TidBITS#558/04-Dec-00
=====================

 Mac OS X is coming soon, and there's much more to it than the Aqua
 interface. This week Chris Pepper looks at Mac OS X's Unix
 foundation. And if a digital camera is on your gift list, Arthur
 Bleich offers advice about essential accouterments like printers,
 batteries, and memory cards. In the news, Nisus Software releases
 Nisus Writer 6.0.1 (including 68K support and the TidBITS
 AutoCorrect Dictionary), and we ask you to vote in our poll on how
 TidBITS should cover product announcements.

Topics:
   MailBITS/04-Dec-00
   Digital Camera Accouterments
   Unix Coming to a Mac Near You, Part 1

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MailBITS/04-Dec-00
------------------

**Nisus Writer 6.0.1 Offers 68K, TidBITS Glossary** -- Nisus
 Software has released Nisus Writer 6.0.1, a minor upgrade to the
 company's powerful word processor. Users of 68K-based Macs will be
 pleased that a 68K version of Nisus Writer is now available, and
 the free upgrade also includes a version of the TidBITS
 AutoCorrect Dictionary as a Nisus Writer glossary. You can now
 turn Navigation Services on and off, and a bug that prevented
 selection of file formats from the Save dialog box using keyboard
 shortcuts has been fixed. Other changes include some bug fixes to
 the Nisus Table Tool to improve menu functionality, optimization
 of the HTML documentation, and additional stationery files to act
 as templates for new documents. The complete version of Nisus
 Writer 6.0.1 (necessary if you don't yet have Nisus Writer 6.0 or
 want the 68K version) is 25.5 MB and the updater from the PowerPC-
 only version 6.0 is 10.8 MB. [ACE]

<http://www.nisus.com/products/nisuswriter/>


**Quiz Results: Lord of Your Own Domain?**  Last week's quiz
 followed up on ICANN's endorsement of seven new Internet top-level
 domains (TLDs) by asking which of the following domains - .org,
 .cc, .mil, .web, .um, .is, or .biz - was _not_ an existing domain
 or one of the seven new TLDs. Just over a third of the quiz
 respondents knew the correct answer - .web - but even more
 respondents thought the answer was .um, which is the established
 (though little used) top-level domain for the U.S. Minor Outlying
 Islands, including Wake and Midway in the mid-Pacific. We may yet
 see a .web domain - it was proposed to ICANN by multiple
 applicants, and could be approved in the future - but it doesn't
 exist yet. Only eight percent of the quiz's respondent's thought
 .biz didn't exist (even though it's brand new) while fourteen
 percent thought .cc - the domain for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
 in the Indian Ocean south of Sumatra - didn't exist, despite its
 wide (some would say opportunistic) promotion by its registrar as
 an alternative to the .com domain. [GD]

<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbpoll=67>
<http://www.iana.org/root-whois/um.htm>


**Poll Preview: On Releases and Announcements** -- We'd like to
 get your opinion about the types of product news you see in
 TidBITS. Traditionally, TidBITS covers products only when you can
 download or purchase them, rather than when they're initially
 announced by companies, which can be months before they're
 available. We developed this practice to avoid cluttering readers'
 minds - and our issues - with information about vaporware and
 products which didn't yet exist (and in some cases would never
 exist). Announcements almost universally tout products as the best
 in their categories and often omit information such as system
 requirements, availability dates, and pricing, which makes writing
 about the products difficult, especially since we can't evaluate
 the quality of the product or say whether new features are useful
 or work as they should. Conversely, knowing what products
 companies plan to release can be useful. Should you invest in a
 third party add-on for one of your main applications if the next
 version should be out soon with a similar feature? If a program is
 currently discounted, should you buy copies for your company
 before a new version comes out? Will a product soon add a feature
 you need, or should you cut your losses and switch to a competitor
 now? Visit our home page and let us know your feelings about
 whether we should cover products when they're first announced or
 when they actually ship! [GD]

<http://www.tidbits.com/>


Digital Camera Accouterments
----------------------------
 by Arthur Bleich <[email protected]>

 If you've ever tried to put together a good audio-video system,
 you know the angst that goes with it. Even with an unlimited
 budget, you have to make hard choices between this amplifier and
 that receiver and those speakers. The same applies to digital
 cameras - they're only a part what we call digital photography.
 Look at your first digital camera purchase as just a component in
 a larger system, the capture component. But, if you're like most
 people and want prints of your digital pictures, the output
 component is equally important because without it, the images
 printed from best digital camera will disappoint you. Plus, you'll
 want to think about batteries, more storage space, and just how
 you'll be transferring images from the camera to your computer.


