-Titan Quest Havoc Assassin Guide-

NOTE:This guide is made for
original version of Titan
Quest without any expansion

*Index:-
(1)Playstyle
(2)Attribute Point Distribution
(3)Mixing Two Masteries
(4)Skill Point Distribution
(5)Active Skill Techniques
(6)Tips And Tactics
(7)Favoured Legendary Set
(8)Relics and Charms
(9)Others

(1)Playstyle:-This Character
is a focus on multi hitting
and confusing enemies while
giving tremendous amount of
Physical Damage quickly with
Sword/Axe/Club Weapon types
and using Trap class Pet(s)
for distraction due to
having only Strength based
Armor for defense and
ignoring Ranged Weapon(s)
and Shield for protection
but also having high
Critical hitting by Dual
Wield techniques and
efficient in applying any
DOT(Damage Over Time)s like
Poison,Fire Burn,Life Leech
from Equipment and Bleed
from Skill(s)

Name:This Character wrecks
Havoc in enemies by
confusing them with multi
hits while powering up
Damage becoming unbearable
for even a well defended
enemy like Hero or Boss thus
becomes Assassin causing
Havoc

NOTE:You will have to get max
Level 65 to complete this
Character according to Guide

Conclusion:If you want a
reckless offender that dies
or kills in seconds while
confusing and distracting
enemies with multi hitting
techniques,then continue
reading...

*Remember Reading Pattern:-
NUMBER)NAME: (This describes
Subject in my words and
number refers to,if any
follow ups to Subject)

Choice: (Reason to choose
this Subject)

Ignore: (Reason to ignore
this Subject)

Why not more? (Reasons to put
minimum Points into Subject)

Why not less? (Reasons to put
maximum Points into Subject)

(2)Attrribute Point Distribution:-

2a)Health:Starts with 300
increases by 25 per
Attribute Point

Choice:1000 raw Health is
helpful to be able to
survive without proper
Equipment,then 700 more
Health is needed to be added
so once Leveled up to odd
number invest 1 Attribute
Point here till Level 57
only to get 700

Why not more?
-You can have this Attribute
from Equipment,so those
Point(s) should be better
elsewhere

Why not less?
-If it's not 1000 it will
make gameplay very stressful
until proper Equipment is
found

NOTE:Complete The Poisoned
Spring Side Quest for
+75(Normal) +150(Epic)
+200(Legendary) Health

2b)Energy:Starts with 300
increases by 25 per
Attribute Point

Choice:1000 Energy is
wanted,as this Character has
uses of Active Skill(s)
and almost no Energy
Regeneration so it is
required to keep going,so
every alternate Point of odd
Level up till Level 57 will
make it 1000

Why not more?
-Other Attribute(s) are
required to wear Strength
depended Equipment,so these
Point(s) are invested there

Why not less?
-Almost no Energy
Regeneration due to nothing
invested in Intelligence
makes it important for good
amount of Energy to keep
going comfortably

2c)Strength:Starts with 50
increases by 4 per Attribute
Point

Choice:As this Attribute
increases Physical Damage
and is required for Strength
based Equipment of this
Character invest one Point
here once Leveled up to even
number and after Level 57
one point always here and
also one from Quest(s) here
to make it 230

Why not more?
-Although this is most vital
Attribute here,Dexterity is
equally needed for expected
performance

Why not less?
-Less here,means inability to
wear Equipment needed by
this Character

2d)Dexterity:Starts with 50
increases by 4 per Attribute
Point

Choice:Now this Attribute
boosts Pierce Damage and
decreasing Damage from Melee
with Defensive Ability but
more importantly needed for
Offensive Ability which is
required for sucessful Melee
hit which is always in use
due to Melee nature of this
Character and also partly
needed for Equipment,so
whenever investing first
Point in Strength invest
second here for making this
also raw 230

Why not more?
-Without equal Strength its
useless for Melee Character

Why not less?
-Offensive Ability is
Critical stat for this
Character so,those Point(s)
makes them worth it

2e)Intelligence:Starts with
50 increases by 4 per
Attribute Point

Ignore:Since raw Energy is
better than Energy
Regeneration and Elemental
Damage not a preference and
Intelligence based Equipment
are not utilized so this
remains at 50

(3)Mixing Two Masteries:-

*Warfare
Choice:This Mastery gives
most to Physical Damage
increment and accuracy with
precision in Melee attacks
blending with tricks from
Rogue Mastery lacking direct
Damage

Attribute value increment at
Mastery Level 32:-
Health:+1280
Strength:+64
Dexterity:+64

*Rogue
Choice:This Mastery gives
both indirect defense and
offense but lacks direct
Damage which is proficiency
of Warfare Mastery

Attribute value increment at
Mastery Level 32:-
Health:+1120
Strength:+56
Dexterity:+80

Conclusion:Warfare Mastery
allows tremendous amount of
Physical Damage output and
while Rogue deals with both
offense and defense
indirectly

(4)Skill Point Distribution:-
NOTE:Energy cost(s) are not
given,but they are in this
Character's convenience
limits

*Warfare
1a)Weapon Training:Increases
Offensive Ability and Attack
Speed when Sword/Axe/Club
Weapon type is equipped
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+10%
Offensive Ability,+5% Attack
Speed

Maximum Level 6:+32%
Offensive Ability,+16%
Attack Speed

Choice:This Skill allows high
Critical hitting due to
increased Offensive Ability
and Attack Speed will be
always helpful for more of
them and Dual Wield
occurences

Why not less?
-Since this Skill is going to
lead for profiecincy of
Sword/Axe/Club Weapon type
which can be also equipped
in off hand with Dual Wield
Skill,which is style of this
Character it is must max

2a)Dual Wield:Allows
Sword/Axe/Club Weapon type
to be equipped in off hand
and gives Chance to hit with
Weapon(s) of both hands
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level 4

