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#Post#: 3700--------------------------------------------------
Esau and Jacob?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: January 26, 2021, 11:43 pm
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OLD CONTENT
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20548923.2018.1443547
[quote]This paper presents new results of an interdisciplinary
investigation of the diet and subsistence strategies of
populations living in the North-Pontic region during the
Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3800 BC to the 2500
BC). New organic residue analyses of >200 sherds from five
Eneolithic sites and two Early Bronze Age settlements are
presented. The molecular and stable isotope results are
discussed in relation to zooarchaeological evidence. Overall,
the findings suggest that each community relied on either a
hunting- or a husbandry-based subsistence strategy dependent
upon the ecosystem in which they settled; horses and wild
animals dominated subsistence in the forest-steppe communities
in contrast to ruminant husbandry in the steppe.
...
�A special type of economy - the pastoralism - with herding
predominant has formed in the steppe� (Kuzmina 2003, 203).
However, zooarchaeological evidence is particularly scarce in
this area and during this period, which means that the extent of
animal domestication and dietary habits of the North Black Sea
communities remain poorly understood. Consequently, there is an
ongoing discussion concerning several aspects of the subsistence
economy (Rassamakin 1999, 129�32).
...
Conclusions
This research provided significant new insights into the
communities lived in the North-Pontic region during the
transitional periods of the Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age.
The main findings are that:
1. There was a considerable variation of animal exploitation in
the forest-steppe sites compared to the steppe sites, confirming
the results of previous researches (Outram et al. 2012; Lillie,
Budd, and Potekhina 2011).
2. Despite the complications (i.e. peculiar soil and mixed
archaeological layers), the zooarchaeological analyses are
largely consistent with the lipid residue findings.
3. The lipid residues revealed that ruminant dairy products were
exploited by the communities of the steppe from the
Mid-Eneolithic period (MikhailovkaI site). This suggests that
these communities were pastoralists possessing a sophisticated
knowledge of animal domestication. According to the
zooarchaeological record for this site, animal husbandry became
the primary subsistence strategy in the 4th millennium BC. At
first, the livestock consisted mainly of sheep and goats, with a
shift to cattle only detected with appearance of the Yamnaya
culture (3100 BC onwards).
4. The forest-steppe appears to have been populated by
hunters-fishers as the two investigated sites (Molyukhov-Bugor
and Dereivka) displayed a predominance of wild animals, fish and
horse remains (Rassamakin 1999; Lillie, Budd, and Potekhina
2011).
5. The Molyukhov-Bugor site revealed a higher percentage of
cattle bones and lipid residues of ruminant origin, suggesting
that dietary habits were more varied compared to Dereivka,
further suggesting that specialised substance practices can
exist between sites even within the same, or similar, region.
The latter dietary difference can be explained by a possible
greater influence of the Tripolye culture to the closer
Molyukhov-Bugor community, a suggestion also supported by the
greater number of Tripolye imports discovered in Molyukhov-Bugor
in comparison to Dereivka.
6. Significant exploitation of horses was confirmed in the
region. The lipid residues revealed that the two Mid-Eneolithic
forest-steppe communities exploited horses extensively. The
steppe communities also exploited horses but to a much lesser
degree.
7. Finally, a curious enrichment in δ13C16:0 values toward
heavier carbon isotope values (increasing C4 plants?) was
detected, especially associated with the residues with a
ruminant dairy fat origin. The latter might be related to a
seasonal effect and/or to greater summer aridity (Evershed et
al. 2008) and/or seasonal pastoralism (Rassamakin 1999).[/quote]
As I read about the differences between forest-steppe (more
hunting) and steppe (mostly herding), I immediately remembered
the Tanakh story of Isaac's two sons.
www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5846-esau
[quote]The real meaning of "Esau" is unknown, the usual
explanation "densely haired" (= "wooded") being very
improbable.[/quote]
Bingo!
For reference:
www.rusnature.info/reg/11_1.htm
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