**From Input to Output** -- So, along with choosing a digital
 camera, choose the right printer, and right now the best photo
 printers are made by Epson - period. I'm uninterested in getting
 into a religious war along the lines of the Mac versus PC debates,
 but suffice to say that Epson is my pick, and a good Epson printer
 should be the first item on your digital camera budget. There are
 two basic lines, the Stylus Color and the Stylus Photo, and the
 primary difference is that the Stylus Color printers print in four
 colors, whereas the Stylus Photo printers print in six colors. The
 more colors, the better the photos, which also benefit from
 smaller ink droplet size - 4 picoliters is better than 6
 picoliters. However, ignore high resolution figures (above 720
 dpi) on printers; they are not always true indicators of print
 quality. The price you'll pay often reflects print speed and
 number of interface options; just make sure to match those to the
 amount you plan to print and to your current (and future) computer
 system.

 I'm partial to the Epson Stylus Photo 870 and the wide-format 1270
 because they give gorgeous prints at high speed. The $250 Stylus
 Photo 870 is the biggest bargain in six-color inkjets on the
 market today. But if that's too much, look at the four-color
 Stylus Color 777 which has 4 picoliter droplets and matching iMac
 color choices for under $100. You can compare specifications on
 the many different models on the Epson Web site.

<http://www.epson.com/>

 I'm familiar with the "fading" flap about ozone and possibly other
 airborne elements that are causing the light cyan ink in the
 Stylus Photo 870 and 1270 to take a premature hike resulting in
 "oranging" of the print. But this has been much overplayed. Take
 it with a dash of light magenta: most users have never experienced
 the problem and besides, only prints on Epson's Premium Glossy
 Paper seem to have faded, and Epson has now reformulated that
 paper. [Remember too that you're printing a _digital_ photograph -
 since it's digital, you can always print additional identical
 copies. -Adam]


**Recharge It!** Once you have resolved the printer problem, it's
 time to add other elements of the system. If you read digital
 camera newsgroups and other forums, you're bound to read something
 like, "I really like this camera but battery consumption sucks!"
 or words to that effect. It's as if the new purchaser expected
 NASA-level performance out of a crummy set of alkaline AA
 batteries (yes, the particular poster I had in mind did). This
 unfortunate situation occurs because most digital camera marketing
 mavens think consumers won't buy the product if they were to say:
 "We've put a set of drugstore batteries in here to get you
 started, but you'll have to spend a few bucks more for
 rechargeables."

 The smart manufacturers slip in rechargeable NiMH (or in a few
 cases, lithium-ion) batteries and a charger and defuse the issue
 from the beginning. But if your new digital camera comes only with
 standard sizes of alkaline batteries, just buy a Quest Premium
 Gold Battery Charger (it comes with four batteries), and four
 extra batteries and be done with it. The Quest charger monitors
 each battery individually, does a fast charge in just a couple of
 hours followed by a controlled trickle, and you can leave the
 batteries in the charger for as long as you'd like- they're always
 topped off and ready to go when you are. As an added advantage, it
 includes a 12-volt DC plug that lets you use the charger while
 driving.

<http://www.d-store.com/Quest/>


**Store Those Images** -- Along with battery life (the reason to
 have an extra set of batteries), the other factor that will limit
 how many images you can shoot at once is the size of your memory
 card. There are three basic types of memory cards: Compact Flash,
 SmartMedia, and Sony's proprietary Memory Sticks. Most digital
 cameras come with small (commonly 8 MB) memory cards, and
 particularly if you want to shoot at the highest resolution
 offered by your camera, you'll fill that puppy up with a mere
 handful of shots. Trust me, you'll want at least one more memory
 card, but choose 64 MB or under because, like eggs, you don't want
 to put all your shots in one basket. Several smaller cards are
 better than one humongous one. The camera you choose generally
 dictates which type of card you use, but it may be worth keeping
 in mind that SmartMedia cards, although the smallest, are
 sensitive to static electricity because their contacts are
 exposed. Compact Flash cards are more common, usually less
 expensive, and come in larger sizes. Sony's Memory Stick cards are
 also relatively inexpensive but limited to use with Sony products
 right now. You'll have no trouble finding retailers that sell
 memory cards, but it can pay to shop around.


