Network Working Group G. Parsons
Request for Comments: 2306 Northern Telecom
Category: Informational J. Rafferty
Human Communications
March 1998
Tag Image File Format (TIFF) - F Profile for Facsimile
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Overview
This document describes in detail the definition of TIFF-F that is
used to store facsimile images. The TIFF-F encoding has been
folklore with no standard reference definition before this document.
Internet Fax Working Group
This document is a product of the IETF Internet Fax Working Group.
All comments on this document should be forwarded to the email
distribution list at <
[email protected]>.
1. Abstract
This document references the Tag Image File Format (TIFF) to define
the F profile of TIFF for facsimile (TIFF-F) as a file format that
may be used for the storage and interchange of facsimile images.
2. TIFF Definition
TIFF (Tag Image File Format) Revision 6.0 is defined in detail within
[TIFF].
A brief review of concepts used in TIFF is included in this document
as background information, but the reader is directed to the original
TIFF specification [TIFF] to obtain specific technical details.
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2.1 Baseline TIFF and Applications
TIFF provides a method to describe and store raster image data. A
primary goal of TIFF is to provide a rich environment within which
implementations can exchange image data. [TIFF] characterizes
Baseline TIFF as being the core of TIFF, the essentials that all
mainstream TIFF developers should support in their products.
Applications of TIFF are defined by using Baseline TIFF as a starting
point and then defining "extensions" to TIFF that are used for the
specific "application", as well as specifying any other differences
from Baseline TIFF.
3. TIFF-F Definition
3.1 Introduction
Though it has been in common usage for many years, TIFF-F has
previously never been documented in the form of a standard. An
informal TIFF-F document was originally created by a small group of
fax experts led by Joe Campbell. The existence of TIFF-F is noted in
[TIFF] but it is not defined. This document defines the F
application of [TIFF]. For ease of reference, the term TIFF-F will be
used throughout this document as a shorthand for "F Profile of TIFF
for Facsimile". TIFF-F files are intended for use with the
image/tiff MIME media content-type which includes support for the
"application" parameter (e.g., application=faxbw).
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [REQ].
3.1.1 TIFF-F Historical Background
Up until TIFF 6.0, TIFF supported various "Classes" which defined the
use of TIFF for various applications. Classes were used to support
specific applications and in this spirit, TIFF-F has been known
historically as "TIFF Class F". Previous informal TIFF-F documents
used the "Class F" terminology.
As of TIFF 6.0 [TIFF], the TIFF Class concept has been eliminated in
favor of the concept of Baseline TIFF. Therefore, this document
updates the definition of TIFF-F as the F profile of TIFF for
facsimile, by using Baseline TIFF as defined in [TIFF] as the
starting point and then defining the differences from Baseline TIFF
which apply for TIFF-F. In almost all cases, the resulting
definition of TIFF-F fields and values remains consistent with those
used historically in earlier definitions of TIFF Class F. Where some
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of the values for fields have been updated to provide more precise
conformance with the ITU-T [T.4] and [T.30] fax recommendations,
these differences are noted.
3.1.2 Overview
The intent of this specification is to document:
1) The fields and values which are applicable for this F profile
of TIFF for facsimile.
2) A minimum set of TIFF-F fields and values which should be able
to interwork with virtually all historic TIFF-F readers.
3) A broader range of values for the traditional TIFF-F fields
that will provide support for the most widely used facsimile
compressions, page sizes and resolutions, consistent with the
ITU-T [T.4] and [T.30] recommendations.
The structure of the TIFF-F definition will be as follows. A brief
review of the structure of TIFF files and practical guidelines for
the writing and reading of multi-page TIFF-F files is provided in
sections 3.1.3 and 3.1.4.
A review of TIFF-F fields follows. Section 3.2 reviews the fields
from Baseline TIFF that are applicable for black and white (bi-
level) images and are also used by TIFF-F.
Section 3.3 reviews the other required TIFF-F fields. Several fields
that are specific extensions for TIFF-F are reviewed in section
3.4. There are also fields that may be helpful, but are not
required. These recommended fields are listed in the section 3.5.
Section 3.6 defines the requirements for the minimum subset of TIFF-F
fields and values to maximize interoperability. Several technical
topics, including implementation issues and warnings are discussed in
subsequent sections. Finally, section 3.9 introduces the TIFF-F
Reader and Writer. A table of the required and recommended fields
for a TIFF-F Reader is provided, along with details on the permitted
set of values.
3.1.3 Structure of TIFF Files
The structure of TIFF files is specified within [TIFF]. In this
section, a short summary of the TIFF structure is included for the
informational purposes. In addition, some practical guidelines for
the use of this structure in reading and writing TIFF-F files are
addressed in the following section 3.1.4. The structure for writing
"minimum subset" TIFF-F files is defined in section 3.6.2.
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A TIFF file begins with an 8-byte image file header that defines the
byte order used within a file (see section 3.9.1), includes a magic
number sequence that identifies the content as a TIFF file, and then
uses an offset to point to the first Image File Directory (IFD). An
IFD is a sequence of tagged fields, sorted in ascending order (by tag
value), that contains attributes of an image and pointers to the
image data. TIFF fields (also called entries) contain a tag, its
type (e.g. short, long, rational, etc.), a count (which indicates the
number of values/offsets) and a value/offset. However, the actual
value for the field will only be present if it fits into 4 bytes;
otherwise, an offset will be used to point to the location of the
data associated with the field. In turn, this offset may itself be
used to point to an array of offsets.
