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                         TALKING ICO: AN ANNOTATION
                         ==========================



                        COPYRIGHT 2004 by PeterEliot
                           ([email protected])

                                VERSION 1.00
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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS
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 Part One:  Some Explanation and History

 Part Two:  The Tale Proper

    I.     The Beginning
                in which we are introduced to the young hero
    II.    Entombment
                in which his predicament is made apparent
    III.   A Ghostly Beauty
                in which he discovers he is not alone
    IV.    Some Thoughts on the Puzzles
                in which the next three chapters are introduced
    V.     A Magnificent Prison
                in which the castle's role is discussed
    VI.    Reluctant Explorers
                in which the pair's quest is defined
    VII.   Companions
                in which the nature of their companionship is defined
    VIII.  The Mistress of the Keep
                in which Ico is forced to make an unpleasant acquaintance
    IX.    Reorienting
                in which the recent revelation places all in a new light
    X.     The Gate Once More
                in which the children stand on the verge of freedom
    XI.    The Last Battle
                in which the tale concludes
    XII.   Retrospect
                in which we attempt to make sense of it all
    XIII.  Final Retrospect
                in which we must make up our minds

 Part Three:  Art or No Art?

 Part Four:  Last Words and Acknowledgments



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                                 -Part One-
                        Some Explanation and History
===============================================================================
ICO fans are few in number not because few liked it but because few tried it.
But I am glad that those few have continued to talk about it and kept it from
fading.  Though neglected it will never quite be forgotten.  The thought is
not satisfying but it is at least encouraging.

People often use words to describe ICO which they would not use for any other
games, perhaps even for those games they like better than ICO.  Few ICO fans
will go so far as to declare it the best game ever made, but nearly all will
agree it is a special experience the likes of which they have not seen
elsewhere and do not expect to see again for a long while.  The word special is
to be stressed--not merely unique, not just odd, but special.  I do not want to
belabor why it is special; if you agree with me you must already know why, and
if you don't I doubt I will be able to explain it to you.  The following was
written for all those (including myself) who enjoyed ICO a great deal but had
trouble making sense of it.  I wrote it because on the ICO message board at
GameFAQs I saw the same questions come up again and again.  I often answered
them but rarely liked my own replies.  The reason was that the questions were
always treated out of context.  I tried whenever I could to establish a basic
context before replying, and this tended to make my posts rather lengthy.  And
after a few weeks the posts would be automatically purged from the board,
forcing me to repeat myself when similar questions were posed later.

I decided therefore to write an annotation of sorts to the story from the
beginning to the end.  I posted the first part on the aforementioned board on
May 15, 2003 and concluded it on August 25.  It has been half a year since, and
I am happy that the thread is still active.  But since it too will be purged
eventually I am compiling the posts, with substantial changes made to some
places, into this commentary.

Let me clarify exactly what I am setting out to do.  ICO is at once intriguing
and confusing because it insists on holding silence on its own narrative.  It
shows and suggests enough to convince us that something big is going on but
will not tell us what it is.  So I propose an exercise: I am going to take a
walk through the story and point out noteworthy elements that may help us
make sense of what is happening.  I will not be a neutral observer; I will
advance my thoughts on what I observe.  I of course realize that what is sense
to me may well be nonsense to you.  I make no pretense at authority; you are
welcome to disagree with me if you find my reasoning flawed or groundless.  Nor
do I believe for one moment ICO cannot be enjoyed without some sort of
post-mortem examination.  If you think an exercise of this sort will only spoil
its beauty, you should dismiss it.

Allow me also to stipulate what this exercise is not.  It is not meant to
explain what makes ICO such a fabulous game.  I do believe it is wonderful
entertainment, but my knowledge about games, electronic or otherwise, is very
shallow and I would not consider it my business to debate what makes a game
better than another.  I will leave that question to real aficionados.  My
attention is on the story, not the gameplay.  Nor am I trying to show why ICO
is a great story.  Again I do find the story charming, but I assume you and I
are agreed on that point and need not argue over it.  I am not here interested
in how good a story it is.  I am only interested in determining *what* the
story is.

As I said these posts were written over three months' time.  I have revised
them for compilation, but I have left the journal-like expressions ("Last time
I said...," "Today I should like us to look at...") unchanged.  Each segment
will be marked with the date on which it was first posted.

One last thing: when I refer to the game title I will spell it as ICO in
capital letters.  Ico, on the other hand, refers to the story's hero.

If you wish afterwards to discuss any part of this exercise, find me at the
GameFAQs board or e-mail me.



                                                          PeterEliot



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                                 -Part Two-
                               The Tale Proper
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Let us agree on one thing before we begin.  As we move along the story I want
us to assume for the talk's sake that we are seeing it unfold for the very
first time.  That is, I want us to pretend that this is our first run through
the game.  In fact let us pretend that we have not even read the introduction
in the manual.  In this exercise all our knowledge about ICO comes from the
screen and the screen alone.  But if you have not completed the game yet, be
kind to yourself and read no more until you have.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.  The Beginning
   in which we are introduced to the young hero
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 15 May 2003)

So let us talk about the opening sequence.  It is long but like the rest of the
game it contains little speech--all seventeen words.  The opening still tells
us quite a few things.  As you read you might want to imagine you are watching
the screen and listening to me talk.

Because the modern audience is an impatient crowd, opening a story with an
unforgettable sequence or paragraph has become rather important.  The
storyteller wants to make sure as far as he can that once the story begins the
audience will feel driven to see it to the end and not get off midway.  A stock
strategy of ensuring this is to drop the audience in the middle of the action
and leave them to figure out what is happening--to forgo introduction and begin
the story in the middle.  Accordingly ICO plunges into the tale without showing
us so much as a title screen.

The narrative opens with a view of a forest--green, lush and warmly lit by the
sun, with birds chirping in the trees.  It is a beautiful, pristine landscape.
As it happens it is the only shot in the entire game wholly free of suspense or
melancholy.  We are shown next a group of horsemen making their way through the
forest.  Evidently these are fighting men, wrapped from head to toes in armors.
Their beasts are burdened with traveling articles, which tells us the men are
on a journey of some distance.  From their knightly garbs we may expect a
distinctly Medieval flavor in the story that is about to unfold.

Impressive as they are the knights do not command our attention for long.  A
member of the party stands out like a lamb amongst wolves: a young boy, seated
before one of the knights.  Next to the ironclad frames of the men the boy is
tiny, and conspicuously unarmed.  His puny form catches our eyes because his
presence in this outfit does not make sense.  He is the only anomaly in an
otherwise consistent pattern.  Had someone asked us a moment ago what we were
seeing, we should probably have answered "a party of knights on horseback."
Now the answer might be "a little boy in a party of knights on horseback."  The
child has completely got our attention.  And he keeps it through the opening.
How could he not, when he is the only one in the company who has a face?  The
knights are hidden behind iron masks, and barely distinguishable from one
another.  They are thoroughly anonymous--faceless, nameless, and as we will
soon learn, without personalities relevant to the tale.  They are instruments,
not men; their job is to fulfill a function and make themselves scarce so that
the characters that do matter can get on with the story.

Our curiosity turns to alarm once we have observed the boy, which we can hardly
help.  He raises his hands to wipe his brow in the heat of the sun, and we see
that the hands are bound.  So he is not here because he wants to be; he is a
captive.  What is more, he appears to sport a pair of bullhorns on his head.
And these appear to be genuine unlike the metal horns adorning some of the
men's helmets.  Who is this boy who looks harmless enough apart from the
oddities poking from his head?  And where is he being taken to against his
will?

We find the answer soon enough.  The forest path terminates and with it the
land.  The ocean stretches before the party, and jutting from the waters is
an island of singular appearance--a colossal column of solid rock.  A fortress
sits on it half shrouded in the morning mist.  It dwarfs the men and the horses
and the trees and everything else in sight.  The screen fades to the title
shot.  I should like to place the end of the prologue here.

Next part will treat the other half of the opening.  In the meantime I hope I
have aroused your interest enough to stay with me the rest of the way.  I
would also like to mention that I do not intend to go through every puzzle in
the game like I did here.  That would make this a walkthrough and not a very
good one.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
II.  Entombment
    in which the boy's predicament is made apparent
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 16 May 2003)

So the knights have brought the horned boy, Ico, to a mysterious offshore
fortress.  Well, what is the deal with this fortress?  We will not know for a
good while but the opening affords us a number of things to observe about its
mystery.

We left Ico and his captors gazing on the castle from a handsome if somewhat
run down stone platform, sporting Greek style colonnades, at the edge of a
shoreside cliff.  Next we see that same platform from below.  The camera traces
the cliff down to the sea, where a mean-looking wooden dock extends from the
shore.  The party, now horseless, crosses the channel to the island on a very
small boat.  This ought to strike an observant viewer as being rather odd.  To
explain let me show you some screen shots I have borrowed from Vincent Lam's
fine fan page.

http://www.acad.polyu.edu.hk/~03408613g/ico/gallery/gamescr/ico_castle1.jpg

You should recognize this shot from the title screen.  Near the lower right
corner is the portico-like platform we just left behind.  Here is another shot
of much the same from a frontal view.

http://www.acad.polyu.edu.hk/~03408613g/ico/gallery/gamescr/ico_castle2.jpg

This shot presents the castle as Ico and the knights must have seen it from the
cliff.  In both pictures we can plainly see the front gate, flung wide open.
Now why would they not enter through it?  Why would they go to the trouble of
climbing down the precipice and braving ocean waves on a tiny boat you would
not want for a fishing excursion on the village lake?  We of course know that
the bridge is not yet available.  But remember that we are pretending to see
all this for the first time without any prior knowledge about ICO.  Imagine,
in fact, that you are the boy himself who just saw the castle for the first
time in his life.  Would you not be surprised to see an open gate a hundred
yards ahead, only to learn that you are not to enter that way?--that a gate
exists but it is useless because there is no way for you or anybody to get to
it?  That the knights do not have the option of using the main entrance and are
forced to use a back door (if you will) informs us that they are treading a
territory not their own.  They are setting foot on someone else's turf, someone
evidently more powerful than they.

Now if you please, take one more look at the images above.  Suppose now that a
castle just like this one actually existed somewhere.  What about it would
surprise you the most?

If you have an inkling of what it took to erect a castle a thousand years ago,
the most striking thing in these pictures is undoubtedly the geography.  People
simply did not build a castle that big on that sort of terrain.  For starters
the island is hundreds of feet tall.  It is so steep that climbing it on foot
would be a task only for daredevils.  Imagine now having to haul many millions
of tons of bricks to the top of that island.  And there isn't just one island.
There are four.  I might have fancied the bricks came from the islands, but
another look at the castle suggests differently.  The structure is so humongous
that if it was removed the mass of the islands would shrink by half.  It
occupies every available square inch of the islands so that there is hardly any
surface that is not built on.  The islands could not have supplied the needed
quantity of materials.  They do not even have space enough to allow so massive
a construction work.  Medieval architects, who had no mechanized cranes to
raise stones to great heights, erected the frame for a castle by first mounting
up an artificial hill much broader than the finished edifice.  That would not
be a possibility here.

Now of course this castle is as fictional as the rest of the story.  Such a
fortress as this does not exist and could not exist.  It is quite silly to
speculate how a nonexistent building might have been built, since it never was
built.  I am only trying to impress upon you that, granting for the story's
sake that the castle existed, it would have to be a staggering feat of
engineering on the par with the pyramids in terms of labor involved.  It would
leave us wondering who in the world built it.  That is if human hands could
build something like that at all.  But if not human hands then what?  Would it
be the work of whomever the castle belongs to?  If so that person must be, or
must have been, a mighty lord indeed.

Let us move on.  I said that the castle stands on four islands.  Here let me
for a moment waive my proposal that we use on-screen information only for our
exercise.  Below is a link to the map of the castle which shows the layout of
the islands.

http://www.acad.polyu.edu.hk/~03408613g/ico/gallery/map.jpg

The islands are arranged in an unnatural symmetry.  The tiny strip of land at
the bottom is the shore from which the party sets out on the boat. Directly
facing the shore is the main keep, and to its left and right are the two
buildings that house the "keys" for the gate.  The fourth and smallest island
is at the top of the map.  It is hidden from the view ashore.  Later we will
see that this island is the heart of the fortress.  It is also where our boat
is bound.  The knights sail halfway round the islands and bring their prisoner
to the point farthest from the shore.  A cavern opens into the island.  Its
entrance is marked by rows of immense stone pillars that appear to be rooted
in the seabed, another remarkable feat.  Some of the pillars are on the verge
of collapse.  Like from the ruinous stone platform atop the cliff we get a
sense that the castle, though majestic, has not been terribly well cared for of
late.  The lattice barring the cavern is lowered and we are finally inside the
island.  The party stands directly underneath the castle.

