Network Working Group G. Pelletier
Request for Comments: 4164 Ericsson
Category: Standards Track August 2005
RObust Header Compression (ROHC):
Context Replication for ROHC Profiles
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document defines context replication, a complement to the
context initialization procedure found in Robust Header Compression
(ROHC), as specified in RFC 3095. Profiles defining support for
context replication may use the mechanism described herein to
establish a new context based on another already existing context.
Context replication is introduced to reduce the overhead of the
context establishment procedure. It may be especially useful for the
compression of multiple short-lived flows that may be occurring
simultaneously or near-simultaneously, such as short-lived TCP flows.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Context Replication for ROHC Profiles ...........................5
3.1. Robustness Considerations ..................................5
3.2. Replication of Control Fields ..............................5
3.3. Compressor States and Logic ................................6
3.3.1. Context Replication (CR) State ......................6
3.3.2. State Machine with Context Replication ..............7
3.3.3. State Transition Logic ..............................7
3.3.3.1. Selection of Base Context, Upward
Transition .................................8
3.3.3.2. Optimistic Approach, Upward Transition .....9
3.3.3.3. Optional Acknowledgements (ACKs),
Upward Transition ..........................9
3.3.3.4. Negative ACKs (NACKs), Downward
Transition .................................9
3.4. Decompressor Logic ........................................10
3.4.1. Replication and Context Initialization .............10
3.4.2. Reconstruction and Verification ....................10
3.4.3. Actions upon Failure ...............................11
3.4.4. Feedback Logic .....................................11
3.5. Packet Formats ............................................11
3.5.1. CRCs in the IR-CR Packet ...........................12
3.5.1.1. 7-bit CRC .................................13
3.5.1.2. 8-bit CRC .................................13
3.5.2. General Format of the IR-CR Packet .................13
3.5.3. Properties of the Base Context Identifier (BCID) ...15
4. Security Considerations ........................................15
5. Acknowledgements ...............................................15
6. References .....................................................16
6.1. Normative References ......................................16
6.2. Informative References ....................................16
Appendix A: General Format of the IR-CR Packet (Informative).......17
A.1. General Structure (Informative) ..........................17
A.2. Profile-Specific Replication Information (Informative) ...17
Appendix B: Inter-Profile Context Replication (Informative)........18
B.1. Defining Support for Inter-Profile Context Replication ...18
B.2. Compatibility between Different Profiles (Informative) ...19
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
1. Introduction
There is often some redundancy between header fields of different
flows that pass through the same compressor-decompressor pair. This
means that some of the information needed to initialize the context
for decompressing the headers of a new flow may already be present at
the decompressor. It may be desirable to reuse this information and
remove some of the overhead normally required for the initialization
of a new header compression context at both the compressor and
decompressor.
Reducing the overhead of the context establishment procedure is
particularly useful when multiple short-lived connections (or flows)
occur simultaneously, or near-simultaneously, between the same
compressor-decompressor pair. Because each new packet stream
requires most of the header information to be sent during the
initialization phase before smaller compressed headers can be used, a
multitude of short-lived connections may significantly reduce the
overall gain from header compression.
Context replication allows some header fields, such as the IP source
and/or destination addresses (16 octets each for IPv6), to be omitted
within the special Initiation and Refresh (IR) packet type
specifically defined for replication. It also allows other fields,
such as source and/or destination ports, to be either omitted or sent
in a compressed form from the very first packet of the header
compressed flow.
Context replication is herein defined as a general ROHC mechanism.
The benefits of context replication are not limited to any particular
protocol and its support may be defined for any ROHC profile.
In particular, context replication is applicable to TCP compression
because many TCP transfers are short-lived; a behavior analysis of
TCP/IP header fields among multiple short-lived connections may be
found in [5]. In addition, [4] introduces considerations and
requirements for the ROHC-TCP profile [3] to efficiently compress
such short-lived TCP transfers.
For profiles supporting this mechanism, the compressor performs
context replication by reusing or creating a copy of an existing
context, i.e., a base context, to create the replicated context. The
replicated context is then updated to match the header fields of the
new flow. The compressor then sends to the decompressor a packet
that contains a reference to the selected base context, along with
some data for the fields that need to be updated when creating the
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
replicated context. Finally, the decompressor creates the replicated
context based on the reference to the base context along with the
uncompressed and compressed data from the received packet.
