by Janet Kalven
Staff Member of the Grailville School, Loveland, Ohio
THE NATIONAL CATHOLIC RURAL LIFE CONFERENCE
4625 Beaver Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50310-2199
Imprimatur:
+Gerald T. Bergan, D.D.
Bishop of Des Moines
FOREWORD
IT IS no mere coincidence that Janet Kalven's thoughts on woman
come to the reader in this form so soon after the Holy Father's
allocution on the subject October 21, 1945.
What will strike the reader most forcibly, however, after he has
compared the attached article with the Papal allocution, is the
fact that Miss Kalven had already written and delivered this
paper before the Holy Father addressed the Catholic women of
Italy (and of the world) on that significant Mission Sunday.
The present pamphlet shows, therefore, how closely the author
thinks and prays with the Church, and how desirous she is of
having every woman realize her vocation to the full, whether she
be a wife and mother, or a religious with the vows, or a single
woman living in the world.
Bishop of Trenton
Past President NCRLC
"THE important thing for a country is that the men should be manly, the
women womanly." This comment of Chesterton's embodies a fundamental
principle of social order. In society, as in any organism, unity and order
are achieved through the cooperation of very different members, each
fulfilling his own functions and contributing his special qualities to the
common good.
The deepest difference among human beings--far more fundamental than any
difference of intelligence or ability, nation or race-- is the difference
of sex. "And God created man to His own image: to the image of God He
created him; male and female He created them." This basic difference is
not merely physical but also psychological, coloring the total
personality. In the whole range of her being--her mind, her senses, her
emotions, her will, her interests and reactions--woman differs profoundly
from man.
It is obviously of the greatest importance that this difference find its
proper expression in the social functions of the two sexes. Each has
unique qualities to contribute to the enrichment of human life. It is
essential for the full and harmonious development of society, and
especially for a Christian society, that "the men should be manly, the
women womanly." Man and woman are made to complement each other at every
point. Man's capacity for theory, for forming an abstract and
comprehensive view, is matched by woman's practical sense and her gift for
detail. Man's ambition and self-assertion which spur him on to great
achievement must be balanced by the creative power of woman's spirit of
sacrifice and self-surrender. Man's ability for leadership and desire for
power must be tempered by woman's spirit of love and selfless devotion.
The undue predominance of either masculine or feminine qualities creates
profound disturbances which reverberate throughout the entire social
structure, as we can see in our own culture. Western European
civilization under the influence of Protestantism, rationalism,
liberalism, and other secularizing trends, has become progressively more
masculine in the last four centuries. Ours is a culture of the
self-assertion of man: of man's reason and scientific method in the
intellectual sphere; of man's will to power and conquest in business and
world affairs; of man's independence of God in all aspects of life. In our
time we need women with a vision of their great task as women who will
help to restore the social equilibrium by creating a vital current of the
great womanly virtues: the spirit of love, compassion for the suffering,
generous self-sacrifice. As women our fundamental contribution to the new
order lies in finding our proper role in society. Our most urgent task in
the work of reconstruction is to face this problem: What is the function
of woman in the social order?
THE UNIVERSAL MISSION OF WOMAN
Woman's essential mission in the world is to be for mankind a living
example of the spirit of total dedication to God. To love God with her
whole heart, her whole mind, her whole strength, and to radiate that love
to the world--this is the universal task of woman. It is true that every
human being is made for the love of God and is meant to be totally
consecrated to His praise. In what sense, then, can we say that it is the
particular mission of woman to be both an example and guide of man along
the way of dedication?
There are two poles, two principles in human nature. Father Gerald Vann,
O. P., in his recent book, "The Heart of Man," distinguishes these two
basic tendencies as "man the maker" and "man the lover." Both principles
are present to some extent in every human being, but man the maker is
realized most perfectly in man; man the lover in woman. It is the maker
who asserts, who imposes his idea and his will on the surroundings. The
race takes its forward motion along the way of organization and invention
from him. It is man the lover who gives, who yields his own will and
gladly surrenders not only his will but his very self to the beloved.