"Get the sword," a knight in a pointy mask--it looks ominously like an
executioner's cap--tells another man.  The man departs with the order while the
rest of the company leave in the opposite direction.  So the knights have not
brought "the sword" with them, whatever it is.  It was already here on the
island--whatever it is.

Next we see the knight rejoin the company, having secured the sword.  Here
another detail ought to strike us as curious, though we only see it briefly.
Ico and the men are presumably still in the bowel of the island.  But the space
surrounding them is not the jagged and coarse interior of a natural cavern.
They stand inside a vertical circular vault.  And it is gigantic--especially
when we consider that it is underground.  The island's rocky core has been
hollowed out like a macaroni noodle, yet another example of the awesome labor
that created the castle.  Later we will have a far better opportunity to
appreciate the scale of this vault.

The sword is unsheathed before a pair of statues at the center of the vault.
An eerie flash crackles and the statues part to reveal a recess.  Inside is a
sort of elevator which takes the party to the crypt above.  Now I admit that
I did not like this elevator the first time I saw it.  It seemed much too
mechanical--much too modern--and seemed out of place in the ancient setting of
the castle.  I revised my opinion somewhat after completing the game.  For now
the only thing about the elevator I want to note is the switch that controls
it.  It is in the form of a glowing character whose meaning escapes us.  When
thrown off the switch turns to form a different character, causing the platform
to rise.  What is that about?

The knights have reached their destination: a rounded chamber reminiscent of an
arena.  Rows of stone caskets are arranged round the arena.  One of them gapes
open.  The men deposit Ico in it and close shut the lid.  They bid the child
farewell.  Their words betray that they do not enjoy what they do.  Then they
are gone.  Ico is left alone inside the casket.  We see that strange characters
are carved on it.  They look much like the ones we saw on the elevator and glow
with the same cold blue light.  The casket also features two kneeling figures,
their hands outstretched to each other.  An arrow points from one to the other
as though a transfer of some sort is taking place.  Make of that what you will,
but here I stop.  Next time we will look at Ico's first meeting with the
princess.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
III.  A Ghostly Beauty
     in which the boy discovers he is not alone
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 18 May 2003)

Ah, Princess Yorda--that enigmatic, aloof, captivating maiden!  Some seem to
find the passivity of her character frustrating and even infuriating, but apart
from her alleged flaws it is rather obvious that any lasting pathos of ICO is
to be credited entirely to this soft-spoken damsel.  Without her we should have
a good-looking puzzle game.  With her presence we have got a tale that pulls at
our heart long after the puzzles have ceased to amuse.  But I am getting ahead
of myself.  We still have not got Ico out of his prison.

So that hapless boy has been abandoned in the crypt by some diabolical design.
The exact nature of this design we do not yet know, except that it has driven
the knights to the outrageous act of entombing a child alive.  (The manual's
synopsis explains why, but remember we are assuming our ignorance and taking
things as they come on the screen.)  After the knights leave Ico tries to break
out of the stone casket.  The masonry beneath is crumbling, probably from age,
and this causes the sarcophagus to topple and burst open.  Out tumbles Ico who
promptly knocks himself out.

Next follows a brief sequence that may only be described as a dream or a
vision.  Ico is walking along a spiral path inside a tower.  A storm rages
outside the windows.  He is startled to see something.  A dark cage of iron
hangs from the ceiling.  A mysterious black substance begins to pool at the
bottom of the cage, overflowing to drip.  From the pool emerges a slender
figure--so completely black that it seems a shadow come to life.  It sits there
limp and unmoving in the cage while the boy watches transfixed.  A shadow opens
up behind him and swallows him whole.  He awakens from the vision on the
chamber floor.  Things are getting stranger by the minute.

The game is finally in our hands.  Before we take leave of the crypt we might
as well explore it a bit.  The chamber is filled with dozens of sarcophagi like
Ico's own.  Presumably each one has been the end of an innocent victim.  If we
were allowed to peek inside we might perhaps glimpse the ghastly remnant of the
atrocities that took place therein.  Thankfully the game does not go that far.
At one end of the crypt is a door of statues just like the one that the knights
had opened with the magic sword, but it is inaccessible.  So Ico leaves through
the door at the opposite end.  He passes through a nondescript room adjoining
the crypt, and finds himself at the bottom of a very, very tall tower.

The only way out of the tower is, again, a door that requires the magic sword.
He does not have the magic sword.  He is doomed.  But let us examine this door
first, since we will be seeing a great many of them soon.  It is made of four
(usually two) identical statues, each of which contains a smaller statue
inside.  This latter is in the shape of a crouching horned child who hugs
his knees, head buried despairingly in his arms.  It bears an eerie resemblance
to our boy; it is as if he were himself turned into stone and put inside the
door.  We are now doubtless that the castle is somehow connected with Ico's
horns.  With that thought behind us let us climb the tower.  After all there is
nowhere else we can go.

The tower begins to look familiar as we near the top.  We have seen this place
in Ico's vision.  Does it have the cage hanging from the ceiling also?  Sure
enough, there it is.  Does it likewise have the same black figure within?
There we are surprised.  Crouching inside the cage is a young girl of almost
blinding pallor.  Ico calls out to her but she is unresponsive.  She looks, in
a word, miserable.  Before lowering her down to freedom, take a careful look at
her posture.  It is the mirror image of the horned child inside every statue-
door.  The only difference is that she has no horns.  Meanwhile the view from
the terrace by the cage confirms the boy's fear--outside, a blue ocean
stretches as far as the eyes can trace, offering no means of escape.  If he is
to leave the castle his only choice is to find a way back to the shore whence
he came.

And so the two children are introduced to each other, after a fashion.  Ico
does not know it, but she is the only friendly soul he will see in the castle.
Who knows?--perhaps she is the only friendly soul he has ever known.  It would
not surprise us if she is.

I have only a few more things to say on this first meeting.  The children speak
different languages and are unable to understand each other.  From the boy's
bumbling attempt at self-introduction we finally gather that he has been
brought to the castle as a sacrifice, an evil fate reserved for children with
horns.  Of the girl's speech all we can discern is that she speaks the language
of the castle.  We know this because her speech is spelled in characters
identical to the inscriptions we have seen on the elevator and on the caskets.
The girl must therefore belong to whatever civilization that built the castle.
Unlike Ico who was brought in from the outside, she must be from this place
originally.  Ico does not know this yet but we do.  And while we are talking
about things he does not know, let us go a little farther.  From our second
run through the game we understand the girl's speech.  Her first words to her
rescuer are: "Who are you?  How did you get in here?"  What do these words tell
us about her, if anything at all?  Well, they tell us that even though she
lives at the castle she is dreadfully uninformed about what goes on in it.  She
appears to know nothing about the horned children and the practice of
sacrificing them.  Keep this in mind because this ignorance of hers will be
important later as we try to understand what she is about.

The maiden displays touchingly guileless curiosity about her liberator, but the
moment is cut short by the sudden appearance of a hideous demon.  This newcomer
looks rather like the entity from Ico's dream; it too is wholly black and rises
out of nowhere.  It seems to have one aim in mind: claiming the girl.  Ico will
not have that, so the liberator becomes the protector.  He decides to get
himself and his newfound companion out of this terrible place.  His altruism
yields an unexpected benefit: the girl can open the statue-doors.  In a
heartbeat she goes from a tagalong to an indispensable ally.  Curiously enough
she seems surprised by her own ability.  (At least that is what I think; you
can observe her open the door for the first time and judge for yourself.)  How
does she do this?  We will have a fairly convincing answer eventually, but for
now let us concentrate on the obvious.  If the magic sword can open the doors,
and the girl can open the doors, then the likeliest explanation is that the
two of them share a certain pertinent property.  Let us leave it at that for
the time being.

With the aid of the girl's power Ico leaves the northern island.  The pair now
faces the main keep where the bulk of their adventure and toil will take place.
The demons lurk everywhere.  They only want the girl, but they will fight Ico
if he proves a hindrance.  And that brings this section to a close.  To review
what we know so far regarding the mysterious beauty: (1) she seems to have a
bearing on the vision Ico had; (2) she has been imprisoned for some time;
(3) she speaks the language of the castle; (4) she is in danger of being
captured by shadowy demons; and (5) she shares the magic sword's ability to
open the statue-doors.  To this we may tentatively add: (6) she seems to be
rather ignorant of the goings-on at the castle and (7) she seems at least
amenable to the idea of escape since she cooperates with the boy's lead.  To
all these we shall return as more information becomes available.

Next time we will shift our attention to the castle and try to clarify the
puzzles' relevance to the narrative--if they have any.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV.  Some Thoughts on the Puzzles
    in which the next three chapters are introduced.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 20 May 2003)

I said at the beginning that gameplay falls outside the scope of this exercise.
I think I have made an unreasonable claim.  ICO's story takes some hours to
unfold, and we spend the majority of those hours solving puzzles.  If I am
to talk about those puzzles at any length I will after all have to treat
gameplay even if I do not call it by that name.  (I admit I am not very
comfortable with the term; it is not in any dictionary, and I hesitate to make
use of a word I could not define.)  Let me say again that I make no pretense at
anything like expert knowledge about games.  Common sense is all I have got to
guide myself on the subject.  Please bear with me.

Having played through the game you know that everything I have talked about
thus far is only the introductory stage of the game.  We are barely past the
opening scenes.  Ico and the girl have only just now met.  That is not to say
that we have not learned quite a lot of information already, because we have.
But all we really have done so far is watching, not playing.  And a game is
supposed to be played.  In that sense the game has hardly begun.  For we have
only solved the first and the simplest of the puzzles.  There are many more
challenging puzzles to come.  And the puzzles are the substance of this game,
are they not?  Of course they are.  If we had no puzzles we should have no
game.  The puzzles must therefore be the one absolutely indispensable part of
the game.  And if they are the one absolutely indispensable part, they must be
the most important part.  That is true to logic, isn't it?

Clearly I do not believe so.  I will explain why not.  Without a doubt the
puzzles are the most prominent feature of the gameplay.  Yet most ICO fans seem
convinced that the puzzles are not its real stock.  If you are inclined to
disagree, recall some praises you have heard people say about the game.  Are
they chiefly about the enjoyableness of the puzzles?  Or are they about
something else entirely?

It is a rather obvious question.  People mention things like "awe-inspiring
visuals," "heartwarming tale," "art" and "beauty" and what not.  But some would
say all these fine qualities are nonessentials to a game.  Pac-Man may lack
them, but that does not keep it from being a classic game.  So one could argue
ICO is a beautiful tale but an impoverished game.  For there is exactly one way
for us to complete the game.  And once we have completed it, the element of
challenge is all but gone.  Puzzles we know the answers to are no longer
puzzles.  No wonder so many deem ICO worth no more than a rental.  But we ICO
fans are strange.  We insist that ICO is not only competent but positively
amazing.  Can we justify that claim?

Now I already said this exercise is not about how good a game ICO is, and I
stand by my word.  But I think I do need to say something about how the game
works its magic on us if the next segments are to make any sense to you.  (As
to how well it works, I will leave to you to decide.)  Recently I exchanged
some e-mails with a very devoted fan of ICO.  He loves it so much that he has
written a fifty-page essay on it.  He surprised me by saying that he had not
played it in months.  He said that the experience feels more real when he
seldom plays it.  About then I was similarly surprised to hear another veteran
say on this board that she was only then playing through the game for the
second time; I know how she adores it.  But I really should not have been
surprised.  I have myself played the game to completion just three times.  Now
we have got a bit of a paradox here.  Here we are, three diehard admirers of
the game who confess it to be their all-time favorite--and we hardly play it at
all!  A paradox is calling it politely.  Either we are lying when we say ICO is
our favorite game, or we have deluded ourselves that we like it more than we
actually do.  Isn't that right?  No?  Well, why not?

