translated by Henry H. Jerng, PhD
at hjerng@leland, stanford.edu
on August 1, 1998
It is more than likely that the readers of this FAQ have purchased
Brave Fencer Musashiden and are looking for some assistance for the
game. To you, I would like to say Musashiden is a wonderful game, and I
hope that this translation will offer you a good deal of help in coming
to grips with it. Musashiden has an enormous amount of text and voice-
acting, and I wish you much patience and luck.
To the curious others, I would like to suggest that Brave Fencer
Musashiden is the best Squaresoft RPG game since Final Fantasy Tactics,
the last Squaresoft game I seriously worked on. Chocobo's Mysterious
Dungeon was too shallow and repetitive. Front Mission 2 had depth and
an excellent play system but was plagued by unacceptable load times.
Parasite Eve had a great story, innovative game system, and incredible
FMV but lacked intensity and personality. It is not to say that these
other game were not enjoyable; it is just that they were not assembled
as well as Musashiden.
Musashiden incorporates several elements which came together
perfectly. Everything is rendered in textured polygons, occasonally
rotatable/zoomable. Time mattered in terms of lighting effects, shop
opening/closing, and character development. Simultaneous multiple
weapons has different effects, and one of which can absorb enemy powers
(an element which will be incorporated into FFVIII). RPG is combined
with action similar to Crash Bandicoot in a balanced way. And there is
in-game voice acting along with text, which helps enormously to build
the game's great personality: humor.
(Inside Cover)
As always, thank you for purchasing "Brave Fencer Musashiden". Read
this manual before playing to further your enjoyment of the game. Then,
please carefully keep this manual for future reference.
For Japan Only/ One Player/ Memory Care- One Block/ Analog Controller-
Shock
(Page 1)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page 2: The Musashi Legend and the Crisis in Yakuinikku Kingdom
page 4: Character Introduction
page 8: How to Use the Controller
page 11: How to Start the Game
page 12: How to View the Screen
page 16: Musashi's Actions
page 18: Get-in System
page 20: Raygund (Sword of Light) and the Book of Five Wheels
page 22: Musashi's Development and the Concept of Time
page 24: About Save
page 25: The Yakuinikku Castle and the Amiyakui Village
page 30: Item
page 32: Musashi's Sure-kill Techniques
(Page 2)
THE MUSASHI LEGEND AND THE CRISIS IN YAKUINIKKU KINGDOM
The Musashi Legend
Go back in time to 160 years ago. A giant demon appeared suddenly
in the Ru-Coarlu Empire, a country neighboring the Yakuinikku Kingdom.
The demon was called "the devil of darkness", and its body was alive and
made of almost competely pure Binchotite. "The devil of darkness"
easily cornored the Ru-Coarlu Empire into destruction, and then was
going after the Yakuinikku Kingdom where there is a rich source of
Binchotite. The wake of the demon projected enormous effects on all the
plants and surrounding life forms, and many monsters were born.
The king of Yakuinikku, after learning of the coming attack of
"the devil of darkness", immediately ordered the "Hero Summon". The
"Hero Summon" is a power like magic which has been passed down the
princesses of the Yakuinikku Kingdom from generation to generation. It
is the kingdom's greatest secret technique- when the kingdom falls into
a crisis, the princess can focus her prayer in a Binchotite especially
used for Hero Summon and summon a HERO.
The summoned hero was a fencer with two swords called Musashi.
Musashi heard her wish and left on a journey to battle and defeat "the
devil of darkness".
Musashi and "the devil of darkness" continued a violent battle.
Although he held a hero's power, it was difficult to defeat "the devil
of darkness". All he could do was to seal the devil with the power of
the Raygund, his sword of light.
Musashi then separated the power of the sealed devil monster into
five elements: earth, water, fire, wind, and sky. With elemental
crests, Musashi was able to seal the devil.
These five powers were called "the Book of Five Wheels", and the
stories of the books were handed down along with the Musashi legend.
(Page 3)
Now, a Crisis Befalls the Yakuinikku Kingdom Again...
That was an event that happened all too sudden. The Yakuinikku
Kingdom and the Ru-Coarlu Empire had a disruption of diplomatic
relations, and the tensions were high. One day, Ru-Coarlu suddenly
mounted a surprise attack.
