CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: STYLITES
Stylites (Pillar Saints)
Stylites were solitaries who, taking up their abode upon the tops of a pillar (<stylos>),
chose to spend their days amid the restraints thus entailed and in the exercise of other
forms of asceticism. This practice may be regarded as the climax of a tendency which
became very pronounced in Eastern lands in the latter part of the fourth century. The
duration and severity of the fasts then practised almost pass belief, but the evidence is
overwhelming, and the general correctness of the accounts preserved to us is no hardly
disputed. Besides the mortification of the appetite, submission to restraints of all kinds
became at this period an end in itself. Palladius tells us (ch. xlviii) of a hermit in
Palestine who dwelt in a cave on the top of a mountain and who for the space of
twenty-five years never turned his face to the West. St. Gregory of Nazianzus (P.G.,
XXXVII, 1456) speaks of a solitary who stood upright for many years together,
absorbed in contemplation, without ever lying down. Theodoret assures us that he had
seen a hermit who had passed ten years in a tub suspended in mid air from poles
(Philotheus, ch. xxviii).
There seems no reason to doubt that is was the ascetical spirit manifested in such
examples of these which spurred men on to devise new and more ingenious forms of
self-crucifixion and which in 423 led Simeon Stylites the Elder (q. v.) first of all to take
up his abode on the top of a pillar. Critics, it is true, have recalled a passage in Lucian
(De Syria Dea, cc. xxviii - xxix) which speaks of a high column at Hierapolis to the top
of which a man ascended twice a year and spent a week in converse with the gods, but
scholars think it unlikely that Simeon had derived any suggestion from this pagan
custom, which certainly had died out before his time. In any case Simeon had a
continuous series of imitators, more particularly in Syria and Palestine. St. Daniel
Stylites may have been the first of these, for he had been a disciple of St. Simeon and
began his rigorous way of life shortly after his master died. Daniel was a Syrian by
birth but he established himself near Constantinople, where he was visited by both the
Emperor Leo and the Emperor Zeno. Simeon the Younger (q. v.), like his namesake,
lived near Antioch; he died in 596, and had for a contemporary a hardly less famous
Stylites in St. Alypius, whose pillar had been erected near Adrianople in Paphlagonia.
Saint Alypius after standing upright for fifty-three years found his feet no longer able
to support him, but instead of descending from his pillar lay down on his side and
spent the remaining fourteen years of his life in that position.
St. Luke the Younger, another famous pillar hermit lived in the tenth century on
Mount Olympus, but he also seems to have been of Asiatic parentage. There were
many others besides these who were not so famous and even women Stylites were
known. One or two isolated attempts seem to have been made to introduce this form of
asceticism into the West but it met with little favour. In the East cases were found
down to the twelfth century; in the Russian Orthodox Church it lasted until 1461, and
among the Ruthenians even later. There can be no doubt that for the majority of the
pillar hermits the extreme austerity of which we read in the lives of the Simeons and of
Alypius was somewhat mitigated. Upon the summit of some of the columns for
example a tiny hut was erected as a shelter against sun and rain, and we hear of other
hermits of the same class among the Monophysites, who lived inside a hollow pillar
rather than upon it; but the life in any case must have been one of extraordinary
endurance and privation. Probably the best justification of these excesses of austerity is
to be found in the fact that, like the great renunciation of St. Melania the Younger, they
did, in an age of terrible corruption and social decadence, impress the need of penance
more than anything else could have done upon the minds and imagination of Oriental
Christians.
HERBERT THURSTON
Transcribed by Michael C. Tinkler
Taken from the New Advent Web Page (www.knight.org/advent).
This article is part of the Catholic Encyclopedia Project, an effort aimed at placing the
entire Catholic Encyclopedia on the World Wide Web. The coordinator is Kevin Knight,
editor of the New Advent Catholic Website. If you would like to contribute to this
worthwhile project, you can contact him by e-mail at (
[email protected]). For
more information please download the file cathen.txt/.zip.
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