For the case of facsimile data, many documents consist of a series of
multiple pages. Within TIFF, these may be represented using more
than one IFD within the TIFF file. Each IFD defines a subfile whose
type is given in the NewSubfileType field. For the case of facsimile
data that is placed in a TIFF-F file, each facsimile page in a
multi-page document has its own IFD. For bi- level facsimile files,
multiple IFDs are organized as a linked list, with the last entry in
each IFD pointing to the next IFD (the pointer in the last IFD is 0).
(There is also another technique for organizing multiple IFDs as a
tree, that uses the SubIFDs field, but this technique is not
applicable for TIFF-F images.) Within each IFD, the location of the
related image data is defined by using fields that are associated
with strips. These fields identify the size of strips (in rows), the
number of bytes per strip after compression and a strip offset, which
is used to point to the actual location of the image strip.
TIFF has a very flexible file structure, but the use of some
practical guidelines for implementors when writing multi-page TIFF-
F files can produce TIFF structures which are easier for readers to
process. This is especially for implementations in environments
such as facsimile terminals where a complex file structure is
difficult to support.
3.1.4 Practical Guidelines for Writing/Reading Multi-Page TIFF-F Files
Traditionally, historical TIFF-F has required readers and writers to
be able to handle multi-page TIFF-F files. Based on the experience
of various TIFF-F implementors, it has been seen that the
implementation of TIFF-F can be greatly simplified if certain
practical guidelines are followed when writing multi-page TIFF-F
files. However, for interchange robustness, TIFF-F readers SHOULD be
prepared to read TIFF files whose structure is consistent with
[TIFF], which supports a more flexible file structure than is
recommended here.
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The structure for a multi-page TIFF-F file will include one IFD per
page of the document. Therefore, each IFD will define the
attributes for a single page. For simplicity, the writer of TIFF- F
files SHOULD present IFDs in the same order as the actual sequence of
pages. (The pages are numbered within TIFF-F beginning with page 0
as the first page and then ascending (i.e. 0, 1, 2,...). However, as
noted in section 3.1.3, any field values over 4 bytes will be stored
separately from the IFD. TIFF-F readers SHOULD expect IFDs to be
presented in page order, but be able to handle exceptions.
Per [TIFF], the exact placement of image data is not specified.
However, the strip offsets for each strip of image are defined from
within each IFD. Where possible, a second simplifying assumption
for the writing of TIFF-F files is to specify that the image data for
each page of a multi-page document SHOULD be contained within a
single strip (i.e. one image strip per fax page). The use of a
single image strip per page is very useful for implementations such
as store and forward messaging, where the file is usually prepared in
advance of the transmission, but other assumptions may apply for the
size of the image strip for implementations which require the use of
"streaming" techniques (see section 3.7.6). In the event a different
image strip size assumption has been used (e.g. constant size for
image strips which may be less than the page size), this will
immediately be evident from the values/offsets of the fields that are
related to strips. From the TIFF-F reader standpoint, one image
strip per page permits the image data to be found through reference
via a single offset, resulting in a much simplified image structure
and faster processing.
A third simplifying assumption is that each IFD SHOULD be placed in
the TIFF-F file structure at a point which precedes the image which
the IFD describes. If any long field values are present (see section
3.1.3) then these SHOULD be placed after their referencing IFD and
before the image data they describe.
A fourth simplifying assumption for TIFF-F writers and readers is to
place the actual image data in a physical order within the TIFF file
structure which is consistent with the logical page order. In
practice, TIFF-F readers will need to use the strip offsets to find
the exact physical location of the image data, whether or not it is
presented in logical page order.
TIFF-F writers MAY make a fifth simplifying assumption, in which the
IFD, the value data and the image data for which the IFD has offsets
precede the next image IFD. These elements MUST precede the next
image IFD in the minimum set TIFF-F files (see section 3.6.2).
However, this principle has been relaxed in the case of TIFF-F to
reflect past practices.
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So, a TIFF-F file which is structured using the guidelines of this
section will essentially be composed of a linked list of IFDs,
presented in ascending page order, which in turn each point to a
single page of image data (one strip per page), where the pages of
image data are also placed in a logical page order within the TIFF-F
file structure. (The pages of image data may themselves be stored in
a contiguous manner, at the option of the implementor).
3.2 Baseline TIFF Required Fields for BiLevel Images
Baseline TIFF per [TIFF] requires that the following fields be
present for all BiLevel Images: ImageWidth, ImageLength,
Compression, PhotometricInterpretation, StripOffsets, RowsPerStrip,
StripByteCounts, XResolution, YResolution and ResolutionUnit. TIFF-F
uses all of these fields, but in some cases specifies a different
range of acceptable values than Baseline TIFF. Per [TIFF], if
fields are omitted, the Baseline TIFF default value(if specified)
will apply.
In the field definitions which follow in this section and subsequent
sections, the fields will be presented in the following form:
Fieldname (tag-number) = values (if applicable). TYPE
A brief summary of the Baseline TIFF fields and their use in TIFF-F
follows:
ImageWidth(256) = 1728, 2048, 2432, 2592, 3072, 3648, 3456, 4096,
4864.