By chance, the king and queen of Yakuinikku were on an extended
leave of absence.
Forces of the Ru-Coarlu Empire, apparently planned the timing of
their attack, was after one thing: to capture the Raygund, the famous
sword of light in the Musashi legend. Unable to cope with the surprise
attack, the Yakuinikku army was put to rout, and when the enemy drew
step-by-step closer to the castle, the elders who manage the castle
decided on the "Hero Summon".
(Page 4)
CHARACTER INTRODUCTION
MUSASHI- A hot-blooded fencer who was summoned by Princess Fiere of the
Yakuinikku Kingdom. Her country is experiencing a crisis. Musashi knew
that he cannot return to his home world if he cannot realize the
Princess' wish. So he, without recourse, goes out on a journey... He
is our two-sworded hero who loves to fight.
(Page 5)
Princess FIERE- The king and queen's beloved daughter. She summoned
Musashi using the Hero Summon technique that was passed down the royal
family for generations. She has a tomboyish, mischievous personality,
and she will get her "fingers burned" by the circumstances.
Examiner REBAN, Priest HARCHINOSE, and Butler YUKKERU- The three people
who assist the king and manages the Yakuinikku Kingdom. They always get
their "fingers burned" by Princess Fiere's tomboyishness.
(Page 6)
KOJIRO- A fencer who was summoned to this world to go after Musashi.
In his home world, he was following Musashi and pressing for a duel.
LEADERS FORCE (TOBO, ED, and BEN)- A mysterious three-person team where
each member insists he/she is the leader.
(Page 7)
BOLDOR- A major in the Ru-Coarlu army, leading the Emperial Mechanized
Squad. With various techniques, he will obstruct Musashi's way.
WOKKA- The confident subordinate of generalissimo TEKIERA of the Ru-
Coarlu Empire. He always judges situations with constant coolness and
composure.
BRANDY and RIKYURU- The sisters in charge of Ru-Coarlu army's
information division. Rumor has it that the beautiful sisters won first
and second places in the Ru-Coarlu Empire's beauty contest.
(Page 8)
HOW TO USE THE CONTROLLER
To change the vibration on or off, please set it in the "Config"
under the "Command" item in the Sub Screen.
(Analog Controller)
LEFT STICK- Use when the LED is lit.
L2 or R2 BUTTON- Change perspective.
SELECT BUTTON- (1) Change between Active or Sleep Mode. (2) Dual shock
vibration off.
START BUTTON- Call out the sub screen.
(Normal Controller)
The functions of every button on the normal controller is the same as
the analog controller.
(Page 9)
WHEN ON THE FIELD:
DIRECTIONAL KEYS/ LEFT STICK- Musashi's movement (to push, get in
contact with an obstacle and continue pressing the directional key.)
SQUARE BUTTON- Attack with the lightning sword. If you continue
attack, you can swing 4 in a roll.
(1) Get-in. (2) Investigate chests and etc. (3) Sees notice
boards.
TRIANGLE BUTTON-
(1) Attack with Raygund. (2) Use the Books of Five Wheels.
X BUTTON- Jump (if you are equipped with some item, you can do a second
jump by pressing the X button once more).
CIRCLE BUTTON- Use the Get-in technique.
R1 BUTTON-
(1) Defend (During action, it is effective only if you push it).
(2) For Get-in.
WHEN IN THE VILLAGE:
DIRECTIONAL KEYS/ LEFT STICK- Musashi's movement.
SQUARE BUTTON-
(1) Conversation. (2) Knock on doors. (3) Sees notice signs.
X BUTTON- Jump
L2, R2 BUTTONS- Change perspective.
BASIC MENU CONTROL:
DIRECTIONAL KEY/ LEFT STICK- Move chosen item.
CIRCLE BUTTON/ SQUARE BUTTON-
(1) Decide. (2) Send text. (in the store, sub screen)
X BUTTON-
(1) Cancel in the menu (in shops, sub screen). (2) Voice skip.
OTHER FUNCTIONS:
WALK SLOWLY- While pressing the L1 button, if you press directional key
Musashi will walk carefully.
STRONG VIBRATION OFF- If you continuously press the select button
during the game, you can turn off the dual shock vibration.
SOFT RESET- Press the start button, call out the sub screen. If you
press L1, L2, R1, R2, select, and start all at the same time, you can
soft reset the game.
