[THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA]
Pope Urban VIII
Maffeo Barberini, born at Florence in April, 1568; elected pope, 6 August,
1623; died at Rome, 29 July, 1644. His father Antonio Barberini, a
Florentine nobleman, who died when Maffeo was only three years old, his
mother, Camilla Barbadoro, brought him to Rome at an early age. He lived
with his uncle, Francesco Barberini, who was then prothonotary Apostolic,
and was educated at the Collegio Romano under the direction of the Jesuits.
In 1589 he graduated from Pisa as Doctor of Laws, and returning to Rome he
became abbreviator Apostolic and referendary of the Segnatura di Giustizia.
In 1592 Clement VIII made him Governor of Fano, then prothonotary
Apostolic, and in 1601 papal legate to France to present his felicitations
to King Henry IV on the birth of the dauphin, the future King Louis XIII.
In 1604 he was appointed Archbishop of Nazareth and sent as nuncio to
Paris, where he became very influential with Henry IV. In recognition of
his services in France, Paul V created him cardinal-priest, 11 September,
1606, with the titular Church of S. Pietro in Montorio, which he exchanged
for that of S. Onofrio, 5 September, 1610. On 17 October, 1608, he was
transferred to the See of Spoleto, where he convened a synod, completed the
seminary, and built two other diocesan seminaries, at Spello and Visso. In
1617 Paul V made him legate of Bologna and prefect of the Segnatura di
Giustizia. On 19 July, 1623, fifty-five cardinals entered conclave to elect
a successor to Gregory XV; on 6 August Cardinal Maffeo Barberini received
fifty votes. The new pope took the name of Urban VIII. Being attacked by
the fever which was raging in Rome, he was obliged to postpone his
coronation until 29 September. It is related that, before allowing himself
to be vested in the pontifical robes, he prostrated himself before the
altar, praying that God might let him die if his pontificate would not be
for the good of the Church.
He began his reign by issuing on the very day of his election the Bulls of
canonization of Philip Neri, Ignatius Loyola, and Francis Xavier, who had
been canonized by Gregory XV. Urban himself canonized Elizabeth of
Portugal, 25 May, 1625; and Andrew Corsini, 22 April, 1629. He beatified:
* James of the Marches, a Minorite, 12 August, 1624;
* Francis Borgia, a Jesuit, 23 November, 1624;
* Andrew Avellino, 10 June, 1625;
* Felix of Cantalice, a Minorite, 1 October, 1625;
* Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi, 8 May, 1626;
* Cajetan, the founder of the Theatines, 8 October, 1629;
* John of God, 21 September, 1630; and
* Josaphat Kuncevyc, 16 May, 1643.
He reserved the beatification of saints to the Holy See and in a Bull,
dated 30 October, 1625, forbade the representation with the halo of
sanctity of persons not beatified or canonized, the placing of lamps,
tablets, etc., before their sepulchres, and the printing of their alleged
miracles or revelations. In a later Bull, dated 13 September, 1642, he
reduced the number of holy days of obligation to thirty-four, besides
Sundays. Urban introduced many new offices into the Breviary. He composed
the whole proper Office of St. Elizabeth and wrote the hymns, as they are
in the Breviary, for the feasts of St. Martina, St. Hermenegild, and St.
Elizabeth of Portugal. A book of poems, written by him before he became
pope, was published during his pontificate under the title: "Maphei
Cardinalis Barberini poemata" (Rome, 1637). In 1629 he appointed a
committee for the reform of the Breviary. Their incomplete and often
ill-advised corrections were approved by Urban, 19 September, 1631, and
embodied in the official edition of the Roman Breviary which was issued the
following year (see BREVIARY -- Reforms of the Breviary). In 1627 Urban
gave the final shape to the celebrated Bull, "In Coena Domini." In 1634 he
enjoined upon all ruling bishops, including cardinals, to observe the
episcopal residence as decreed at the Council of Trent. During Urban's
pontificate occurred the second trial and condemnation of Galileo by the
Roman Inquisition (see GALILEI, GALILEO). On 6 March, 1642, he issued the
Bull, "In eminenti," condemning the "Augustinus" of Jansenius (q. v.).
Urban was a great patron of Catholic foreign missions. He erected various
dioceses and vicariates in pagan countries and encouraged the missionaries
by word and financial assistance. He extended the sphere of activity for
the Congregation of Propaganda (q. v.), and in 1627 founded the Collegium
Urbanum, whose object was the training of missionaries for foreign
countries. For the Maronites he had already founded (1625) a college on
Mount Lebanon. In order to increase the number of missionaries in China and
Japan he opened these two countries to all missionaries in 1633, although
Gregory XIII had given the Jesuits the exclusive right to those missions in
1585. In a Bull, dated 22 April, 1639, he strictly prohibited slavery of
any kind among the Indians of Paraguay, Brazil, and the entire West Indies.
In his efforts to restore Catholicism in England Urban had little success.