SHORT or LONG. These are the fixed page widths in pixels. The
permissible values are dependent upon X and Y resolutions as
shown in sections 2 and 3 of [T.4] and reproduced here for
convenience:
XResolution x Yresolution | ImageWidth
--------------------------------------------|------------------
204x98, 204x196, 204x391, 200x100, 200x200 | 1728, 2048, 2432
300x300 | 2592, 3072, 3648
408x391, 400x400 | 3456, 4096, 4864
--------------------------------------------|------------------
Historical TIFF-F did not include support for the following
widths related to higher resolutions: 2592, 3072, 3648, 3456,
4096 and 4864. Historical TIFF-F documents also included the
following values related to A5 and A6 widths: 816 and 1216. Per
the most recent version of [T.4], A5 and A6 documents are no
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longer supported in Group 3 facsimile, so the related width
values are now obsolete. See section 3.8.2 for more information
on inch/metric equivalencies and other implementation details.
ImageLength (257). SHORT or LONG. LONG recommended.
The total number of scan lines in the image.
Compression (259) = 3,4. SHORT.
This is a required TIFF-F field. The permitted values for TIFF-
F purposes are 3 and 4 as shown. The default value per Baseline
TIFF is 1 (Uncompressed), but this value is invalid for facsimile
images. Baseline TIFF also permits use of value 2 (Modified
Huffman encoding), but the data is presented in a form which does
not contain EOLs. Instead, TIFF-F specifies the value 3 for
encoding one-dimensional T.4 Modified Huffman or 2-dimensional
Modified READ data. The detailed settings which apply for T.4
encoded data are specified using the T4Options field. TIFF-F
also permits use of the value 4 for the compression field, which
indicates that the data is coded using a [T.6] compression method
(i.e the Modified Modified READ two-dimensional method). The
detailed settings which apply for T.6 encoded data are specified
using the T6Options field.
Please refer to the definitions of the T4Options and T6Options
fields in section 3.3, and section 3.8 for more information on
the encoding of images and conventions used within TIFF-F.
PhotometricInterpretation (260) = 0,1. SHORT.
This field allows notation of an inverted ("negative") image:
0 = normal
1 = inverted
StripOffsets (273). SHORT or LONG.
For each strip, the offset of that strip. The offset is measured
from the beginning of the file. If a page is expressed as one
large strip, there is one such entry per page.
RowsPerStrip (278). SHORT or LONG. LONG recommended.
The number of scan lines per strip. When a page is expressed as
one large strip, this is the same as the ImageLength field.
StripByteCounts (279). LONG or SHORT. LONG recommended.
For each strip, the number of bytes in that strip. If a page is
expressed as one large strip, this is the total number of bytes
in the page after compression. Note that the choice of LONG or
SHORT depends upon the size of the strip.
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ResolutionUnit (296) = 2,3. SHORT.
The units of measure for resolution:
2 = Inch
3 = Centimeter
TIFF-F has traditionally used inch based measures.
XResolution (282) = 204, 200, 300, 400, 408 (inches). RATIONAL.
The horizontal resolution of the TIFF-F image expressed in pixels
per resolution unit. The values of 200 and 408 have been added to
the historical TIFF-F values, for consistency with [T.30]. Some
existing TIFF-F implementations may also support values of 77
(cm). See section 3.8.2 for more information on inch/metric
equivalencies and other implementation details.
YResolution (283) = 98, 196, 100, 200, 300, 391, 400 (inches).
RATIONAL.
The vertical resolution of the TIFF-F image expressed in pixels
per resolution unit. The values of 100, 200, and 391 have been
added to the historical TIFF-F values, for consistency with
[T.30]. Some existing TIFF-F implementations may also support
values of 77, 38.5 (cm). See section 3.8.2 for more information
on inch/metric equivalencies and other implementation details.
3.3 TIFF-F Required Fields
In addition to the Baseline TIFF fields, there are additional
required fields for TIFF-F. A review of the additional required
fields for TIFF-F follows:
BitsPerSample (258) = 1. SHORT.
Since TIFF-F is only used for black-and-white facsimile images,
the value is 1 (the default) for all files.
FillOrder (266) = 1, 2. SHORT.
TIFF F readers must be able to read data in both bit orders, but
the vast majority of facsimile products store data LSB first,
exactly as it appears on the telephone line.
1 = Most Significant Bit first.
2 = Least Significant Bit first.
NewSubFileType (254)= (Bit 1 = 1). LONG.
This field is made up of 32 flag bits. Unused bits are
expected to be 0 and bit 0 is the low order bit. Bit 0 is set
to 0 for TIFF-F. Bit 1 is always set to 1 for TIFF-F,
indicating a single page of a multi-page image. The same bit
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settings are used when TIFF-F is used for a one page fax image.
See sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 for more details on the structure
of multi-page TIFF-F image files.
PageNumber (297). SHORT/SHORT.
This field specifies the page numbers in the fax document. The
field comprises two SHORT values: the first value is the page
number, the second is the total number of pages. Single-page
documents therefore use 0000/0001 hex. If the second value is
0, the total number of pages in the document is not available.
SamplesPerPixel (277) = 1. SHORT.
The value of 1 denotes a bi-level, grayscale, or palette color
image.
There is also a requirement to include either the T4Options or the
T6Options field in a TIFF-F IFD, depending upon the setting of the
Compression field. These fields are defined in the next section on
TIFF extensions.
3.4 TIFF-F Extensions
These are fields which are extensions beyond the required TIFF-F
fields. The following fields have been defined as extensions in
[TIFF].
T4Options (292) (Bit 0 = 0 or 1, Bit 1 = 0, Bit 2 = 0 or 1). LONG.