At first glance it seems perfectly reasonable that we should spend the most
time on the games we enjoy the most.  But it seems to me that people have been
conditioned to think this way ever since they popped their first quarters
into an arcade machine long before video games were a part of the home
entertainment system.  If you were a good gamer you got your quarter's worth of
time and then some.  If not you needed lots of quarters or you would not be
playing very long.  An idea took shape that in video gaming you invested money
to be rewarded in time.  That idea has stayed through the years.  I think that
is what the so-called replay value is about.  It stems from the notion that a
game's function is first and foremost to help us pass time.  And though we may
not have to pop quarters in every ten minutes anymore, we do have to pay hefty
amounts for the system and the software.  Economics cannot help but remain a
factor especially given the age bracket most gamers fall into.  But in the end
that is all it is: economics.  You may very well play through ICO just once a
year.  That is a sound financial reason not to purchase the game.  It is not a
sound reason to detract from its intrinsic worth.  It does not keep ICO from
being someone's fondest and fullest memory of a game.

Speaking of intrinsic worth, let us return to it.  I apologize for digressing,
but I felt it was necessary before we could place the puzzles in the proper
context.  I do not want anyone to suppose that I think the puzzles unimportant.
On the contrary I think they are the muscles of the game.  What I want to
emphasize is that these muscles are meant to do two distinct sets of work.  The
first and more obvious set is of the conventional sort, which applies to any
puzzles.  We solve them because they are fun and because they help us pass time
pleasantly.  But is that all the puzzles do in ICO?  I must say no.  I have
already given my reason: a puzzle is no longer a puzzle once it is solved.  And
since every task in ICO has exactly one prescribed solution, it is pointless to
go back and try to work it out differently.  By this logic ICO's puzzles ought
to lose all capacity to entertain once the game has been completed.  But at
least for me that is hardly the case.  That I have exhausted all technical
possibilities in the game but my thought continues to dwell on it and be
fascinated by it, tells me that its real strength is not in puzzle solving.
Depending on our approach the experience can retain a great deal of their
potency.  That is where the second set of work, the narrative work, comes in.

And that is what I will be back with.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.  A Magnificent Prison
   in which the castle's role is discussed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 27 May 2003)

It would be a mistake to think ICO is neatly divided between the story and the
puzzles--that the cinematic interludes take care of storytelling while the
puzzles pad out the spaces between.  I suppose the puzzles could be enjoyed
more or less on their own.  But the narrative would collapse without the
puzzles.  This is because the puzzles are only parts of the whole, whereas the
narrative *is* the whole.  Now the term narrative can be--ought not to be, but
can be--misleading since it hints at something spoken or written, and ICO is
almost entirely nonverbal outside the interludes.  But we have all heard that a
picture tells a thousand words.  Where they are sparing in words the scenes and
the actions are rich in other kinds of information.

But a word before we go into that.  The next three segments are concerned with
everything between the pair's meeting and the first appearance of the villain.
On that note I may have oversimplified the matter when I so stressed the
puzzles in my last ramble, since the gameplay contains a good many things
besides puzzle solving.  But for the talk's sake let us agree that by puzzles
we mean everything the children must do in their quest for freedom, outside the
interludes--in other words every action which is left to our control.

Now I cannot take the puzzles apart the way I have done the opening because
they do not have plot elements except one: they show us that the children are
progressing from one part of the castle to the next.  Therefore the narrative
functions of any one puzzle are much the same as all the rest.  (Does that mean
if we have seen one we have seen all?  No; there is such a thing as cumulative
effect.)  For our purposes it would be pointless to look at each puzzle in
depth.  So I am only going to articulate a few statements that apply to all the
puzzles in their narrative capacity.  These are:

1. THE CASTLE IS HOSTILE GROUND.
2. THE CHILDREN MUST EXPLORE THE CASTLE.
3. THE CHILDREN ARE NECESSARY COMPANIONS.

I imagine some of you would like to expand these.  Someone pointed out after
reading the last section, for instance, that the puzzles help us immerse
ourselves in the environment.  He was very right.  But since this is more an
aesthetic quality than a narrative tool I have here left it out.  I will
however mention it briefly when I talk about the second statement.  Let us then
look at each of the statements.  Today we will consider only the first of the
three.

1. THE CASTLE IS HOSTILE GROUND.

At this time it may be helpful to summarize what we already know on the castle.
We know it is absurdly enormous and must have demanded absurd amount of
manpower to put together.  We know it is in disrepair and probably very
ancient.  We know that parts of it are operated by mysterious spells.  We know
that Ico has been brought here to die like others before him--and this by no
accident nor by whim if the caskets and the horned effigies are any signs.  Add
to these the awful gloom that haunts every corner of the castle, and the
picture we have is one of decidedly sinister character.  The picture is of
course blurry since we have not one solid bit of information about the castle.
Yet we begin the game convinced beyond doubt that the castle is no friendly
place.  We are right to assume so.  That is what visual storytelling is:
getting us to believe certain things without telling us to.  We will be seeing
a great deal of that in this tale.

Once the pair starts exploring the castle in earnest we learn that the place is
not merely unfriendly or indifferent; it is hostile.  I am not here thinking of
the lurking black wraiths, though they are certainly a part of it.  I am
thinking of the fortress itself.  After all what is this fortress to the
children?  For her it is a prison.  For him it was very nearly his tomb, and
may still be that if he is not careful.  For both it is the chief obstruction
that stands in the way of their object--freedom.  It is the cause of their
suffering; it represents everything they must overcome.

People erect buildings in order to domesticate the environment--to make a
domain of comfort and convenience out of an uncomfortable, inconvenient
wilderness.  But this castle almost seems to exist to make life miserable.
Instead of putting things within easy reach it hides them from you and makes
you work to find them.  It makes you circle a building three times at three
different levels just to get to the roof.  It is full of high places from which
you could easily fall to your death, made doubly dangerous since the place is
falling apart everywhere.  On top of that it will not let you go through a door
unless by some cryptic reason it deems you fit to pass.  It would be a nice
place to live if you had wings and could walk through walls--a splendid
dwelling for fairies but hardly habitable for mortals.  The set-up smacks of a
maze created to confound.

You might say "Well, of course it was created to confound.  This is a puzzle
game, for crying out loud."  I realize that.  I am only saying that the
castle's labyrinthine character has something to contribute to the story as
well as to the game.  That is, given the story's premise it makes good sense
that the castle should be so full of riddles.  What is the story's premise?
Well, a pair of children want to run away from a big, mysterious and
frightening place.  And the big, mysterious and frightening place doesn't want
to let them get away.  It is determined to block them, to frustrate them and
to slow them down.  To move through the castle the children must outwit it--
must meet and prevail against every challenge this dangerous maze throws at
them.  But wait a moment here.  "Outwitting" the castle almost sounds as if we
were treating it as a person.  In fact it very much sounds like the castle has
assumed an adversarial role against the children.  And it has.  The real
antagonist of the story, the foe Ico and the girl must fight more than any
other, is the very prison whose ground they tread.  Every scene in ICO is a
silent reminder of that.  We are always looking at the young heroes at a
distance so that the castle rises colossal and dominating in all directions
around them--breathing down on them, making them appear in comparison utterly
puny and utterly lost.  Now, we may marvel at the castle for its sheer
magnificence.  But that is mostly because we are not in Ico's shoes.  None of
us would in reality enjoy being trapped inside a deserted citadel in the middle
of nowhere.  We can afford to be delighted because for us this is mere
entertainment.  For him it is a matter of life and death.  When he looks around
he does not see the enchantingly beautiful edifice we do.  He sees the bane of
his existence which at any moment may prove his doom.  There he is never
assured of surviving another hour.  Delighted is the last thing he is.

There are many terrors in life, but the terror of being lost is surely the
greatest--alongside its twin, the terror of being alone.  The fear the castle
arouses is of a subtle and pervasive sort.  It rarely jumps you from behind.
Rather it is always before you and around you, daring you to ignore it.  To be
sure there is great serenity throughout the castle.  But anyone who has been
lost in a quiet, deserted place knows that serenity is no equal of peace.
There is no peace in this place, only desolation.  And mute malice.  For we
sense that there must be a malicious mind behind the malicious plan.  Every
painting has a painter behind it and every book an author.  Someone arranged
this mystery for a purpose less than innocent.  As yet we do not know who that
someone is and what purpose.  We do know that until we have left this castle
behind we shall not be relieved of the dread.

Here I stop.  I will be back with thoughts on the second statement.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VI.  Reluctant Explorers
    in which the pair's quest is defined
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 11 June 2003)

2. THE CHILDREN MUST EXPLORE THE CASTLE.

I had to scrap the first draft of this section because while I was mulling over
the castle's role I got too deep into gameplay and lost sight of the narrative.
Then I lost the second draft also when my laptop got stolen along with all the
writing in it.  More to set my own thoughts straight in all the rewriting
confusion than anything else I should like to begin with some very basic
considerations.  I think I set down pretty clearly last time that the castle
is exceedingly important.  Very well, it is important.  But how precisely is it
important to the story--rather than to the gameplay or the sheer visual
artistry?

To answer that I want to consider briefly what a story is.  It is a popular
mistake to confuse a "story" with "fiction."  The two are not synonymous.  For
instance if I said "There is water on the moon" that would be fiction insofar
as I made it up, but it would hardly qualify as a story.  On the other hand a
biography of Abraham Lincoln would not and ought not to be fiction, but it
would certainly be a story.  Similarly when I say "This is a story of my life"
I do not mean "This is a story which I made up about myself."  I mean "This is
how my life unfolded and became what it is now."  To tell a story therefore
means to give an account of something, whether true or imaginary.  The act of
giving an account usually requires that we keep track of three things.  These
are characters, setting, and conflict.

Characters are a set of actors, who need not be people necessarily, that we see
more or less from the beginning to the conclusion of the story.  Setting refers
to the sum total of circumstances under which the characters operate--the
times, the places, the conditions.  The last ingredient, conflict, is anything
which drives the characters to abandon inactivity and do one thing or another.
Examples of conflict in fiction may include outright fighting or competition,
solving a murder mystery, falling in love, or a Coke bottle dropping out of the
sky.  A biography of Lincoln is a story since it has all three ingredients.
The gibberish about there being water on the moon is just that--gibberish.

Let me see how the castle fits into this scheme.  I immediately recognize it as
the key element of the setting since it provides the environment for the story.
But it is also the apparent source of the conflict; the children want freedom,
and the castle keeps it from them.  And since the castle is the greatest
obstacle in the children's quest, it is not a mere arena in which to confront
the enemy: it *is* the enemy.  It thus behaves almost like a character also,
and a crucially important character at that.  The puzzles are its means of
keeping the children imprisoned.  That is why I said the narrative would
collapse without the puzzles.  They are the substance of the main conflict in
the story.  And a story without conflict is like pea soup without peas.  It is
gibberish.

I think I am ready now to take up the second statement, which states that the
children must explore the castle.  In place of "explore" we might substitute
"deal with" or "overcome."  The children must deal with the castle if they are
to be successful.  They must overcome its cunning with their own.  But I used
"explore" because that word has implications which the others do not.  To
explore a place is more than simply to visit it.  You may visit Grand Canyon
as a tourist, but until you have invested time and risked bodily harm to
wrestle with its wilderness you cannot say you have explored it.  Similarly it
would be ludicrous for someone to boast of having explored the canyon when in
fact he has only dealt with a negligible fraction of its vastness.  Claims like
that belong to committed folk whose scope of exploration extends far beyond
popular hiking courses.  Now the children must explore the castle in that
sense.  They must; they have no choice about it.  One might explore some great
wonder because he wants to learn, because he is curious, or because he wants
excitement.  Our young heroes do not want to learn about the castle, they are
not curious about it, and they are most certainly not looking for excitement.
What they want is to get out of it as fast as they can.  They do not want
anything to do with this dreadful place, do not want to stay in it one second
longer than they have to.  They are on the run for their lives.  Sightseeing is
the least of their priorities.