Mankind has always recognized that love plays a far greater role in
woman's life than in man's. Every woman when she looks into her own heart
finds there the deep desire to surrender herself completely in love. Woman
is by nature total in her giving; love absorbs her whole being. Byron was
expressing the common experience of mankind when he wrote:
"Man's love is of man's life a thing apart
'Tis Woman's whole existence."
In relation to God, we must all fulfill the role of the lover, awaiting
the divine initiative, surrendering completely to the divine will. As C.
S. Lewis writes so beautifully, "Our role must be always that of patient
to agent, female to male, mirror to light, echo to voice. Our highest
activity must be response, not initiative. To experience the love of God
in a true and not an illusory form is therefore to experience it as our
surrender to His demand, our conformity to His desire." Christian
tradition has often expressed man's relation to God in the beautiful
phrase: the soul is the bride of Christ. But woman's nature has the
greater innate affinity for the bridal role, for the act of loving
surrender. That is why woman has been throughout Christian history a
symbol and example of the spirit of complete consecration to God. Woman's
natural capacity for wholehearted giving of herself in love is the basis
for her glorious supernatural vocation. It is her function to help to lead
mankind to God by becoming herself a radiant example of total dedication
to His will.
The lover's surrender opens the way for the action of God's grace in the
world. "The world can be moved by the strength of man, but it can be
blessed in the real sense of the word only in the sign of woman," writes
Gertrude von Le Fort. It is first of all to Our Lady that these words
apply. In her, the universal mission of woman, the lover, was fulfilled
most completely. Her "fiat" is the perfect expression of the creature's
wholesouled surrender to the creator, and through her surrender the
fullness of blessing entered into the world. These words may be applied,
too, to the universal task of womankind, for it is the function of every
woman to re-echo the "fiat" of Mary and thus to become a source of
blessing to humanity.
WOMAN AS MOTHER OF MANKIND
Woman helps to lead society Godward by her direct service of mankind as
well as by her example. Total dedication to God implies wholehearted
service of man. A loving care for one's neighbor is but the necessary
practical expression of a genuine love of God. In woman, the care for
one's neighbor has the character of maternal love, with its warm personal
devotion and generous sacrifice of self. Spiritually as well as
physically, woman is the mother of mankind, the fountain and nurturer of
life.
Through her relation to "man the maker" woman exercises a strong spiritual
influence on the whole of a culture. Man leaves the imprint of his
personality in the creations of his mind--works of science and art,
monumental buildings and commercial empires. But woman's masterpiece is
life itself. She is not interested in abstract or technical achievements
but in persons, and in bringing persons to God. She stays in the
background, the great inspirer, whose warm sympathy and encouragement spur
man on. Intuitively she perceives what is best and noblest in his
proposals and helps to develop it. With her deep awareness of the
sacramentality of life, she helps man to see matter as the image of
spirit, inspiring him with her vision of the divine poetry of creation and
the symbolism of human action. In the life of every great man one finds
this vital influence of a noble woman-Monica and Augustine, Paula and
Jerome, Scholastica and Benedict, Clare and Francis, Blanche of Castile
and King Louis, Clothilde and Clovis, Beatrice and Dante. Woman's
influence is subtle and hard to define but nonetheless real. When she no
longer fulfills her role as spiritual mother, culture becomes gross,
materialistic, brutal, and loses grace and beauty.
THE THREE SPHERES OF WOMAN'S DEDICATION
Woman must needs fulfill her universal mission of dedication to God and
loving service of mankind in some concrete set of circumstances. There are
three spheres in which she can carry out her primary task: religious life,
marriage, and single life in the world. In the designs of God's
Providence, some women in every generation, the "first fruits," are meant
to consecrate themselves to God in religion; most women are called to
dedicate themselves to Him in marriage; and very few are intended for the
life of the unmarried woman in the world. But whether she becomes a nun, a
mother of a family, or a single woman in the world, her essential function
remains the same: to be a living example of the spirit of surrender and
love, the spiritual mother of mankind.