This field is required if the value for the compression field
has been set to 3. The values are set as shown below for TIFF-
F. For TIFF-F, uncompressed data is not allowed and EOLs MAY
be byte aligned (see section 3.8.3).
bit 0 = 0 for 1-Dimensional, 1 for 2-Dimensional (MR)
bit 1 = must be 0 (uncompressed data not allowed)
bit 2 = 0 for non-byte-aligned EOLs or 1 for byte-
aligned EOLs
This field is made up of a set of 32 flag bits. Unused bits
must be set to 0. Bit 0 is the low order bit. Please note
that T4Options was known as G3Options in earlier versions of
TIFF and TIFF-F. The data in a TIFF-F image encoded using
one of the T.4 methods is not terminated with an RTC (see
section 3.8.5).
T6Options (293) = (Bit 0 = 0, Bit 1 = 0) LONG.
This field is required for TIFF-F if value of the compression
field has been set to 4. The value for this field is made up of
a set of 32 flag bits. Setting bit 0 to 0 indicates that the
data is compressed using the Modified Modified READ (MMR) two-
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dimensional compression method. MMR compressed Data is two-
dimensional and does not use EOLs. Each MMR encoded image MUST
include an "end-of-facsimile-block" (EOFB) code at the end of
each coded strip (see section 3.8.6). Uncompressed data is not
applicable for bi-level facsimile images, so that bit 1 must be
set to 0. Unused bits must be set to 0. Bit 0 is the low-order
bit. The default value is 0 (all bits 0).
bit 0 = 0 for 2-Dimensional
bit 1 = must be 0 (uncompressed data not allowed)
In earlier versions of TIFF, this field was named Group4Options.
The significance has not changed and the present definition is
compatible.
In addition, three new fields, defined as TIFF-F extensions,
describe page quality. The information contained in these fields
is usually obtained from receiving facsimile hardware (if
applicable). These fields are optional. They SHOULD NOT be
used in writing TIFF-F files for facsimile image data that is
error corrected or otherwise guaranteed not to have coding
errors.
Some implementations need to understand exactly the error content
of the data. For example, a CAD program might wish to verify
that a file has a low error level before importing it into a
high- accuracy document. Because Group 3 facsimile devices do
not necessarily perform error correction on the image data, the
quality of a received page must be inferred from the pixel count
of decoded scan lines. A "good" scan line is defined as a line
that, when decoded, contains the correct number of pixels.
Conversely, a "bad" scan line is defined as a line that, when
decoded, comprises an incorrect number of pixels.
BadFaxLines (326). SHORT or LONG
This field reports the number of scan lines with an incorrect
number of pixels encountered by the facsimile during reception
(but not necessarily in the file).
Note: PercentBad = (BadFaxLines/ImageLength) * 100
CleanFaxData (327). SHORT
N =
0 = Data contains no lines with incorrect pixel counts or
regenerated lines (i.e., computer generated)
1 = Lines with an incorrect pixel count were regenerated by
receiving device
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2 = Lines with an incorrect pixel count are in the data and
were not regenerated by receiving device (i.e. data
contains bad scan lines)
Many facsimile devices do not actually output bad lines.
Instead, the previous good line is repeated in place of a bad
line. Although this substitution, known as line regeneration,
results in a visual improvement to the image, the data is
nevertheless corrupted. The CleanFaxData field describes the
error content of the data. That is, when the BadFaxLines and
ImageLength fields indicate that the facsimile device
encountered lines with an incorrect number of pixels during
reception, the CleanFaxData field indicates whether these bad
lines are actually still in the data or if the receiving
facsimile device replaced them with regenerated lines.
ConsecutiveBadFaxLines (328). LONG or SHORT.
This field reports the maximum number of consecutive lines
containing an incorrect number of pixels encountered by the
facsimile device during reception (but not necessarily in the
file).
The BadFaxLines and ImageLength data indicate only the quantity
of such lines. The ConsecutiveBadFaxLines field is an
indicator of their distribution and may therefore be a better
general indicator of perceived image quality.
3.5 Recommended Fields
hese are fields that MAY be used in encoding TIFF-F files, but are
ptional in nature and may be ignored by many TIFF readers. These
ields are called recommended consistent with historical TIFF-F
ractice.
BadFaxLines (326) [defined in section 3.4]
CleanFaxData (327) [defined in section 3.4]
ConsecutiveBadFaxLines (328) [defined in section 3.4]
DateTime (306). ASCII.
Date and time in the format YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS, in 24-hour
format. String length including NUL byte is 20 bytes. Space
between DD and HH.
DocumentName (269). ASCII.
This is the name of the document from which the document was
scanned.
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ImageDescription (270). ASCII.
This is an ASCII string describing the contents of the image.
Orientation (274). SHORT.
This field is designated as "Recommended" for consistency with
historical TIFF-F, but is also a Baseline TIFF field with a
default value of 1 per [TIFF]. The default value of 1 applies
if the field is omitted, but for clarity, TIFF-F writers SHOULD
include this field. This field might be useful for displayers
that always want to show the same orientation, regardless of
the image. The default value of 1 is "0th row is visual top of
image, and 0th column is the visual left." An 180-degree
rotation is 3. See [TIFF] for an explanation of other values.
Software (305). ASCII.
The optional name and release number of the software package
that created the image.
3.6 Requirements for TIFF-F Minimum Subset
This section defines the requirements for a minimum subset of TIFF-F
fields and values that all TIFF-F readers SHOULD support to maximize
interoperability with current and historical TIFF-F implementations.
The TIFF-F structure for writing minimum subset files is also
defined.