Let us imagine ourselves now in the children's place.  Suppose we really were
trying to escape from a ghoul-infested castle.  Suppose we just entered a
courtyard.  We are surrounded on all sides by beautiful and wondrous sights.
Should we take a moment to explore and enjoy?  Not unless we are very dumb.  We
see an exit in plain view.  We should make a beeline for it.  But we cannot.
The pathway is blocked.  We must find a way around the obstruction.  We have no
choice but to explore.  That is, we are forced to investigate places we would
rather bypass and fiddle with contraptions we would rather let alone.  We want
the quickest shortcut out of here--but what we are offered instead is an
endless string of detours within detours.  That is what the puzzles amount to:
an elaborate, grueling succession of detours which will eventually take the
children through each and every area within the castle walls.  They could not
care less about seeing each and every area.  They want a shortcut direct to the
exit and to freedom.  There isn't one.  If there were, the children would be
happy but the story would lose its conflict.  It would lose its peas--lose its
taste and become insipid and uninteresting.  The poor youngsters have got to do
things the hard way, and all for our enjoyment's sake.  This sentiment is at
the heart of every adventure ever written.

At this point let me bring in a previous poster's comment as I promised I
would.  I mean about the puzzles helping us immerse ourselves in the
environment.  How do you suppose they do that?  Well, I said already that the
children want as little to do with their prison as possible.  But the puzzles
require that they become intimately acquainted with it whether they like it or
not.  Let me use the illustration of Grand Canyon once more.  Millions visit
that national park every year.  Most of them go no farther than contemplating
its majesty from a safe distance, much like enjoying the ocean from the beach.
But if you wanted to *immerse* yourself in it, if you truly wanted it to come
alive, you would not be satisfied with that.  You would venture into the
canyon and put your hands and feet, not just your eyes, into the experience.
You would want to cover as much ground as possible so that you would be able to
appreciate the canyon from on high, from deep below, from the east, from the
west, from within, from the extremities, at dawn, at midday, at sunset.  Now
this is just what the puzzles make us do.  They make us encounter the castle
from all points.  And we have to do this every time we play through the game;
we cannot say "Oh, I already know what that place looks like, so I won't bother
to go that way this time."  The game will not allow us to complete it until we
have turned the castle inside out.

I spent four years at the university where I graduated not long ago.  You would
think I am thoroughly familiar with the campus of my own alma mater.  But in
truth there are facilities there I would not be able to give you directions to
because I never had the occasions to make use of them.  If you asked me what
our business school building looks like inside you would only get a blank stare
from me.  In four years I was never in it.  I would bet most people have
similar memories.  That is, they develop a routine and as a result remain
surprisingly ignorant about some fixtures in their lives.  They may only
frequent certain parts of their hometown so that they feel like strangers in a
foreign country when they venture beyond them.  Or, when asked the name of the
middle school they have driven by every day for ten years, they may realize
with a start that they never learned it.  You get the idea.  But the castle is
an entirely different story.  I have spent only a few hours "inside" it.  Yet
its memory is vividness itself.  I know it like the back of my hand.  How is
that?  Well, I have been everywhere in it.  I have been to, and have had to
contend with, every chamber, tower, bridge, courtyard and weather-beaten cliff.
I left no stone unturned.  The game would not let me proceed otherwise.

And leaving no stone unturned is just what the puzzles are about.  They demand
that we experience the castle to the fullest.  There is exactly one spot we
wish to be, but to get there we must pass through every other spot in the whole
godforsaken fortress.  This is true in our first run through the game and in
our seventh.  There is never any shortcut.  That we already know the solutions
to the puzzles does not shorten the distance we must cover.  In this the castle
differs from a typical maze.  In most mazes there is one correct path and
ninety-nine false paths.  But in ICO there is to begin with a single
excruciatingly long-winded path and no other.  In this way solving ICO's
puzzles is less like answering riddles and more like climbing a steep slope or
crossing a deep canyon.  No one solves the same crossword puzzle twice for the
fun of it.  But there is plenty sense in revisiting a summit one has already
conquered, and in fact many climbers do just that.

You may think I am putting you on.  Playing a video game is of course quite
unlike climbing a mountain.  We do not exert our limbs or risk our lives when
we play a video game.  It is Ico rather who exerts his limbs and risks his
life.  And we imagine that for him the labor and danger are very much real.  We
make the same concession whenever we read a book or watch a film.  We know
perfectly well that we are ourselves in no danger of falling as we watch James
Stewart hang on for his life in VERTIGO.  But we do imagine that the danger is
real for his character, or the scene would lose all suspense.  Now if we have
seen the film before, we know how it ends.  But while that reduces the suspense
greatly it does not destroy it altogether; we know what happens but we still
watch it with interest.  Something similar is at work when I play ICO.  The
puzzles are at best minimally entertaining now since I have solved them before.
But the impact of watching those two youngsters struggle against the pitiless
environment remains potent.  Knowing the answers to the puzzles has reduced my
labor greatly, yes, but it has not reduced Ico's labor nearly as much--for his
labor is physical as well as mental, whereas mine was never more than mental.
Though all is plain and easy for me now, it is not so for the children.  Every
time we play we put them through a fiendish ordeal. That is the great illusion
the game weaves in our minds--an illusion I have not seen reproduced nearly as
convincingly in any other games.  And for me that is how the game continues to
command my attention, if to a somewhat lesser degree, when the puzzles have
ceased to present challenge.

So we now understand why things like realistic lighting, an accurate sense of
scale, height and distance, and complex character animation are crucial in ICO.
Aside from giving the game its pretty looks, their job is to create an illusion
that these are real children in a real place and consequently in a real
trouble.  Is it silly, I wonder, to sympathize with computer-generated
characters?  Perhaps it is.  But then it ought to be equally silly to
sympathize with Disney's Bambi or his ill-fated mother; they are also mere
pictures after all.  The only way we can put up with animated characters is by
imagining--that is, by pretending--that they are real after their own fashion.
ICO is no different.  It is an experience which rewards an imaginative
audience.

In summation the puzzles force the children to explore every nook and cranny of
the castle, which is akin to keeping them in constant clash with their
archenemy.  Do not be confused by the term archenemy here.  Some of you are
thinking "Isn't another character entitled to that role?"  By archenemy I mean
the enemy the heroes must deal with the most.  Palpatine may rule over the
empire, but one doesn't have to know much about STAR WARS to see that the place
of archenemy belongs to Darth Vader.  He is only a subordinate in the grand
scheme of things, but he is the pain in the neck the heroes have to deal with
at every turn.  That is, he is immediate unlike the emperor who is usually
beyond sight and reach.  The castle too is immediate.  It is always in your
face.  It is the presence you cannot ignore, the hand of the real foe who as
yet remains unseen.

I will treat the third and final statement on the puzzles next time.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VII.  Companions
     in which the nature of the children's companionship is defined
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First posted 15 July 2003)

3. THE CHILDREN ARE NECESSARY COMPANIONS.

By that I mean they are companions by necessity.  They both want to escape from
the fortress, and neither can do it alone.  Each suffers from limitations that
make escape an impossibility.  Since their predicament is in the form of a
prison--in other words restriction of movement--their limitations too naturally
have to do with mobility.  The boy cannot pass through the idol gates which the
girl can open.  She cannot negotiate certain terrains which he can.  What is
more, she will be captured by the wraiths if left undefended, and he will be
petrified once she has been claimed.  Someone on the net said of the situation
"If you die, she dies.  If she dies, you die."  That about sums up the
arrangement.  In a biologist's book this would be called symbiosis, and in a
sociologist's, partnership or alliance, but I prefer to call it simply
companionship.  After all it is not as if the two of them sat down and
discussed the rotten fix they are in and came to the mutual understanding that
since they seem to complement each other's handicaps they might as well stick
together.  For them the symbiotic arrangement is essentially a happy
coincidence.  (On the storyteller's part it was of course a deliberate choice.)
Ico decides to take the girl with him while he is ignorant of her ability.
They are companions before they become cooperators.

C. S. Lewis, whom I recently began reading and who is fast becoming my favorite
author, wrote a slim wonderful volume on the nature of love titled THE FOUR
LOVES.  The four loves are Affection, Friendship, Eros and Charity.  The
companionship between our protagonists falls under Friendship by Lewis'
estimation.  Writing of Friendship he opined "Lovers are normally face to face,
absorbed in each other; Friends, side by side, absorbed in some common
interest."  He meant that the chief concern of lovers is themselves, that is,
each other--but friends come together when there is something outside of
themselves in which they take a shared interest.  Hence lovers are always
looking at each other while friends are side by side looking at, and moving
towards, that other thing.  In short a friendship needs to be *about*
something, be it a hobby, a taste in music, a political vision or a profession.

Therefore Friendship according to Lewis--between true bosom buddies, not just
any "friendly" acquaintances--typically forms when a person looks at another
and says "What?  You too?  I thought I was the only one."  This fully applies
to the children.  Left to die, Ico doubtlessly thought himself quite abandoned.
In the mysterious girl he has found not only an age peer but a fellow prisoner.
The moment he recognizes her as such the thought of parting becomes unbearable;
it would mean returning to total solitude.  And I do not mean unbearable just
for him; it becomes unbearable for us also.  We recognize at once that these
two are in a common plight, that they are a match, that they ought to be
together.  The need to reclaim the captured girl is not mere male heroism, you
see.  Certain there is a good deal of "rescue the damsel in distress" mentality
in play.  But that is not the part of our imagination the game appeals most to.
If it were, I doubt very many thoughtful female players would have enjoyed it.
What it really appeals to is our desire to get back to a friend--the desire to
banish the horrible solitude which her absence has imposed upon us.

One more observation, and I have done with this segment.  As we make progress
and solve more puzzles, the two children's respective roles become clearly
defined.  We come to categorize in our heads the list of things the boy can and
cannot do, and likewise for the girl.  But she is a curious creature.  In
appearance she is elegant and full of natural grace, but sometimes she acts as
if she has not quite got all her wits about herself.  It becomes increasingly
evident that her limited prowess is more than a case of feminine frailty.  She
is not only weak; she is timid--not only inept; helpless.  She seems to be
unacquainted with the very notion of fending for herself.  And she continues
to demonstrate her ignorance about the castle which has been mentioned earlier;
she makes for the most part no contribution to clearing paths, leaving it as
Ico's burden to figure all out.  The castle--presumably her home--is just as
baffling to her as it is to him.  Only, he has the facility to tackle it and
she apparently does not.  And all the while the curious fact is that she is the
older of the two if looks mean anything.  Ico is a little boy and behaves like
one.  The girl on the other hand is on her way to womanhood but not half as
resourceful as her diminutive companion.  He acts his age.  She does not.  By
all logic she, who is older and has spent more time inside the castle walls,
ought to be the sensible one who figures things out for them both.  Yet Ico
has to look after her and lead her by hand as though she were his little
sister in this somewhat lopsided, though indissoluble, partnership.  Why?

I am not going to answer that just yet.  We need to learn more about the girl
before accounting for her character, and we have not got that far into the
story.  In the next part we will look at the first appearance of you-know-who.



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VIII.  The Mistress of the Keep
      in which Ico is forced to make an unpleasant acquaintance
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(First posted 24 July 2003; resumed August 5)

What we have got so far along the story are lots of facts and little by way of
explanation.  We do not know why Ico almost got sacrificed in the crypt, only
that he in fact did.  (By now we know better than to believe the excuse that
horned children are ill omens.)  We do not know why the castle is crammed full
with puzzles, only that it in fact is.  We do not know why the girl was
imprisoned in the cage, only that she in fact was.  We do not know how she can
open the gates, only that she in fact can.  And we do not know why the ghouls
want her, only that they in fact do.  These questions will largely be put off
until the climax, but in today's segment we at last get the first glimpse of an
answer.

The children's meandering journey through the ruins of the castle brings them
to a great multi-leveled courtyard.  Here a fierce battle ensues.  If I recall
right the fight must have gone on for a half-hour in my first run.  The
creatures come after the pair in such numbers that we cannot help but wonder if
there is something special about this place--something the enemies want to keep
the children away from.  We can fight them to the last or we can save time and
effort by running to the idol gate.  This is a good place to mention that
opening an idol gate destroys all nearby enemies.  An intriguing morsel of
information, this.  The demons haunt the castle, but they appear powerless
against the magic which operates that castle and which responds to the girl's
presence.  There is something at work here that is far superior to the demons.
And the girl has access to it, is able to activate it, is able to use it--say
it however you want.  It is strange that she who can wield a power greater than
the demons' is helpless in defending herself against them.  One more thing for
us to ponder until we have a clearer picture of the mystery.