(Page 10) Illustration.
(Page 11)
HOW TO START THE GAME
1. Please set the "Brave Fencer Musashiden" disk in your PlayStation
and press the power button. After the PlayStation logo, both a demo
and title will be shown.
2. On the title screen, the menu below is shown.
- from beginning
- from continue
- To Play from Beginning
To play from the beginning, use the directional keys and put the
cursor on the "from beginning". Then please press the start button.
After the story demo is shown, the game will start.
- To Play from Continue
1. On PlayStation's slot 1, please make sure that a memory card with a
saved game is inserted.
2. Choose "from continue" on the title page, then press the start
button. The screen on the right will be shown.
3. Choose the saved data you want to load with the directional keys.
Please then press the circle button.
4. A game will restart from the point the game was saved.
(Page 12)
HOW TO VIEW THE SCREEN
1. Boss Health Gauge- It shows the health of the boss you are now
fighting. (Only shown when fighting a boss, of course).
2. Gauge Bar- When you use Get-in and Book of Five Wheels, you must
fill this gauge full. For specifics, please consult "Get-in system"
on page 18.
3. Raygund Status- The attribute condition of Raygund (light sword) is
shown. For details, please consult "Raygund (light sword) and the
Book of Five Wheels" on page 20.
4. HP Bar- Musashi's present HP is shown. Game ends when health
becomes zero. The number above the bar is the HP number. Left is
present value; right, max value.
5. BP (Bincho Power) Bar- Musashi's present Bincho Power is shown.
When BP becomes zero, movement becomes slow, attack power drops, and
Get-in ability becomes useless. The numbers below the bar shows the
BP value. Left is the present value; right, the maximum value.
(Page 13)
6. Dolan- The amount of dolan presently owned is shown. You can buy
things using dolans, the currency in this world.
7. Get-in Technique- The name of the current get-in technique is
shown. When there is no get-in technique, the name "lightning
sword" is shown.
8. Date and Time- The date from the time you were summoned into this
world. And the present time.
9. Sleepiness- It shows Musashi's sleepiness. If sleepiness exceeds
70%, it will affect movement and attack. You can bring down
sleepiness by sleeping.
MUSASHI'S STATUS
Musashi's present status is shown.
1. There's nothing scary because he is very healthy.
2. Poisoned- You cannot exert power, and mobility decreases too.
3. Asleep- You cannot exert power, and mobility drops too.
(Page 14)
SUB SCREEN
In the middle of the game, you will go to the sub screen by
pressing the start button. (During an event, this works too if you are
not moving.) The sub screen is separated into 7 panels, and you can
choose the panel with the directional keys. Then, by pressing the
circle button, you can control that panel. The X button cancels and
returns you to the previous screen.
1. Raygund- The Book of Five Wheels that you now have are shown. You
can change the Five Wheel Books.
2. Command- On the comman menu, there are 5 titles described below.
-Item: When you select Item, the Item menu opens and the items
you now have are shown. Then, when you choose an item, the menu
below is shown.
1) Use- Use the chosen item.
2) Discard- Throw away the chosen item.
3) Stop- Return to item selection.
Press the triangle button to make changes in the order of the
items.
-Legendary Arms: The legendary arms you are now equipped with are
shown. By equipping
legendary arms, Musashi can perform various actions.
-Mastered Power: In the game, Musashi can memorize various sword
techniques. The sword
technique Musashi mastered can be checked here.
(Page 15)
3. Config- If you select this, the config screen is shown. And then
you can make various changes. In configs, you can change the following
elements.
-Vibration: You can turn on/off the dual shock vibration.
-Visual: You can turn on/off the visual that is shown when get-in
occurs.
-BGM: You can change the BGM volume in 8 levels.
-SE: You can change the sound effects volume in 8 levels.
-Sound: You can change the sound from stereo to monoaural.
4. Level Indicater- Musashi's current level is shown.
5. Rescue List- A list of people saved on your journey is displayed.
The people you saved can be met at the interview place in the
Yakuinikku castle.
6. Playtime- The playtime up to now is displayed.
7. Spout out- Normally, Musashi's thinking aloud is displayed. From
his thinking aloud, you will understand the objective that must be
achieved at this point. When you select any panel/title in the
sub screen, the name of the item and its content is displayed.
