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                           Radio Waves & Life
                              by Tom Jaski
                      Electronics - September 1960

        In a  recent  editorial (August, 1959), Hugo Gernsback called
   for a serious reappraisal of the  effects  of radio waves on human
   and animal physiology.  In view of the almost casual  use of high-
   power radar and industrial RF (radio frequency) heating equipment,
   this is certainly a timely word of warning.

        It is  not  surprising  then  that  the  Air Force is already
   keenly aware of these problems, and has a number of projects under
   way to discover the exact effects  of  high-intensity radar pulses
   and microwaves on  human  and animal tissue.  These  projects  are
   being carried out  at our major universities, each specializing in
   one particular frequency.   For   example,   the  project  at  the
   University of California,  under  the direction of  Prof.  Charles
   Susskind, is primarily  investigating  the  effects  of 3-CM radar
   energy.  Test subjects are mice, ants, and yeast cells.

   Thermal Effects

        Of great   importance,   and    therefore   under   intensive
   investigation, are the  thermal effects of such waves,  and  these
   have been measured rather precisely under a variety of conditions.

        Using mice  as  subjects, it was found that near-lethal doses
   of radiation do  not seem to cause  any  pathological  changes  in
   them, and that the lethal effect is primarily an overtaxing of the
   mice's temperature-balancing system.  It was found  that the major
   heating effect took  place  immediately  under  the  skin,  but of
   course heat generated  there is rapidly  distributed  through  the
   body.  The temperature of the mice was monitored continuously.

        The photograph  shows  zoologist Susan Prausnitz  monitoraing
   the temperature of  a  mouse  suspended  in the wire cage right in
   front of the waveguide just visible  on  the  left.   The mouse is
   slowly rotated to  insure  even  radiation over the  entire  body.
   Death occurred in  50%  of the mice when a critical temperature of
   44.1 Centrigrade  was reached.

        Other interesting findings include  the fact that radar waves
   appear to have no significant effect on the fertility  of the male
   mice.  The effects of radar waves on the longevity of the mice are
   currently being investigated.

        An intensive   series  of  experiments  was  carried  out  on
   cellular organisms, such as yeast  cells,  but, other than showing
   thermal effects, the  experiments  with  insects   such   as  ants
   delivered relatively minor data.



                                 Page 1




        But one  interesting  item  which  emerged was that the ants,
   normally moving every which way, in a Petri dish, will all line up
   in a 3-CM field, aligning their  antennas  parallel  to the field,
   apparently to minimize the effects.

        The project is continuing, and more research  on  mice,  ants
   and other animals  is contemplated.  Psychological effects will be
   looked into.  One promising item  in  the ant experiments was that
   the ants which  were  exposed  to 3-CM waves apparently  lost  the
   ability, at least  temporarily,  to communicate the source of food
   to their fellows, as ants usually do.

        It may be significant that the  large ants used have antennas
   which measure very nearly one-fourth the wavelength  of  the  3-CM
   radiation.

        Incidentally, mice  are  so  frequently used for this kind of
   experiment because they are easily  handled,  easily  obtained and
   relatively inexpensive, while their physiology and metabolism bear
   a useful resemblance to human counterparts in some ways.  The life
   span of a mouse is limited, permitting experimenters  to  evaluate
   genetic effects over several generations.

        Meanwhile other  service  branches  are carrying out research
   programs concerned with the effects of radio waves on animal life,
   not necessarily limited to radar frequencies.

        A public announcement by scientists at the National Institute
   for Neurological Diseases concerning the LETHAL EFFECTS  of 388-MC
   radio waves on monkeys also shows there is great interest in other
   frequencies and effects BESIDES THERMAL.

   Some Early Reports

        As long ago as 1930, Nrunori  claims  to  have  seen evidence
   that the human organism "radiates" and "reacts to"  radio waves of
   2.33 meters and  its harmonics - in other words: 129, 258, 387 and
   596 MC (megacycles i.e. million cycles per second).

        This brings to mind the work  of a man who started publishing
   articles on this  kind  of  subject more than 35  years  ago.   An
   Italian university professor   named   Cazzamalli   placed   human
   subjects in a  shielded  room, subjected  them  to  high-frequency
   radio waves, and claimed to be able to record a "beat"  which,  he
   RECEIVED ON A  SIMPLE  UNTUNED  RECEIVER  consisting  of  a galena
   crystal, a small capacitor, antenna  and  sensitive  galvanometer.
   Cazzamalli's equipment, as well as it can be determined  from  his
   early articles, is shown in Fig. 1.

