Thi� documen� i� � quic� referanc� o� al� o� th� standar� function� �

Thi� documen� i� � quic� referanc� o� al� o� th� standar� function� �
an� procedure� containe� i� th� programin� envirnmen� Turb� Pascal� The� �
ar� groupe� b� typ� o� operatio� (eg.- Strin� procedure�, Fil� procedures.).

Reserved Words

* absolute * external nil * shr
and file not * string
array for of then
begin forward or to
case function packed type
const goto procedure until
div if program var
do in record while
downto * inline repeat with
else label set * xor
end mod * shl

* - The asterisks indicate reserved words not defined in standard Pascal.

Standard Identifiers

ArcTan Delay Ln Rename
Assign Delete Lo Reset
Aux EOF LowVideo Rewrite
AuxInPtr EOLN Lst Round
AuxOutPtr Erase LstOutPtr Seek
BlockRead Execute Mark Sin
BlockWrite Exp MaxInt SizeOf
Boolean False Mem Sqr
BufLen FilePos MemAvail Sqrt
Byte FileSize Move Str
Chain FillChar New Succ
Char Flush NormVideo Swap
Chr Fract Odd Text
Close GetMem Ord Trm
ClrEOL GotoXY Output True
ClrScr HearPtr Pi Trunc
Con Hi Port UpCase
ConInPtr IOresult Pos Usr
ConOutPtr Input Pred UsrInPtr
Concat InsLine Ptr UsrOutPtr
ConstPtr Insert Random Val
Copy Int Randomize Write
Cos Integer Read Writeln
CrtExit Kbd Readln
CrtInit KeyPressed Real
DelLine Length Release

Page 1.

� String Procedures

Delete
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Delete( St, Pos, Num )

Delet� remove� � substrin� containin� 'Num� character� fro� 'St� startin� a� �
positio� 'Pos'� 'St� i� � strin� variabl� an� bot� 'Pos� an� 'Num� ar� �
intege� expressions� I� 'Pos� i� greate� the� 'Length� S� )'� n� character� �
ar� removed� I� a� attemp� i� mad� t� delet� character� beyon� th� en� o� �
th� strin� (i.e� 'Pos� � 'Num� exceed� th� lengt� o� th� string)� onl� �
character� withi� th� strin� ar� deleted� I� 'Pos� i� outsid� th� rang� �
1..255 a run time error occurs.

Insert
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Insert( Obj, Target, Pos )

Inser� insert� th� strin� 'Obj� int� th� strin� 'Target� a� th� positio� �
'Pos'� 'Obj� i� � strin� expression� 'Target� i� � strin� variable� an� �
'Pos� i� a� intege� expression� I� 'Pos� i� greate� tha� 'Length� Targe� �
)'� the� 'Obj� i� concatenate� t� 'Target'� I� the� resul� i� longe� tha� �
th� maximu� lengt� o� 'Target'� the� exces� character� wil� b� truncate� an� �
'Target� wil� onl� contai� th� left-mos� characters� I� 'Pos� i� outsid� �
the range 1..255, a run time error occurs.

Str
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Str( Value, St )

Th� St� procedur� convert� th� numeri� valu� o� 'Value� int� � strin� an� �
store� th� resul� i� 'St'� 'Value� i� � writ� paramete� o� typ� intege� o� �
of type real.

Val
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Val( St, Var, Code )

Va� convert� th� strin� expressio� 'St� t� a� intege� o� � rea� valu� �
(dependin� o� th� typ� o� th� variabl� 'Var'� an� store� thi� valu� i� �
'Var'� 'St� mus� b� � strin� expressin� � numeri� valu� accordin� t� th� �
rule� applyin� t� numeri� constants� Neithe� leadin� o� trailin� space� ar� �
allowed� 'Var� mus� b� a� Intege� o� � Rea� variabl� an� 'Code� mus� b� a� �
intege� variable� I� n� error� ar� detected� th� variabl� 'Code� i� se� t� �
zer� (0)� Otherwis� 'Code� i� se� t� th� positio� o� th� firs� characte� i� �
error, and the value of 'Var' is undefined.

Page 2.