As soon as the door is open, the girl rushes in ahead of Ico.  It is the first
time she has done anything of the sort.  He follows her in and finds a colossal
open gate.  It is the very same he saw but could not use in the prologue.
Gleeful for a moment, he is dismayed next to see the doors begin to drag
themselves shut.  He grabs his companion's hand and runs for it.  She trips,
and falls down.  When he turns to help her up he is astonished to witness a
dark figure, a woman, materialize behind her.  The woman addresses the fallen
girl in their speech.  We infer therefore that she too is an inhabitant of the
castle.  Translated, her first words are "Come back, Yorda."

The girl's reaction to the stranger is telling.  She returns no answer.  She
looks terribly dejected--she makes no attempt to pick herself up, and she keeps
her face averted.  In fact she has not once glanced back since falling, as one
might be expected to if someone popped out of thin air not three steps behind
her.  She does not look back because she knows without looking precisely what
has happened.  She knows without looking precisely who stands behind her.  It
was perhaps inaccurate to say she is dejected.  She is resigned.  She has done
something she was not supposed to do, and now she has been caught.

Let us take a closer look at the dark stranger who has mortified the poor girl
so.  Clearly no ordinary woman, she is regal, austere, and even beautiful and
dignified in an icy sort of way.  She is not monstrous like the demons we have
seen.  Yet she does not strike us as any less dreadful.  If anything she
inspires deeper dread.  The demons were scary, but this woman is imposing.  The
demons were nasty brutes, but she has got something that goes beyond nasty or
brutal blazing in her stern gaze.  In some ways she does resemble the demons.
Or rather the demons resemble her, albeit in pale imitation.  In place of their
smoky loose flesh she sports a cloak of swirling, crackling black which is
indistinguishable from her flesh and which engulfs all but her face.  Instead
of crawling out from the ground she has leapt into form like black flame
igniting.  She betrays no violence of demeanor as the creatures did--does not
make threatening gestures, does not raise her voice, in fact does not move a
finger through the interview, but simply stands there calm, erect, immovable,
unassailable.  She stands in authority--and therefore she is fearsome.  No one
understands that better than little children.

And that stranger now turns her attention to Ico.  She speaks to him in his own
tongue, rebuking him for dragging "her Yorda" about.  She identifies herself as
the girl's mother.  She expresses contempt for the horned child who in her eyes
has no place beside her beloved daughter.  The words sadden the boy.  Why, I am
not going to guess.  She warns him to stop his futile effort and to leave the
castle, and vanishes as abruptly as when she appeared.

He runs to the girl.  "I have angered her," she murmurs fearfully.  The woman's
disembodied voice comes then: "Yorda, why can't you understand?  You cannot
survive in the outside world."

And so the children are left by themselves once again, and allowed to continue
their quest for freedom.  The word to keep in mind here is *allowed*.  We
receive a distinct impression that the woman has decided to humor the pair for
the time being, and just as she authorized that liberty she is liable to revoke
it when she pleases.  We are doubtless that we will be seeing her again.

Now let us consider some immediate implications of this brief, dramatic
encounter.  There are many, but the first two will be more than enough for
today.

(1) First and foremost it is abundantly plain that this woman who claims to be
the girl's mother is the proprietor of the castle.  We should realize that even
if we had no manual to tell us who she is.  (For the game itself is quite
silent on her exact identity.)  We have in our memory a far superior and more
persuasive authority: the stories we read and heard as children, and the
images they conjured into our collective imagination.  Thanks to them we need
no more than a glance at the newcomer before we are able to declare, with total
confidence, "That is the villain of the story."

You see, ICO is not just any story but a fairy tale.  And the dark woman is not
just any villain either; she is a fairy tale villain.  That means she has
features which identify her as such--features which we recognize instantly.
Call her the queen, the evil fairy, the sorceress, the witch, or whatever
catches your fancy; it does not really matter; she is all those things.  Some
have compared ICO's queen to well-known Disney villains, heedless that those
villains are themselves derived from long-standing traditions.  The queen is
that mystic, dark, all-powerful antagonist in our childhood imagination who is
evil and who does evil, and whose overblown counterpart is the "dark lord" in
modern fantasy fiction.  She is that someone responsible for the mysterious
enchantment which needs to be undone.  She is the queen who poisons snowdrop;
the fairy who puts Briar Rose to a hundred-year slumber; the ogre who hoards
treasure in his castle and enjoys eating little children; the witch who turns
young maidens into songbirds and keeps them caged; the hag who puts Rapunzel up
the tower and doesn't let her out.  She is an embodiment of all those classic
images.  That is why she feels familiar though we have just met her.  We may
not know her per se, but we recognize her place in the story in a heartbeat.

And just what is her place in the story?  Let me see now.  In some of our best-
loved fairy tales, it is the villains who typically dictate the setting and the
conflict.  So without them there would be no adventure, much as there would
have been no Second World War without Hitler.  Adventure here is something of a
euphemism.  Ordeal probably better describes the sort of things a fairy tale
hero goes through.  We may therefore define the queen's breed of fairy tale
villain as "the one who is responsible for the hero's ordeal."  And insofar as
the hero's ordeal is the substance of the tale, the villain is absolutely
pivotal.  Snowdrop's adventure begins only when the queen becomes jealous of
her beauty and tries to have her killed.  Cinderella should have had no need of
glass slippers had her nasty stepmother not kept her from attending the ball.
And Jack's beanstalk should have led nowhere without the ogre's castle for it
to reach up to.

But this central element of the story, you see, has been thus far missing.  And
all of us have been wondering about its absence consciously or unconsciously.
All of us have been asking ourselves "We are up against something big here--
but what the deuce is it?"  So when the queen finally makes her belated
entrance we immediately realize "She is the one behind it all."  No further
introduction is necessary.  (And none is given; when the story has ended, we
will still not know even her name.)  We know nothing about the stranger but we
understand what she means to the story.  She is the queen.  She is the witch,
the enchantress.  The castle is hers.  She rules over it and always has ruled
over it.  She is the children's enemy.  They will have to fight her.  What is
more, they have been fighting her.

This is also why the queen does not get much time on screen.  She does not need
it.  That is, she does not have to show up a great deal and do many things in
order for us to grasp her character.  Her character is more or less complete in
our imagination.  We have a wealth of valid ideas about fairy tale villains
already established.  So all she has to do is show up once and, with her darkly
majestic appearance, announce to us "I am that villain."  That is why in this
scene she rears her head just long enough for us to take a good look at her and
promptly disappears, not to be seen again till practically the conclusion of
the story.  The point is that we have seen her.  And now that we know she
exists she automatically becomes the focal point of *everything*.

From here on we must reorient our queries around the queen.  We no longer ask
"Why were horned children to be sacrificed at the castle?" but rather "Why did
the queen want them sacrificed at her castle?"  Similarly not "Why was Yorda
put in the cage?" but "Why did the queen cage her?"; not "Why do the creatures
come after her?" but "Why does the queen send them after her daughter?"  The
queen has not entered the picture just now, you see.  She has been at its
center all along, only she was not visible until now.  Hers is the face behind
the hostile presence we have sensed ever since entering the castle.

(2) A fairy tale villain in the queen's particular vein is invariably the most
powerful being in the tale.  Not all fairy tale villains are royal or magically
endowed; some are fairly humble, like a scheming maidservant or an abusive
stepmother.  But regardless of their status with the rest of the world, the
villains always exercise godlike powers over the protagonists.  They are always
the ones holding all the cards--thus forcing the hapless heroes to resort to
wit and subterfuge to prevail against overwhelming odds and seemingly
invincible foes.  The queen too holds all the cards against the children.
Therefore we infer, without being told, that the castle and its maddening
contraptions are her work.  The wraiths that come after Yorda are under her
command.  She is responsible for Yorda's imprisonment.  And if the pattern
means anything the practice of sacrificing horned youths is likely her idea
also.  How can I be so sure?  Honestly I can't.  These are speculations, some
more so than others.  But I think them reasonable.  A fairy tale villain tends
to be responsible for all evil that is found in the story.  This is because the
tales, with their small cast of characters, rarely have room for two villains.
They prefer a single diabolical antagonist who represents the sum of all menace
to the heroes.  Consider also how the pair is united in a common quest.  It
makes excellent sense that they should have a common enemy as well.  For these
reasons, among many others, I must assume that the person responsible for Ico's
entombment is one and the same as she put Yorda in the cage.  But we will talk
more about this later.

(Remainder of this section was posted on 5 August 2003)

(3) The queen commands extraordinary magic.  The castle and the legions of
demons are proof enough of her capability.  Able to appear and vanish at will,
she seems all but free of bodily limitations.  Her impeccable timing in
intercepting the pair also suggests she is aware of all that goes on in her
domain.  That would explain why opts to humor them for now; she knows she can
surprise them whenever she wants.  She may have hidden herself, but she is
still there watching the children's every move.  She may even be enjoying it;
let the stubborn lass learn her lesson the hard way if she insists on it!

(4) Suddenly we understand why the girl, Yorda, can do the things she can.  She
has inherited her mother's nature and is able, to an extent, to exercise a
queenlike power over the castle.  The idol gates are a sort of security doors;
like sentries guarding their posts, they will not let just anybody pass.  But
in Yorda they recognize something of their mistress and so make way for her.

We recall however that Yorda is not the only one thus authorized to open the
gates.  There is that sword we saw in the opening sequence.  If Yorda can open
the doors thanks to the queen's power she inherited, would that mean the sword
too wields a power akin to the queen's?  Let us add that to the list of things
we must come back to.

(5) Unlike her daughter the queen is fluent in Ico's language.  So she is
knowledgeable about the outside world.  Perhaps she has, or had, ties with it.
If she indeed arranged for the horned children to be brought to the castle, she
certainly should have required, or coerced in any case, the cooperation of
outsiders.

(6) Yorda is a sharp contrast with her mother in this regard.  She is just as
ignorant about her companion's language as he is of hers.  We may safely guess
that he is the first and only contact she has had with the world beyond the
castle walls.  And if we had any doubt that she wants to see that world very
badly, the queen's parting words have removed it.  For they say in effect "Not
this nonsense about leaving the castle again!  How many times do I have to tell
you that you can't survive there?"  So it seems the girl has in the past
expressed her desire to leave the islands.  I could not say if she wanted
freedom because she was caged or if she was caged because she dared to want
freedom.  Take your pick; I do not think it makes much difference in the end.

(7) But let us spend a little time on the queen's parting words since some
people have pointed to them as evidence for a particular--I believe mistaken--
reading of the ending.  What does she mean that Yorda cannot survive outside
the castle?  She could be saying one of two things: (1) the girl physically
cannot sustain her life in the outside realm like a fish that has left the
waters, or (2) she is too delicate for the travail of leaving home and looking
after herself.  In the former she gives a fact; in the latter, an opinion.
Facts are given to inform; opinions, to persuade.  Which is the queen doing
here, informing or persuading?

Let us consider her words again: "Yorda, why can't you understand?  You cannot
survive in the outside world."  Without much affecting their significance we
may change the words to "Haven't I told you already that you cannot survive in
the outside world?"  That of course means "I have told you already that you
cannot survive in the outside world."

If the words are not beginning to sound familiar, let me put them next to some
that should: "I've told you already you are not going to that crazy party."
"We've had this talk before--you are not driving the van."  "Haven't I told you
a hundred times not to run with scissors in your hand?"

Our parents had their reasons when they told us these things.  We were not to
go to the crazy party because they feared we might drink or mix with a wrong
sort of people.  We were not to be trusted with the van because in their
opinion we were not yet very good with smaller cars.  We were not to run with
scissors because they thought... actually I never quite understood why not.
But all these admonitions have a common thought running through them.  They all
draw from the same unspoken claim: "This is for your own good."  Which means
"I know better than you do what is good for you."  And what that really means
is "I have your best interest at heart."  This is what all parental admonitions
boil down to.

Now when my mother issued me one of her warnings, I believed she had my best
interest at heart even if I did not always agree with her assessment.  But if
someone kept me in confinement for years and told me that I wasn't really
missing out on anything outside the prison because I could not survive there
anyway--I think I might have some misgivings about her sincerity.  I should
think she was trying to secure my compliance.

It appears Yorda herself has reached that very conclusion.  She was told more
than once that she could not live outside the castle.  She decided to escape
anyway.  Why?  Because she distrusted her mother's honesty.  The queen and the
princess are thus divided along a very simple line: the mother says leaving
home is not a viable option for her daughter, and the daughter does not believe
her mother.  With excellent reasons.

But that is just half the story.  We will probe this subject in greater depth
when we get to the ending.

