1) Greek fire The Byzantines of the 7th-12th centuries threw
a mysterious substance at their enemies in sea battles. This
liquid, shot through tubes or siphons, burned in water and
could only be extinguished with vinegar, sand, and urine.
2) Flexible glass
Three ancient stories about a substance known as flexible
glass are not clear enough to determine the composition of
a substance. The story of his invention was first told by
Petronius (63 AD). He wrote about a glassblower who
presented a glass vessel to Emperor Tiberius. He asked the
emperor to return the vessel, after which the glassblower
threw the vessel on the floor. The vessel did not break, but
only crumpled. And the glassblower quickly restored the
shape to the vessel. Fearing the devaluation of precious
metals, Tiberius ordered the beheading of the inventor so
that the secret "vitrum flexile" would die with him. It wasn't
until 2012 that glass company Corning introduced flexible
Willow Glass. Heat-resistant and flexible enough material
that can be rolled. Now it is used in the creation of solar
panels.
3) Antidote for all poisons
The so-called universal antidote for all poisons was developed
by the king of Pontus Mithridates VI, who ruled 120-63. BC.
And perfected by the personal physician of Emperor Nero.
The original formula has been lost, explained Adrienne Mayor,
folklorist and science historian at Stanford University, in a 2008
article titled "Greek fire, poison arrows and scorpion bombs:
biological and chemical warfare in the ancient world."
But ancient historians told us that its ingredients included opium,
crushed vipers, and a combination of small doses of poisons and
their antidotes. The valuable substance was known as Mithridates
in honor of King Mithridates VI.
4) Heat weapon
The Greek mathematician Archimedes, who died in 212 BC,
developed heat rays. The weapons have been described as rows
of polished bronze shields that reflect the sun's rays towards
enemy ships. Only in 2001, DARPA was provided with an
analogue of thermal weapons. It uses microwaves to penetrate
the victim's skin. The body heats up to 130 degrees Fahrenheit,
making it feel like the skin is on fire.
5) Roman Concrete
An article published in 2013 by the University of California,
Berkeley News Center announced that university researchers
were the first to describe how an unusually stable calcium
aluminum silicate hydrate compound binds the material. The
process of making Roman concrete results in lower carbon
dioxide emissions than the process of making modern concrete.
However, some of the disadvantages of using it are that it takes
longer to dry and is slightly weaker than modern concrete.
However, it must be remembered that modern concrete was not
invented until 1796.
6) Damascus Steel
The secret of the production of Damascus steel in the Middle East
surfaced again only after studying the alloy using an electron
microscope. The alloy was first used around 300 BC. But by the
18th century, knowledge about the composition of the material was
lost. Scientists found that the alloy consisted of the bark of cassia
golden, milkweed, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel
and some rare earth metals from India. In the middle of the 18th
century, the chemical composition of the raw materials changed.
Due to the exhaustion of a particular mine. Therefore, Damascus
steel can no longer be replicated.
7) Disc of Sabu Excavations in Sakkara (Egypt) have yielded many
important and valuable items, but none of them were as strange as
"Disc Sabu" After painstaking restoration, "Disc Sabu" intrigued
many leading Egyptologists. The disc-shaped object resembles a
round-bottomed bowl and has three extremely thinly carved curved
petal lobes with an inclination of approximately 120 degrees
around the periphery of the bowl. These lobes are separated from
the rim by three biconvex holes. In the center of the disc is a short
tube, about 10 centimeters in diameter. The object was made of a
stone called meta-silt. It is a porous and fragile rock from which it
would be very difficult to carve a solid piece, especially one as
complex as the "Disc Sabu" Researchers believe that the "Disc Sabu"
is part of an ancient centrifugal pump. The disc was placed in a
housing and propelled at high speed through a small shaft in its
center, and was extremely effective at displacing water.