This document specifies the context replication procedure for ROHC
profiles. It defines the general compressor and decompressor logic
used during context replication, as well as the general format of the
special IR packet required for this procedure. Profiles defining
support for context replication must further specify the specific
format(s) of this packet.
The fundamentals of the ROHC framework may be found in [2]. It is
assumed throughout this document that these are understood.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].
This document reuses some of the terminology found in [2]. In
addition, this document defines the following terms:
Base context
A base context is a context that has been validated by both the
compressor and the decompressor. The compressor can use a base
context as the reference when building a new context using
replication.
Base CID (BCID)
The Base Context Identifier is the CID used to identify the base
context, from which information needed for context replication can
be extracted.
Context replication
Context replication is the mechanism that initializes a new
context based on another already existing context (a base
context).
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
3. Context Replication for ROHC Profiles
For profiles defining its support, context replication may be used as
an alternative to the context initialization procedure found in [2].
Note that for such profiles, only the decompressor is mandated to
support context replication; the use of the IR-CR packet is optional
for the compressor.
This section describes the compressor and decompressor logic as well
as the general format of the IR packet used with context replication.
3.1. Robustness Considerations
Context replication deviates from the initialization procedure
defined in [2] in that it is able to achieve a certain level of
compression from the first packet used to initialize the context for
a new flow. Therefore, it is of particular importance that the
context replication procedure be robust. This requires that a base
context suitable for replication be used, that the integrity of the
initialization packet be guaranteed, and finally that the outcome of
the replication process be verified.
The primary mechanisms used to achieve robustness of the context
replication procedure are the selection of the base context (based on
prior feedback from the decompressor) and the use of checksums.
Specifically, the compressor must obtain enough confidence that the
base context selected for replication is valid and available at the
decompressor before initiating the replication procedure. Thus, the
most reliable way to select the base context is to choose a context
for which at least the static part to be replicated has previously
been acknowledged by the decompressor.
In addition, the presence of a CRC covering the information that
initializes the context ensures the integrity of the IR header used
for replication. Finally, an additional CRC calculated over the
original uncompressed header allows the decompressor to validate the
reconstructed header and the outcome of the replication process.
3.2. Replication of Control Fields
Control fields are fields that are either transmitted from a ROHC
compressor to a ROHC decompressor or inferred based on the behavior
of other fields, but are not part of the uncompressed header itself.
They can be used to control compression and decompression behavior,
in particular, the set of packet formats to be used. Control fields
are profile-specific. Examples of such fields include the NBO and
RND flags [2], which indicate whether the IP-ID field is in Network
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Byte Order and the type of behavior of the field, respectively.
Another example is the parameter indicating the mode of operation
[2].
The IR-CR differs from the IR packet [2] in that its purpose is to
entirely specify what part of the base context is replicated, and to
convey the complementary information needed to create a new context.
Because of this, a profile supporting the use of the IR-CR packet
SHOULD define for each control field if the value of the field is
replicated from the base context to the new context, or if its value
is reinitialized.
In addition, a compressor MUST NOT initiate context replication while
a control field that is not reinitialized by replication is being
updated, e.g., during the handshake for a mode transition [2].
3.3. Compressor States and Logic
Compression with ROHC normally starts in the IR state, where IR
packets must be sent to initialize a new context at the decompressor.
IR packets include all static and non-static fields of the original
header in uncompressed form plus some additional information. The
compressor stays in the IR state until it obtains confidence that the
decompressor has received the information.
Context replication provides an optional mechanism to complement the
ROHC initialization procedure. It defines a packet type, the IR
packet for Context Replication (IR-CR), which can be used to
initialize a new context. Consequently, the Context Replication (CR)
state is introduced to the compressor state machine to encompass the
additional logic required for the use of the IR-CR packet.
For profiles defining support for context replication, the compressor
may thus transit directly from the IR state to the CR state if an
already existing context can be selected as a base context for
replication. This effectively replaces any IR/IR-DYN packets sent
during the context establishment procedure with an IR-CR packet.