(8) Now that we know who caged Yorda, we find ourselves wondering afresh why in
the world the poor girl had to suffer that wretched treatment.  This being a
fairy tale, it could well be that she was held captive purely for the sake of
being a captive--sort of like the maidens in chivalric lore who apparently have
nothing to occupy themselves with except to get themselves abducted by one
man-devouring ogre or another.  But that does not sit right somehow.  There
must be a reason for her incarceration.  Having completed the game we of course
know it already, but supposing that we did not we could still guess it
somewhat.

There are just three reasons for which people keep a person--or a thing, for
that matter--locked up.  The first is punishment, as in the case of a convicted
felon.  The second might be called containment or quarantine, where someone or
something represents a danger too great to be let loose.  Violent lunatics,
victims of a contagious disease and, again, felons are kept confined for this
reason.  The last is safekeeping; when there is a valuable which one doesn't
wish to let out of his hands, he might opt to lock it up--be it money, jewelry,
livestock, lab rats, hostages or slaves.  Therefore Yorda was caged either
because she committed some offense against the queen, or because she was deemed
dangerous enough to warrant confinement, or else because she represented
something valuable which the queen wanted to keep near.  Even with the little
we know at this point in the story we need not think long to judge the most
plausible scenario.

But while we are on the subject let us spare a moment for that other captive in
the story.  I mean the boy himself.  He too was imprisoned like many others
before him.  And unlike with Yorda the story will not explain why they suffered
thus.  So with the horned children speculation is all we have got.  We have our
three choices: either they were punished for an offense, or they were deemed
dangerous, or else they were wanted for some specific design.  Which makes the
most sense to you?

(9) That Yorda is the queen's daughter means of course she shares her mother's
nature.  This raises a disturbing implication.  Let us recall Ico's mysterious
vision early in the story.  In it we saw a black figure emerge inside the
suspended cage.  Later we found Yorda in that very setting.  And we were a good
deal confused.  We had expected to find a pitch-black creature and instead got
a little girl who is so pale she all but glows.  The discrepancy was left
unsettled in our minds.  But now we have seen the queen who is dark as midnight
and able to appear out of nowhere, so much like the creature in the vision.
And this woman is Yorda's mother; that is, she and the girl are alike in some
essential way.  We can no longer doubt the vision.  The amoeba-like creature
must have been Yorda.  How and why the boy dreamed of her is in my opinion
unimportant.  The vision's significance lies in that Yorda is something besides
an ordinary human.  We have suspected this for some time.  But it is now
confirmed, and will become crucial later as we try to make sense of the ending.

That wraps up this long chapter, though almost every point made here will be
brought up again later.  Next I would like to discuss how this new development
changes the way we look at the story.  Then we will finally address the tale's
climax and conclusion.



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IX.  Reorienting
    in which the recent revelation places all in a new light
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(First Posted 8 August 2003; resumed August 10)

The queen's presence now forces us to redefine everything with regard to it.
To be sure nothing much has really changed.  The children's condition has
neither improved nor deteriorated on account of the encounter.  What they do
after her appearance is the same as what have done prior to it--exploring,
path clearing, fighting.  What has changed is our perception of that condition.
We will continue to see much the same that we have been seeing, but we will not
look at it the same way.  An easy example is the heroine herself.  Thus far in
our thoughts she was a pretty but rather strange girl who could do some useful
things and who seemed interested in escaping from the castle.  Now she is
Yorda, the sole daughter of the castle's ruler.  But this is the most
superficial of the shifts.  Thanks to the queen we now have solider grasp on
nearly every aspect of the mystery.

Let us begin with the castle.  Until now we were lost and we did not know where
we were going.  Well, we are still lost but we do know where we are going.  We
are going to the main gate.  And since the queen has closed it shut, we need to
find a way of unlocking it.  We have got ourselves a definite object of aim.
Before, we wandered in blind hopes.  We wander with a purpose now.

The way we look at the castle has also shifted.  Until now the chief impression
we got from the castle was that it was very, very deserted.  Not only that, it
was crumbling to pieces everywhere.  It clearly had not been inhabited for a
long time.  There were some sinister creatures loitering about, certainly, but
we could hardly believe these vile brutes were the rightful occupants of so
magnificent a keep.  No, we did not take them for the castle's original
residents.  We regarded them as we might house pests--ghostly vermin that had
taken over a fortress built by civilized beings, much as rats flourish in an
abandoned mansion.  When we met the queen, however, we learned that the mansion
was not in fact abandoned.  The mistress of the house was still living there.
The wraiths were not freeloading pests but rather her servants.  But the
realization raises a baffling question.  What sort of homeowner would allow her
house to fall into such a sorry state?  She would have to be either very lazy,
or very incompetent, or else very ill.  So it would seem that the queen, as
mighty as she is, has got some deep problems.  Her rule must be in decline.
The castle's condition bespeaks her own.

The castle testifies a great deal more about its mistress.  In fact it is
almost the only thing that tells us anything about her.  Let us backtrack here
for a moment and recall what was said about the castle in earlier sections.  I
said that the castle was hostile to the children, and they had to fight and
overcome it to proceed through its maze.  I concluded that someone, some evil
mind, was behind this evil fortress.  Well, we now know who that someone is.
But she has once again hidden herself from our senses--totally.  So the only
way for us to sense her is through her work, that is, the castle.  In this way
the castle, the only available sign of the witch's presence, becomes equated
with the witch herself.  That is, what we say about her may also be said about
the castle.  She possesses stupendous powers--well, the castle is stupendous.
She is in decline--so is it.  She is not willing to let the pair go free--
neither is it.  And if she should die--why then the castle too will die.  For
all intents and purposes, the castle *is* the queen.  It deals with the
children in her place when she is not there.

Or let me put it this way.  You must be familiar with the memory of "the scary
old man down the street."  The scary old man down the street did not mix with
other people much.  In fact the scary old man hardly ever set foot outside his
house.  But there his house stood, three blocks down from yours--dark in the
shades, with weird plants in dense profusion growing on the lawn, and lights
glimmering in the windows till late at night to tell you he lived there.  You
didn't like going near that house.  Kids said he came out at night to dig up
the bones buried in the backyard.  You ran when you had to pass it by and tried
not to look that way.  But sometimes accidents would happen.  You would hit a
ball and it would roll into the scary old man's garden.  You would rather give
up the ball, except your pals would goad you into retrieving it.  So you would
go, feeling your back moisten as you got nearer and nearer to the house.  Those
eye-like windows would seem bigger than usual--the shadows darker somehow--and
would that be a crack in the doorway, a faint sound of footsteps...?  You would
grab the ball and bolt out of the garden.  You would fancy a hand behind you,
stretching out to grab you.  You would not look back until you were safe and
away, only then to let out a relieved breath, glad that the scary old man
didn't "get" you.  But all along you had no idea what the scary old man looked
like.  You had never seen him.  You just knew he lived in that dreadful house
of his, with bones in the backyard.  The house *was* the man.  You were just
as afraid of it as you were of him.

In a similar way the castle--so humongous, so unignorable, so always in our
faces--makes up for the queen in her apparent absence.  It does everything a
villain might be expected to do: threatening, tricking, trapping, and
frustrating the heroes at every corner.  By fighting it the children in effect
fight the queen.  Every obstacle they come across is a reminder of the enemy
responsible for the obstacle.  And with each riddle they solve they have
thwarted a piece of her scheme.

Now, this substitution only works because we understand all the while that the
queen is not really absent.  The scary old man is very much in the house, just
out of sight for the moment.  And it is precisely the fact that he is out of
sight that makes him so scary.  For when he is to be seen nowhere we imagine
him everywhere.  Ico and Yorda are trespassers in his garden, looking over
their shoulders continually to see if that hand they felt was imaginary.  They
are captives to the awareness that while they cannot see their enemy she can
see them, and is at this very moment watching them.  She has jumped them once.
She can jump them again.

When I first played the game I did not know when and where the queen would
appear next.  I only knew that she would sooner or later.  It was impossible to
dismiss her from my thoughts.  It was like the first time I watched JAWS--in
that film the shark is invisible for the most part, but for that very reason
the ocean entire comes to represent the creature; one grows to fear not so much
the shark but the very sight of the waters.  Thus the queen remains a fearsome
villain though she hardly gets five minutes of screen time prior to the climax.
In a story of lesser merits so little visibility would make her a very poor
villain indeed.  In fact games, especially combat-oriented games, are full of
weak villains for just this reason.  They tend to withhold the villain from the
player lest he should be disappointed to find no fresh challenge in the all-
important "boss fight."  And so we find that the villain often remains veiled
until the final moment, with a predictable and self-frustrating result that he
is rendered harmless for the majority of the story.

(Remainder of this section was posted on 19 August 2003.)

We have covered the castle and the queen.  I think we have said enough about
the wraiths too.  There really is not much to observe about those creatures.
Before we knew of the queen we took them for a sort of demonic termites
infesting the deserted fortress.  But now we understand that they are under the
queen's control and do her biddings.  Yes, I think that is enough for now.

That leaves the children.  Do we perceive them any differently after the
queen's appearance?  With Ico the answer is largely no.  As to the girl--now
she is a different story.  Not only have we learned her name and heritage, but
we also understand why she wants to leave the castle and why she has her
ability.  But most importantly we now have some insight into her behaviors.
Earlier we touched on her curious and almost total reliance on the boy and left
it unresolved for lack of information.  The time has come to resolve it.  Why
does she, despite her more adult appearance, prove so utterly helpless?

Before I give my answer I want to impress upon you that ICO is a game, in which
the complexities of the real world are reduced to those predictable patterns we
call rules.  (And there is no such a thing as a game without rules.)  So when
Yorda does not lift a finger to help Ico drag a crate or make even a token
effort of climbing a chain to lessen his burden, instead of berating her cold
indifference we ought to acknowledge that by the game's rules it is not her job
to do those things.  If this were a novel or a film, no doubt things would have
been different.  For instance the castle as we have it in the game should be
perfectly silly in a novel.  It is just too densely packed with puzzles to be
convincing.  It is somewhat forgivable here because a game must be allowed its
peculiar quirks--granted of course that the quirks are consistent--if it is to
be enjoyable.  (Chess may be modeled after a battlefield, but only the thickest
dunderhead would try to justify the "strategy" of having a rook move
diagonally.  "After all," he might say, "might it not be a clever idea to
surprise the enemy by having the archers draw their swords?")  The castle is
therefore full of puzzles to carry the point across that it is hostile to
trespassers.  Likewise Yorda is less than agile to carry the point across that
she is unused to exerting herself.  To explain why I think that is a fair
characterization I want us to consider her from two perspectives, one entirely
poetic and the other practical.

By a poetic perspective on Yorda I mean nothing particularly grand.  I mean the
impressions and feelings she arouses in the beholder.  Here ICO fans seem to
entertain fairly uniform sentiments.  Asked to describe the princess in a word,
they are apt to use adjectives in the vein of ethereal, ghostly, spectral,
otherworldly, elfin, angelic and the like.  All these describe a state of being
which is either wholly spiritual or belonging on the fringe of the physical
realm--something more immaterial than substantial, more transparent than
opaque, more fanciful and pliable than realistic or concrete.  (I have
commented a few times on the girl's extraordinary pallor.  Poets and painters
alike have long used pale complexion for that delicate, impermanent, or
altogether incorporeal quality which certain individuals possess.  It is no
accident that we tend to imagine ghosts and spirits as translucent beings in
muted tones of gray.)  The princess' appearance and demeanor are intended to
exploit these sentiments.  I say exploit because the sentiments existed in our
thoughts long before we knew of her; the storyteller fashioned her character in
such a way as to tap them.  Do you recall how the queen instantly struck a
familiar chord in our imagination the moment we saw her?  She was technically a
stranger but at the same time recognizable--because she fit a *type* we already
knew.  Something similar is at work in the way we look at Yorda.  We need then
to determine the type--that is, the genre--to which she belongs.

Yorda's fairylike appeal hails from that class of mythical maidens which
includes nymphs, sirens, elves, sylphs and sprites--supernatural creatures
bearing more or less the form of human damsels, half spirit and half mortal, at
once alluring and chaste, mysterious, capricious, eternally young and carefree.
(She even has the pointy ears to show for it!)  Traditions invariably place
these enchanting creatures in idyllic settings.  We think of fairy maidens
dancing with bees or napping on flower petals, nymphs singing and playing the
harp on the banks of a serene lake, mermaids harvesting pearls in the watery
depth.  We never think of them engaging in any sort of practical labor; we
never picture them farming or chopping logs or cooking.  These demigoddesses
are too noble and too lighthearted for such mundane--such thoroughly human--
activities.  The concept rebels against their image.  It rebels against Yorda's
image also.