3.6.1 Summary of Minimum Subset Fields and Values
A summary of the minimum subset TIFF-F fields and values is provided
in the following table. The required fields for the minimum subset
are shown under the column labeled "Field". The values for these
fields in the minimum subset are shown under the column labeled
"Minimum".
Field | Minimum | Comment
------------------|--------------|-------------------------------
BitsPerSample | 1 |one bit per sample
Compression | 3 |3 for T.4 (MH)
FillOrder | 2 |LSB first
ImageWidth | 1728 |
ImageLength | |required
NewSubFileType | Bit 1 = 1 |single page of multipage file
PageNumber | X/X |pg/tot, 0 base, tot in 1st IFD
PhotometricInterp | 0 |0 is white
ResolutionUnit | 2 |inches (default)
RowsPerStrip |=ImageLength |
SamplesPerPixel | 1 |one sample per pixel
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StripByteCounts | |required
StripOffsets | |required
T4Options | Bit 0 = 0 |MH
| Bit 1 = 0 |
| Bit 2 = 0,1 |Non-Byte-aligned,
| | Byte-Aligned EOLs
XResolution | 204 |Units is per inch
YResolution | 196,98 |Units is per inch
------------------|--------------|------------------------------
3.6.2 TIFF-F Minimum Subset File Structure
For implementations which need to write minimum subset TIFF-F files,
the file structure shown in Figure 3.1 MUST be used:
+-----------------------+
| Header |------------+
+-----------------------+ | First IFD
| IFD (page 0) | <----------+ Offset
+---| |------------+
| | |--+ |
Value | +-----------------------+ | |
Offset +-->| Long Values | | |
+-----------------------| | Strip |
| Image Data (page 0) |<-+ Offset |
+-----------------------+ | Next IFD
| IFD (page 1) | <----------+ Offset
+---| |------------+
| | |--+ |
Value | +-----------------------+ | |
Offset +-->| Long Values | | |
+-----------------------| | Strip |
| Image Data (page 1) |<-+ Offset |
+-----------------------+ | Next IFD
| IFD (page 2) | <----------+ Offset
+-----------------------+
| : |
| : |
Figure 3.1 TIFF-F Minimum Subset File Structure
As depicted in Figure 3.1, the IFD of each page precedes the related
Image Data for that page. If present, any long field values appear
between the IFD and the image data for that page. For multiple page
documents, each IFD/image pair is immediately followed by the next
IFD/image pair in logical page order within the file structure, until
all pages have been defined.
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The format for the TIFF Header is as defined in [TIFF]. When writing
TIFF-F minimum subset files, the value for the byte order in the
Header SHOULD be II (0x4949, denoting that the bytes in the TIFF file
are in LSB first (little-endian) order.
This results in a TIFF header whose content is as shown in Figure
3.2.
| Offset | Description | Type | Value |
+--------+-------------------+--------+--------------------+
| 0 | Byte Order | Short | 0x4949 (II) |
+--------+-------------------+--------+--------------------+
| 2 | Version | Short | 42 |
+--------+-------------------+--------+--------------------+
| 4 | Offset of 0th IFD | Long | 0x 0000 0008 |
+--------+-------------------+--------+--------------------+
Figure 3.2: Image File Header for Minimum Subset TIFF-F Files
3.7 Technical Implementation Issues
3.7.1 Strips
Those new to TIFF may not be familiar with the concept of "strips"
embodied in the three fields RowsPerStrip, StripByteCount,
StripOffsets.
In general, third-party implementations that read and write TIFF
files expect the image to be divided into "strips," also known as
"bands." Each strip contains a few lines of the image. By using
strips, a TIFF reader need not load the entire image into memory,
thus enabling it to fetch and decompress small random portions of the
image as necessary.
The dimensions of a strip are described by the RowsPerStrip and
StripByteCount fields. The location in the TIFF file of each strip
is contained in the StripOffsets field.
The size of TIFF-F strips is application dependent. The recommended
approach for multi-page TIFF-F images is to represent each page as a
single strip.
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3.7.2 Bit Order
The default bit order in Baseline TIFF per [TIFF] is indicated by
FillOrder=1, where bits are not reversed before being stored.
However, TIFF-F typically utilizes the setting of FillOrder=2, where
the bit order within bytes is reversed before storage (i.e., bits are
stored with the Least Significant Bit first).
Facsimile data appears on the phone line in bit-reversed order
relative to its description in CCITT Recommendation T.4. Therefore,
a wide majority of facsimile implementations choose this natural
order for storage. Nevertheless, TIFF-F readers must be able to read
data in both bit orders.
3.7.3 Multi-Page
Many existing implementations already read TIFF-F like files, but do
not support the multi- page field. Since a multi-page format greatly
simplifies file management in fax application software, TIFF-F
specifies multi-page documents (NewSubfileType = 2) as the standard
case.
3.7.4 Compression
In Group 3 facsimile, there are three compression methods which had
been standardized as of 1994 and are in common use. The ITU-T T.4
recommendation defines a one-dimensional compression method known as
Modified Huffman (MH) and a two-dimensional method known as Modified
READ (MR) (READ is short for Relative Element Address Designate). In
1984, a somewhat more efficient compression method known as Modified
Modified READ (MMR) was defined in the T.6 recommendation. It was
originally defined for use with Group 4 facsimile, so that this
compression method has been commonly called Group 4 compression. In
1991, the MMR method was approved for use in Group 3 facsimile and
has since been widely utilized.