In 1624 he sent Richard Smith as vicar Apostolic to that country, but the
latter's imprudent insistence on exercising full episcopal authority in
England and Scotland brought him into public conflict with the Jesuits and
other missionaries of religious orders. The Government issued new hostile
measures against the Catholics, and in 1631 Smith was obliged to flee.
Three years later Urban sent Gregorio Panzani (q. v.) to England. Having
gained greater liberty for the Catholics, he was succeeded in 1638 by
George Conn, an Englishman, who had previously been secretary to Cardinal
Francesco Barberini. Forced to return to Rome in 1639, on account of
ill-health, he was replaced by Rossetti. Repeated requests made through him
to the pope for financial aid in the war brewing between the king and
Parliament were refused by Urban except on condition of the king's
conversion. The ensuing war put an end to all negotiations. (See the
letters of Panzani, Conn, and Rossetti to Cardinal Barberini in the Record
Office Transcripts.) The religious orders found a zealous promoter in
Urban. In 1628 he approved the Congregation of Our Saviour, a reformed
branch of Augustinian canons, founded by Peter Fourier in 1609, and in
1632, the Lazarists or Priests of the Mission, a secular congregation
founded by Vincent of Paul. He also approved the following sisterhoods:
Canonesses of the Holy Sepulchre, 1631; Sisters of the Incarnation, 1633;
Nuns of Our Lady of Nancy, 1634; and Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy, 1642.
The Jesuitesses, founded by the Englishwoman Mary Ward in 1609, he
suppressed in 1631 for insubordination.
Urban's greatest fault was his excessive nepotism. Three days after his
coronation he created Francesco Barberini, his nephew, cardinal; in 1627 he
made him librarian of the Vatican; and in 1632 vice-chancellor. Francesco
did not abuse his power. He built the large Barberini Palace and founded
the famous Barberini Library which was acquired and made part of the
Vatican Library by Leo XIII in 1902. Urban's nephew, Antonio Barberini, the
Younger, was created cardinal in 1627, became camerlengo in 1638, then
commander-in-chief of the papal troops. He was legate at Avignon and Urbino
in 1633; at Bologna, Ferrara, and Romagna in 1641. Urban's brother Antonio,
who was a Capuchin, received the Diocese of Senigaglia in 1625, was created
cardinal in 1628, and later appointed grand penitentiary and librarian of
the Vatican. A third nephew of Urban, Taddeo Barberini, was made Prince of
Palestrina and Prefect of Rome. It is scarcely credible what immense riches
accrued to the Barberini family through Urban's nepotism. Finally,
tormented with scruples concerning his nepotism, Urban twice appointed a
special committee of theologians to investigate whether it was lawful for
his nephews to retain their possessions, but each time the committee
decided in favour of his nephews. Among the members of the second committee
were Cardinal Lugo and Father Lupis.
In the government of the Papal territory Urban, as a rule, followed his own
judgment; even his nephews had little influence during the first ten years
of his pontificate. He honoured the cardinals by ordering them to give
precedence only to crowned heads, and in a Decree of 10 June, 1630,
bestowed upon them the title of "Eminence," their former title having been
"Illustrious and Most Reverend." In 1626 he extended the Papal territory by
inducing the aged Duke Francesco Maria della Rovere to cede his Duchy of
Urbino to the Church. Towards the end of his pontificate his nephews
involved him in a useless war with Odoardo Farnese, the Duke of Parma, with
whom they had quarrelled on questions of etiquette during his visit to Rome
in 1639. In revenge they induced Urban to prohibit the exportation of grain
from Castro to the Roman territory, thus depriving Farnese of an income
without which he could not pay the interest on his monti, or bonds. The
duke's creditors complained to the pope, who took forcible possession of
Castro, 13 October, 1641, in order to assure the payment. This proved
ineffective, and on 13 January, 1642, Urban excommunicated Farnese and
deprived him of all his fiefs. Backed by Tuscany, Modena, and Venice, the
duke set out towards Rome at the head of about 3000 horsemen, putting to
flight the papal troops. Peace negotiations were concluded near Orvieto,
but not accepted by the pope. In 1643 hostilities were renewed and
continued without decisive success until the pope finally concluded a
disgraceful peace on 31 March, 1644. He was obliged to free the duke from
the ban and restore all the places taken by the papal troops.
Urban spent heavy sums on armaments, fortifications, and structures of
every kind. At Castelfranco he erected the costly but unfavourably situated
Fort Urbano, established an extensive manufactory of arms at Tivoli, and
transformed Civitavecchia into a military port. He strongly fortified the
Castel of Sant' Angelo, Monte Cavallo, and built various fortifications on
the right side of the Tiber in Rome. He erected the beautifully situated
papal villa at Castle Gandolfo, founded the Vatican Seminary, built various
churches and monasteries, beautified streets, piazzas, and fountains. The
three bees in his escutcheon attract the attention of every observant
visitor in Rome. In the Basilica of St. Peter he erected the baldachin over
the high altar, the tomb of Countess Matilda, translating her remains from
Mantua, and his own tomb, opposite that of Paul III. For some of these
structures he used bronze from the roof of the Pantheon, thus causing the
well-known but unwarranted pasquinade: "Quod non fecerunt Barbari, fecerunt
Barberini."