        The one  item  which  he  never  mentions, perhaps because he
   could not accurately  determine   it,   is   the   POWER   OF  HIS
   TRANSMITTER.

        He published oscillograms purportedly showing  VARIATIONS  of
   the "beats" when  his subjects were EMOTIONALLY AROUSED OR ENGAGED
   IN CREATIVE EFFORTS.

        Later experiments delivered  much  more startling results: he
   found that some  of  his  subjects  would  HALLUCINATE  under  the
   influence of the  high-frequency radio waves, which ranged all the
   way up to 300 MC.
                                 Page 2




        The Cazzamalli  experiments  were  carefully  duplicated with
   modern equipment, of  much  greater  sensitivity  than  his.   His
   "oscillatori telegrafica" (presumably a transmitter  as  used  for
   wireless telegraphy) was  replaced  with  a  very modest low-power
   oscillator.  The reason for this was twofold.

        In the first place, university  authorities  take  a very dim
   view of experiments  on human beings, even if these  subjects  are
   the scientists themselves, volunteering for the part.

        Second, a  previous  experiment  had  indicated  in  a rather
   startling way that POWER WAS NOT  REQUIRED TO EVOKE EFFECTS IN THE
   HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM.  In fact, there seemed to  be  SOME  SORT OF
   RESONANT FREQUENCY APPLICABLE TO EACH INDIVIDUAL HUMAN.

   Effects on Humans

        That experiment  was suggested by the behavior of the monkeys
   we cited.  These animals went through a sequence of behavior which
   would indicate that  something   besides   thermal   effects   was
   operating.

        To discover  if this "something" was subjectively  noticeable
   by an individual,  a weak oscillator swept through the band of 300
   to 600 MC with the request that the subject indicate any points at
   which he might notice anything unusual.   The  subjects  were  not
   allowed to see the dial.

        AT A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY BETWEEN 380 TO 500 MC FOR DIFFERENT
   SUBJECTS, they repeatedly   indicated   a   point    with   ALMOST
   UNBELIEVABLE ACCURACY (as many as 14 out of 15 times).

        Subsequent experiments  with the same subjects showed that at
   the "individual" frequency, STRANGE  THINGS  WERE  FELT.  Asked to
   describe the experience, all subjects agreed there  was a definite
   "pulsing" in the  brain,  ringing  in the ears and a DESIRE TO PUT
   THEIR TEETH INTO THE NEAREST EXPERIMENTER.

        The oscillator in this case  was  putting out only MILLIWATTS
   OF POWER, and WAS PLACED SEVERAL FEET FROM THE SUBJECT.

   Optical and Growth Effects

        It was  not  the  first  time  that such phenomena  had  been
   observed.  Van Everdingen,  a Dutch scientist, had discovered many
   years ago that radiation would affect  the  heartbeat  of  chicken
   embryos, when he  was  experimenting  with  the effects  of  high-
   frequency radiation on  growth  (specifically  working  toward any
   effect it might have on malignant growths).

        Van Everdingen used 1,875 MC and 3,000 MC and discovered that
   this kind of radiation WOULD CHANGE  THE  OPTICAL  PROPERTIES OF A
   GLYCOGEN SOLUTION.

        Glycogen is  a  substance  which  provides our  muscles  with
   energy!  Van Everdingen   found   that   this  change  of  optical
   polarization had some CONNECTION  WITH TUMOR GROWTH.  He proceeded
   to RE-ROTATE THE  POLARIZATION  IN EXTRACTS OBTAINED  FROM  TUMOR-
   PRODUCING MICE.


                                 Page 3




        When this  optically  "pure" substance was injected into mice
   with malignant tumors, and these  mice were kept on a diet free of
   animal fats, THE  TUMORS WOULD CEASE TO GROW.  Only  radiation  at
   UHF (ultra-high) or SHF (super-high frequency) would produce these
   effects in the substances he used.

        But Van  Everdingen  was  not  the  only  one  who discovered
   important facts about radiation on  living tissues.  Years before,
   a Frenchman name  Lakhovsky  claimed to have removed  tumors  from
   patients with high-frequency  radiation  treatments, and his book,
   THE SECRET OF  LIFE,  has a number  of  attestations  in  it  from
   grateful patients who were cured.

        Lakhovsky stated  that  healthy  plant growth  is  materially
   aided BY PLACING  A  COPPER  RING  ABOUT  8 INCHES IN DIAMETER and
   supported on an insulating wooden stick (Fig. 2) AROUND THE PLANT.

        So-called tumerous growths on plants disappeared withing such
   a ring.  Lakhovsky's experiment  with  plants  has been duplicated
   successfully.  But then we should also note that  the same kind of
   thing has been  done  by  a  group  of devout citizens using GROUP
   PRAYER!