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:12% Chance

Maximum Level 6:22% Chance

Choice:Dual Wield branch
allows for multi hitting and
also more Critical hits,this
Skill is required to equip
Sword/Axe/Club in off hand
necessary for other stronger
Skill(s)

Why not less?
-Although not a priority,more
Point(s) increases given
Chance that will make more
use of Offensive Ability

2b)Hew:Chance to slam Target
with both hand Weapon(s)
with +50% Physical Damage
boost
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
10 + Dual Wield Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3% Chance

Maximum Level 6:10% Chance

Choice:Mathematically it's
like hitting Target with
Weapon thrice as +50%
Physical Damage is to Skill
rather than Weapon,so it
helps to neutralize single
Target

Why not less?
-Chance is more than trippled
so it's worth it

2c)Cross Cut:Chance to slash
both hand Weapon(s) to hit 2
adjacent enemies and
applying Bleed DOT to them
in an Arc of 90
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
16 + Dual Wield Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3% Chance,15
over 5 Second(s) Bleed DOT

Maximum Level 6:10% Chance,80
over 5 Second(s) Bleed DOT

Choice:It's a multi hit
attack and it also increases
Chance of Mandrake Skill's
Confusion due to both hand
Weapon(s) carrying it
separately while it also
applies Bleed DOT which will
be boosted by Anatomy Skill

Why not less?
-Each Point increases both
Chance and Bleed Damage so
no Point less

2d)Tumult:Chance to spin
swing both hand Weapon(s) to
hit 3 enemies and apply
Bleed DOT and 1 Second Stun
to them in an Arc of 360
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
32 + Dual Wield Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3% Chance,18
over 5 Second(s) Bleed DOT

Maximum Level 6:10% Chance,97
over 5 Second(s) Bleed DOT

Choice:This Skill is more
helpful for Mandrake than
Cross Cut due to 1 more
Target and short Stun to
post pond some Damage so its
defensive all well as
offensive in nature,thus
helps to balance fights

Why not less?
-Just like Cross Cut both
Chance and Bleed Damage
increases,so it deserves six
Point(s)

3a)Battle Rage:8% Chance to
self Buff for 10 Second(s)
Duration to increase
Physical Damage and have
+50% Offensive Ability
Type:Buff
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+8 Physical
Damage

Maximum Level 12:+62 Physical
Damage

Choice:That is a massive
boost to Offensive Ability
which will drastically
increase Physical Damage for
its Duration and it will
be almost always activate in
an intense battle so it's
not to ignore

Why not more?
-As neither Duration or
Offensive Ability are
augmented more and Physical
Damage increment is not
enough for its Level,its
only worth one Skill Point

3b)Crushing Blow:25% Chance
for stronger hit while
Battle Rage is active
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
10 + Battle Rage Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+25-51
Physical Damage

Maximum Level 12:+179-217
Physical Damage

Ignore:As this is Chance and
Battle Rage is not always
active it's appearance is
very low and Physical Damage
is not bad but neither good
as this Character will have
output from Dual Wield
branch this Skill is better
suited for defensive
Character rather than this
offensive one

3c)Counter Attack:15% Chance
for Physical Damage
Retaliation while Battle
Rage is active
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
24 + Battle Rage Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:18-31
Physical Retaliation

Maximum Level 12:50-108
Physical Retaliation

Ignore:This Character makes
Melee hits miss which allow
Retaliation with Mandrake
Skill's Fumble and Dodge
Attack Skill and as Battle
Rage is not always active
and this is Chance it can't
provide impressive amount of
output so let it be for
Character susceptible to
Melee

4a)Dodge Attack:A miss Chance
is applied to every Melee
hit to not affect Character
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
4

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3% Chance

Maximum Level 8:21% Chance

Choice:This Skill allows to
focus more on Offensive
Ability than the Defensive
Ability from Equipment as
Melee hits can be avoided so
it really helps to protect
Character from Melee
attacker

Why not less?
-As Melee is much more common
than Ranged and each Point
increases Chance to avoid
it,even 20% is well
appreciated

5a)Battle Standard:Place a
Device ally which boosts
it's other allies with +1 to
All Skill(s) and increment
Offensive Ability and Absorb
Damage for its Duration in
12.0 Metre Radius around it
Type:Buff
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
10

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:18 Second(s)
Lifetime and 180 Health,+16
Offensive Ability,12% Damage
Absorption,24 Second(s)
Duration

Maximum Level 10:36 Second(s)
Lifetime and 450 Health,+88
Offensive Ability,36% Damage
Absorption,78 Second(s)
Duration

Choice:Excellent emergency
Buff as it will help Bolt
Trap ally and Ancestral
Warrior allies during Boss
or Hero fights as it
increases survivability with
Damage Absorption and
increases Character's Skill
power for its Duration for
more offense,so something
not to leave out

Why not more?
-As its Cooldown exceeds
visibly more than its
Duration,it makes this Skill
not always reliable and
helps only during emergency
situation or Boss fight so
those Point(s) do better
elsewhere

5b)Triumph:Battle Standard
decreases Physical
Damage,Physical Resistance
by specified values and Stun
Resistance by -50% of
enemies in its 12.0 Metre
Radius
Type:Passive
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
24 + Battle Standard Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:-15% Physical
Damage and Resistance

Maximum Level 6:-40% Physical
Damage and Resistance

Choice:This Skill makes more
of Battle Standard as it
decreases enemy output and
increases your by lowering
their Resistance to type of
Damage you deal most and
halving Stun Resistance
works wells with Tumult so
it will sure help

Why not more?
-Without maxed out Battle
Standard it's much more of
waste to spend more Point(s)
here,as 14 Point(s) are
better in other Skill(s) for
Character's style se let
this duo be with +1 Skill(s)
Equipment

6a)Onslaught:Default Attack
Modifier for Physical Damage
Weapon(s) that increases
their Physical Damage on
Weapon(s) with each Charge
that builds when hitting
enemy,vanquishes if not
Type:Active
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:1 Charge(s)
for +10% Physical Damage

