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                   I'm ambivilent about network neutrality

I've been wanting to write this for a few months now (and the orginal intent
was to write it for the other site [1] but I'm not sure if Smirk would agree
with me) but since Jason Kottke [2] linked to Craig “Craigslist.org”
Newmark's article [3] on the subject, I figured it was time.

Net neutrality.

Obligatory Sidebar Links

* Wikipedia: Network Neutrality [4]
* Hands off the Internet [5]—against network neutrality
* Save the Internet [6]—for network neutrality
* We Are the Web [7]—for network neutrality


Should the network be neutral in the traffic it transports, or can it
prioritize the data depending upon content, destination, or both? It's an
argument with proponents on both sides of the issue and it pretty much breaks
down into individuals and small companies wanting neutrality, while the large
multinational corporations want to shape the traffic.

Me?

I personally would like to see a neutral Internet, but I also see no problem
with companies doing what they want to network traffic they carry. What I
don't want to see is government regulation of what can and can't be done on
the Internet. And generally, I feel the whole movement is moot anyway,
because the net will always be neutral.

How?

Economic, my dear Watson.

Data is transfered across the Internet using the Internet Protocol, IP
(Internet Protocol). To transfer a file, it's broken up into small bundles of
data called packets, wrapped with a source address (where it's coming from)
and a destination address (where it's going to), and pumped out through some
piece of hardware (an Ethernet card, USB (Universal Serial Bus), serial line,
T-1, OC-3, heck, IP packets can even be transported using avian carriers [8])
to another device that's closer to the destination [9]. That device then
takes the packet, looks at the destination address, and pumps the packet out
some hardware port to another device that's closer, and the process repeats
until the destination is reached, on average, in less than 20 such hops [1]
[10].

Now, the closer to the “core” you get, the more packets a router (a dedicated
device to sling packets around) has to handle. To this end, most routers have
hardware dedicated to slinging the packets around, and since the destination
address is at a fixed point on the IP packet, it's easy (relatively speaking)
to make dedicated hardware for this function. And it's important this be
fast, because a core router may be handing 50,000 packets a second (the
router The Company's traffic flows through handles about 4,000 packets a
second) and comparing each destination address against a routing table with
perhaps 200,000 possible destinations. Assuming a binary search on the
routing table, that's 17 comparisons on average per packet (18 max), times
50,000 packets per second, or 850,000 comparisons per second, or about one
comparison per µsecond [2] [11].

But the second other criteria are added to the routing entries, fewer packets
can be processed on a given router. Say you want certain source addresses to
be routed over faster links. Now, not only do you have to scan the
destination address, but the source address as well. But the dedicated
hardware in routers are only there for scanning destination addresses—
scanning other parts of the packet require the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
in the router to handle the packet.

Ouch.

And scanning deeper into the IP packet, say, for a TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) port (like TCP port 80, which is the default port HTTP (HyperText
Transport Protocol) runs over) requires some additional processing to locate
the TCP header, since the IP header is variable in length.

Ouch.

And then there's the administrative overhead.

Oh yes, maintaining a list of “fast addresses” (say, to partnering networks)
isn't free. There's overhead in maintaining the list. There's overhead in
distributing the list to all the routers across a network. There's overhead
in troubleshooting: “Why did the packets go there?”—a few hours later—“So,
which is more important, streaming video from Viacom [12] to AT&T [13] or
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) from AT&T to Verizon [14]?”—a few days
later—“But if we do that, that impacts the data from Sprint [15], who just
signed a major deal with us.”

Ouch.

And my example there assumes that AT&T hasn't already bought Verizon. Heck,
in these days of multinational mergers it's hard to know who owns what [16];
just the politics of running a non-neutral network is mind-boggling to me,
never mind the technical aspects of it.

A simple network is cheaper to run. A simple network is faster too.

Cheaper to run. Faster. Higher profit margin. I would think this would be a
no brainer.

Oh, and did I mention that the current version of IP, which was designed over
thirty years ago, has a field for “Quality of Service” which is rarely, if
ever, actually used? Why? A few reasons:

 1. The most commonly used network API (Application Programming Interface),
    the one from BSD Unix, never had a way for applications to set this
    field.
 2. It slows down a router (see above).
 3. It's an administrative nightmare. Heck, BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), a
    routing protocol between networks, is an administrative nightmare and
    that's just dealing with destination addresses—it doesn't deal with
    quality of services at all.
 4. There's no guarentee that the network you send traffic to even supports
    “Quality of Service.”

It's been found over and over again that it's cheaper and easier to make
faster routers than to implement quality of service across the network.

So I'm of the opinion—let the big boys waste their money on smart networks.
Let them learn the hard way that a stupid network [17] is, in the long term,
better.

And that's why I'm not really concerned about network neutrality. The market
will sort it out.

[  1] I tried finding an actual number for the average number of hops across
    the Internet [18] but the only numbers I could find (about 15) were for
    1999–2000 with nothing more recent. Given the growth since then, I'll
    play it safe and say the average is no more than 20. [back] [19]
[  2] And it wouldn't surprise me if I'm underestimating the number of packets
    per second by an order of magnitude. [back] [20]

Update on Friday, March 30^th, 2007

Added a link to Wikipedia [21], and a small addendum to this entry [22].


[1] http://www.saltminechronicles.com/
[2] http://www.kottke.org/remainder/07/03/13115.html
[3] http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/06/09/newmark.internet/index.html
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality
[5] http://handsoff.org/blog/
[6] http://www.savetheinternet.com/
[7] http://www.wearetheweb.org/videos.html
[8] http://www.blug.linux.no/rfc1149/
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_world_experiment#Basic_Procedure
[10] gopher://gopher.conman.org/0Phlog:2007/03/29.3
[11] gopher://gopher.conman.org/0Phlog:2007/03/29.3
[12] http://www.viacom.com/
[13] http://www.att.com/
[14] http://www.verizon.com/
[15] http://www.sprint.com/
[16] http://www.eccentricflower.com/cgi-bin/lucien?tuned/1997&seq=1026
[17] http://www.isen.com/stupid.html
[18] http://cf23.clusty.com/search?query=average%20number%20of%20hops%20on%20the%20internet&
[19] gopher://gopher.conman.org/0Phlog:2007/03/29.3
[20] gopher://gopher.conman.org/0Phlog:2007/03/29.3
[21] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality
[22] gopher://gopher.conman.org/0Phlog:2007/03/30.1

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