� String Functions

Copy
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Copy( St, Pos, Num )

Cop� return� � substrin� containin� 'Num� character� fro� 'St� startin� a� �
positio� 'Pos'� 'St� i� � strin� expressio� an� bot� 'Pos� an� 'Num� ar� �
intege� expressions� I� 'Pos� exceed� th� lengt� o� th� string� th� empt� �
strin� i� returned� I� a� attemp� i� mad� t� ge� character� beyon� th� en� �
o� th� strin� (i.e� 'Pos� � 'Num� exceed� th� lengt� o� th� string)� onl� �
th� character� withi� th� strin� ar� returned� I� 'Pos� i� outsid� th� �
range 1..255, a run time error occurs.

Concat
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Concat( St1, St2 {,StN} )

Th� Conca� functio� return� � strin� whic� i� th� concatenatio� o� it� �
argument� i� th� orde� i� whic� the� ar� specified� Th� argument� ma� b� �
an� numbe� o� strin� expression� separate� b� comma� (St1,St� .� StN)� I� �
the length of the result is greater than 255, a run time error occurs.

Note� Th� '+� operato� ca� b� use� t� obtai� th� sam� result� ofte� mor� �
conveniently� Conca� i� include� onl� t� maintai� compatibilit� wit� othe� �
Pascal compilers.

Length
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Length( St )

Th� Lengt� functio� return� th� lengt� o� th� strin� expressio� 'St'� i.e� �
the number of characters in 'St'. The type of the result is integer.

Pos
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Pos( Obj, Target )

Th� Po� functio� scan� th� strin� 'Target� t� fin� th� firs� occuranc� o� �
'Obj� withi� 'Target'� 'Obj� an� 'Target� ar� strin� expressions� an� th� �
typ� o� th� resul� i� integer� Th� resul� i� a� intege� denotin� th� �
positio� withi� 'Target� o� th� firs� characte� o� th� matche� pattern� Th� �
positio� o� th� firs� characte� i� � strin� i� 1� I� th� pater� i� no� �
found, 'Pos' returns zero (0).

Page 3.

� Operations on Files

Assign
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Assign( FilVar, Str )

'Str� i� � strin� expressio� yieldin� an� lega� fil� name� Thi� fil� nam� �
i� assigne� t� th� fil� variabl� 'FilVar'� an� al� furthe� operation� o� �
'FilVar� wil� operat� o� th� dis� fil� 'Str'� Assig� shoul� neve� b� use� �
on a file which is in use.

Rewrite
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Rewrite( FilVar )

� ne� dis� fil� o� th� nam� assigne� t� th� fil� variabl� 'FilVar� i� �
create� an� prepare� fo� processing� an� th� fil� pointe� i� se� t� th� �
beginnin� o� th� file� i.e� componen� numbe� zer� (0)� An� previousl� �
existin� fil� wit� th� sam� nam� i� erased� � dis� fil� create� b� rewrit� �
is initially empty, i.e. it contains no elements.

Reset
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Reset( FilVar )

Th� dis� fil� o� th� nam� assigne� t� th� fil� variabl� 'FilVar� i� prepare� �
fo� processing� an� th� fil� pointe� i� se� t� th� beginnin� o� th� file� �
i.e� componen� numbe� zer� (0)� 'FilVar� mus� nam� a� existin� file� �
otherwise an I/O error occurs.

Read
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Read( FilVar, Var )

'Var� denote� on� o� mor� variable� o� th� componen� typ� o� 'FilVar'� �
separate� b� commas� Eac� variabl� i� rea� fro� th� dis� file� an� �
followin� eac� rea� operation� th� fil� pointe� i� advance� t� th� nex� �
component.

Write
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Write( FilVar, Var )

'Var� denote� on� o� mor� variable� o� th� componen� typ� o� 'FilVar'� �
separate� b� commas� Eac� variabl� i� writte� t� th� dis� file� an� �
followin� eac� writ� operation� th� fil� pointe� i� advance� t� th� nex� �
component.

Page 4.