Maximum Level 8:8 Charge(s)
for +50% Physical Damage

Choice:This is your base
attack,because it increases
Physical Damage of Weapon(s)
and also when using Skill(s)
like War Wind and Dual Wield
branch acting like Buff it
is always in use like
Reserved Skill and as this
Character is never likely to
miss with Weapon Training
it's must have output
booster that climbs up in
combat

Why not less?
-Although not a priority,it
is must max when Character
has a lot of raw Physical
Damage to be
boosted,drastically
increasing it

6b)Ignore Pain:Increases
Physical and Pierce
Resistance when one Charge
of Onslaught is active
Type:Buff
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
4 + Onslaught Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3% Physical
and Pierce Resistance

Maximum Level 6:15% Physical
and Pierce Resistance

Choice:As this Character will
be wearing Strength based
Armor which have high Armor
Rating and this Skill
increases it's potency by
adding Pierce Resistance
against part of Physical
Damage not Absorbed and
giving rarely available
Physical Resistance for even
more Armor effect also it
comes in effect with one hit
with Onslaught so it will
always be present in fight
till is Onslaught thus will
be noticed

Why not less?
-One sure defence Skill for
this Character though it is
15% still very good with
high Armor Rating,so it
deserves all six Point(s)

6c)Hamstring:Depletes Armor,
Defensive Ability and
decreases Movement Speed of
Target hit with Onslaught
for separate Duration(s)
Type:Active
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
16 + Onslaught Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:-8 Defensive
Ability for 3 Second(s),-8
Armor for 6 Second(s),-10%
Movement Speed for 5
Second(s)

Maximum Level 6:-28 Defensive
Ability for 3 Second(s),-28
Armor for 6 Second(s),-50%
Movement Speed for 5
Second(s)

Choice:Reduction in Defensive
Ability helps with Critical
hits and that of Armor with
Physical Damage with
Movement Speed negation
combined with Slow effect
from Nightshade Skill
confirms Target does not
escapes,also this comes out
with Onslaught itself so
just like that,this is
impressive

Why not less?
-Even though numbers are not
high,combining with
Onslaught,Weapon
Training,Battle Rage and
Dual Wield this will make
Character devastating,so no
Point less

6d)Ardor:Increases both
Attack and Movement Speed
when one Charge of Onslaught
is active
Type:Buff
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
32 + Onslaught Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+6% Attack
and Movement Speed

Maximum Level 6:+16% Attack
and Movement Speed

Choice:Increase in Attack
Speed makes more number of
Dual Wield attacks and also
allows to quickly Charge
Onslaught to max while
Movement Speed increment
helps it to stay at max by
transversing from Target(s)
and just like Ignore Pain it
is always in effect in
battle,so this is not
ignored

Why not less?
-Attack Speed drastically
increases output so even
those +16% is visible

7a)War Wind:Spin swing
Weapon(s) to hit 4 Target(s)
with Modified Physical
Damage in an Arc of 360
rushing to them at +300%
Movement Speed
Type:Active
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
10

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:-25% Physical
Damage

Maximum Level 8:+10% Physical
Damage

Choice:Combined with Mandrake
and Nightshade this becomes
defensive,combined with
Onslaught this becomes
offensive while utilizing
Offensive Ability and Attack
Speed and can use off hand
Weapon in second swing so
it's like manual Tumult with
acceptable Cooldown for this
Character's pace that with
very high Movement Speed for
quick reaction for always
Melee Character

Why not less?
-Although not a priority as
its main use is for
defense,at later Level(s) it
can have drastic increment
in Physical Damage leaving
less Health for Bolt Trap
ally and Dual Wield branch
to empty

7b)Lacerate:Increases number
of Target(s) that can be hit
in War Wind swing and
applies Bleed DOT to them
Type:Active
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
24 + War Wind Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+1 Target,77
over 3 Second(s) Bleed DOT

Maximum Level 8:+3 Target,220
over 3 Second(s) Bleed DOT

Choice:As War Wind is mainly
for defense,more number of
Target(s) means more of that
and Bleed DOT applied by
this will be intensified
with Anatomy Skill so this
is as important as War Wind

Why not less?
-Target hit number increases
roughly by 3 Point(s) and
Bleed Damage with each,so
each Point will be utilized

8a)War Horn:Stun enemies in
Radius around Character for
Duration
Type:Active
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:8.0 Metre
Radius,1.5-3.0 Second(s)
Stun

Maximum Level 10:11.6 Metre
Radius,1.5-6.5 Second(s)
Stun

Ignore:It's better to launch
a Battle Standard before
fight rather than blowing
War Horn in middle due to
its unconfirmed Stun
Duration and Flurry Of
Knives with Nightshade is
better as an escape Skill
which has half of Cooldown
time to this,so let War Horn
be for well defended
Character who can hold lot
of offense for long time to
fit Cooldown

8b)Doom Horn:Reduces Health
and depletes Armor of
enemies for 10 Second(s)
Duration present in War
Horn's Radius
Type:Active
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
24 + War Horn Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:-12 Armor,-9%
Health

Maximum Level 6:-33
Armor,-25% Health

Ignore:As Hamstring already
depletes Armor and some type
of enemies are immune to
this Health reduction
Vitality Damage and as War
Horn can't be used
frequently same like it,this
is better for defensive
Character who wants offense
which this Character already
has

9a)Ancestral Horn:Summon
Ancestral Warrior Pet(s) for
24 Second(s) Duration who
acts like non-commandable
allies
Type:Summon
Unlock:Warfare Mastery Level
32

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3 Summon
Limit, 250 Health,300
Energy,47-53 Physical Damage

Maximum Level 16:5 Summon
Limit,1000 Health,300
Energy,130-174 Physical
Damage

Choice:Although not a very
high output,but with Battle
Standard could be made more
potent,so with Hamstring it
is Boss kill Skill as it has
very long Cooldown