**Image Transfers** -- Finally, there's the question of just how
 you plan to move images from the camera into your computer. Many
 people worry about whether or not the camera supports USB (or
 serial connections, for older Macs), but it's not as big a deal as
 you might think. Everyone I know hates using USB because you have
 to plug a cable into the camera, then the other end into a USB
 port, and then fiddle around with a camera that sits in front of
 your computer. Here's how the sophisticated photographers do it.
 They buy a digital camera based on the features they want, whether
 or not it has USB. Then they get a Delkin or Microtech
 International USB multi-card reader that reads Compact Flash,
 Compact Flash II, and SmartMedia cards. When they want to transfer
 images, they pop the memory card out of the camera and into the
 reader.

<http://www.delkin.com/cgi/delkin_menu.pl?-1+7+188+dd_products_consumer/
welcome.htm>
<http://www.microtechint.com/digindex.html>

 And if you primarily use a PowerBook that supports PC Cards, you
 can buy inexpensive adapters from companies like Microtech or
 Unity Digital into which you insert the memory card. Then, when
 you pop the adapter into the PowerBook, it shows up like another
 disk, so it's not only easy to work with, it doubles as a RAM disk
 if you need to transfer files to another PowerBook.

<http://www.microtechint.com/qs-cfa.html>
<http://www.unitydigital.com/>

 If you don't yet have an extra memory card, look for bundles that
 provide a memory card and some sort of card reader - it can be
 cheaper than buying them separately.

 What's the cost of these digital camera components? Less than $500
 for the printer, rechargeable battery package, extra memory card,
 and USB or PC Card reader. You don't need all these items right
 away, but those five bills will save you so much grief, you'll
 smile every time you use the components.

 [Arthur H. Bleich is a photographer, writer, and educator who
 lives in Miami and is Feature Editor of Digital Camera Magazine.
 He has done assignments for major publications both in the U.S.
 and abroad, and conducts Digital Photography Workshop Cruises for
 Zing.com (where he is right now). TidBITS readers can participate
 in the Zing Digital Photography Workshop-at-Sea between 03-Dec-00
 to 10-Dec-00, where pictures taken by and of the class will be
 posted each day at Zing.com, where they'll remain through January.
 Log in with zingcruise2000 as your member name and zingcruise as
 your password. Arthur also invites you to click in to his Digital
 PhotoCorner to read a complete guide to buying your first digital
 camera - TidBITS will also have more on that in next week's
 issue.]

<http://www.zing.com/album/pictures.html?id=4293286909>
<http://www.dpcorner.com/>


Unix Coming to a Mac Near You, Part 1
-------------------------------------
 by Chris Pepper <[email protected]>

 With Mac OS X, Apple is building Unix into the Mac OS, and this
 has technical, social, and political ramifications for Mac users
 and the rest of the industry. To understand the implications of
 this change, let's take a look this week at the Unix family of
 operating systems and how they constitute a part of Mac OS X. In
 the next part of this article, I'll address how the fusion of
 t
hese two operating systems will impact not only Mac and Unix
 users, but the computer industry as a whole.


**Unix 101: The History of the Machine** -- In the beginning (or
 as far back as we want to go), there was Unix, which was
 originally developed at AT&T's Bell Labs. In many ways, Unix grew
 up in symbiosis with the C programming language, which became an
 important facet of its underlying philosophy - that programming is
 good for you. (For more information, see some of the resources
 provided by Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of C, as well as
 an interesting timeline of the history of Unix). In sharp
 contrast, the Macintosh was revolutionary because of Apple's
 concept that computer users could be insulated from the underlying
 workings of their computers, and not have to be programmers.
 Apple's vision of the Mac OS was as a system for managing a
 computing appliance, whereas Unix was published as a research
 project with an open invitation to tinkerers.

<http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/>
<http://perso.wanadoo.fr/levenez/unix/>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tlkthrd=1194>

 Over time, various companies and individuals contributed to Unix,
 each under their own licenses, some of which required payment for
 use. Several companies, most notably Sun Microsystems, licensed
 Unix to use as the basis of their own operating systems to run on
 their own computer hardware. There are now hundreds of derivatives
 of the original Bell Labs Unix. A crucial point in the development
 of Unix came when AT&T sued the University of California at
 Berkeley to halt distribution of Unix systems without paid
 licenses from AT&T, but the suit failed. After the settlement,
 Berkeley released the free and redistributable 4.4BSD-Lite (BSD
 stands for "Berkeley Software Distribution"), which contained no
 AT&T code and no licensing restrictions. The current BSD flavors
 of Unix - NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, BSDI, and now Apple's Darwin -
 are all descendants of BSD-Lite.