3.3.1. Context Replication (CR) State
The purpose of the CR state is to initialize a new context by reusing
an already existing context. In this state, the compressor sends a
combination of uncompressed and compressed information, along with a
reference to a base context plus some additional information.
Therefore, header information pertaining to fields that are being
replicated is not sent.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
The compressor stays in the CR state until it is confident that the
decompressor has received the replication information correctly.
3.3.2. State Machine with Context Replication
The compressor always starts in the lower compression state (IR), and
transits to the context replication state (CR) under the constraint
that the compressor can select a base context that is suitable for
the flow being compressed (see also Section 3.3.3.1).
The transition from the CR state to a higher compression state (e.g.,
the CO state for [3]) is based on the optimistic approach principle
or feedback received from the decompressor.
The figure below shows the additional state for the compressor. The
details of the state transitions and compression logic are given in
sub-sections following the figure.
BCID selection Optimistic approach / ACK
+----->----->------+ +----->----->----->-----+
| | | |
| v | v
+---------+ +---------+ +-------------+
| IR | | CR | | Higher |
| state | | state | | order state |
+---------+ +---------+ +-------------+
^ |
| NACK / STATIC-NACK |
+---<-----<-----<----+
Note that context replication is a complement to the normal
initialization procedure for ROHC profiles that support it.
Therefore, the compressor transition to the CR state is an optional
addition to the state machine, and does not affect already existing
transitions between the IR state and higher order state(s).
3.3.3. State Transition Logic
Decisions about transition to and from the CR state are taken by the
compressor on the basis of:
- availability of a base context
- positive feedback from the decompressor (Acknowledgements -- ACKs)
- negative feedback from the decompressor (Negative ACKs -- NACKs)
- confidence level regarding error-free decompression of a packet
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Context replication is designed to operate over links where a
feedback channel is available. This is necessary to ensure that the
information used to create a new context is synchronized between the
compressor and the decompressor. In addition, context replication
may also make use of feedback from decompressor to compressor for
transition back to the IR state and for OPTIONAL improved forward
transition towards a state with a higher compression ratio.
The format that must be used by all profiles for the feedback field
within the general ROHC format is specified in Section 5.2.2 of [2];
the feedback information is structured using two possible formats:
FEEDBACK-1 and FEEDBACK-2. In particular, FEEDBACK-2 can carry one
of three possible types of feedback information: ACK, NACK, or
STATIC-NACK.
3.3.3.1. Selection of Base Context, Upward Transition
The compressor may initiate a transition from the IR state to the CR
state when a suitable base context can be identified. To perform
this transition, the compressor selects a context that has previously
been acknowledged by the decompressor as the base context. The
selected context MUST have been acknowledged by the decompressor
using the CRC option (see also [2], Section 5.7.6.3) in the feedback
message. The static part of the base context to be replicated MUST
have been acknowledged by the decompressor and the base context MUST
be valid at replication time.
This also implies that a compressor is not allowed to use the context
replication mechanism if a feedback channel is not present. However,
note that the presence of the feedback channel cannot provide the
guarantee that a base context selected for replication has not been
corrupted after it has been acknowledged, or that it is still part of
the state managed by the decompressor when the IR-CR will be
received.
More specifically, RFC 3095 [2] defines the context identifier (CID)
as a reference to the state information (i.e., the context) used for
compression and decompression. Multiple packet streams, each having
its own context, may thus share a channel; and the CID space along
with its representation within packet formats may be negotiated as
part of the channel state. However, because RFC 3095 [2] does not
explicitly define context state management between compressor and
decompressor, in particular for connection-oriented flows (e.g.,
TCP), no more than a high degree of confidence can be achieved when
selecting a base context.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
In the case where feedback is not used by the decompressor, the
compressor may have to periodically transit back to the IR state. In
such a case, the same logic applies for the transition back to the
higher order state via the CR state: a base context, previously
acknowledged and suitable for replication, must be re-selected.
The criteria for whether an existing context is a suitable base
context for replication for a new flow are left to implementations.
Whenever the sequencing information from the last acknowledgement
received is available, the compressor MAY use it to determine what
fields can be replicated to avoid replicating any fields that have
changed significantly from the state corresponding to the
acknowledged packet.