� Seek
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Seek( FilVar, n )

See� move� th� fil� pointe� t� th� n't� componen� o� th� fil� denote� b� �
'FilVar'� 'n� i� a� intege� expression� Th� positio� o� th� firs� componen� �
i� zer� (0)� Not� tha� i� orde� t� expan� � fil� i� i� possibl� t� see� on� �
component beyond the last component. The statement

Seek( FilVar, FileSize( FilVar) );

will place the file pointer at the end of the file.

Flush
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Flush( FilVar )

Flus� emptie� th� interna� secto� buffe� o� th� dis� fil� 'FilVar'� an� thu� �
assure� tha� th� secto� buffe� i� writte� t� th� dis� i� an� writ� �
operation� hav� occure� sinc� th� las� dis� update� Flus� als� insure� tha� �
th� nex� rea� operatio� wil� actuall� perfor� � physica� rea� fro� th� dis� �
file. Flush should never be used on a closed file.

Close
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Close( FilVar )

Th� dis� fil� associate� wit� 'FilVar� i� closed� an� th� dis� director� i� �
updated to reflect the new status of the file.

Erase
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Erase( FilVar )

Th� dis� fil� associate� wit� 'FilVar� i� erased� I� th� fil� i� open� i� �
should be closed before Erase is performed.

Rename
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Rename( FilVar, Str )

Th� dis� fil� associate� wit� 'FilVar� i� rename� t� � ne� nam� give� b� th� �
strin� expressio� 'Str'� Th� dis� director� i� update� t� sho� th� ne� nam� �
o� th� file� an� furthe� operation� o� 'FilVar� wil� operat� o� th� fil� �
with the new name. Rename should not be used on an open file.

Note� I� i� th� programmer'� responsibilit� t� mak� sur� th� ne� fil� nam� �
doe� no� allread� exis� o� th� disk� otherwis� multipl� occurance� o� th� �
file name will occur.

Page 5.

� Standard File Functions

EOF
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: EOF( FilVar )

� Boolea� functio� whic� return� Tru� i� th� fil� pointe� i� positione� a� �
th� en� o� th� dis� file� i.e� beyon� th� las� componen� o� th� file� I� �
not, EOF returns False.

FilePos
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: FilePos( FilVar )

A� intege� functio� whic� return� th� curren� positio� o� th� fil� pointer� �
The first component of a file is zero (0).

FileSize
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: FileSize( FilVar )

A� intege� functio� whic� return� th� siz� o� th� dis� fil� expresse� a� th� �
numbe� o� component� i� th� file� I� FileSize� FilVa� � i� zero� th� fil� �
is empty.

Page 6.

� Standard Procedures

ClrEol
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: ClrEol

Clear� al� character� fro� th� curso� positio� t� th� en� o� th� lin� �
without moving the cursor.

ClrScr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: ClrScr

Clears the screen and places the cursor in the upper left-hand corner.
Not� tha� som� system� ma� als� rese� th� video-attribute� whe� clearin� th� �
screen.

CrtInit
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: CrtInit

Send� th� Termina� Initializatio� Strin� define� i� th� installatio� �
procedure for the screen.

CrtExit
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: CrtExit

Send� th� Termina� Rese� Strin� a� define� i� th� installatio� procedur� fo� �
the screen.

Delay
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Delay( Time )

Th� Dela� procedur� create� � loo� whic� ru� fo� approx� a� man� milli-�
second� a� define� b� it� argumen� 'Time� whic� mus� b� a� integer� Th� �
exact delay will vary somewhat with different operating systems.

DelLine
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: DelLine

Delete� th� lin� containin� th� curso� an� move� al� th� line� belo� th� �
cursor up by one line.

Page 7.

� InsLine
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: InsLine

Insert� a� empt� lin� a� th� curso� position� Al� line� belo� th� curso� �
are moved down one line and the bottom line scrolls off the screen.

GotoXY
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: GotoXY( Xpos, Ypos )

Move� th� curso� t� th� positio� o� th� scree� specifie� b� th� intege� �
expression� 'Xpos� (horizonta� valu� o� row� an� 'Ypos� (vertica� valu� o� �
column). The upper left corner (home position) is ( 1, 1 ).