        But the  people  who have published  the  most  data  on  the
   subject of UHF radiation effects on animals and human subjects are
   the Russians.  In  BIOFISICA,  the Russian biophysics  journal,  a
   scientist named Livshits  published  two  survery  articles on the
   work that had been in this field  by  1958 and 1959.  They are too
   extensive to repeat  in great detail here, but some  of  the  more
   impressive highlights will be reported.

        Many experiments were carried out on animals with conditioned
   reflexes, and one  by  Glezer  showed  that a WEAK UHF FIELD would
   INHIBIT THE CONDITIONED REFLEX, indicating that some inhibition of
   the cortex was taking place.

        As in  Van  Everdingen's  experiment   with   chicken   eggs,
   Pardzhanidze showed that  the  EEG's  of rabbits were  DRASTICALLY
   CHANGED WHEN THE  ANIMALS WERE SUBJECTED TO A UHF FIELD.  Bludova,
   Kurilova and Tikhonova showed that  the field produced AN INCREASE
   OF SENSITIVITY IN THE RETINA, and simultaneously  REDUCED THE AREA
   OF COLOR SENSITIVITY.

        It is  interesting to speculate how this would correlate with
   the Land effects.  (Land,  of  Polaroid  camera  fame,  has  shown
   recently that our concepts of three-color vision  seems  to depend
   primarily on the   presence   of  two  images  STIMULATED  BY  TWO
   DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES OF LIGHT!)

        Turlygin similarly showed that the sensitivity of the eyes of
   dark-adapted subjects at marginal  levels was INCREASED AS MUCH AS
   100% BY THE PRESENCE OF A UHF FIELD.

   Nerve Effects

        Of importance  in  the  light of Lakhovsky's  claims  is  the
   experiment by Grigoreva,  who  showed  that short exposures to UHF
   would EXPEDITE THE  REGROWTH  OF   SEVERED   NERVE  TISSUE,  while
   prolonged exposure would SUPPRESS THE REGROWTH.


                                 Page 4




        A fact  discovered  many  years  ago is that a UHF field will
   have an ANALGESIC (pain-reducing)  effect on nerves, and radiation
   therapy of patients  with  painful diseases such as  arthritis  is
   fairly common practice here and abroad.

        If the  field  gets very intense, the situation reverses, and
   the effects on the nerves can be extremely painful, as Lebedinskii
   reports.

        Numerous experiments  are   cited   which   deal   with   the
   simultaneous effects of  various  kinds of drugs,  stimulants  and
   toxins, and UHF  fields.   Many  of  these deal with very specific
   reactions and conditions, and any  generalization  would be rather
   meaningless.  One particularly  was  of interest  because  of  its
   relation to the  experiments of the late Pavlov, the father of the
   conditioned reflex.

        This experiment shows that the  field INCREASES THE SECRETION
   OF HISTAMINE IN THE STOMACH, and in related experiments  that  the
   secretion of digestive  juice which was artificially stimulated by
   such drugs as atropine is MATERIALLY REDUCED BY THE FIELD.

        Closer to home, we find that  Hugh  Fleming  at  Oregon State
   College carried out  experiments on the effects of  HIGH-FREQUENCY
   EFFECTS ON MICROORGANISMS.   Fleming used radiation at frequencies
   varying from 10 meters to 90 CM (30 to 270 MC).

        One result was that the RATE OF GROWTH OF CELLS WILL INCREASE
   to a certain power level, and then will SHARPLY DECREASE.

        TIME OF EXPOSURE and CONDUCTIVITY OF THE MEDIUM are IMPORTANT
   VARIABLES (as was also discovered  by  Van  Everdingen,  who  also
   found the VISCOSITY OF THE MEDIUM to be MOST IMPORTANT).

   Summing it up

        Now what  does  all  this  mean  in terms of Mr.  Gernsback's
   warning statement?

        If you  consider  the  few  items  we have been able to quote
   (more detail can  be  found  in   the   articles   cited   in  the
   bibliographhy), it is obvious that WE ARE IN SOME  WAY SUSCEPTIBLE
   TO RADIO WAVES,  and  that  our  susceptibility  IS  NOT NECESSARY
   LIMITED TO A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY.  Nor are large amounts of power
   required to produce some of the effects within us.

        But precisely what these effects  are,  we  understand not at
   all.  Van Everdingen points out that the possibility  of molecular
   resonance, AFFECTING THE CHEMICAL BONDS in our very substance.