3.3.3.2. Optimistic Approach, Upward Transition
Transition to a higher order state can be carried out according to
the optimistic approach principle. This means that the compressor
may perform an upward state transition when it is fairly confident
that the decompressor has received enough information to correctly
decompress packets sent according to the higher compression state.
In general, there are many approaches where the compressor can obtain
such information. The compressor may obtain its confidence by
sending several IR-CR packets with the same information.
3.3.3.3. Optional Acknowledgements (ACKs), Upward Transition
An ACK may be sent by the decompressor to indicate that a context has
been successfully initialized during context replication.
Upon reception of an ACK, the compressor may assume that the context
replication procedure was successful and transit from its initial
state (e.g., IR state) to a higher compression state.
3.3.3.4. Negative ACKs (NACKs), Downward Transition
A STATIC-NACK sent by the decompressor may indicate that the
decompressor could not initialize a valid context during context
replication, and that the corresponding context has been invalidated.
Upon reception of a STATIC-NACK, the compressor MUST transit back to
its initial no context state. The compressor SHOULD also refrain
from sending IR-CR packets using the same base context, at least
until an acknowledgement subsequent to the reception of the
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
STATIC-NACK makes this context suitable for replication (Section
3.3.3.1). The compressor SHOULD re-initialize the decompressor
context using an IR packet.
A NACK sent by the decompressor may indicate that a valid context has
been successfully initialized but that the decompression of one or
more subsequent packets has failed.
Upon reception of a NACK, the compressor MAY assume that the static
part of the decompressor context is valid, but that the dynamic part
is invalid; the compressor may take actions accordingly.
3.4. Decompressor Logic
3.4.1. Replication and Context Initialization
Upon reception of an IR-CR packet, the decompressor first determines
its content ([2], Section 5.2.6). The profile indicated in the IR-CR
packet determines how it is to be processed. If the CRC (8-bit CRC)
fails to verify the packet, the packet MUST be discarded.
If the profile as indicated in the IR-CR packet defines the use of
the Base CID, and if its corresponding field is present within the
packet format, this field is used to identify the base context;
otherwise, the CID is used.
3.4.2. Reconstruction and Verification
The decompressor creates a new context using the information present
in the IR-CR packet together with the identified base context, and
decompresses the original header.
The CRC calculated over the original uncompressed header and carried
within the profile-specific part of the IR-CR headers (7-bit CRC)
MUST be used to verify decompression.
When the decompression is verified and successful, the decompressor
initializes or updates the context with the information received in
the current header. The decompressor SHOULD send an ACK when it
successfully validates the context as a result of the decompression
of one or more IR-CR packets.
Otherwise, if the reconstructed header fails the CRC check, changes
(either initialization or update) to the context MUST NOT be
performed. When the decompressor fails to validate the header,
actions as specified in Section 3.4.3 are taken.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
3.4.3. Actions upon Failure
For profiles supporting context replication, the feedback logic of a
decompressor is similar to the logic used for context initialization,
as described in [2].
Specifically, when the decompressor fails to validate the context
following the decompression of one or more initial IR-CR packets, it
MUST invalidate the context and remain in its initial state. In
addition, the decompressor SHOULD send a STATIC-NACK. In particular,
a decompressor implementation performing strict memory management,
such as deleting context state information when a connection-oriented
flow (e.g., TCP) is known to have terminated, SHOULD send STATIC-NACK
in this case. Otherwise, there is a risk that the compressor will
maintain a specific CID as a potential candidate for a later
replication attempt, while actually there is insufficient state left
in the decompressor for this CID to act as a Base CID.
If the context has been successfully validated from the decompression
of one or more initial IR-CR packets, the decompressor SHOULD send a
NACK when it fails to verify the context following the decompression
of one or more subsequent IR-CR packets.
3.4.4. Feedback Logic
The decompressor SHOULD use the CRC option (see [2], Section 5.7.6.3)
when sending feedback corresponding to an IR or an IR-CR packet.