<http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2000/03/17/bsd.html?page=3>
<http://www.bsd.org/>

 During the 1980s, Richard Stallman formed the Free Software
 Foundation (FSF) to write a completely compatible Unix
 replacement, free of restrictive licensing requirements. In
 rejection of these licenses, the FSF created the GNU General
 Public License (GPL), which requires licensed software to be
 freely redistributable, and has a "viral" clause requiring that
 derivative works also be licensed under the GPL, and thus freely
 available and modifiable. The GNU (which stands for "GNU's Not
 Unix") project was highly successful in creating powerful tools,
 such as the ubiquitous gcc compiler and gzip compression program,
 now considered standard parts of Unix environments. The GNU
 operating system kernel, known as Hurd, is still under
 development.

<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html>
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html#AbouttheGNUproject>
<http://www.fsf.org/software/hurd/hurd.html>

 Linus Torvalds began the Linux project with a similar goal: to
 develop a free Unix-compatible kernel for Intel PCs, without
 license encumbrances. To ensure that Linux would be free, it was
 also licensed under the GPL. An operating system kernel isn't
 useful by itself, so Linux distributions combine Linux kernels
 with other free GNU and non-GNU components to build complete
 operating systems. Thus the FSF's goal of a free Unix-like
 operating system was attained, though not quite as its founders
 expected.

<http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html>

 Linux is generally portrayed as a better, faster, and more stable
 server alternative to Windows NT/2000. In contrast, BSD Unix
 rarely crops up in casual conversation, but its users consider it
 better and more stable than relative newcomer Linux. A number of
 high-profile Web sites, such as Yahoo and MCI, apparently share
 this conviction and rely on BSD-backed Web servers.


**The Mac OS X Layer Cake** -- Although Apple is introducing Unix
 to millions of Mac users through Mac OS X, you don't need to start
 memorizing Unix commands to use it (in fact, you'll have to work
 to see the Unix command line at all). However, it will be helpful
 to have a working knowledge of how Unix fits into the inner
 workings of your Mac.

 Think of Mac OS X as a three-layer cake, borrowing its basic
 recipe from the NeXTstep operating system, leavened with
 components of Mac OS 9. The lowest level is derived from Carnegie
 Mellon University's Mach microkernel research project, which
 interacts with the hardware and helps different parts of the next
 level up communicate with one another, and the BSD kernel, which
 provides facilities such as networking, device drivers, and file
 systems - HFS+ and UFS (Universal or Unix File System) are
 included in Mac OS X. Within Darwin, the second level is a fairly
 standard Unix environment, including tools ranging from the ls
 program that lists files and the cp program that copies files, to
 the aforementioned gzip and the Apache Web server. These two
 layers are available now from Apple, packaged together as the free
 open source Darwin operating system.

<http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/mach/public/www/mach.html>
<http://www.publicsource.apple.com/projects/darwin/>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=05994>

 Darwin is a fully capable Unix-like operating system on its own,
 but it's limited in comparison to the Mac OS. In particular,
 Darwin lacks graphics capabilities entirely - in a typical Unix
 system those would be provided by the X Window System, but Darwin
 can only display text on the connected monitor. Apple has released
 Darwin as open source, so people with recent Macs who want to run
 BSD-style Unix now have another free option (projects such as
 OpenBSD and NetBSD also support many Macintosh hardware
 configurations). Darwin has already drawn some attention in the
 computer industry, but it's mostly relevant for Mac users, since
 several mature BSD options for Intel-based PCs already exist. It
 remains to be seen whether people will actually use Darwin as an
 independent product, but it may find popularity on slightly older
 machines or in dedicated server environments.

<http://www.x.org/>
<http://www.macosxinfo.org/kernel.html>
<http://www.openbsd.org/>
<http://www.netbsd.org/>

 Confusingly, Apple uses the name Darwin for several related
 projects which have different releases but the same source code:
 the self-contained Darwin operating system package and the bottom
 layer of Mac OS X. Direct access to Unix applications on a Mac OS
 X system is entirely optional, which makes the system much more
 palatable for Mac users who prefer to avoid Unix. But double-
 clicking the Terminal program included in Mac OS X Public Beta
 invokes a command line, giving full access to Unix functionality,
 just like logging into a machine running the free Darwin operating
 system.

<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tlkthrd=1188>

 The second and third levels of the Mac OS X layer cake, not
 included in the free Darwin package, are the proprietary code that
 makes it a Macintosh operating system with a graphical interface:
 the QuickDraw and Quartz graphic environments that programs use to
 draw to the screen and the whole set of Application Programming
 Interfaces (APIs) that enable Macintosh programs (as opposed to
 Unix programs) to run. The main APIs in Mac OS 9 are collectively
 called the Macintosh Toolbox. Mac OS X includes a much larger set
 of overlapping APIs, due to its hybrid Unix/NeXT/Apple heritage.

