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| #Post#: 24139-------------------------------------------------- | |
| Άκου Πινοσέ	 | |
| 64;: The Taiwan State Miracle | |
| By: Statesman Date: August 23, 2016, 9:37 pm | |
| --------------------------------------------------------- | |
| After a period of hyperinflation in the late 1940s when the | |
| Kuomintang (KMT) military regime of Chen Yi overprinted the new | |
| Taiwan Yuan against the previous Japan Taiwan Yen, it became | |
| clear that a new and stable currency was needed. When the KMT | |
| government retreated to Taiwan after the loss of mainland China | |
| in the Chinese Civil War, it brought part of the precious metal | |
| and foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island. | |
| Although war-ravaged China had held only a very small reserve, | |
| some $170 million in all,[1] those reserves helped to establish | |
| a gold-standard reserve currency in Taiwan, which in turn helped | |
| to stabilize prices and reduce hyperinflation. More importantly, | |
| many of the Chinese intellectual and business elites moved with | |
| KMT to the island.[citation needed] The Japanese had built up | |
| the agricultural and industrial infrastructure as well as | |
| chemical, material, and food reserves on the island that allowed | |
| the elite of the KMT supporters to jump start their own economic | |
| endeavors.[citation needed] Along with the $4 billion in | |
| financial aid and soft credit provided by the US (as well as the | |
| indirect economic stimulus of US food and military aid) over the | |
| 1945-1965 period, Taiwan had the necessary capital to restart | |
| its economy. Further, the KMT government instituted many laws | |
| and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on | |
| mainland China. | |
| A land reform law, inspired by the same one that the Americans | |
| were enacting in occupied Japan, removed the landlord class (In | |
| a similar manner as Japan), and created a higher number of | |
| peasants whom, with the help of the state, increased the | |
| agricultural output dramatically. This was the first excedent | |
| accumulation source.[2] It inverted capital creation, and | |
| liberated the agricultural workforce to work in the urban | |
| sectors. However, the government imposed on the peasants an | |
| unequal exchange with the industrial economy, with credit and | |
| fertilizer controls and a non monetary exchange to trade | |
| agrarian products (machinery) for rice. With the control of the | |
| banks (at the time, being the property of the government), and | |
| import licenses, the state oriented the Taiwanese economy to | |
| import substitutive industrialization, creating initial | |
| capitalism in a fully protected market. | |
| It also, with the help of USAID, created a massive industrial | |
| infrastructure, communications, and developed the educational | |
| system. Several government bodies were created and four-year | |
| plans were also enacted. Between 1952 and 1982, economic growth | |
| was on average 8.7%, and between 1983 and 1986 at 6.9%. The | |
| gross national product grew by 360% between 1965 and 1986. The | |
| percentage of global exports was over 2% in 1986, over other | |
| recently industrialized countries, (like South Korea), and the | |
| global industrial production output grew a further 680% between | |
| 1965 and 1986. The social gap between the rich and the poor fell | |
| (Gini: 0.558 in 1953, 0.303 in 1980), even lower than some | |
| Western European countries, but it grew a little in the 80's. | |
| Health care, education, and quality of life also improved.[3] | |
| Much of that was made possible through US economic aid, | |
| subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production. The | |
| flexibility of the productive system and the industrial | |
| structure meant that Taiwanese companies had more chances to | |
| adapt themselves to the changing international situation and the | |
| global economy. | |
| In 1959, a 19-point program of Economic and Financial Reform, | |
| liberalized market controls, stimulated exports and designed a | |
| strategy to attract foreign companies and foreign capitals. An | |
| exports processing area was created in Kaohsiung and in 1964, | |
| General Instruments pioneered in externalizing electronic | |
| assembly in Taiwan. Japanese companies moved in to benefit of | |
| low salaries, the lack of environmental laws and controls, a | |