(Page 16)
MUSASHI'S ACTIONS
1. Attack with Lightning Sword- With the light-weight lightning sword,
you can make speedy attacks. If you press the square button in a
series, you can make 4 continuous attack s on an enemy.
2. Attack with Raygund (light sword)- With the Raygund, the swing is
slow, but the power of a single strike is appealing. If you press the
triangle button, you will swing this sword.
3. Pick up and throw- When you're in physical contact with the enemy,
if you press the square button while pushing the directional keys toward
the enemy, you can pick up the enemy. The enemy, once picked up, can be
thrown by pressing the square button once more. Furthermore, you can
throw the enemy overhead by pressing the triangle button (after you've
got the Raygund).
(Page 17)
4. Defend- By keeping the R1 button pressed, you can defend against
attacks in the direction of movement. You can move while defending, but
you cannot change Musashi's direction/heading. Furthermore, even in the
defense position, you cannot defend attacks from the back.
(!) There are attacks you cannot defend.
5. Jump- You will jump by pressing the X button. If you press the
directional keys when jumping, you will fly in that direction.
Moreover, in the middle of jump, you can change posture with the
directional keys. If you equip some item that appear in the game, then
you may perform a double jump.
6. Ascending Walls- If you are equipped with some items, Musashi will
be able to try to ascend walls using his two swords. When you head
toward the wall and jump, if you/Musashi stabs the wall with the swords,
then that is a wall you can ascend. By pressing the square and triangle
buttons one after another, Musashi can ascend the wall.
(Floodgate) Whenever the sleepiness exceeds 70% and Musashi's movement
slows, he needs to sleep. You can switch between the active and sleep
modes by pressing the select button. After switching to the sleep mode,
if you keep pressing the R1 button, the gauge bar will rise. If you
release the button when the bar is full, then Musashi will begin to
sleep. While sleeping, because the time quickly passes, it is effective
when you want to waste time.
(Page 18)
GET-IN SYSTEM: The get-in system allows you to absorb the enemy's
ability with the lightning sword. With the various techniques that can
be get-in from various enemies, you can clear traps and etc.
1. Get-in Preparation- Continue to press the R1 button until the gauge
bar is full.
2. Throw the lightning sword- If you press the square button when the
gauge is full, Musashi will throw the lightning sword inthe direction he
is facing. Try and decide on a aim as if trying to pierce the enemy.
3. Repeated Pressing!- Whenever the lightning sword stabs the enemy,
please continuously hit the square button. Again, the gauge bar begins
to rise, and if the gauge is full, then the get-in is a success.
However, the timee when the lightning sword pierces the enemy is
limited. When you cannot fill the gauge in the fixed time, you can
steal some BP from the enemy.
(Page 19)
4. Get-in Success!- If you are successful at get-in, an visual effect
and technique explanation appear on the screen. The techniques varies
significantly, and there are 2 kinds.
1. Some techniques are active automatically for some moments
after get-in succeeded, and it will end in a fixed amount of time.
2. Some techniques can be controlled whenever you like with the
circle button.
Attention: You need BP points to use the gotten-in techniques. If you
do not have the exact BP point required, you cannt use the technique.
Introduction to Techniques You Can Get-In:
1. Dramatic Gun- A technique that will fire bullets of cries. It can
attack from a distance. Fire with the circle button.
2. Refreshing Mint- You are wrapped inthe smell of refreshing mind,
and you don't need sleep. It is activated the moment of get-in.
3. Bowling- By rolling a giant ball, you can destroy cracked walls.
Fire with the circle button.
4. Bad Habit- You are surrounded by a powerful rank odor in this
technique that would collect flies. However, there may be some
unexpected effects!? Active at the moment of get-in.
(Page 20)
RAYGUND AND THE BOOKS OF FIVE WHEELS
Existing since the start of the Musashi legend, the five books of
earth, water, fire, wind, and sky (know as the Books of Five Wheels) are
everywhere. To collect these five books is one of the big objectives of
the adventure. The five books are sealed everywhere, and they cannot be
released except by Raygund.
The Book of Earth- It is the book that controls the power of the earth.
You can stop the enemy's progress by causing earthquakes and making
things fall down.
The Book of Water- It is the book that controls the power of water.