Why not more?
-Although more Point(s)
Summon(s) more allies with
more Physical Damage,its low
Summon Duration for very
long Cooldown makes it
better for defense based
Character who wants
offense,as this one can
crush Boss fairly easily
with Lay Trap and Battle
Standard Skill(s) with not
much work from this

*Rogue
1a)Calculated Strike:Default
Attack Modifier for Physical
Damage dealing
Weapon(s),increasing
Physical Damage and adding
Piercing Damage on every
fourth hit
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+45% Physical
Damage and 35 Piercing
Damage

Maximum Level 8:+156%
Physical Damage and 103
Piercing Damage

Ignore:Just like Onslaught it
works for Physical Damage
Weapon,but it's present on
evey fourth hit rather than
each one as does
Onslaught,while Onslaught
also combines with Dual
Wield more than Calaculated
Strike due to thier unknown
occurence and Charge(s) also
works with War Wind so that
one is better overall

1b)Lucky Hit:33% Chance of a
effect with fourth hit with
Calculated Strike
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 10
+ Calculated Strike Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+39 Physical
Damage or +50% Pierce Damage
or 60 over 3 Second(s) Bleed
DOT

Maximum Level 6:+84 Physical
Damage or +95% Pierce Damage
or 180 over 3 Second(s)
Bleed DOT

Ignore:Its an Chance for
fourth hit with Calculated
Strike so it's occurence is
very low as compared to
Hamstring which is always
goes with Onslaught and as
Physical Damage is not
huge,Pierce can be Resisted
and Bleed can be done with
Lacarate or go automatically
with Tumult or Cross Cut
thus Onslaught and Hamstring
are better duo than this for
Dual Wield branch's side

2a)Anatomy:Increases Bleed
Damage of every attack done
by Character
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 24

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+36% Bleed
Damage

Maximum Level 8:+120% Bleed
Damage

Choice:Although Bleed is not
applicable to some enemy
types,to those it's
applicable it can't be
easily Resisted and again as
Tumult,Cross Cut and
Lacerate ensures that Bleed
DOT(s) are always applied
this is very good to
increase thier potency

Why not less?
-At it's max it more than
doubles Bleed Damage,so it's
make very good use of
Point(s) when Cross Cut and
Tumult becomes frequent and
Lacerate becomes stronger

3a)Blade Honing:Reserve
Energy to increase Pierce
Ratio and add flat Pierce
Damage for Sword and Spear
Weapon type of Character and
allies in 16.0 Metre Radius
of Character
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+16%
Piercing,3 Pierce Damage

Maximum Level 6:+56%
Piercing,15 Pierce Damage

Choice:Although not needed as
Onslaught does Physical
Damage and this in increase
in Pierce Ratio than Pierce
Damage but for Bolt Trap and
Ancestral Warrior allies who
have this Weapon types,it
will help against enemy with
high Armor Rating,mainly
Boss enemies

Why not less?
-More Pierce Ratio is
decrease in Physical Damage
for Onslaught and as allies
are not always needed to
benefit from it,let it be
for high Armor Rating enemy

4a)Open Wound:33% Chance to
apply Bleed DOT with normal
attack from Sword,Spear,Bow
and Axe Weapon types
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 10

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:27 over 3
Second(s) Bleed DOT

Maximum Level 12:141 over 3
Second(s) Bleed DOT

Ignore:Nice Skill to apply
Bleed with normal
attacks,but here Tumult and
Cross Cut will ensure apply
of Bleed almost every time
that to multiple enemies
unlike this for single
Target,so those 12 Point(s)
are better for Bleed than
these

5a)Lethal Strike:Deal a
normal attack from
Sword,Spear or Bow Weapon
type with increased Physical
and Pierce Damage
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 16

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+225%
Physical and +225% Pierce
Damage

Maximum Level 12:+500%
Physical and +390% Pierce
Damage

Ignore:Although a very good
Skill with ignorable
Cooldown to neutralize
single Target,it is limited
to only one type of Weapon
used by this Character which
is Sword as Axe and Club are
also profiency of this
Character and Hew also can
neutralize single
Target,this is to be left
aside

5b)Mortal Wound:3 Second(s)
Stun with Lethal Strike and
increase Poison and Bleed
DOT's potency
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 32
+ Lethal Strike Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+60% Poison
and Bleed Damage

Maximum Level 8:+305% Poison
and Bleed Damage

Ignore:This Skill is for
confirm neutralization of
Target with this and Lethal
Strike maxed but it will
require both Poison and
Bleed Damage high,and as
Poison can be easily
Resisted and Bleed not
always applied without
Equipment,so forget about
this duo

6a)Throwing Knife:Throw a
Projectile that 100% passes
through enemies dealing
Pierce Damage and applying
Bleed DOT
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 4

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:48 over 3
Second(s) Bleed DOT,15
Pierce Damage

Maximum Level 12:204 over 3
Second(s) Bleed DOT,58
Pierce Damage

Choice:As this Projectile
carries Debuff effect from
Equipment or Skill,here is
Nightshade and Mandrake that
will come in effect and
combined with Flurry Of
Knives it becomes defensive
escape Skill with very low
Cooldown while being Ranged
in nature which this
Character lacks

Why not more?
-As more Point(s) increases
output which this Character
can do more other ways,its
best it is used defensive
with Flurry Of Knives with
only one Point here

6b)Flurry Of Knives:Adds
number of Projectile(s) and
increases thier Pierce
Damage which are thrown at
angle independent of
original
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 32
+ Throwing Knife Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+1
Projectile(s),+51% Pierce
Damage

Maximum Level 6:+4
Projectile(s),+96% Pierce
Damage

Choice:Its a defensive Skill
used to run away from almost
about to lose fight and as
this fragile needs a backup
plan,its effect will be seen

Why not less?
-As a backup Skill for six
Point(s) only with little to
no Cooldown this will be
well utilized