3.5. Packet Formats
The format of the IR-CR packet has been designed under the following
constraints:
a) it must be possible to either overwrite a CID during context
replication, or to use a different CID than the Base CID for the
replicated context;
b) it must be possible to selectively include or exclude from the
packet format some fields that may be replicable;
c) it must be possible for some fields that may be replicable to be
represented within the packet format using either a compressed or
an uncompressed form;
d) it must be possible for the decompressor to verify the success of
the replication procedure;
e) it is anticipated that profiles, other than ROHC-TCP [3], will
also define support for context replication. Therefore it is
desirable that the packet format be profile independent.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
3.5.1. CRCs in the IR-CR Packet
The IR packet, as defined in [2], is used to communicate static
and/or dynamic parts of a context, and typically initialize the
context. For example, the static and dynamic chains of IR packets
may contain an uncompressed representation of the original header.
The IR packet format includes an 8-bit CRC, calculated over the
initial part of the IR packet. This CRC is meant to protect any
information that initializes the context. In particular, its
coverage always includes any CID information as well as the profile
used to interpret the remainder of the IR packet.
The purpose of the 8-bit CRC is to ensure the integrity of the IR
header itself. Profiles may extend the coverage of this CRC to
include the entire IR header, thus allowing the verification of the
integrity of the entire uncompressed header. However, because the
format of the IR packet is common to all ROHC profiles and verified
as part of the initial processing of a ROHC decompressor (see [2],
Section 5.2.6.), profiles may not redefine this CRC beyond the extent
of its coverage.
RFC 3095 [2] also defines a 3-bit CRC and a 7-bit CRC for compressed
headers, used to verify proper decompression and validate the
context. This type of CRC is calculated over the original
uncompressed header, as it is not sufficient to protect only the
compressed data being exchanged between compressor and decompressor
for the purpose of ensuring a robust reconstruction of the original
header.
Thus, there is a clear distinction in purpose between the 8-bit CRC
found in the IR packet and the 3-bit or 7-bit CRC found in compressed
headers. With context replication, where the IR-CR packet may
contain both compressed as well as uncompressed information and omit
entirely replicable fields, this distinction in no longer present.
Profiles supporting context replication MUST define a CRC over the
original uncompressed header as part of the profile-specific
information in the IR-CR packet. This is necessary to allow a
decompressor to verify that the replication process has succeeded.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
3.5.1.1. 7-bit CRC
The 7-bit CRC in the IR-CR packet is calculated over all octets of
the entire original header, before replication, in the same manner as
described in Section 5.9.2 of [2].
The initial content of the CRC register is to be preset to all 1's.
The CRC polynomial used for the 7-bit CRC in the IR-CR is:
C(x) = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^6 + x^7
3.5.1.2. 8-bit CRC
The coverage of the 8-bit CRC in the IR-CR packet is not profile
dependent, as opposed to the ROHC IR(-DYN) packet (see [2], Sections
5.2.3 and 5.2.4). It MUST cover the entire packet, excluding the
payload. In particular, this includes the CID or any add-CID octet
as well as the Base CID field, if present. For profiles that define
the usage of the Base CID within the packet format of the IR-CR as
optional, this CRC MUST also cover the information used to indicate
the presence of this field within the packet.
The initial content of the CRC register is to be preset to all 1's.
The CRC polynomial used for the 8-bit CRC in the IR-CR is:
C(x) = 1 + x + x^2 + x^8
3.5.2. General Format of the IR-CR Packet
The context replication mechanism requires a dedicated IR packet
format that uniquely identifies the IR-CR packet. This packet
communicates the static and the dynamic parts of the replicated
context. It may also communicate a reference to a base context.
With consideration to the extensibility of the IR packet type defined
in [2], support for replication can be added using the profile-
specific part of the IR packet. Note that there is one bit, (x),
left in the IR header for "Profile specific information". The
definition of this bit is profile specific. Thus, profiles
supporting context replication MAY use this bit as a flag indicating
whether the packet is an IR packet or an IR-CR packet. Note also
that profiles may define an alternative method to identify the IR-CR
packet within the profile-specific information, instead of using this
bit.
The IR-CR header associates a CID with a profile, and initializes the
context using the context replication mechanism. It is not
recommended to use this packet to repair a damaged context.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
The IR-CR has the following general format:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
: Add-CID octet : if for small CIDs and (CID != 0)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 x | IR type octet
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
: :
/ 0-2 octets of CID / 1-2 octets if for large CIDs
: :
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| Profile | 1 octet
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| CRC | 1 octet
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| |
/ Profile-specific information / variable length
| |
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
| |
/ Payload / variable length
| |
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
x: Profile-specific information. Interpreted according to
the profile indicated in the Profile field.