TIFF-F permits three different compression methods. In the most
common practice, the one-dimensional compression method (Modified
Huffman) is used. This is specified by setting the value of the
Compression field to 3 and then setting bit 0 of the T4Options field
to 0. Alternatively, the two dimensional Modified READ method (which
is much less frequently used in historical TIFF-F implementations)
may be selected by setting bit 0 to a value of 1.
Optionally, depending upon the implementation requirements, the more
efficient two-dimensional compression method from T.6 (i.e. MMR or
"Group 4 compression") may be selected. This method is selected by
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setting the value of the Compression field to 4 and then setting the
value of the first two bits (and all unused bits) of T6options to 0.
More information to aid the implementer in making a compression
selection is contained in section 3.8 on Implementation Warnings.
3.7.5 Example Use of Page-quality Fields
Here are examples for writing the CleanFaxData, BadFaxLines, and
ConsecutiveBadFaxLines fields:
1. Facsimile hardware does not provide page quality
information: MUST NOT write page-quality fields.
2. Facsimile hardware provides page quality information, but
reports no bad lines. Write only BadFaxLines = 0.
3. Facsimile hardware provides page quality information, and
reports bad lines. Write both BadFaxLines and
ConsecutiveBadFaxLines. Also write CleanFaxData = 1 or 2 if
the hardware's regeneration capability is known.
4. Source image data stream is error-corrected or otherwise
guaranteed to be error-free such as for a computer generated
file: SHOULD NOT write page-quality fields.
3.7.6 Use of TIFF-F for Streaming Applications
TIFF-F has historically been used for handling fax image files in
implementations such as store and forward messaging where the entire
size of the file is known in advance. While TIFF-F may also possibly
be used as a file format for cases such as streaming applications,
different assumptions may be required than those provided in this
document (e.g., the entire size and number of pages within the image
are not known in advance). As a result, a definition for the
streaming application of TIFF-F is beyond the scope of this document.
3.7.7 TIFF-F Export and Import
Fax implementations that do not wish to support TIFF-F as a native
format may elect to support it as import/export medium.
Export
It is recommended that implementations export multiple page TIFF-F
files without manipulating fields and values. Historically, some
TIFF-F writers have attempted to produce individual single-page
TIFF-F files with modified NewSubFileType and PageNumber (page one-
of-one) values for export purposes. However, there is no easy way to
link such multiple single page files together into a logical multiple
page document, so that this practice is not recommended.
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Import
A TIFF-F reader MUST be able to handle a TIFF-F file containing
multiple pages.
3.8 Implementation Warnings
3.8.1 Uncompressed data
TIFF-F requires the ability to read and write at least one-
dimensional T.4 Huffman ("compressed") data. Uncompressed data is
not allowed. This means that the "Uncompressed" bit in T4Options or
T6Options must be set to 0.
3.8.2 Encoding and Resolution
Since two-dimensional encoding is not required for Group 3
compatibility, some historic TIFF-F readers have not been able to
read such files. The minimum subset of TIFF-F REQUIRES support for
one dimensional (Modified Huffman) files, so this choice maximizes
portability. However, implementers seeking greater efficiency SHOULD
use T.6 MMR compression when writing TIFF-F files. Some TIFF-F
readers will also support two-dimensional Modified READ files.
Implementers that wish to have the maximum flexibility in reading
TIFF-F files SHOULD support all three of these compression methods
(MH, MR and MMR).
For the case of resolution, almost all facsimile products support
both standard (98 dpi) vertical resolution and "fine" (196 dpi)
resolution. Therefore, fine-resolution files are quite portable in
the real world.
In 1993, the ITU-T added support for higher resolutions in the T.30
recommendation including 200 x 200, 300 x 300, 400 x 400 in dots per
inch based units. At the same time, support was added for metric
dimensions which are equivalent to the following inch based
resolutions: 391v x 204h and 391v x 408h. Therefore, the full set of
inch-based equivalents of the new resolutions are supported in the
TIFF-F writer, since they may appear in some image data streams
received from Group 3 facsimile devices. However, many facsimile
terminals and older versions of TIFF-F readers are likely to not
support the use of these higher resolutions.
Per [T.4], it is permissible for implementations to treat the
following XResolution values as being equivalent: <204,200> and
<400,408>. In a similar respect, the following YResolution values
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may also be treated as being equivalent: <98, 100>, <196, 200>, and
<391, 400>. These equivalencies were allowed by [T.4] to permit
conversions between inch and metric based facsimile terminals.
In a similar respect, the optional support of metric based
resolutions in the TIFF-F reader (i.e. 77 x 38.5 cm) is included for
completeness, since they are used in some legacy TIFF-F
implementations, but this use is not recommended for the creation of
TIFF-F files by a writer.
3.8.3 EOL byte-aligned
The historical convention for TIFF-F has been that all EOLs in
Modified Huffman or Modified READ data must be byte-aligned.
However, Baseline TIFF has permitted use of non-byte-aligned EOLs by
default, so that a large percentage of TIFF-F reader implementations
support both conventions. Therefore, the minimum subset of TIFF-F
as defined in this document includes support for both byte-aligned
and non-byte-aligned EOLs.
An EOL is said to be byte-aligned when Fill bits have been added as
necessary before EOL codes such that EOL always ends on a byte
boundary, thus ensuring an EOL-sequence of a one byte preceded by a
zero nibble: xxxx0000 00000001.