LowVideo
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: LowVideo

Se� th� scree� t� th� vide� attribut� define� a� 'Star� o� Lo� Video� i� th� �
installation procedure.

NormVideo
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: NormVideo

Set� th� scree� t� th� vide� attribut� define� a� 'Star� o� Norma� Video� i� �
the installation procedure.

Randomize
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Randomize

Initializes the random number generator with a random value.

Move
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Move( Var1, Var2, Num )

Doe� � mas� cop� directl� i� memor� o� � specifie� numbe� o� bytes� 'Var1� �
an� 'Var2� ar� tw� variable� o� an� type� an� 'Num� i� a� intege� �
expression� Th� procedur� copie� � bloc� o� 'Num� bytes� startin� a� th� �
firs� byt� occupie� b� 'Var1� t� th� bloc� startin� a� th� firs� byt� �
occupied by 'Var2'. Move automatically handles overlap situations.

Page 8.

� FillChar
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: FillChar( Var, Num, Value )

Fill� � rang� o� memor� wit� � give� value� 'Var� i� � variabl� o� an� �
type� 'Num� i� a� intege� expression� an� 'Value� i� a� expressio� o� Byt� �
o� Char� 'Num� bytes� startin� a� th� firs� byt� occupie� b� 'Var'� ar� �
filled with the value 'Value'.

Page 9.

� Arithmetic Functions

Abs
________________________________
____________________________________________
Syntax: Abs( Num )

Return� th� absolut� valu� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� mus� b� eithe� Rea� �
or Integer, and the result is of the same type as the argument.

ArcTan
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: ArcTan( Num )

Return� th� angle� i� radians� whos� tangen� i� 'Num'� Th� argumen� mus� b� �
either Real or Integer, and the result is Real.

Cos
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Cos( Num )

Return� th� cosin� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� i� expresse� i� radians� �
and its type must be either Real or Integer. The result is of type Real.

Exp
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Exp( Num )

Return� th� exponentia� o� 'Num� t� bas� e� Th� argumen� 'Num� mus� b� �
either Real or Integer, and the result is Real.

Frac
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Frac( Num )

Return� th� fractiona� par� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� mus� b� eithe� �
Real or Integer, and the result is Real.

Int
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Int( Num )

Return� th� intege� par� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� mus� b� eithe� Rea� �
or Integer, and the result is real.

Page 10.

� Ln
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Ln( Num )

Return� th� natura� logarith� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� mus� b� eithe� �
Real or Integer, and the result is Real.

Sin
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Sin( Num )

Return� th� sin� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� i� expresse� i� radians� an� �
its type must be either Real or Integer. The result is of type Real.

Sqr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Sqr( Num )

Return� th� squar� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� mus� b� eithe� Rea� o� Integer� �
and the result is of the same type as the argument.

Sqrt
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Sqrt( Num )

Return� th� squar� roo� o� 'Num'� Th� argumen� 'Num� mus� b� eithe� Rea� o� �
Integer, and the result is of type Real.

Page 11.

� Scalar Functions

Pred
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Pred( Num )

Return� th� predecesso� o� 'Num� (i� i� exists)� 'Num� i� o� an� scala� �
type.

Succ
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Succ( Num )

Returns the successor of 'Num' (if it exists). 'Num' is of any scalar type.

Odd
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Odd( Num )

Return� boolea� Tru� i� 'Num� i� a� od� number� an� Fals� i� 'Num� i� even� �
'Num' must be of type Integer.

Page 12.

� Transfer Functions

Chr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Chr( Num )

Return� th� characte� wit� th� ordina� valu� give� b� th� intege� expressio� �
'Num'. Example: Chr(65) returns the character 'A'.

Ord
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Ord( Var )

Return� th� ordina� numbe� o� th� valu� 'Var� i� th� se� define� define� b� �
th� typ� 'Var'� Ord� Va� � i� equivalen� t� Integer� Va� )� 'Var� ma� b� �
of any scaral type, except Real, and the result is of the type Integer.

Round
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Round( Num )

Returns the value of 'Num' rounded to the nearest integer as follows:
if Num>=0, then Round( Num ) = Trunc( Num + 0.5 ), and
if Num<0, then Round( Num ) = Trunc( Num - 0.5 ).
'Num' must be of type Real, and the result is of type Integer.