Profile: The profile to be associated with the CID. In the IR-CR
packet, the profile identifier is abbreviated to the 8
least significant bits (LSBs). It selects the highest-
number profile in the channel state parameter PROFILES
that matches the 8 LSBs given (see also [2]).
CRC: 8-bit CRC computed using the polynomial of Section
3.5.1.2.
Profile-specific information: The contents of this part of the
IR-CR packet are defined by the individual profiles.
This information is interpreted according to the profile
indicated in the Profile field. It MUST include a 7-bit
CRC over the original uncompressed header using the
polynomial of Section 3.5.1.1. It also includes the
static and dynamic subheader information used for
replication; thus, which header fields are replicated
and their respective encoding methods are outside the
scope of this document.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Payload: The payload of the corresponding original packet, if
any.
3.5.3. Properties of the Base Context Identifier (BCID)
The Base CID within the packet format of the IR-CR may be assigned a
different value than the context identifier associated with the new
flow (i.e., BCID != CID); otherwise, the base context is overwritten
with the new context by the replication process.
When the channel uses small CIDs, a four-bit field within the packet
format of the IR-CR minimally represents the BCID with a value from 0
to 15. In particular, the four bits of Add-CID used with small CIDs
[2] are not needed for the BCID, as this information is already
provided by the CID of the IR-CR packet itself. When large CIDs are
used, the BCID is represented in the IR-CR with one or two octets,
and it is coded in the same way as a large CID [2].
4. Security Considerations
This document adds an alternative mechanism for ROHC profiles to
increase the compression efficiency when initializing a new context,
by reusing information already existing at the decompressor. This is
achieved by introducing new state transition logic, new feedback
logic, and a new packet type -- all based on logic and packet formats
already defined in RFC 3095 [2].
In this respect, this document is not believed to bring any
additional weakness to potential attacks to those already listed in
[2]. However, it does increase the potential impacts of these
attacks by creating dependencies between multiple contexts.
Specifically, corruption of one context can fail compressor attempts
to initialize another context at the decompressor, or to propagate to
another context, if the compressor uses a corrupted context as a base
for replication.
5. Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Richard Price, Kristofer Sandlund,
Fredrik Lindstroem, Zhigang Liu, and HongBin Liao for valuable input,
as well as Mark West and Lars-Erik Jonsson who also served as
committed working group document reviewers.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[2] Bormann, C., Burmeister, C., Degermark, M., Fukushima, H.,
Hannu, H., Jonsson, L-E., Hakenberg, R., Koren, T., Le, K., Liu,
Z., Martensson, A., Miyazaki, A., Svanbro, K., Wiebke, T.,
Yoshimura, T., and H. Zheng, "RObust Header Compression (ROHC):
Framework and four profiles: RTP, UDP, ESP, and uncompressed",
RFC 3095, July 2001.
6.2. Informative References
[3] Pelletier, G., Jonsson, L-E., Sandlund, K., and M. West, "RObust
Header Compression (ROHC): A Profile for TCP/IP (ROHC-TCP)",
Work in Progress, July 2005.
[4] Jonsson, L-E., "RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Requirements
on TCP/IP Header Compression", RFC 4163, August 2005.
[5] West, M. and S. McCann, "TCP/IP Field Behavior", Work in
Progress, October 2004.
[6] Finking, R. and G. Pelletier, "Formal Notation for Robust Header
Compression (ROHC-FN)", Work in Progress, June 2005.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Appendix A: General Format of the IR-CR Packet (Informative)
A.1. General Structure (Informative)
This section provides an example of the format of the profile-
specific information within the general format of the IR-CR.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| |
/ replication base information / variable length
| |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| |
/ replication information / variable length
| |
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Replication base information: The contents of this part of the IR-CR
packet are defined by the individual profiles. This information
is interpreted according to the profile indicated in the Profile
field. It MUST include a 7-bit CRC over the original uncompressed
header using the polynomial of Section 3.4.1.1. See Appendix A.2.