The virgin consecrated to God by her vow of chastity has always been
regarded with highest honor in Christian civilization. Consecrated
virginity diffuses a fragrant atmosphere of purity and spiritual integrity
throughout society, which contributes to preserve the sanctity of marriage
and the dignity of womanhood. The greater the respect and esteem shown to
virginity in a society, the higher the position of all women will be. It
is significant that the Protestant revolt which has had so many
unfortunate consequences for the position of woman began with Luther's
attacks on virginity and his liquidation of convents and monasteries.
The topic of woman's contribution to society through the religious life,
however, demands a separate article for adequate treatment. The present
discussion will be confined to the role of woman in marriage and in the
single life in the world.
WOMAN IN MARRIAGE
Woman's nature is admirably adapted to her functions as wife and mother.
The responsibilities of the family develop her powers and mature her
spiritually, mentally. and physically.
Spiritually, a woman becomes mature through surrender, through finding the
particular role in which she can accomplish her total dedication to God.
The young woman who has found her vocation in life in marriage and is
wholly given to her task of bringing her family to God is a mature person
whatever her age. She will have that air of serenity and peace which are
the sign of the basic fulfillment of her being. The woman who has never
surrendered wholeheartedly to any purpose outside herself remains immature
all her life, like a bud which never unfolds itself. In marriage, woman
can develop a spirit of selflessness which makes her dedication deeper and
richer with the years. Her service to her family both expresses her love
of God and increases her power of loving. The woman who has no outlet for
her love, no one for whom she can spend herself, is apt to become hard,
bitter, selfish, because she has no one but herself to consider. The woman
who is constantly concerned with the needs of her family can unfold the
qualities of love, tenderness, and unselfish devotion which make her truly
great and truly happy.
Mentally, a woman's mind matures under the stimulus of the varied
practical activities she performs for those she loves. In the concrete,
living experience of the family, she can develop sound judgment and a keen
insight into human nature. Lombroso's observation can readily be verified.
"The mother of a large family who has had no time to study, having been
occupied with her children and her household, has more life, more breadth
of ideas, than the old maid of the same age who has done nothing else than
to potter about at universities and libraries." The responsibilities of
her family life exercise all woman's mental powers. Her intuition and
powers of observation are called into play constantly to discover the
unexpressed desires of her family, particularly the needs of the helpless
child. She has need of her intuition, too, as well as her tact, to help
her solve the hundred problems of human relations and practical affairs
that arise in the course of her day. Providing for the family helps to
develop woman's natural ingenuity and inventiveness. It is to the
ingenuity of women intent on meeting the needs of their families that we
owe the discovery of many of the most important arts: horticulture, for
example; the creative arts of weaving, pottery, basketry; the domestic
arts of food preparation and preservation; the uses of medicinal herbs in
healing.
Physically, too, marriage and child bearing represent a development and
completion for the normal woman, giving her new beauty and vitality. The
mother of a large family experiences a physical fulfillment with the birth
of each child which gives her fresh vigor and health. Dr. Alexis Carrell
observes that women attain their full development as a rule only after the
birth of several children. He writes in "Man The Unknown": "Women who have
no children are not so well balanced and become more nervous than the
others. The importance to woman of the generative function has not been
sufficiently recognized. Such function is indispensable to her optimum
development. It is therefore absurd to turn women against maternity.