From the moment we met Yorda we had misgivings about her nature.  She looked
human but did not quite strike us as human.  She seemed to be made of some
finer stuff--so exceedingly delicate as to seem only half corporeal, and at
sharp disagreement with the brute rigid surroundings of stones and bricks and
walls.  If she were introduced to us as an elf or a sylph, we should have
thought it quite appropriate.  Note here that both "elfin" and "sylphlike" have
come to describe just her sort of slim, dainty young woman.  Our heroine
however is not merely reminiscent of such magical damsels; she is a
supernatural being on her own right, a bona fide fairy princess in the rank of
full-fledged elves and sylphs--those bewitching otherworldly beauties of
folklore, impossibly fair, impossibly delicate, shielded from the humdrum
necessities of life which plague ordinary mortals.  The vulgar notion of manual
labor is alien to a being so elevated.  That is something *people* trouble
themselves with.  The queen has told Ico that he and Yorda belong apart.
Condescending she may be, but she is right.  Her contempt for the boy is as
much for his being a lowly common mortal as for his horns.

Consequently my view of the girl's incompetence at certain tasks is not that
she is dim-witted, but rather that she would have compromised her own image by
excelling at those tasks.  We must here keep in mind that she is at times
preternaturally graceful and at times preternaturally clumsy.  How do we
reconcile the two?  Are they even reconcilable?  Well, in my experience a
graceful person can prove quite awkward when she is forced to a task she never
would have considered--like say a princess who suddenly found herself having to
take up sewing or housecleaning.  But someone oafish to begin with is oafish
always.  Elegance can turn sloppy by happenstance.  The reverse never occurs.

So here I have the two seemingly opposed portraits of the fairy princess: one
showing an unbecomingly inept adventurer who struggles only half successfully
to negotiate some obstruction, and the other a picture of innocent beauty and
grace, where she frolics with birds on a green sunlit yard by a clear pond and
an old windmill, fair and spectral like the mythic sylph, and betraying no
intimation whatever of her fugitive plight.  Which is the true Yorda?  Well,
both.  But which best demonstrates her nature?  Most emphatically I say the
latter; this is where she is at home.  But we see precious little of that Yorda
in the story.  Rather we usually see the girl at her least natural and
therefore at her most awkward--being manhandled and dragged around, climbing
ladders, braving death falls with reluctance, running for her life.  I am not
surprised that she has come across to some as less than appealing.  Their
frustration arises from expecting Yorda to be more like Ico.  But I think the
foundational fact in the pair's companionship is precisely that they share
nothing in common aside from their calamity.  If on the other hand the
frustration is owed to the technical limitations of the game's artificial
intelligence, it is beyond my scope and I have nothing at all to say on the
subject.

That was my musing on the sheer drama of her being.  Next I should like to
offer a bit more practical rationale for her demeanor.  Before I came to the
conclusion articulated above, I too fancied it chauvinist of the game to
represent the heroine thus; not only is she a damsel in distress, but she is a
weakling and, worse, a simpleton who has to rely on her male companion to do
all that requires the least bit of muscle or intelligent thinking.  But even
then I did not really hold this against her.  There was a regal beauty about
her person which would not permit flat dismissal--a nobility that would not
suit a fool.  That she was ignorant was apparent from the start, but I could
not believe she was stupid as well.  And that distinction between ignorance and
brainlessness cleared much of my own misunderstanding.

I have heard many speak fondly of Yorda's "innocent, pure" image.  Similar
praises are often said about young children because they have not (presumably)
yet been corrupted by the world.  That is really a euphemistic way of saying
they are ignorant about the world.  Yorda is certainly innocent in that sense,
though I think it is one of the less wise euphemisms popularly used.  She is
very ignorant about the world, and for the same reason as young children: she
has had little exposure to it.  Her behaviors exhibit the telltale signs of one
who was brought up in isolation--brought up caged, if you will--without much if
any opportunity to acquaint herself to the surroundings.  Consequently she
knows next to nothing about the castle where she has lived since birth, which
hints that she really is a sort of Rapunzel--shut up alone all her life inside
a tower by the old witch, and forbidden all access to the outside.  She acts as
though she just stepped out of the prison cell for the first time in her life.
The reality may not have been so simple, but I suspect the analogy holds more
than a grain of truth.  I doubt she ever even spoke with anyone but her
brooding mother before the boy came along.  She received no more education than
might be given to cattle.  Like cattle her purpose was to grow up to be
consumed when the time came.  Never until now was she called to apply herself
to any endeavor.  She is very like a newborn, awakening just now to the bumps
and edges of a world from which she has long been sheltered.

And with that I am done covering the noteworthy instances in the tale up to the
queen's second appearance.  It only remains to get that gate open and greet the
climax of the story.  Now you may be surprised to hear that.  You may think
there is still much to go over.  In a way you are right.  A player would take
perhaps eight hours or so to play through the game the first time.  The queen
is introduced about two hours into the game and does not show herself again
until the last hour or thereabout.  Most of the exploration and puzzle solving
takes place between her appearances.  But I have nothing to say of this
interval that I have not said already.  All the major elements have been
introduced.  What lies ahead is essentially repeats of the same cycle: enter
an area, clear the path, enter the next area, clear the path, and so on.  There
will be no significant advancement in the plot until the main gate is reopened.
Does that mean the narrative is to stagnate until then?

Heavens, no.  It just means all the elements are now firmly in place, and it is
time for them to come into full play.  There is yet a great deal to enjoy.  The
really fun part is just beginning.  But we do not have ponder them in tedious
words anymore.

Nor does it mean these hours are a mere ploy to protract the story, like
inserting unnecessary events to tell a three-hundred-page tale that needed no
more than a hundred.  While talking about the puzzles I said one puzzle serves
the same functions as any other, but I also mentioned a cumulative effect.  In
other words the many puzzles strung together yield an effect which no single
puzzle could produce.  What is that effect?

Half of it was explained earlier: by completing all the puzzles we make a
complete tour of the castle.  A single puzzle means only an obstacle to clear,
but all the puzzles together make a journey.  And what a journey it is.

The other half concerns the growing bond between the pair.  We can understand
this readily.  If I got through one perilous venture with another person, I
might have found myself an ally, and perhaps a friend.  If I got through twenty
with the same person--why, we should be inseparable.

The real enjoyment of the game lies in accompanying the children on their
journey and watching them forge a bond which I will not try to describe.  And
we need not take apart any mystery to find it.  We have dug through an awful
heap of information, true, but none of this was strictly necessary for us to
see what the story is about.  In fact I cannot grasp the two heroes through
reasoning.  I know too little about them.  I do not know their histories, their
habits and inclinations, their thoughts and reasons.  But here is a strange
thought: I know practically nothing about these two, yet I feel that at some
level I "know" them far more intimately than characters from any other games.
And some of those characters have their biographical data contrived down to
birth date and favorite food.  I wonder why this is?

The apparent contradiction is resolved once we realize that we are talking
about two different modes of knowing.  Ico and Yorda become known to us not by
exposition but by impression.  When you learn a thing by impression, it matters
little how much you already knew about it--what counts is how vividly the thing
becomes engraved in your thoughts and fancies.  It is a very simple matter.
You see a man dive in front of an oncoming truck to save a child, and you
receive an impression that he is brave and selfless.  You watch a couple seated
on a bench holding hands, and you receive an impression that they are fond of
each other.  You may not hear a word of their conversation, but your impression
leads you to conclude the talk must be genial.  In the same manner, you watch
two children fight the rest of the world to escape a fate they have not
deserved, struggling together to make the next hundred steps on their thorny
path, and you receive an impression that--well, you fill in the blank.  But
that is how these characters, though largely strangers to us, become alive in
our minds and we grow attached to them.  And we need no analysis for that.

Now we must be mindful that impressions can mislead, and that they are poor
ground on which to base dogmatic claims.  In fact any statement that begins
with the words "______ gives me an impression that..." presumes its own
inaccuracy.  For instance if I said "That girl gives me an impression of being
more a ghost than a person," I would not be saying the girl is actually a
ghost, or even that she is probably a ghost.  I would merely mean "She looks
and behaves *as if* she were a ghost and not a person."  An impression makes no
stronger a claim of truth than that.  I should like you to remember this
whenever you hear me speak of my impressions.

So next time we will find the pair at the main gate.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
X.  The Gate Once More
   in which the children stand on the verge of freedom
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First Posted 10 August 2003)

So they have done it.  They have unleashed both keys to the gate, turning the
castle inside out in the process, and now they stand before the gate.  It only
remains for Yorda to open it.

It seems some people are confused as to how this gate works.  I think that
detail is unimportant.  We only need to understand that it operates the same
way all the other magic doors at the castle operate.  Since this is the main
entrance, however, it is double bolted just as our own front doors have
multiple locks while the doors inside only have one.  It must be unlocked in
order to respond to the girl's magic; like an electric security door it has to
be switched on before it will accept the password.

Opening the immense gate saps Yorda's strength.  She sinks to her feet
exhausted.  Ico tends to her in concern.  A little more, she breathes.  Almost
there.  Just a little more.

A bridge of stone extends from the castle, connecting to the bluff ashore.  The
mystery of the unusable gate which we observed in the prologue is at last
answered.  The existence of the bridge also lets me guess that the castle used
to be in communication with the land, which agrees with my suspicion that the
queen has or had ties with the outside world.  Why then did she withdraw the
bridge and isolate her realm?

The green shore stretches before them.  At the other end of the bridge Ico can
see the portico he had visited earlier in the knights' custody.  He takes
Yorda's hand and leads her between the gateposts.  For the first time the
princess breathes the air beyond the castle walls.  But her first steps outside
the prison are shaky.  She barely keeps herself upright.  Slowly, cautiously,
the children make their way across the narrow bridge.  There are no safety
rails, and the sea is a long way down.

With no warning a globe atop a gatepost, the same they had used to unlock the
gate, flashes white.  A streak of bolt springs from it, striking the girl with
deadly accuracy.  She collapses upon the bridge.  Ico is knocked away from the
impact and nearly rolls off to the sea.  The bridge splits--it begins to
retract.  The pair is left separated at each end, she on the castle side and he
on the shore side.

Ico scrambles to his feet.  At the other side, the princess moves weakly to the
edge.  For a moment the children gaze upon each other helplessly.  The gap is
fast widening.  Then the boy makes a decision.  He will rather rejoin his
companion than return ashore without her.  Darting to the edge he throws
himself over the chasm.

He falls short by a step--the princess reaches out, and grasps his hand.  He
dangles a thousand feet above the waters.  Desperately he claws at the stone
with the free hand.  The girl strains to bring him up.  Her drained strength
is already at the limit holding onto his weight.  More than once her thin arm
nearly gives out.  Then displaying a *grit* we should hardly have expected from
her, she almost hauls him onto the bridge--

But a shadow grows behind her.  Bit by bit it devours her form, crawling up her
limbs, turning her black as soot.  The shadow rises and takes the form of the
queen.  It is the last thing the boy sees before he falls.  "Thank you," the
princess whispers.  Then she is enveloped in darkness.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
XI.  The Last Battle
    in which the tale concludes
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(First Posted 20 August 2003)

A storm rages under the dark and livid heaven.  The sun has long since retired
into the night.  Blurry in the rain and lit by lightning, the castle has shed
its old serenity and stands in unmitigated gloom.  Before, it could look
handsome.  It is only monstrous now.

The boy awakens, wet and probably less than warm, on one of the great cages
hanging off the cliff under the front gate.  It appears that he, falling off
the bridge when it was almost fully withdrawn, dropped down to the cage.  (If
you will, go to the first picture link in the chapter titled Entombment.  You
can see the cages under the gate.)  What will he do now?  His comrade is gone,
reclaimed by the witch.  Heaven knows what has become of her.  He is
friendless, weaponless, clueless--as he was at the beginning.  What is left
now, but to resume what he has been doing all along, to try and get himself out
of the castle?  For the queen has made it clear she has no interest in him.
She has got her daughter back.  She will not interfere if he escapes alone.
Indeed did she not order him to leave?  But what he does next goes against the
advice of common wisdom.  Let us take another look at the castle's map.

http://www.acad.polyu.edu.hk/~98342482d/ico/gallery/map.jpg

Where Ico regains consciousness is the southern tip of the central isle, which
directly faces the shore he has been trying thus far to reach.  Where he heads
next is the northernmost isle--the farthest point from the shore.  This is
where he first met Yorda and also where he was entombed.  Now what is this
child thinking, backtracking through the whole island, undoing the progress he
has made, to return to the very place he has risked his life all this time to
get away from?