Trunc
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Trunc( Num )

Return� th� greates� intege� les� tha� o� equa� t� 'Num'� o� th� smalles� �
intege� greate� tha� o� equa� t� 'Num'� i� Num<0� 'Num� mus� b� o� typ� �
Real, and the result is of the type Integer.

Page 13.

� Miscellaneous Standard Functions

Hi
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Hi( I )

Th� lo� orde� byt� o� th� resul� contain� th� hig� orde� byt� o� th� valu� �
o� th� intege� expressio� 'I'� Th� hig� orde� byt� o� th� resul� i� se� t� �
zero. The type of the result is Integer.

KeyPressed
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: KeyPressed

Return� boolea� Tru� i� � ke� ha� bee� presse� a� th� console� an� Fals� i� �
n� ke� ha� bee� pressed� Th� resul� i� obtaine� b� callin� th� operatin� �
system console status routine.

Lo
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Lo( I )

Return� th� lo� orde� byt� o� th� valu� o� th� intege� expressio� 'I� wit� �
the high order byte forced to zero. The type of the result is Integer.

Random
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Random

Return� � rando� numbe� greate� tha� o� equa� t� zer� an� les� tha� one� �
The type is Real.

Random( Num )
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Random( Num )

Return� � rando� numbe� greate� tha� o� equa� t� zer� an� les� tha� 'Num'� �
'Num' and the random number are both integers.

SizeOf
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: SizeOf( Name )

Return� th� numbe� o� byte� occupie� i� memor� b� th� variabl� o� typ� �
'Name'. The result is of type Integer.

Page 14.

� Swap
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Swap( Num )

Th� Swa� functio� exchange� th� hig� an� lo� orde� byte� o� it� intege� �
argument 'Num' and returns the resulting value as an integer.

UpCase
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: UpCase( Ch )

Return� th� uppercas� equivalen� o� it� argumen� 'Ch� whic� mus� b� o� typ� �
Char� I� n� uppercas� equivalen� exists� th� argumen� i� returne� �
unchanged.

Page 15.

� CP/M-80 Specific Functions

Addr
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Addr( Name )

Return� th� addres� i� memor� o� th� firs� byt� o� th� type� variable� �
procedure� o� functio� wit� th� identifie� 'Name'� I� 'Name� i� a� array� �
i� ma� b� subscribed� an� i� 'Name� i� � record� specifi� field� ma� b� �
selected. The value returned is of type Integer.

Bdos procedure and function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Bdos( Func {, Param } )

Th� Bdo� procedur� i� use� t� invok� CP/� BDO� routines� 'Func� an� 'Param� �
ar� intege� expressions� 'Func� denote� th� numbe� o� th� calle� routin� �
an� i� loade� int� th� � register� 'Param� i� optiona� an� denote� � �
paramete� whic� i� loade� int� th� D� registe� pair� � cal� t� addres� � �
then invokes the BDOS.

Th� Bdo� functio� i� calle� lik� th� procedur� an� return� a� intege� resul� �
which is the value returned by the BDOS in the A register.

BdosHL function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: BdosHL( Func {, Param } )

Thi� functio� i� exactl� lik� th� Bdo� functio� above� excep� tha� th� �
result is the value returned in the HL register pair.

Bios Procedure and Function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: Bios( Func {, Param } )

Th� Bio� procedur� i� use� t� invok� BIO� routines� 'Func� an� 'Param� ar� �
intege� expressions� 'Func� denote� th� numbe� o� th� calle� routine� wit� �
zer� (0� meanin� th� WBOO� routine� 'Param� i� optiona� an� denote� � �
parameter which is loaded into the BC register pair prior to the call.

Th� Bio� functio� i� calle� lik� th� procedur� an� return� a� intege� resul� �
which is the value returned by the BIOS in the A register.

BiosHL Function
____________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: BiosHL( Func {, Param } )

Thi� functio� i� exactl� simila� t� th� Bio� functio� abov� excep� tha� th� �
result is the value returned in the HL register pair.

Page 16.