THE GIGANTIC TASK
In a well balanced society, where the family performs all its proper
functions, the home is a society in microcosm, presenting all the problems
of human relations, all the variety of human activities. The home is at
once an economic and industrial center, preparing goods for family use; a
school in which the young are introduced to the universe; a sanctuary for
rest and relaxation; a temple dedicated to the praise of God. It is
woman's function to organize and direct this complex undertaking, a role
which demands intelligence talents and spiritual qualities of a high
order. Chesterton describes the vastness of woman's task in the family in
the following passage from "What's Wrong With the World":
"To be Queen Elizabeth within a definite area, deciding sales, banquets,
labors, and holidays; to be Whiteley within a certain area, providing
toys, boots, sheets, cakes and books; to be Aristotle within a certain
area, teaching morals, manners, theology and hygiene: I can understand how
this might exhaust the mind, but I cannot imagine how it could narrow it.
How can it be a large career to tell other people's children about the
Rule of Three and a small career to tell one's own children about the
universe? How can it be broad to be the same thing to everyone, and narrow
to be everything to someone? No; a woman's function is laborious but
because it is gigantic, not because it is minute."
One of the greatest of woman's responsibilities is her task as educator,
transmitting the fundamental heritage of civilization, the traditions of
culture and religion, to the new generation. The child receives his first
introduction to civilization from his mother. The first formation of his
mind and character belong almost entirely to her. She gives the child his
first concepts of reality, his basic acquaintance with his mother tongue.
The child's ideas of God, of right and wrong, of repentance for faults,
his first meeting with God in prayer--all come through the mother's
teaching. She socializes the young human being, training him to honesty,
courage, generosity, developing self- control, responsibility, and all
those other virtues without which society cannot exist. She molds the men
and women of the future. No other influence is as strong as the mother's
in forming and preparing human beings for life.
Woman not only transmits the foundation of culture to the child; she is
the great keeper of tradition in society, the custodian of manners and
morals, conserving the gracious customs and fundamental standards of the
race. She inspires and enforces the code of social behavior as, for
example, the great chatelaines of the middle ages upheld the noble code of
chivalry, and the hostesses of the seventeenth century salons cultivated
the refinement of taste and manner. She keeps alive those religious
customs and traditions in the home and community which link the daily life
of man to God by so many intimate bonds. She is the guardian of the moral
standard, especially in all that concerns the family. In this respect, as
in so many others, the modern woman has abrogated her traditional role
with tragic consequences for society.
It is impossible to exaggerate the importance for society of woman's
achievement in the family. The family is the foundation of all the larger
social structures, the basic cell on which all other agencies depend for
the very existence and first formation of their members. A nation can
flourish only to the extent that it is composed of healthy, flourishing
families. But the family can endure only if the woman spends herself
wholeheartedly to create a real home. If the woman looks down upon her
function and neglects her task in the family, nothing can take her place;
the family will disintegrate and with it the whole society. This should be
abundantly clear to us when we see how powerless the most elaborate
schools and the most advanced methods of social work are in the face of
the rising tide of juvenile delinquents from neglected and broken homes.
It is superficial to think as women that we must be in the forefront of
public affairs, politics, or business to influence the course of the
world. "Not in the branches of a tree but in its roots do force and power
reside," writes Gertrude von Le Fort. Woman is at the very roots of social
life. If she keeps the sources of life pure and healthy, the entire social
order will be renewed and reinvigorated by her effort.
WOMAN IN SINGLE LIFE
The other sphere through which woman can carry out her mission is the
state of single life in the world. In normal times, only a few women are
called to this vocation. But in our time, due to the war and to other
abnormal social conditions, many women will remain unmarried. We should
realize that this circumstance falls within God's Providence, and that He
has destined the single woman to fulfill an important role in the modern
world.
The task of the unmarried woman is, by her whole hearted surrender to God,
to make virginity spiritually fruitful in the world. In embracing
virginity, she should radiate purity and nobility of soul. Her very
existence, like that of the virgin consecrated in religion, should be a
strong positive influence upholding the dignity of womanhood and the
sanctity of marriage.
By developing her capacity for spiritual motherhood, she should become a
source of strength and comfort and inspiration to mankind. Never has the
world been so full of misery, so desperately in need of the healing
influence of woman's love. The mission of the unmarried woman in this time
is to give the full riches of her maternal love and devotion to alleviate
the sufferings and renew the hope of mankind.
