composer or director. Such
talent needs sound, professional training, both theoretical and practical.
The basic under-graduate college music major course is essential for the
training of a church musician who plans to make his life work the service
of the Church.
Beyond the B.A. degree, for those who would seek positions of importance
(cathedrals, seminaries and larger churches), graduate work in church music
should be undertaken. It should be a furthering of instrumental and vocal
techniques, further study in composition and theory, and especially a
deepening of knowledge of the history of music and liturgy.
But where can this be done? About twenty-five years ago this matter was
discussed by the Bishops' Advisory Board on Music. Since the Vatican Council
called for opportunities for such advanced musical and liturgical study,
the American bishops were anxious to supply such a need. I was asked to
present some ideas on the graduate education of a church musician who could
return to his diocese and further the implementation of the decrees of
the council in the parishes and schools. The program envisioned by the
council was clear and within the reach of everyone.
I was asked how I thought this could be implemented in the United States.
I replied that the establishment of a new graduate school of church music,
as some desired, was an expensive and impractical idea in the 1960's. The
very assemblying of a distinguished faculty, the cost of a building, the
funds for expensive musical equipment and library, all showed that the
solution to the council's call for education on a superior level did not
lie in the establishment of a new school of music. A better program would
be to use the existing excellent schools of music in this country:
Julliard, Eastman, Curtis, Indiana, Michigan, California, among others,
where graduate study of the highest quality was already organized. The
establishment of an endowed chair of Catholic church music in several of
these schools would be a solution to the problem of training well-qualified
graduate students. Those who finished the course of study would be
recipients of valued and respected degrees. The cost of such a program
would be much less than that involved in establishing and maintaining a
separate graduate school of church music. An endowed chair of church music
and the assurance of a certain number of students with grants to cover
their education would certainly be of interest to four or five graduate
schools. With a master's or doctor's degree, musicians from a variety of
collegiate backgrounds, occupying positions in major churches and schools
in dioceses and religious communities spread across the country, the work
of advancing the role of music as an integral part of the liturgy could be
achieved. A salary commensurate with the musician's academic preparation
would assure the Church that there would be no shortage of church
musicians, well-trained and properly prepared.
The training of those responsible for the making of music is the basic
element of success in carrying out the wishes of the council fathers on
every level within the Church. Without it, we will continue as we have been
going for the past twenty-five years--downwards.
Every institution knows that its success as well as its future depends on
the training of its leaders. Church musicians need preparation. Just as
with candidates for the priesthood, preparation is imperative, but those
providing that preparation must know what are its goals in order to present
the means toward the end. When the goal is uncertain, the preparation will
be inadequate and the candidates few and inferior.