When you are passing above water, you can extinguish fire by shooting
water.
The Books of Fire, Wind, and Sky???
(Page 21)
In order to use the power of each book of five wheels, you must
equip the various books on the Raygund. Because you can equip only one
book usually, you need to carry the five books and use them precisely
against situations.
To Change the Books of Five Wheels:
1. Call out the sub screen by pressingthe start button.
2. Choose the Raygund panel and press the circle button.
3. Choose the Book of Five Wheels you want to equip with the
directional keys and press the circle button.
4. If the mark of the needed book is displayed in the Raygund status
window, then equipment is complete.
5. Please end the sub screen by pressing the X button.
Using the Power of the Books of Five Wheels:
1. Keep the R1 button down and make the gauge bar full.
2. When the gauge is full, if you press the triangle button the Book of
Five Wheels will be activated, and the various effects of attributes
will be displayed. (For Book of Earth, you can cause earthquakes
here.)
3. If you press the triangle button then (still, the square button) you
can shoot water or blow fire depending on the book equipped.
4. The power of the books of five wheels will be lost in a fixed time,
but if you repeat the same procedure again you can activate it.
(Page 22)
MUSASHI'S DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONCEPT OF TIME
Musashi's Development
Musashi will develop quickly as he continues his adventure. When
his level goes up, he can receive various titles along with increases in
his attack and defense abilities. He will be given levels quickly in
order to fight against powerful bosses waiting in every area. Divided
into the following four items, Musashi's real abilities develop
individually, and their average becomes Musashi's present level. You
can check Musashi's real power/ability on the sub screen. You get one
level when each title's gauge becomes full.
1. Title/Name- Musashi's level (as put together from the 4 parameters)
and current title is displayed.
2. Power- Musashi's own power level is shown. He can obtain
experience points by defeating enemies, and the level will go up.
3. Heart- Musashi can raise his defese ability by the strength of his
heart. He can get experience points by walking around, and the
level will increase.
4. Lightning Sword- This is the lightning sword's attack ability. If
an attack hits while using the lightning sword, experience value is
gained, and level will go up.
5. Raygund- This is the Raygund's attack ability. If an attack hits
when using the Raygund, experience points are gained, and the level
will go up.
6. Distance- This displays the distance that he has walked up to that
point.
Attention: There is a limit on the number of levels that can be raised
on each chapter. By getting the core of the boss waiting in each area,
Musashi's latent ability goes up, and the level limit goes up.
Development of BP: By saving people captured int he Binchofields found
the game, the BP parameter will develop.
(Page 23)
Longevity Berry: Whenever you find the "Minku" (a mysterious life form
of which there are only 13 in this world), it is your big chance! If
you catch him, you'll get the longevity berry that will increase your
maximum HP value by 25 points.
CONCEPT OF TIME
In Musashiden, the time flows in the game in real time. The date
and time are displayed in the lower right corner of the game screen. A
day passes in 24 hours, and 7 days becomes a week. One week is made up
of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
In the shop inside the village, there are various operational hours.
The shops are closed outside of the operational hours, and you cannot
buy anything. Furthermore, depending on the shop, there are set off-
days too.
Passage of Time and Musashi's Status
As Musashi gets tired, time will pass, HP will recover, and BP
will decrease. Please pay attention to every status because they are
displayed on the lower part of the screen.
1. Sleepiness (bottom middle)- Sleepiness increases when time flows
and decreases when sleeping. When sleeping, the time passes at a
speed 8 times faster than normal.
2. HP (bottom left)- If time flows without Musashi getting damaged,
you will recover some HP in a fixed time while expending BP.
3. BP (bottom left)- BP will decrease when time flows. Furthermore,
it will decrease even when you use get-in technique or throw technique.
(Page 24)
ABOUT SAVE...
1. Save onto Memory Card- You can save the game in the inn in the
village. Furthermore, you can also save after special events such as
defeating a boss. If you save, at the next time you play, you can again
start from the saved spot.
Attention: In order to save, you must install a memory card in
slot one. One block can save 4 games.
2. Summary Save- Inside chests you will find in various adventures,
there are things called "memory boxes". If you open the "memory box',
you will hear about how to summary save. If you do summary save, when
it becomes game over, it will be possible to start again from the
summary saved place. However, in that case, your current cash will
decrease by half. The summary-saved data will disappear if the game is
reset or the power goes off, so be warned. Furthermore, you can only
save at one place.