In order to accomplish her vocation, the single woman must find an
appropriate sphere in which she can carry out her dedication to God
through loving service of human beings. She must strike out on new paths,
searching for types of work in which she can use her womanly talents and
develop her woman's nature. In the education and formation of the young;
in agriculture, tending growing plants and animals; in the care of the
sick, the weak, the poor, the helpless, woman finds fields of activity
appropriate to her capacities as nurturer of life. Unfortunately, work as
it is carried on in these fields today often affords small opportunity for
the use of woman's characteristic talents. In medicine, in education, in
social work, we suffer from depersonalization, from too much large scale
organization and mechanical routine, from too much concern with the
physical aspects of the process. We need women to pioneer in these fields
again, bringing with them their gift for warmly personal service and
creating truly womanly occupations. We need women who will help to restore
the emphasis on the spiritual, and who will make the work of healing, of
teaching, of relieving the distressed a full expression of living charity
between human persons.
HOW DID WE LOSE THE CONCEPT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD?
As we look over the modern world we may be tempted to echo King Solomon's
cry: Who shall find a valiant woman? On every hand we see modern women
turning away from this type of the greathearted woman. How does it happen
that we have lost the concept of the woman of love and sacrifice and have
accepted the ideal of the professional woman in its place?
Three major factors have contributed to the destruction of the womanly
ideal: the Reformation, and the consequent secularization of western
culture; the Industrial Revolution; the Feminist Movement. The Reformation
was an ultra-masculine movement with small regard for woman's qualities
and woman's functions. As society lost its Catholic sense, it lost also
the concept of total dedication, the understanding of the sacramentality
of life, the regard for the sanctity of marriage--all principles
intimately connected with woman's mission and dignity. At the same time,
"the masculine desire to dominate the woman found expression in the law."
Public opinion looked down upon woman's sphere. "Kirche, kuche, and
kinderstube" ("Church, kitchen, and nursery") were linked together and
treated with scant respect as fit only for women.
Along with the intellectual devaluation of woman's activities came the
profound economic and social changes created by the Industrial Revolution.
Seventy-five years ago the woman in the home was still the center of a
variety of economic enterprises of unquestioned value and importance. But
one by one almost all the activities through which a woman served her
family, developed herself, and earned the esteem of society, have been
lifted out of her hands and transferred to the factory. The sphere in
which most women had found their means of dedication was severely
curtailed. At the same time, economic necessity forced many women into the
labor market to help support their families and thus led them further away
from a womanly pattern.
The third influence which has contributed to the loss of a true concept of
woman's function is the feminist fallacy. Feminism was born of woman's
natural reaction against the depressed condition in which she found
herself in a secularized, masculine, industrial culture. The feminists
vociferously demanded equality, but unfortunately they conceived equality
on a masculine pattern. Their whole struggle for woman's rights has
simply helped to destroy the difference between the sexes and has worked
to make the woman a slavish imitation of the man. Feminism is an abject
surrender to the masculine ideal as the only ideal. The feminist has
completely lost faith in herself as a woman. Her effort to prove herself
"just as good as a man" betrays her insecurity and is a tacit admission of
inferiority.
Woman's struggle for freedom has led her deeper and deeper into a morass
of conditions which frustrate her nature and her mission. Chesterton's
bon mot is more than a witty pun: "Twenty million women rose to their feet
with the cry: 'We will not be dictated to' and proceeded to become
stenographers." It is a summary of woman's situation in the modern world.
Women rebelled against the confinement of the home; they find themselves
now confined to the mechanical routine of the typewriter and the assembly
line, rendered all the more monotonous for a woman because of its
exceedingly impersonal character.