All of a sudden the adventure has taken on a new attitude.  We thought freedom
was the aim of this quest.  But if that is true the boy is not helping himself
by running back into the prison.  Now we realize escape is not the object of
the game.  There has all along been another object which commands greater
priority and was not apparent until now.  That object is the bond between the
two children.  Escape is agreeable only so long as it coincides with that
other, more important, priority.  But now that one of the companions has been
taken away--well, freedom will just have to be put on hold until she is
recovered and the companionship restored.  So back he must go.

Here some of you may raise a sensible objection.  You may say "Eliot is
exaggerating Ico's valor.  He does not go back because he wants to, but rather
because the path inevitably leads him that way.  The puzzles he solves force
him back to the northern isle.  He has no choice to go elsewhere."

That is not true.  The ones who have no choice are we.  Ico has a choice.  Or
rather he had a choice--and made it.  Consider for instance the murderously
steep bluff he tackles to reach the northern isle.  Now if he could do that, by
common sense he should also be able to climb down to the shore and escape
alone.  Then you may say "Actually he couldn't, since the only available
footpath along the cliff leads back to the prearranged destination."  And why
do you think the footpath is prearranged?  It is put there by the storyteller
to prevent us, the gamers, from taking Ico somewhere he does not want to go.
It is there to ensure that we do not ruin the story by having him do something
he would never do of his own will, such as abandoning Yorda to save his own
hide.  But the assumption all the while is that he could--if he wished, which
he does not--have applied the same effort to saving himself instead of
rescuing his friend.  He is not, as we are, groping in the dark for just any
exit.  He is on a *search*.  We of course do not learn this until he reaches
his destination.  Only then do we realize "So that's what he was trying to do.
He was trying to get back to the tower where he met the girl."

In this linear adventure we are as much spectators as we are players.  Our
control over Ico's actions is limited to having him do more or less what he has
already decided he will do.  We "play as Ico"--that is, we are expected to
behave as he would, and we are accordingly penalized when we go against that
expectation.  We can have him do what he wants well, or we can have him do it
incompetently.  But we cannot have him not do it at all.  In other words we can
either have him succeed at his aim, or we can have him fail--but we cannot
alter the aim itself.  And his aim is to rescue Yorda.  On our part we can let
him do exactly that or else refuse by quitting the game.  That is all the
choice we have.  The script says "Either you let him do what he will, or the
story does not progress beyond this point."

Let me repeat that ICO is a linear tale.  That means it is entirely scripted.
We are allowed to control the protagonist so long as we do not deviate from the
script; when we do deviate, the story either halts until we get back on the
track or it ends altogether with the boy's death.  The storyteller has already
decided how this tale is to end.  Consequently he so set up the puzzles and the
paths that we will play out the climax the way he wants it played out.  We have
no choice but to return to the northern isle.  But that is only because Ico
himself has chosen to do so.

Make no mistake about it: he still wants to escape.  But not unless he has his
friend with him.  By now he knows this cannot be done without first confronting
the queen.  Twice already she has frustrated them when they were only steps
away from freedom.  What is more, she could have done so anytime she wished.
There is not a spot in the castle hidden from her eyes, not a spot beyond her
reach.  As long as the queen is there rescuing Yorda is a lost cause.  How much
confidence does this boy have in his chances against her?  Either he knows full
well he is running to his doom, or--more likely--he gives no thought at all to
the odds of success.  Which is more heroic, I could not say.

Back he goes, into the shadowy underside of the castle which he had glimpsed
earlier with Yorda, through the enormous water engines busy at some mysterious
work, tracing the deadly slopes of the cliff, until he finds the northern tower
rising in the storm like a ghost mansion.  He enters the isle and finds himself
in the subterranean vault--astonishingly immense!--where the knights had
brought him before.  He has come a full circle round the stronghold.  At the
bottom of the vault is the very first idol gate he saw, the same that the
knights had opened with the magic blade.  Outside, he finds the dock by which
he had arrived at the castle.  A path leads away from the dock to an altar of
stone by the cavern's exit.  A familiar object sits on it.  The magic sword is
at last found.

Ico can go anywhere in the castle now; he no longer requires Yorda's help to
escape.  Of course the game is so arranged that this will not be permitted.
But what I said three paragraphs above applies fully here.  In fact if he
wanted to leave alone he does not even have to bother with the sword.  He can
simply take the boat out of the cavern.  We know the lattice can be lowered; we
saw the knights do it.  Again the only reason we cannot lower the lattice or
push the boat into the water is not that these actions are inherently undoable
but that they contradict the script.  It is not that Ico cannot do them but
that he will not.  This becomes easier to understand if you pretend that
instead of playing a game you are watching a film or reading a book.

Now that he has the sword, let us take a good look at it; we couldn't before
because it was kept sheathed.  Intricate characters are carved on the blade.
We have seen these characters before--on the elevator which he is now about to
ride, on the casket in which he almost met his doom, and in the speech of the
princess and the queen.  No doubt about it: the sword is an artifact of the
castle.  It must have been placed at the cavern to allow the knights, and
others like them, to carry out their terrible duty.  But placed by whom?  By
the queen, I should think; for who else should have the authority to grant
entry to the castle?

Armed with the queen's sword, the boy opens the gate and enters the crypt.
Everything is the way he left it--the grim multitude of caskets, one of them
overturned--except for a dark congregation of wraiths at the apse of the
chamber.  They dance about an unmoving figure like savages celebrating a kill.
It is the princess.  She has been turned into stone, arrested at the precise
moment of the boy's fall, her hand still outstretched for his.

He charges at the gathering.  The wraiths scatter, hissing at the intruder.  He
hacks at them unopposed.  The sword's power is remarkable.  It strikes down the
foe with a single blow.  And no wonder.  It is a sword forged with the queen's
own magic--drawing from the same power which operates the castle entire.  The
wraiths are helpless against their mistress' sorcery, just as they were
whenever Yorda opened one of the gates.

Not long into the fight we notice something odd.  Some of the caskets on the
wall are glowing for no apparent reason.  We have Ico examine them, but we can
detect nothing otherwise special about them.  The fight continues meanwhile,
and more and more caskets begin to glow.  At some point a chilling realization
grips us.  Every destroyed enemy causes a sarcophagus to lit up.  We take a
harder look at the demons Ico has been massacring.  We note they are uniformly
small, just about our hero's size.  Then we observe in horror that each sports
on its head horns like his.

Now if you were at all like me, you halted the assault at this point and
debated whether you should continue what you had been doing.  And I am certain
that is how the storyteller envisioned Ico reacting.  A game was never so
successful in immersing the player into the protagonist's mind.

But destroy them he must; else he cannot proceed.  One by one he cuts down the
specters of the previous sacrifices whose rank he had come perilously close to
joining.  Now, many have drawn interesting inferences from this revelation such
as: Ico is not so much killing the wraiths--since they are already dead--as
freeing their enslaved souls; the wraiths do not seem as hostile here as the
others we have seen; and the other wraiths were likely also humans in life.  I
will not comment further on these speculations though I find some of them
appealing.  I do not know enough to support or reject them.  I point them out
however so you can consider them on your own.

When the dreadful task is complete, the stairs before the final idol gate is
lowered, making the last chamber of the castle accessible.  I do not want to
speculate exactly how the destruction of the specters triggers this.  Like many
other aspects of the game, to me it seems to make more dramatic sense than
strictly logical sense.  For all I know it may be the queen is inviting the
boy.  We know she was watching the whole time.

The final chamber is one of the castle's grandest and certainly its gloomiest.
It is a Medieval great hall where the monarch met with the public and received
guests.  It is hard to describe its melancholy.  There is not so much as a lit
candle to allay the somber blue that pervades all.  A lofty throne, solitary
and unoccupied, sits under a soaring dome.  Thick dust like fog shrouds the
floor.  The boy's own echoing footfalls alone relieve the utter silence.  We
can almost smell the cold stale air.  It is the portrait of a bygone glory, of
a dynasty in decay.  For me this was the most intensely poetic moment in the
story.  It inspired a feeling akin to reverence.  It made me afraid to disturb
the deathlike calm.  It made me slow down Ico's steps; it felt wrong to run in
that space.

He approaches the throne.  Nothing happens.  The hall is quite deserted.  He
moves back towards the exit.  A voice stops him short then.  When he turns the
queen is leaning into the throne, legs imperially crossed, looking eminently at
home.

He demands to know what has been done to the girl.  The witch replies he is too
late to do anything and at last reveals her design.  She is aging.  She means
to grant herself another life by seizing her daughter's body.  Warning him that
Yorda will be no more upon awakening, she tells him to give up the sword--it is
hers after all--and leave.  She is a pragmatic tyrant, it seems; she would
spare violence where unnecessary.  Three times now she has given him chances to
turn back: first at the main gate when she ordered him thus, then on the bridge
where she split the pair with mechanical precision, thinking no doubt that the
boy would take the hint and stay on his side of the gap, and finally now.
Again we are forced to assume that theoretically Ico could have escaped on his
own.  I do believe, though I cannot prove, that the queen would have spared him
had he taken her offer.  Somehow the thought makes her more formidable, not
less.

Of course Ico, the bullheaded little hero he is, does not listen.  He runs
headlong at the throne, sword raised.  He loses a horn for his trouble.  The
queen decides the child will not be diplomatic.  The fight begins for real.
She unleashes deadly petrification spell, which seems to be her favorite.
(Next to transformation it is perhaps the form of enchantment most prominent in
Western lore.)  As long as he holds the sword he is safe.  Apparently the only
thing that can withstand the queen's magic is a weapon endowed with that magic.
Slashing at the barrier cocooning the enemy, he plunges the sword into her
heart.  The queen sinks back into the throne, mortally wounded.

With her last strained breaths she tells her diminutive conqueror that her
her death notwithstanding Yorda will never be able to leave the castle.  Then
she vanishes, never to reappear--in an invisible burst so forceful it flings
the boy across the hall.  His remaining horn snaps off.  For the third time
in two days he passes out.

Out in the crypt the caskets flash once again.  They release mysterious white
bolts--reminiscent of opening an idol gate--which converge on Yorda.  The
petrification is undone.  But the Yorda that awakens is not the girl familiar
to us.  It is the dark figure we saw in Ico's vision.  She examines her own
hand curiously.  Heaven knows what sort of a face she is making.  She gazes
meaningfully next at the open entrance to the great hall.  She seems to divine
instinctively what must have happened while she was unconscious.

An ominous tremor as seized the castle and will not subside.  The walls begin
to crumble around Ico's prone form.  Yorda enters, her body crackling with
black *something*, and looking more like her mother than ever before.  Kneeling
by the boy she touches a broken stump of his horn, a certain tenderness in her
touch.  She sees the sword embedded in the empty throne.  She realizes what he
has done.  The chamber is meanwhile rapidly coming apart.  There is only one
thing left to do now.  He has saved her--she will save him.  With surprising
ease she takes her companion into her arms.  If I were to hazard a guess I
should say she is indeed stronger than before.  Timid uncertainty no longer
marks her action.  She has assumed what used to be his work.  Casting a last
lingering look at the queen's hall, she steps onto the elevator and descends to
the cavern.  The water has risen, and the boat is already afloat--or is it the
isle that is beginning to submerge?  She places him in the boat and releases it
to the waves.  So much she has braved to see the outside world, yet she chooses
not to accompany him.  For she now understands she is not like him.  She does
not belong in his world any more than he belongs in hers.  Let him go back.
She will stay.  She bids him farewell.

The castle succumbs to decay it has so long resisted.  First to cave are the
parts which were already in ruins.  Then the rest follows.  With the queen no
more it cannot hold itself together; as a river is doomed that has been severed
from the source, the castle dies with its mistress.  The very islands sink into
the ocean.  Not a brick, nor a pebble, remains of her dominion--once mighty,
ruinous of recent, and having come so very near reviving itself.

All is swept away clean.

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