 Classic applications rely on the venerable QuickDraw for display
 of text and graphics. Carbon applications can use Apple's new
 Quartz display engine, but QuickDraw remains available to them as
 well, and so they'll probably stick with QuickDraw as long as
 developers want to provide a single application file that can run
 under both Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X. Cocoa applications rely entirely
 on Quartz, which is based on Adobe's Portable Document Format
 (PDF), and provides improved capabilities for print and layout. In
 addition, Mac OS X also provides OpenGL and QuickTime, which may
 help availability and performance of games and scientific
 computing software for Macs.

 Macintosh programs that can run under Mac OS X come in three main
 flavors: Carbon, Classic (existing Mac OS 9 programs), and Cocoa.
 New and updated programs which use Carbon are full-fledged Mac OS
 X applications and take advantage of Mac OS X's protected memory
 and preemptive multitasking. Current programs run under Mac OS 9
 within the Classic environment, providing compatibility with
 existing software. And Cocoa programs rely on a set of APIs
 originally derived from NeXTstep, so Mac OS X can run NeXTstep-
 derived programs.

 The frosting on this layer cake is a new graphical design for Mac
 OS X, called Aqua. All Carbon and Cocoa applications in Mac OS X
 use Aqua, which specifies larger text and buttons, heavy usage of
 anti-aliased text and transparency, and a new set of design
 guidelines for windows, menus, and other interface elements. As a
 result, Mac OS X applications are prettier and livelier, with
 correspondingly increased demands on processor power and screen
 size. Specifically, Mac OS X effectively requires a minimum screen
 resolution of 800 by 600 pixels, while Mac OS 9 was usable at 640
 by 480 pixels. (Also see "A Quick Dip into Aqua, the Mac OS X
 Interface" in TidBITS-513_.)

<http://www.apple.com/macosx/technologies/inside.html>
<http://db.tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=05773>

 Okay, let's see if we can put it all together - this diagram may
 look more like a game of Hack than a layer cake, but it should
 give you an overview of where everything fits. Remember there's no
 graphical environment under BSD Unix in Darwin.

>   | (Platinum)  |       (Aqua)       |   |   (Text)   |
>   +-------------+----------+---------+   +------------+
> 3 |   Classic   |  Carbon  |  Cocoa  |   |  BSD Unix  |\
>   +-------------+----+-----+---------+   +-----++-----+ \
> 2 |     QuickDraw    |   Quartz      |         ||        (Darwin)
>   +------------------+---------------+---------++-----+ /
> 1 |                 Mach+BSD kernel                   |/
>   +---------------------------------------------------+

 To continue our analogy, the Mac OS X Public Beta available now
 includes candles on the cake - user applications (both included
 with Mac OS X and installed by users), which use either the
 Platinum (Classic) or Aqua appearance, depending on the APIs to
 which they're written. Bundled applications include the
 Finder/Desktop, Internet Explorer, Mail, Sherlock, System
 Preferences, an MP3/CD player, and others. The whole installation
 provides approximately the same feature set as Mac OS 9, but as
 you'd expect in a beta, some of the new components are more
 primitive than the mature ones from Mac OS 9. The best example of
 this is the new Dock, which replaces Mac OS 9's Apple and
 Application menus and desktop, but doesn't offer the same level of
 flexibility as the older tools in Mac OS 9.

 As a Macintosh system, the most obvious changes in Mac OS X are
 the visual interface - Aqua - and the file system layout. The
 underlying system is already more stable, but this is a less
 obvious change. Classic Mac developers are beginning to move their
 software to Carbon, and as they do so they will begin to take
 advantage of Carbon's new capabilities and advantages. For those
 interested in exploring further, there's a wealth of new
 territory. NeXT developers are quickly moving over to Mac OS X,
 and adapting their applications for Cocoa. Darwin's Unix
 environment provides a whole new range of capabilities,
 particularly in the areas of networking and programming. This is
 foreign ground for many Mac users, but the potential is
 considerable.

 In the next installment of this article, I'll talk about how the
 computer industry stands to be affected by Mac OS X's merger of an
 underlying Unix structure with the qualities that make a
 Macintosh.

 [Chris Pepper is a systems administrator in New York, and he's
 just delighted that his "personal" Mac workstations are now
 running Unix like the servers he coddles for a living. Check out
 his Mac OS X Software and Information site for more on Apple's new
 operating system.]

<http://www.mosxsw.com/>

$$

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