7a)Disarm Traps:Increases
Total Damage done to Device
type enemies and decreases
Total Damage done from
Device type enemies
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 4

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+50% Total
Damage done,-10% Total
Damage taken

Maximum Level 6:+200% Total
Damage done,-60% Total
Damage taken

Choice:As Device type enemies
are immune to
Poison,Bleed,Stun,Skill
Disruption,Energy Leech,Life
Leech,Energy Burn,Vitality
and Resistant to Pierce,one
Point will help against them
as this Character taking up
more Total Damage from
enemies due to Melee nature
but can easily neutralize
due to offensive nature

Why not more?
-+50% Total Damage and -10%
Total Damage is enough as
Device(s) are least
encountered enemy type

8a)Lay Trap:Place Summoned
Bolt Trap ally for 30
Second(s) dealing Pierce
Damage till 3 Summon Limit
Type:Summon
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level
Level 10

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:52
Health,8- 15 Pierce Damage

Maximum Level 16:2248
Health,83-113 Pierce Damage

Choice:This Character needs
some distraction to protect
itself especially from Bow
users due to Melee and this
Summon can hold them due
having good Pierce Resistant
that is speciality of most
Bow users and are more
susceptible to Melee users
with high Offensive Ability
which this Character can
handle easily with other
Skill(s) so it's a great
utility Skill here

Why not less?
-More Point(s) means more
Health which helps with
thier main distraction use
and Pierce Damage when
combined with Improved
Firing Mechanism Skill can
do good amount of Pierce
Damage to multiple
enemies,so that number of
Point(s) will worth it

8b)Rapid
Construction:Decreases
Energy Cost and Cooldown
time of Lay Trap Skill
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 16
+ Lay Trap Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:-18% Cooldown
and -5% Energy Cost

Maximum Level 8:-72% Cooldown
and -40% Energy Cost

Choice:Lay Trap has 3 Summon
Limit meaning 3 Bolt Trap(s)
can be placed,so for more of
them for Boss fights it is
chosen and decreased Energy
Cost helpful

Why not more?
-This is as offense which is
still good against Boss
enemies,1 Point will be
enough

8c)Improved Firing
Mechanism:Adds number and
increases Pierce Damage of
Projectile(s) fired by Bolt
Trap(s),while giving them
Chance to pass through
enemies and adds Health to
Bolt Trap
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 32
+ Lay Trap Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+3
Projectile(s),+15% Pierce
Damage,10% Chance,+30 Health

Maximum Level 8:+6
Projectile(s),
+50% Pierce Damage,45%
Chance,+65 Health

Choice:Whenever this
Character is not able to
deal Physical Damage like
when in Stun or
Entrapment,Bolt Trap will do
due to immunity to such
attacks so this offense
Skill will and some more
Health,so its a good choice
here

Why not less?
-Although no priority,this
Skill helps for even more
easy clearing of mobs so 8
Point(s) are worth it

9a)Envenom Weapon:Reserve
Energy to apply raw Poison
DOT through Weapon attacks
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:22 over 6
Second(s) Poison DOT

Maximum Level 12:152 over 6
Second(s) Poison DOT

Choice:This Skill is
mandatory to have Nightshade
and Mandrake Debuff(s) so it
should be always active

Why not more?
-Although this DOT's potency
increases with Nightshade
and Toxin Distillation
Skill(s),Poison still can be
easily Resisted and Physical
Damage will be enough for
most fights and Pierce
Damage through Bolt Trap
enough whenever it is not,so
this is not 12 Point(s) slot

9b)Nightshade:Increases
Poison Damage and decreases
Total Speed of enemies
affected by Poison for 5
Second(s) Duration
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 4
+ Envenom Weapon Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+15% Poison
Damage,-10% Total Speed

Maximum Level 8:+50% Poison
Damage,-39% Total Speed

Choice:One of main defensive
Debuff to slow enemies which
can be done with Flurry Of
Knives,War Wind,Tumult and
Cross Cut for almost always
active Duration,so it's
needed

Why not less?
-Due to multi hit techniques
of this Character it will be
almost always active and
each Point
increases,decrease in Total
Speed and also Poison Damage
which can help Envenom
Weapon with +1 Skill(s)
Equipment,so not a Point
less

9c)Toxin
Distillation:Increases
Poison Damage and DOT's
Duration of every Poison DOT
applied by Character
Type:Passive
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 16
+ Envenom Weapon Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:+12% Poison
Damage and +10% Duration

Maximum Level 12:+144% Poison
Damage and +76% Duration

Ignore:As Poison is easily
Resisted and more Duration
no concern for frequent
multi hitting Character,this
Skill is not at all required

9d)Mandrake:Applies Chance to
Fumble Melee attacks for 3
Second(s) and Chance to
Confuse enemy for Duration
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 24
+ Envenom Weapon Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:15% Chance of
Fumble,12% Chance of 1.8-2.4
Second(s) Confusion

Maximum Level 8:50% Chance of
Fumble,40% Chance of 1.8-5.0
Second(s) Confusion

Choice:This Chance to Fumble
Melee attack combined with
Dodge Attack Skill allows to
prefer Offensive Ability
Equimmet for Defensive
Ability one and Chance of
Confusion is doubled as
Envenom Weapon also applies
to off hand Weapon
separately so this Debuff(s)
will be almost active due
multi hitting nature of this
Character,giving needed mob
defense to this Dual Wield
branch Character

Why not less?
-Each Point increases both
Chance(s) and upper limit of
Confusion Duration,so no
Point invested here is
wasted

10a)Flash Powder:Apply equal
Chance to Fumble Melee for 8
Second(s) and Confuse
enemies for 3-8 Second(s)
Duration in specified Radius
around Character
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 4

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:30%
Chance(s),3.8 Metre Radius

Maximum Level 8:65%
Chance(s),8.0 Metre Radius

Ignore:Due to multi hitting
nature of Character both
these Chance(s) are applied
better with Mandrake which
has no Cooldown rather than
this with acceptable one and
due to its Chance nature
cannot be relied as escape
or backup Skill,so ignore
this Skill