| well-educated and capable workforce, and the support of the | |
| Government. But the nucleus of the industrial structure was | |
| national, and it was composed by a large number of small and | |
| medium-sized enterprises, created within families with the | |
| family savings, and savings cooperatives nets (會 Pinyin: | |
| Hu�). They had the support of the government in the form of | |
| subsidies and credits loaned by the banks. | |
| Most of this Hu� appeared for the first time in rural zones near | |
| metropolitan areas, where families shared work (in the parcels | |
| they owned and in the industrial workshops at the same time). | |
| For instance, in 1989 in Changhua, small enterprises produced | |
| almost 50% of the world's umbrellas. The State attracted foreign | |
| companies in order to obtain more capital and to get access to | |
| foreign markets, but the big foreign companies got contracts | |
| with this huge net of small sized, familiar and national | |
| companies, which were a very important percentage of the | |
| industrial output. | |
| Foreign investment never represented an important component in | |
| the Taiwanese economy, with the notable exception of the | |
| electronic market. For instance, in 1981, direct foreign | |
| investment was a mere 2% of the GNP, foreign companies employed | |
| 4.8% of the total workforce, their production was 13.9% of the | |
| total production and their exports were 25.6% of nationwide | |
| exports. Access to the global markets was facilitated by the | |
| Japanese companies and by the American importers, who wanted a | |
| direct relationship with the Taiwanese brands. No big | |
| multinational corporations were created (like in Singapore), or | |
| huge national conglomerates (like South Korean chaebols), but | |
| some industrial groups, with the support of the government, | |
| grew, and became in the 90's huge companies totally | |
| internationalized. | |
| Most of the development was thanks to the flexibility of family | |
| businesses which produced for foreign traders established in | |
| Taiwan and for international trade nets with the help of | |
| intermediaries. But the importance of the state must not be | |
| forgotten. It was the central organism which coordinated the | |
| industrialization process, it created the infrastructures, it | |
| attracted foreign investment, it decided the strategic | |
| priorities and, when necessary, recurred to impose its | |
| conditions. | |
| #Post#: 24140-------------------------------------------------- | |
| Re: Άκου Πινοσέ | |
| ;τ: The Taiwan State Miracle | |
| By: Pinochet88 Date: August 24, 2016, 4:03 pm | |
| --------------------------------------------------------- | |
| Πρώτα από | |
| όλα αυτό το | |
| κείμενο από | |
| το wiki, που μας | |
| λέει "να μην | |
| ξεχνάμε το | |
| πόσο καλό | |
| είναι το | |
| Κράτος" δεν | |
| είναι | |
| εγκυκλοπαι^ | |
| 8;ικού | |
| περιεχομέν_ | |
| 9;υ | |
| είναι | |
| προπαγάνδα | |
| του κώλου. | |
| Από εκεί και | |
| πέρα όλες | |
| αυτές οι | |
| εκφράσεις | |
| "έφτιαξε | |
| υποδομές", | |
| "προσέλκυσε | |
| επενδύσεις", | |
| "έθεσε | |
| προτεραιότ_ | |
| 1;τες" | |
| είναι άνευ | |
| νόηματος. | |
| Όταν οι | |
| κρατικιστέ` | |
| 2; | |
| γράφουν | |
| τέτοιες | |
| προπαγανδι` | |
| 3;τικές | |
| αηδίες ότι | |
| το Κράτος | |
| δήθεν είναι | |
| απαραίτητο | |
| και | |
| συμβάλλει | |
| στην | |
| ανάπτυξη | |
| στο πίσω | |
| μέρος του | |
| μυαλού τους | |
| έχουν την | |
| αρπαχτή ή, | |
| έστω και | |
| θεωρητικά, | |
| την | |
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| 3;η | |
| του Κράτους | |
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| συναποτελοa | |
| 3;ν. | |
| Κάτι τέτοιο | |
| δεν μπορεί | |
| να γίνει | |
| παρά μόνο σε | |
| βάρος της | |
| οικονομίας. | |
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| μπορεί να | |
| φτιάξει το | |
| Κράτος που | |
| να μην είναι | |
| βάρος για | |
| την | |
| κοινωνία; Η | |
| ίδια η | |
| έννοια της | |
| υποδομής | |
| οικονομικά | |
| σημαίνει | |
| ζημιά. Οι | |
| υποδομές | |
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| δεν | |
| παράγουν | |
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| ζημιές, οι | |
| οποίες | |
| καλύπτοντα_ | |
| 3; | |
| από τους | |
| φόρους που | |
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| μεσαία τάξη | |
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| δικαιολογή` | |