Woman is made for marriage and motherhood; the modern woman in the name of
freedom urges easy divorce and artificial sterility. Woman is well
adapted to the universal activity of the home; her demand for freedom
leads her to a narrowly specialized education and still more narrowly
specialized career. Woman is made for love, for the giving of herself in
personal, devoted service. In the modern world she has found her way to a
position of lonely and selfish independence.
TOWARDS A SOLUTION
The problem of woman's role is fundamental and no simple, facile solution
will meet it. It is not surprising that a society which has lost its sense
for divine things and for man's own nature should have lost also the true
concept of woman. The unnatural position of woman in our society is but
one aspect of the disintegration of modern culture. Nothing short of an
intensive and all-embracing renewal of the modern world in the Christian
spirit will restore woman to her proper functions.
What can we do as women to restore a true concept of womanhood?
(1) Know thyself. As women, our first task is to regain our
self-respect in the light of a clear concept of our nature and
our role. We must grasp the full splendor of the divine idea of
woman as it is revealed to us in the sacred writings, climaxing
in the figure of Our Lady. If we have the courage to be
ourselves and to follow our spiritual mission, then the world
will once again recognize and reverence the immeasurable dignity
of womanhood.
(2) Restore the Christian Family. We must strive in all ways to
restore the family to its rightful dignity and full vigor as the
basic cell of the social organism.
The family must regain the entire range of its functions, the
full scope of its gigantic task--religious, educational,
cultural, economic. As women it is our particular responsibility
to develop a new pattern of integral Christian life in the
family, in which common prayer, work, study and recreation will
build the bonds of unity and draw the family heavenwards.
(3) Create Womanly Work. If woman is to give the full benefit of
her special qualities to society, it is of the utmost importance
that we create, especially for the unmarried woman, many types
of womanly work. We need pioneers of vision and imagination to
take the lead in developing occupations which give woman the
opportunity to mature and use her distinctive gifts. We must be
alert to discover appropriate spheres of activity in which woman
may realize her dedication to God in loving service of
humankind.
(4) Become Radiant Examples of the Spirit of Total Dedication.
Most important of all we must fulfill our primary mission to
radiate the spirit of dedication in the world. Never has there
been a period in the history of the race when the need for
woman's spiritual mission was so great. At the root of all the
disorders of our sad, sick world lies man's attempt to assert
his independence of God. To bring tranquillity and joy into the
chaos of modern society, the first necessity is a profound
renewal of spirit, a wholehearted surrender of man to God, a
humble and joyful acknowledgment of our complete dependence on
Him. To light the way to this surrender is the spiritual mission
of the women of the twentieth century, the task of woman in the
modern world.
A WOMAN'S INFLUENCE
Janet Kalven has reminded us of the salutary influence of women upon the
achievements of men. (Paragraph beginning with "Through her relation to
"man the maker" woman...")
If space permitted, the authoress might have added the names of many other
women. Among those added would have been that of Saint Mary de la Cabeza
who was the wife of Saint Isidore the Farmer, Patron Saint of American
Agriculture. Saint Mary de la Cabeza was a farmer's wife who did housework
in a farmhouse, and garden chores, while her husband labored in the
fields. Her life story is a source of inspiration to homemakers.
Numerous petitions are regularly received and placed near the sacred
relics of Saint Isidore and of Saint Mary de la Cabeza, in the shrine
chapel, at the National Shrine of Saint Isidore, 4625 Beaver Avenue, Des
Moines, IA 50310-2199.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
G. K. Chesterton, "What's Wrong With the World." Sheed and Ward,
New York, 1942.
Gina Lombroso, "The Soul of Woman." E. P. Dutton & Company, New
York, 1923.
Jacques Leclercq, "Marriage and the Family." Pustet, New York.
1942.
Edward Leen, C.S.Sp., "What Is Education?" Chapter X. Sheed and
Ward. New York, 1944.
Walter Farrell, O.P., "Companion to the Summa," Vol. IV, Chapter
VII. Sheed and Ward, New York, 1942.
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