Modified Huffman encoding encodes bits, not bytes. This means that
the end-of-line token may end in the middle of a byte. In byte
alignment, extra zero bits (Fill) are added so that the first bit of
data following an EOL begins on a byte boundary. In effect, byte
alignment relieves application software of the burden of bit-
shifting every byte while parsing scan lines for line-oriented image
manipulation (such as writing a TIFF file).
For Modified READ encoding, each line is terminated by an EOL and a
one bit tag bit. Per [T.4], the value of the tag bit is 0 if the
next line contains two dimensional data and 1 if the next line is a
reference line. To maintain byte alignment, fill bits are added
before the EOL/tag bit sequence, so that the first bit of data
following an MR tag bit begins on a byte boundary.
3.8.4 EOL
As illustrated in FIGURE 1/T.4 in [T.4], facsimile documents encoded
with Modified Huffman begin with an EOL (which in TIFF-F may be
byte-aligned). The last line of the image is not terminated by an
EOL. In a similar respect, images encoded with Modified READ two
dimensional encoding begin with an EOL, followed by a tag bit.
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3.8.5 RTC Exclusion
Aside from EOLs, TIFF-F files have historically only contained image
data. This means that implementations which wish to maintain strict
conformance with the rules in [TIFF] and compatibility with
historical TIFF-F, SHOULD NOT include the Return To Control sequence
(RTC) (consisting of 6 consecutive EOLs) when writing TIFF- F files.
However, implementations which need to support "transparency" of
[T.4] image data MAY include RTCs when writing TIFF-F files if the
flag settings of the T4Options field are set for non-byte aligned MH
or MR image data. Implementors of TIFF readers should also be aware
that there are some existing TIFF-F implementations which include the
RTC sequence in MH/MR image data. Therefore, TIFF-F readers MUST be
able to process files which do not include RTCs and SHOULD be able to
process files which do include RTCs.
3.8.6 Use of EOFB for T.6 Compressed Images
TIFF-F pages which are encoded with the T.6 Modified Modified READ
compression method MUST include an "end-of-facsimile-block" (EOFB)
code at the end of each coded strip. Per [TIFF], the EOFB code is
followed by pad bits as needed to align on a byte boundary. TIFF
readers SHOULD ignore any bits other than pad bits beyond the EOFB.
3.9 TIFF-F Fields Summary
Implementations may choose to implement a TIFF-F Reader, TIFF-F
Writer or both, depending upon application requirements. The TIFF- F
Reader is typically used to read an existing TIFF-F file which
resides on a computer or peripheral device. The TIFF-F Writer is
typically used to convert a bi-level image bit stream into a TIFF-F
compliant file. For many Internet applications, only the Reader needs
to be implemented. The specific field support required for TIFF-F
Readers and Writers is summarized below.
3.9.1 TIFF Reader
The fields in the following table are specified for a TIFF-F Reader.
The range of values for required and recommended fields are as shown.
The minimum subset of values are also shown. If required fields are
omitted in a TIFF-F file, the Baseline TIFF default value will apply.
Image data must not have any coding errors. In the table, certain
fields have a value that is a sequence of flag bits (e.g. T4Options).
An implementation should test the setting of the relevant flag bits
individually to allow extensions to the sequence of flag bits to be
appropriately ignored.
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As noted within [TIFF], a TIFF file begins with an 8-byte image file
header, of which the first two bytes (0-1) contain the byte order
within the file. The permissible values are:
II- Byte order from least significant byte to the most
significant byte (little-endian)
MM - byte order is always from most significant to least
significant (big-endian)
For a TIFF-F Reader, the legal values are:
ByteOrder: MM,II (Either byte order is allowed)
3.9.1.1 Fields for TIFF-F Reader
Recommended Fields in the table are shown with an asterisk (*).
Other fields may be present, but they should be of an informational
nature, so that a reader can elect to ignore them.
Informational fields which are often present in TIFF-F images are:
Software, Datetime, BadFaxLines, CleanFaxData and
ConsecutiveBadFaxLines.
Field | Values | Minimum | Comment
------------------|-------------|-------------|----------------------
BitsPerSample | 1 | 1 |one bit per sample
Compression | 3,4 | 3 |3 for T.4 (MH, MR)
| | |4 for T.6 - MMR
FillOrder | 2,1 | 2 |LSB first or MSB first
ImageWidth | 1728, 2048, | 1728 |depends on XResolution
| 2432, 2592, | |
| 3072, 3648, | |
| 3456, 4096, | |
| 4864 | |
ImageLength | >0 | |required
NewSubFileType | Bit 1 = 1 | Bit 1 = 1 |single page of
| | |multipage file
Orientation * | 1 | |1st row=top left,
| | | 1st col=top
PageNumber | X/X | 0/1 |pg/tot, 0 base,
| | | tot in 1st IFD
PhotometricInterp | 0,1 | 0 |0 is white
ResolutionUnit | 2,3 | 2 |inches (default)
RowsPerStrip |=ImageLength |=ImageLength |
| or other | |
SamplesPerPixel | 1 | 1 |one sample per pixel
StripByteCounts | >0 | |required
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StripOffsets | >0 | |required
T4Options | Bit 0 = 0,1 | Bit 0 = 0 |MH,MR(incl if not MMR)
| Bit 1 = 0 | Bit 1 = 0 |
| Bit 2 = 0,1 | Bit 2 = 0,1 | Non-Byte-aligned and
| | | Byte-Aligned EOLs
T6Options | 0 | |MMR (incl only if MMR)
XResolution | 204,200,300,| 204 | If unit is per inch
| 400,408, | |
| 77 | | If unit is per cm
YResolution | 196,98,100, | 196,98 | If unit is per inch
| 200,300,391,| |
| 400, | |
| 77,38.5 | | If unit is per cm
------------------|-------------|-------------|----------------------
3.9.2 TIFF-F Writer
For the case of writing (creating) a TIFF-F file format from an image
data stream or other raster data, implementations SHOULD write files
which can be read by a TIFF-F Reader as defined in 3.9.1. It is
recommended that all fields from the table in 3.9.1.1 SHOULD be
included when writing TIFF-F files in order to minimize dependencies
on default values. Image data must not have any coding errors.