The pontificate of Urban extended over one of the most critical periods in
the history of the Catholic Church, the Thirty Years War. Ranke and
Gregorovius attribute Urban's actions in this war to his intention to
humiliate the two Houses of Habsburg (Austria and Spain), whose too great
power was a constant menace to Italy and Rome; hence, they declare, he
favoured France and did not subsidize Emperor Ferdinand II in his war
against Gustavus Adolphus and the Protestants. An unbiased study of the
situation will lead to a different conclusion. Neither as pontiff not as
temporal ruler could Urban remain a disinterested onlooker, and he had no
other motive than the welfare of the Catholic Church. As the common Father
of Christendom he interposed concerning the Valtellina, a strategically
important valley between Venice and the Grisons, which was eagerly coveted
by France as well as Spain. He refused to join the alliance which France
had made with Venice and Savoy against Spain in 1624, and was instrumental
in bringing about the Treaty of Monzon, 5 March, 1626, which gave equal
rights upon the Valtellina to France and Spain. He also refused to enter
the league which France had concluded with Venice and Savoy at the
beginning of the war of the Mantuan succession in 1629. "It is impossible
for me," he writes to Nagni, the French nuncio, 2 April, 1629, "to put in
jeopardy the common fatherhood and, in consequence, to be no longer able to
heal and pacify, which is the proper business of the pope as vicar of
Christ" (Nunziatura di Francia, Vat. Lib. Cod. 71, and Nicoletti, III,
1451-58).
Equally false are the accusations of Ranke and Gregorovius that Urban
opposed the election of Ferdinand's oldest son as King of Rome and
advocated the dismissal of Wallenstein as commander-in-chief of the
imperial army through his nuncio at the Electoral Diet of Ratisbon in 1630.
The first accusation was already branded as a calumny by Cardinal Francesco
Barberini in a conference with the imperial ambassador Savelli on 16 March,
1629 (Nunziatura di Germania, Cod. 118, fol. 89); the second is refuted by
Urban himself, who on 17 January, 1632, congratulated Wallenstein on his
reassumption of the command and sent him the Apostolic blessing (Registrum
brevium, XXXI, 87). It is, however, true that Urban did not subsidize the
imperial army and the Catholic League as liberally as he could and should
have done. Nevertheless, he sent (1632-34) two million francs out of his
own means to the Catholic troops in Germany. Urban did not join the League
of the Catholic Estates, which was planned by the emperor, as the League
was directed not only against Gustavus Adolphus, but also against France;
hence it could not be joined by the pope as the common father of Catholics.
He urged Louis XIII and Richelieu to desist from subsidizing the King of
Sweden, but refused to excommunicate them, as he feared a repetition of
what had occurred in England under Henry VIII and Elizabeth (Nunziatura di
Germania, Cod. 127, fol. 266).
The greatest calumny that has been spread about Urban is his alleged
sympathy with Gustavus Adolphus, whose death he is said to have mourned and
for whose soul he is said to have celebrated a Requiem Mass. What Urban
thought of the Swedish king and how he mourned his death is manifest from a
Brief, addressed to Ferdinand on 14 December, 1632, when the pope received
the news that Gustavus Adolphus had fallen in battle (16 November, 1632).
The Brief is published in the original Latin by Ehses. The following
quotation will suffice: "We give eternal thanks to the Lord of vengeance
because he rendered retribution to the proud and shook from the neck of the
Catholics their most bitter enemy." The Mass which he is said to have
celebrated in the German National Church, the Anima, at Rome on 11
December, was in reality a Mass of thanksgiving, of which Alaleone, the
papal master of ceremonies, says expressly: "This Mass was celebrated in
thanksgiving upon receiving the message of the death of the King of Sweden"
(Cod. Vat. 9252, II, 71 sq.). On the next day the "Te Deum" was sung in the
Sistine Chapel in presence of the pope, "ob laetitiam necis regis Sueciae
interfecti," after which the pope himself chanted the versicles and
orations.
It is as yet difficult to pass a correct judgment on Urban from every point
of view. His life remains still to be written fairly. His private life was
beyond all reproach, and the common welfare of the Church seems to have
been the mainspring of his pontifical labours. His one fault was
squandering money on his nephews, army, and fortifications, while stinting
Ferdinand and the Catholic League in Germany.
MICHAEL OTT
Transcribed by Carol Kerstner
Taken from the New Advent Web Page (www.knight.org/advent).
This article is part of the Catholic Encyclopedia Project, an effort aimed at placing the entire Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 edition on the World Wide Web. The coordinator is Kevin Knight, editor of the New Advent Catholic Website. If you would like to contribute to this worthwhile project, you can contact him by e-mail at (knight.org/advent). For more information please download the file cathen.txt/.zip.
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