11a)Poison Gas Bomb:Lob an
Radius area of effect
Projectile that applies
Poison DOT to enemies and
also decreases thier Total
Speed by 33% for 6 Second(s)
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 10

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:3.2 Metre
Radius,98 over 6 Second(s)
Poison DOT

Maximum Level 12:5.4 Metre
Radius,292 over 6 Second(s)
Poison DOT

Ignore:Due to multi hitting
nature of this Character
this offense Skill is not
needed and so is defense
with Nightshade Skill
better,also Poison Damage is
easy to Resist so ignore it

11b)Shrapnel:Projectile
explodes into 9-11
Projectile(s) with 1.5 Metre
Radius that do Pierce Damage
and applies Bleed DOT to
enemies hit by them
Type:Active
Unlock:Rogue Mastery Level 24
+ Poison Gas Bomb Level 1

Levels:-
Minimum Level 1:24 Pierce
Damage,55 over 5 Second(s)
Bleed DOT

Maximum Level 12:145 Pierce
Damage,165 over 5 Second(s)
Bleed DOT

Ignore:Though Bleed Damage
here will be boosted by
Anatomy,some enemies are
immune to it so not always
reliable and War Wind has
almost same Cooldown time as
Poison Gas Bomb,meaning it's
overall better for output
too so leave this Skill

(5)Active Skill Techniques
1)Battle Standard:Use it for
tough battles or boss fights

2)Onslaught:Set it to Default
attack for both Weapon
Slot(s)

3)War Wind:Use either to rush
at enemy mob or to hit many
enemies after its first
Cooldown

4)Ancestral Horn:Use this
Skill when fighting Boss

5)Blade Honing:Use when
fighting Boss or having
Sword type Weapon Equipped

6)Throwing Knife:Use while
running away from enemies

7)Lay Trap:Place one against
Bow users to distract them
and more against Boss enemy

8)Envenom Weapon:Keep it
always activated

YouTube Video Link:-
https://youtu.be/GM0uJxJV32M

NOTE:Copy and Open links
through Browser

(6)Tips And Tactics
*Skill Leveling Strategy:-

NOTE:Maximum Level a
Character can reach is 65
and a Character can select
second Mastery at Level 8
and Level 1 has no Skill
Point(s) so 65-1=64 Level(s)
are giving Skill Point(s),so
that divides this section
into 8 parts(8x8=64) where
this Character Skill(s) must
match required Threshold for
it,this includes Skill
Point(s) given by Quest
which will be in that
Threshold of its Part shown
with a plus sign for
indicating amount

Part 1 Threshold(Level 2 to
Level 9)

Warfare Mastery Level +10
(10/32)
Weapon Training Level +6
(6/6)
Battle Rage Level +1 (1/1)
Dodge Attack Level +1 (1/8)
Onslaught Level +1 (1/8)
Rogue Mastery Level +4 (4/32)
Envenom Weapon Level +1
(1/12)
Nightshade Level +1 (1/8)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (1)=25

Part 2 Threshold(Level 10 to
Level 17)

Dodge Attack Level +1 (2/8)
Battle Standard Level +1
(1/1)
Onslaught Level +5 (6/8)
Ignore Pain Level +6 (6/6)
War Wind Level +1 (1/8)
Lacerate Level +1 (1/8)
Rogue Mastery Level +6
(10/32)
Blade Honing Level +1 (1/1)
Nightshade Level +1 (2/8)
Lay Trap Level +1 (1/16)

Acquired Skill Point(s)
8x3=24

Part 3 Threshold(Level 18 to
Level 25)

Warfare Mastery Level +14
(24/32)
Hamstring Level +6 (6/6)
Disarm Traps Level +1 (1/1)
Nightshade Level +5 (7/8)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (2)=26

Part 4 Threshold(Level 26 to
Level 33)

Warfare Mastery Level +8
(32/32)
Dodge Attack Level +2 (4/8)
Onslaught Level +2 (8/8)
Ardor Level +6 (6/6)
Triumph Level +1 (1/1)
Ancestral Horn Level +1 (1/1)
Lay Trap Level +5 (6/16)
Nightshade Level +1 (8/8)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (2)=26

Part 5 Threshold(Level 34 to
Level 41)

Dual Wield Level +1 (1/6)
Hew Level +1 (1/6)
Tumult Level +6 (6/6)
Dodge Attack Level +2 (6/8)
Lacerate Level +7 (8/8)
Rogue Mastery Level +6
(16/32)
Lay Trap Level +4 (10/16)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (3)=27

Part 6 Threshold(Level 42 to
Level 49)

Rogue Mastery Level +16
(32/32)
Anatomy Level +1 (1/8)
Mandrake Level +8 (8/8)
Improved Firing Mechanism
Level +1 (1/8)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (2)=26

Part 7 Threshold(Level 50 to
Level 57)

Hew Level +5 (6/6)
Cross Cut Level +6 (6/6)
Dodge Attack Level +2 (8/8)
Throwing Knife Level +1 (1/1)
Flurry Of Knives Level +6
(6/6)
Lay Trap Level +6 (16/16)
Rapid Construction Level +1
(1/1)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (3)=27

Part 8 Threshold(Level 58 to
Level 65)

Dual Wield Level +5 (6/6)
War Wind Level +7 (8/8)
Anatomy Level +7 (8/8)
Improved Firing Mechanism
Level +7 (8/8)

Acquired Skill Point(s) 8x3+ (2)=26

At Level 65 with all Skill
Point(s) from Quest(s) in 3
Difficulties your
Character's Skill(s) must be
this Level:-