Other fields may be present, but they should be of an informational
nature, so that a Reader may elect to ignore them.
For the case of writing "minimum subset" TIFF-F files, the rules
defined in section 3.6 apply.
Informational fields that may be useful for TIFF-F files are:
Software, Datetime, BadFaxLines, ConsecutiveBadFaxLines
TIFF Writers SHOULD only generate the fields that describe facsimile
image quality when the image has been generated from a fax image data
stream where error correction (e.g. Group 3 Error Correction Mode)
was not used. These fields are: CleanFaxData, BadFaxLines and
ConsecutiveBadFaxLines.
4. MIME sub-type image/tiff
[TIFFREG] describes the registration of the MIME content-type image/
tiff to refer to TIFF 6.0 encoded image data. When transported by
MIME, the TIFF content defined by this document must be encoded
within an image/tiff content type. In addition, an optional
"application" parameter is defined for image/tiff to identify a
particular application's subset of TIFF and TIFF extensions for the
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encoded image data, if it is known. Typically, this would be used to
assist the recipient in dispatching a suitable rendering package to
handle the display or processing of the image file.
4.1 Refinement of MIME sub-type image/tiff for Application F
Since this document defines a facsimile specific profile of TIFF, it
is useful to note an appropriate application parameter for the
image/tiff MIME content-type.
The "faxbw" application parameter is defined for black and white
facsimile. It is suitable for use by applications that can process
one or more TIFF for facsimile profiles or subsets used for the
encoding of black and white facsimile data.
Since this document defines a profile of TIFF for facsimile which is
suitable for use with black and white facsimile image data,
applications which use this profile or its minimum subset should set
the value of the application parameter to "faxbw".
An example of the use of the image/tiff MIME Content-type with the
application parameter set with the value "faxbw" follows:
Example:
Content-type: image/tiff; application=faxbw
In this example, use of this parameter value will enable applications
to identify the content as being within a profile or subset of TIFF
for Facsimile that is suitable for encoding black and white image
data, before attempting to process the image data.
5. Implementation Usage
5.1 Internet Fax Usage
The usage of TIFF-F is envisioned as a component of Internet Fax. It
is anticipated that Internet Fax may use both a TIFF-F Reader and
TIFF-F Writer. The details of the Internet Fax services and their use
of TIFF-F will be specified in other documents.
5.2 VPIM Usage
The Application F of TIFF (i.e. TIFF-F content) is a secondary
component of the VPIM Message as defined in [VPIM2]. Voice messaging
systems can often handle fax store-and-forward capabilities in
addition to traditional voice message store-and- forward functions.
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As a result, TIFF-F fax messages can optionally be sent between
compliant VPIM systems, and may be rejected if the recipient system
cannot deal with fax.
Refer to the VPIM Specification for proper usage of this content.
6. Security Considerations
This document describes the encoding for TIFF-F, which is a profile
of the TIFF encoding for facsimile. As such, it does not create any
security issues not already identified in [TIFFREG], in its use of
fields as defined in [TIFF]. There are also new TIFF fields defined
within this specification, but they are of a purely descriptive
nature, so that no new security risks are incurred.
Further, the encoding specified in this document does not in any way
preclude the use of any Internet security protocol to encrypt,
authenticate, or non-repudiate TIFF-F encoded facsimile messages.
7. Authors' Addresses
Glenn W. Parsons
Northern Telecom
P.O. Box 3511, Station C
Ottawa, ON K1Y 4H7
Canada
Phone: +1-613-763-7582
Fax: +1-613-763-2697
Email:
[email protected]
James Rafferty
Human Communications
12 Kevin Drive
Danbury, CT 06811-2901
USA
Phone: +1-203-746-4367
Fax: +1-203-746-4367
Email:
[email protected]
8. References
[MIME1] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies",
RFC 2045, November 1996.
[MIME4] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures", RFC 2048,
November 1996.
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[REQ] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
[T.30] ITU-T Recommendation T.30 - "Procedures for Document
Facsimile Transmission in the General Switched Telephone
Network", June, 1996
[T.4] ITU-T Recommendation T.4 - "Standardization of Group 3
Facsimile Apparatus for Document Transmission", June, 1996
[T.6] ITU-T Recommendation T.6 - "Facsimile Coding Schemes and
Coding Control Functions for Group 4 Facsimile Apparatus",
March, 1993
[TIFF] Adobe Developers Association, TIFF (TM) Revision 6.0 -
Final, June 3, 1992.
[TIFFREG] Parsons, G., Rafferty, J. and S. Zilles, "Tag Image File
Format (TIFF) - image/tiff: MIME Sub-type Registration ", RFC
2302, March 1998.
[VPIM2] G. Vaudreuil and G. Parsons, "Voice Profile for Internet
Mail - version 2", Work In Progress, <draft-ema-vpim-06.txt>,
November 1997.
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9. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Parsons & Rafferty Informational [Page 25]