Replication information: The contents of this part of the IR-CR
packet are also defined by the individual profiles. This part
contains the static and dynamic subheader information used for
replication. How this information is structured is profile
specific; profiles may define the contents of this field using a
chain structure (static and dynamic replication chains) or by
defining header formats for replication (e.g., ROHC-TCP [3]).
A.2. Profile-Specific Replication Information (Informative)
This section provides a more detailed example of the possible format
of the replication information field described in Appendix A.1:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| B | CRC7 | 1 octet
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| | present if B = 1,
/ Base CID / 1 octet if for small CIDs, or
| | 1-2 octets if for large CIDs
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
B: B = 1 indicates that the Base CID field is present.
CRC7: The CRC over the original, uncompressed, header. This 7-bit
CRC is computed according to Section 3.4.1.1.
Base CID: The CID identifying the base context used for replication.
Appendix B: Inter-Profile Context Replication (Informative)
Context replication as defined in this document does not explicitly
support the concept of context replication between profiles.
However, it might be of interest when developing new compression
profiles.
Inter-profile context replication would require that the decompressor
have access to data structures from the base context, which belongs
to a profile different than the profile using replication. This
information would have to be made available in a format consistent
with the data structures and encoding method(s) in use for all header
fields that are being replicated.
B.1. Defining Support for Inter-Profile Context Replication
A ROHC profile describes how to compress a specific protocol stack,
and includes one or more sets of packet formats. The packet formats
will typically compress the protocol headers relative to a context of
field values from previous headers in a flow. This context may also
contain some control data. Thus, the packet formats specify a
mapping between the uncompressed and compressed version of a protocol
field.
This mapping is achieved through the use of one or more encoding
methods, which are simply functions applied to compress or decompress
a field. An encoding method is in turn defined using a name, a set
of function parameters, and a formal expression (i.e., using the
ROHC-FN [6]) or a textual description (i.e., a la RFC 3095 [2]) of
its behaviour.
To compress one or more fields of a specific protocol stack,
different profiles may define their packet formats using different
encoding methods, or using a variant of a similar technique. A
typical example of the latter is list compression, such as used for
IP extension headers. This implies that context entries for a field
belonging to a specific protocol stack may differ in their content,
representation, and structure from one profile to another.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
As a consequence of the above, a profile that supports context
replication can only use a base context from another profile
explicitly supporting the concept of a base context. That is,
existing profiles not supporting this concept must be updated first
to ensure that they can export the necessary context data entries
that use a meaningful representation during replication.
Specifically, inter-profile context replication would require that
decompressor implementations (including existing ones) of other
profiles be updated when adding support for a profile that uses
context replication. Therefore, inter-profile context replication
cannot be seen as an implementation-specific issue.
The compressor must know if the decompressor supports inter-profile
context replication before initiating the procedure. The compressor
must also know which contexts (belonging to which profile) may be
used as a base context. Therefore, a compressor cannot initiate
context replication using a base context belonging to a different
profile, unless that profile explicitly provides the proper mapping
for its context entries or that profile is defined formally using
ROHC-FN [6] in a manner that makes both profiles compatible. The set
of profiles negotiated for the channel (see also RFC 3095 [2]) can
then be used to determine if a context for a specific profile can be
used as a base context.
B.2. Compatibility between Different Profiles (Informative)
Compatibility between profiles, when replicating a field for a
particular protocol stack, can be expressed as follow: a field that
is compressed by different profiles is compatible for inter-profile
replication if it is defined in the set of packet formats using the
same mapping function between its uncompressed and compressed
version.
For example, the IP Destination Address field which, based on the
packet formats and compression strategies defined in RFC 3095 [2], is
implicitly compressed using an encoding method equivalent to the
static() method defined in ROHC-FN [6].
In particular, for profiles that define their packet formats using a
formal notation such as ROHC-FN [6], two different encoding methods
may not have the same name. Thus, a field from a protocol stack is
said to be compatible for replication between two different profiles
if it has an equivalent definition within respective packet formats.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Author's Address
Ghyslain Pelletier
Box 920
Ericsson AB
SE-971 28 Lulea, Sweden
Phone: +46 8 404 29 43
Fax: +46 920 996 21
EMail:
[email protected]
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 4164 Context Replication for ROHC Profiles August 2005
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
[email protected].
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Pelletier Standards Track [Page 21]