*Warfare Mastery Level 32
Weapon Training Level 6
Dual Wield Level 6
Hew Level 6
Cross Cut Level 6
Tumult Level 6
Battle Rage Level 1
Crushing Blow Level 0
Counter Attack Level 0
Dodge Attack Level 8
Battle Standard Level 1
Triumph Level 1
Onslaught Level 8
Ignore Pain Level 6
Hamstring Level 6
Ardor Level 6
War Wind Level 8
Lacerate Level 8
War Horn Level 0
Doom Horn Level 0
Ancestral Horn Level 1

*Rogue Mastery Level 32
Calculated Strike Level 0
Lucky Hit Level 0
Anatomy Level 8
Blade Honing Level 1
Open Wound Level 0
Lethal Strike Level 0
Mortal Wound Level 0
Throwing Knife Level 1
Flurry Of Knives Level 6
Disarm Traps Level 1
Lay Trap Level 16
Rapid Construction Level 1
Improved Firing Mechanism Level 8
Envenom Weapon Level 1
Nightshade Level 8
Toxin Distillation Level 0
Mandrake Level 8
Flash Powder Level 0
Poison Gas Bomb Level 0
Shrapnel Level 0

-You should level up Skill(s)
viewing Equipment you
have,for example if you have
weak Armor with Bleed DOT
boost then level up Dodge
Attack for defence and
Anatomy for offence at that
Level or if you have any
favourable Equipment then
add Point(s) to Dual Wield
or Onslaught branch,so think
and add Point(s) in that
Threshold but remember you
can Respec Skill Point(s) at
a Mystic if you want to
change

NOTE:You should start Epic at
Level 33 and Legendary
difficulty at Level 49 and
follow their Threshold and
Level up once for every non
Side Quest Boss fight and
that's then:-
Level 50:Nessus
Level 51:Polyphemus
Level
52:Medusa+Euryale+Stheno
Level 53:Lernean Hydra
Level 54:Alastor
Level 55:Talos
Level 56:Megalesios
Level 57:Scarabeus
Level 58:Pharaoh's Honor
Guard
Level 59:Manticore
Level 60:Nehebkau
Level 61:Aktaios
Level 62:Sand Wraithlord
Level 63:Chimera
Level 64:Dragon Liche
Level 65:Yaoguai

(7)Favoured Legendary Set

NOTE:Number(s) listed here
could vary by little for
each Item of same name

-This Legendary Item(s) are
chosen in such a way so that
it can maximize style of
this Character,and not best
in all cases

*Amulet:Pendant of Immortal
Rage

57% Pierce Resistance
33-41 Damage
+70% Damage
+54 Strength
+100 Offensive Ability
+24% Attack Speed

Choice:This gives Attack
Speed like Level 10 Ardor
and giving hefty Pierce
Resistance combining well
with high Armor Rating of
this Strength based
Character and even more
boost to Physical Damage
while also adding Strength
and Offensive Ability

*Ring Set:Mark of Ares

36 Damage
5.0% Chance of +210% Damage
+48 Strength
+155 Health
+136 Offensive Ability
+2 to Crushing Blow

Choice:Some raw Physical
Damage which will scale nice
with Attack Speed and so
will Chance of increased
Physical Damage with Dual
Wield branch and adding some
Strength,Health and
Offensive Ability,although
add up to Crushing is not
utilized

+Alke

+40 Strength
+11% Strength
-20% Strength Requirement for
All Weapons
+2 to Battle Rage

Choice:As Strength will be
found on other Equipment
too,addition from here and
increase in Strength will be
noticeable and it also helps
to wear Weapon Set,although
add up to Battle Rage is
nothing special

*Head:Ares' War Helm

245 Armor
32% Elemental Resistance
107% Stun Resistance
+25% Damage
+38 Strength
+143 Offensive Ability
+1 to all skills in Warfare
Mastery

Choice:Second boost to
Physical Damage and addition
to Strength and Offensive
Ability and increases
Warfare Skill(s) potency by
1,while giving good
Elemental Resistance and
Stun Resistance will be very
helpful to this fragile
Character

*Torso:Armor of Achilles

245 Armor
+46% Damage
+56 Strength
+350 Health
+24% Health Regeneration
+132 Offensive Ability
+1 to all skills in Warfare
Mastery
Grants Skill:Adrenaline

Choice:Another boost to
Physical Damage,adds some
Strength,Offensive Ability
and 14 Point(s) worth Health
also another push to Warfare
Mastery Skill(s),although
Adrenaline is Passive both
it and Health Regeneration
are visible for DOTs only

*Arm:Conqueror's Bracers

244 Armor
51% Fire Resistance
+4% Shield Block
+45% Damage
+42% Attack Speed
+2 to Weapon Training
+1 to Concussive Blow

Choice:As Fire is roughly
found more than other two
Elemental Damage(s) it's
helpful and this is drastic
boost to Attack Speed and
Physical Damage and Weapon
Training is pushed to Level
10 meaning more Attack Speed
and Offensive Ability but
Shield Block and Concussive
Blow boost is useless

*Leg:Hermes' Talaria

168 Armor
17% Elemental Resistance
10% Damage Reflected
+36 Strength
+40 Dexterity
+45% Movement
15% Chance to Dodge Attacks
+1 to all skill in Rogue
Mastery

Choice:Altough lower Armor
Rating but making it with by
Damage Reflection to
Character increasing offense
even more and best boost to
Movement Speed easing
reach,adding both Strength
and Dexterity and pushing
Rogue Skill(s) by 1 also
giving technically 100% to
miss Melee attacks with
Dodge Attack and Mandrake
affected enemy with Battle
Standard present

*Weapon Set 1:Mindrazor

118-122 Damage
15% Piercing
Speed:Very Fast
+29% Damage
+28% Pierce Damage
108 Energy Leech over 3.0
Seconds
15% Chance of:
-16% Energy Drained(50%
Energy drained causes
Damage)
-1.0-3.0 Seconds of Skill
Disruption
30-40 Piercing Damage
+120 Health
+114 Energy