| 3;ουν | |
| λοιπόν όλοι | |
| όσοι | |
| κλέβουν | |
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| χρήματα την | |
| κλοπή, | |
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| συνδέσουν | |
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| την | |
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| φέρνουν | |
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| τις | |
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| οποίοι | |
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| γράφουν | |
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| να | |
| παρασιτούν). | |
| Υπάρχει | |
| κανείς να | |
| πιστεύει | |
| ότι το | |
| κόστος ενός | |
| κρατικού | |
| δρόμου | |
| είναι το | |
| ίδιο με το | |
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| ιδιωτικού; | |
| Οι κρατικές | |
| υποδομές | |
| είναι | |
| σπατάλη | |
| χρημάτων | |
| και | |
| τρώγοντας | |
| την | |
| αποταμίευσ_ | |
| 1; | |
| υπονομεύου_ | |
| 7; | |
| την | |
| ανάπτυξη. | |
| Στην | |
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| μόνο ένα | |
| πράγμα, η | |
| ελευθερία | |
| κινήσεων | |
| και η | |
| μικρότερη | |
| φορολογία. | |
| Τι μπορεί να | |
| προσφέρει | |
| ένας | |
| κρατικιστή` | |
| 2; | |
| εδώ; Είναι | |
| δυνατόν η | |
| Ταίβάν να | |
| προσέλκυσε | |
| επενδυτές | |
| λέγοντας | |
| "ελάτε εδώ θα | |
| σας | |
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| 5;με | |
| για να σας τα | |
| πάρουμε" ή | |
| "ελάτε εδώ | |
| για να | |
| κάνετε ό,τι | |
| σας λέμε | |
| εμείς"; | |
| Επομένως | |
| εάν πήγαν | |
| επενδύσεις | |
| στην Ταϊβάν | |
| πήγαν όχι | |
| "λόγω του | |
| Κράτους" | |
| αλλά επειδή | |
| μειώθηκε το | |
| Κράτος. | |
| Αυτός είναι | |
| νόμος του | |
| σύμπαντος, | |
| όπως η | |
| βαρύτητα | |
| και τα | |
| μαθηματικά. | |
| Κανείς δεν | |
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| επενδύσει | |
| για να τον | |
| γαμήσουν. | |
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| κρατικιστέ` | |
| 2;, | |
| να γαμήσουν | |
| τους | |
| παραγωγούς | |
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| κονομήσουν. | |
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| μπορούν να | |
| προσελκύσο` | |
| 5;ν | |
| επενδύσεις | |
| οι | |
| κρατικιστέ` | |
| 2;. | |
| Όσο για το | |
| έθεσε | |
| προτεραιότ_ | |
| 1;τες | |
| τι να πει | |
| κανείς; | |
| Αυθαίρετα | |
| τιμώρησε | |
| μια | |
| επιχειρημα` | |
| 4;ική | |
| δραστηριότ_ | |
| 1;τα | |
| σε όφελος | |
| άλλης; Όταν η | |
| αγορά σου | |
| λέει ότι αν | |
| επενδύσεις | |
| σε έναν | |
| κλάδο θα | |
| έχεις κέρδη | |
| 10% και σε | |
| άλλον κλάδο | |
| 20%, τι νόημα | |
| έχει το να | |
| θέσει η | |
| εξουσία τις | |
| παραγωγικέ` | |
| 2; | |
| προτεραιότ_ | |
| 1;τες | |
| του λαού; | |
| [quote] and created a higher number of peasants whom, with the | |
| help of the state, increased the agricultural output | |
| dramatically.[/quote] | |
| Τι έκανε το | |
| Κράτος; | |
| Έβαλε τους | |
| δεητζήδες | |
| να σκάβουν; | |
| Φορολήστεψ^ | |
| 9; | |
| τους | |
| μικρομεσαί_ | |
| 9;υς | |
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| Κράτος | |
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| το | |
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| της βίας για | |
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| τον πλούτο. | |
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| δυνατόν να | |
| λέγεται για | |
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| 2; | |
| οργάνωση | |
| που | |
| χρησιμοποι^ | |
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| το | |
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| της βίας για | |
| να κλέβει | |
| τον πλούτο | |
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| ανάσες | |
| ρευστότητα` | |
| 2; | |
| στην | |
| οικονομία; | |
| Ό,τι | |
| ενισχύει | |
| την | |
| αγροτική | |
| παραγωγή; | |
| Ό,τι | |
| συμβάλλει | |
| στην | |
| ανάπτυξη | |
| και τη | |
| δημιουργία | |
| νέων θέσεων | |
| εργασίας; | |
| Ο Χρυσός | |
| πάντως | |
| μείωσε την | |
| ισχύ του | |
| Κράτους. Δεν | |
| μπορούσε το | |
| Κράτος να | |
| τυπώνει | |
| χρήμα για | |
| τον εαυτό | |
| του και να | |
| αγοράζει με | |
| άχρηστα | |
| χαρτιά τον | |
| πλούτο των | |
| παραγωγών. | |
| Αυτό | |
| θέλουμε και | |
| εμείς στην | |
| Ελλάδα: | |
| λιγότερο | |
| Κράτος = | |
| περισσότερ_ | |
| 9;ς | |
| πλουτος. | |
| ***************************************************** |