(Page 25)
YAKUINIKKU CASTLE AND AMIYAKUI VILLAGE
The Yakuinikku castle and Amiyakui village are places where your
colorful adventures begin. There are varous facilities in the castle
and village.
In the Yakuinikku Castle:
1. Interview Place- When you rescued prisoners, you can speak to them
by meeting them here. You may hear something good. It is rumored
that it used to be the castle's dining hall.
2. Library- It is the library where Yakuinikku castle boasts of its
collection of books. If you don't understand some words, you can come
here to investigate.
3. Your Room- Examiner Reban has prepared this room just for you. You
can sleep in a bed and play with your Musashi action figures.
(Pages 26 & 27) Amiyakui village map.
(Page 28)
What Can You Do in the Shops?
If you're in a shop, after a short conversation, the following
selection will be shown.
1. "I came to buy something!"
You can buy items available in the shop or sell. Please decide on
"Buy" (when you want to buy an item) or "Sell" (if you want to sell) by
pressing the circle button. If you choose "stop", then you will return
to the previous screen.
2. "I want to hear a conversation!"
You can talk to the worker at the shop. In the various talks, you
may talk about something helpful.
3. "I forgot!", "I'll come later!", and so on.
Leave the shop and return to the village.
(Page 29)
The Various Shops in the Village
1. Hotel/ Inn- You can save and recover sleepiness and Hp and BP. In
an adventure, it is the place of rest that you cannot do without.
2. Bread Shop- You can recover BP by eating bread and milk. You
should prepare for your journey by buying food here.
3. Grocery Store- It sells various things like medicine to recover HP
or medicine to cure poison, and things helpful to the adventure.
4. Bar- The villagers will gather at the bar managed by a fascinating
Mama. You may hear some juicy information.
5. Expert Shop- On your journey you will get various mysterious items.
You can reveal the true identity of these items in the expert shop.
You may get your hands on something that will be helpful in time.
6. Figure Shop- It seems to sell various figures. What kind of
figures they are, I wonder...
(Page 30)
Here, I will introduce you to some of the items that appear in the
game.
1. Dolan Coin- Yakuinikku money. Necessary items to buy things.
There are various coins from 10 dolans to 500 dolans.
2. Binchoron- It's the crystal form of Binchotite, and it is the
energy source that keeps Musashi active. It will recover the BP
parameter. If you defeat an enemy, sometimes Binchoron is left behind.
3. Heart Tablet- Source of Musashi's life. If taken, it will recover
HP. If you defeat enemies, often it is left behind.
(Page 31)
4. Herbs- Curing herbs can recover you from poison. You can get this
in the adventure.
5. Bread- Food that will recover the BP parameter. The degree of
recovery will vary depending on the amount.
6. Recover- Medicine that will recover HP. The degree of recovery
will vary depending on the amount.
7. Refreshing Mint- A refreshing item that will blow away Musashi's
sleepiness. You can buy this at the grocery store.
(Page 32)
MUSASHI'S SURE-KILL TECHNIQUES
Raygund Revolution Swing
If you take the defensive posture with the R1 button, the gauge
bar on the left hand-side of the screen will rise. If you then press
the triangle button when the gauge is full, you can make Musashi do the
Raygund revolution swing. The revolution swing is boastfully a powerful
force, and it is an easy technique that can attack all enemies
surrounding Musashi.
Two Sky, First Class Swing
Take the defensive posture like in the revolution swing and raise
the gauge until full. Under this situation, at the moment when you
receive the enemy's attack, you should press the square button or the
triangle button, then you can produce the two sky, first class swing.
This technique boast a generous power, and you can send almost all
the small fry characters to their graves with one hit.
(!) You will learn other various techniques in the game.
(Backcover)
SQUARESOFT
Square joint-stock corporation
Arco Tower
1-8-1 Shitameguro
Meguro District, Tokyo City
JAPAN
Tel#: 153-8688
SLPS 01490~1
Copyrighted 1998 by Square
"PS" and "PlayStation" are registered trademarks of Sony Computer
Entertainment Inc.
WARNING; All rights reserved. Unauthorized duplication is a violation
of applicable laws.