Choice:Caster kill Sword that
can cause trouble to them
with 15% Chance which can
easily trigger with high
Attack Speed Set and Energy
Leech,adding both Health and
Energy increasing Pierce
Damage with Physical one
also as this Set has Pierce
with Level 2 Blade Honing
and raw Pierce Damage also
very good with high Attack
Speed

+Thyestes' Scheme

119-121 Damage
15% Piercing
Speed:Very Fast
+21% Damage
19% Reduced Damage for 3.0
Seconds
37% Elemental Resistance
32% Poison Resistance
+23 Strength
+78 Offensive Ability
11% Energy Absorption from
Attacks

Choice:Just like previous one
this one has Energy
Absorption for casters with
Elemental Resistance and
increasing Physical
Damage,adding to both
Strength and Offensive
Ability and Poison
Resistance for most common
DOT also Reducing output
from enemies hit by this for
Duration very helpful with
Cross Cut and Tumult also
War Wind while still keeping
Attack Speed at its Cap even
without Ardor

*Weapon Set 2:Agamemnon's
Scepter

170-197 Damage
Speed:Average
10.0% Chance of 179 Bonus
Damage
5% Damage Resistance
20% Elemental Resistance
+31 Strength
+92 Health
+22% Health Regeneration
+24% Energy Regeneration
+18% Offensive Ability
+20% Defensive Ability

Choice:Nice Club type Weapon
with equal Bonus Damage
Chance,also giving Physical
and Elemental Resistance
while adding both Strength
and Health,although
Regeneration(s) won't be
much to notice,but increase
in Defensive Ability making
even more ignorant to Melee
and increase in Offensive
Ability with other hand Axe
Weapon gives 2000+ Offensive
Ability in Battle Rage

+Axe of Tereus

173-180 Damage
Speed:Average
+12% Damage
33 Bonus Damage
10.0% Chance of 54% Slower
Attack for 2.0 Seconds
+30 Strength
+10% Offensive Ability
+2 to Onslaught

Choice:Physical Damage
increase with some Bonus
Damage with adding to
Strength making good
output,10% Chance helpful in
Boss fights and increase in
Offensive Ability combines
well with other hand in
Battle Rage mode while
Onslaught has been pushed to
Level 12 in this Weapon Set

NOTE:This Equipment is shown
and used in Video

(8)Relics and Charms
-These Item(s) should be
collected if you want to add
more to Playstyle

*Relic(s):These are three Set
pieces that can combine into
one for a Bonus and can be
inserted into preferably
Rare(Green) Item(s)

-Valor Of Achilles:Much
enjoyed for anyone who have
Warfare Mastery,Damage and
Attack Speed are very
important,works to similar
to Ardor of Warfare Mastery

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Herakles' Might:This helps
Character to equip better
Armor and some times even
Weapon(s)

Slot:Any Armor type

-Dionysus' Wineskin:Physical
Resistance is crucial,which
works similar to Ignore Pain
of Warfare Mastery very good
with high Rating Armor

Slot:Any Jewelry type

-Yen-Lo-Wang's
Bloodletting:Gives raw Bleed
DOT and boosting it too

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Anubis' Wrath:Considering
Warfare can do lot of raw
Damage at multiple enemies
at once,if it is in both
Weapon(s),Character has
healing for killing effect

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Prometheus' Flame:As Burn
Damage does not increases
with Intelligence,this works
very well with spread
pattern of this Character

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Djed Of Osiris:Undead
enemies are serious problem
to this Character,so use it
on Weapon with most Attack
Speed as it has flat
additional Damage

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Guan-Yu's Grace:Adds up with
Dodge Attack Skill in
Warfare Mastery

Slot:Only Torso Armor type

-Shen-Nong's Dark
Medicine:Decreses
Resistance(s) for 6
Second(s) with raw Poison
DOT

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Monkey King's
Trickery:Resistance(s)
decrease for 4 Second(s) is
good for Bleed and
Pierce,while Elemental
Resistance and Skill
Disruption Resistance
comforting

Slot:Any Jewelry type

*Charms:These are five Set
pieces that can combine into
one for a Bonus and can be
inserted into preferably
Rare(Green) Item(s)

-Bat Fang:Gives Life Leech
DOT that will go well with
spread of this Character
visibly and so will be
healing from it

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Peng Claw:Adds flat Bonus
Damage that will be very
helpful for this Character

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Raptor Tooth:Another raw
Damage booster for this
Character

Slot:Only Amulet Jewelry type

-Saber Claw:Gives comforting
raw Bleed DOT

Slot:Any Weapon type except
Shield

-Demon's Blood:Gives Vitality
and very crucial Stun
Resistance which comforts
Strength based Character who
has high Armor Rating

Slot:Any Jewelry type

*Weapon Set Storage
-Now this Character should
have Bow(s) or Shield(s) if
they have certain
Resistance(s) that could not
be given by other
Item(s),Bow(s) for Ranged
fighting and Shield(s) for
some protection,there is no
need for Spear(s) as it
neither gives distance nor
more output

(9)Others
*Related Character Guide(s)
1)Oracle Character Guide:-
(Is in progress)

2)Warden Character Guide:-
(Is in progress)

3)Summoner Character Guide:-
(Is in progress)

*Version Log History

-1.0.0 hosted since 07/02/2020
Change(s):
1)Launched

*Credits:
This Guide and Character
could not be created with
absence of mentions below

Thank You,
THQ Nordic for creating such
a wonderful game to play

GameFAQs and Kirmizperfect
websites for hosting other
Guides which gave outlook on
strategy

Titan Quest Wikia,GameBanshee
for hosting technicals and
information,which allowed to
choose combination of
various aspects of game

Titan Quest
Calculator(stonedonkey) for
allowing preplanning of
Skill Set with
information to Original
version of game

Titan Quest Database for Item
drop rate,helping in
combining them together and
search them

Titan Quest Official Forum
and Steam Official Site for
allowing members to chat and
discuss,allowing to clarify
doubts

And to all those GaMeRs who
contributed to all above