        The egg   experiments   certainly   indicate   some  sort  of
   interference with the cortex (our  "gray matter") which MAY AFFECT
   OUR THINKING AND  OUT  CONTROL OVER THE "BASER" DRIVES  (generally
   considered to be generated in the lower sections of the brain, but
   normally controlled or inhibited by the cortex).

        Our physiological  functions,  such  as  our  digestion,  our
   ability to see and recover from  damage  when  nerves are involved
   may well be  drastically affected if we are subjected  to  a  high
   enough power level.

                                 Page 5




        Tumors may  be  inhibited  BY THE PROPER KIND OF RADIO WAVERS
   yet, in other cases, particularly  when  coupled  with the "wrong"
   kind of DIET,  radiation  may also PROMOTE THE GROWTH  OF  TUMORS.
   (This too was demonstrated by Van Everdingen in Holland).

        WE DO  NOT KNOW IF OUR LONGEVITY WILL BE AFFECTED.  Certainly
   we should consider  the  possibility   that   there  may  be  SOME
   RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE  INCREASE  OF CANCER AND  THE  AMOUNT  OF
   RADIATION we indiscriminately spew into the atmosphere.

        Or even  that  there  may  be  some  connection  between that
   radiation and our SHARPLY INCREASING CRIME RATES.

        We simply do not know enough  about  the  effects,  but  what
   little we do know would tend to make Mr. Gernsback's  warning  all
   the more urgent.

        For while  there  is nothing lethal about the doses of radio-
   frequency energy we absorb daily, neither is there anything lethal
   in the STEADY DRIP OF WATER ON  A  MAN'S  FOREHEAD  -  but  it was
   effectively used by medieval torturers to drive him completely out
   of his mind.

        Perhaps we have a responsibility to mankind,  before  we fill
   in all the  gaps  in  the radio spectrum, to discover once and for
   all if we are affecting human life  on this planet.  And if so, in
   what manner, as we finally had to do for another  surprise  out of
   Pandora's box, man-made radioactivity.

   ------------------------------------------------------------------

     We felt  this would be of extreme interest to our users since it
     provided such a wealth of detail  as to frequencies and specific
     effects.  It is directly related to Mind Control techniques as
     we have seen from other papers.  These will be included if we
     can get the authors permission to type it all in.

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                                 Page 6




   References

   F. Cazzamalli - "Electromagnetic Radiation Phenomena from Human
                    Cerebrum During Intense Activity of Creative
                    Artistic Nature", Neurologica, 1935.

                 - "Experiments, Discussions and Problems of
                    Biophysics of Cerebrum",
                    Quaderni Di Psichiatria, 1929.

                 - "Telepsychic Phenomena and Radiation from
                    Cerebrum", Neurologica, 1923.

                 - "About a Phenomenon of Cerebropsychic Radiation
                    and Biophysical Methods of Exploring It,"
                    Neuropsychiatrica, 1934.

   W.A.G. Van Everdingen

                 - "Molecular Changes of Structure Resulting from
                    Irradiation with Hertzian Waves of Frequency of
                    1875 MC,"
                    Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Nov. 40'

                 - "Molecular Changes and Modifications of Structure
                    Resulting from Radiation with Hertzian Waves of
                    Wavelength of 10 CM (frequency 3000 MC),"
                    Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Jul. 41'

                 - "Changes in Physiochemical Nature of Organic Bonds
                    by Irradiation, Mostly in Connection with the
                    Cancer Problem,"
                    Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Feb. 43'
   K. F. Grishina

                 - "Importance of Certain Points of Methods in Local
                    Response of Tissues to Centimeter Waves,"
                    Biophyzika, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 358-362, 1958

   B. S. Jacobson, S. B. Prausnitz and C. Susskind

                 - "Investigation of Thermal Balance in Mammals by
                    Means of Microwave Radiation,"
                    Transactions on Medical Electronics
                    Proceedings of the IRE, June, 1959

   Frank, Leary

                 - "Researching Microwave Health Hazards,"
                    Electronics, February, 1959
   N. N. Livshits

                 - "Role of Nervous System in Reactions to
                    Ultra-High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,"
                    Biofizika, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1957
                    (has a 96-item bibliography)

                 - "Effects of Ultra-High-Frequency Field on
                    Functions of Nervous Systems,"
                    Biofizika, Vol. 3, No. 4 pp. 426-436, 1958

                                 Page 7




   A. S. Pressman

                 - "Methods of Experimentally Irradiating Small
                    Animals with Centimeter Waves,"
                    Biofizika, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 354-358, 1958

   Hugh Fleming

                 - "Effects of High-Frequency Fields on
                    Micro-Organisms,"
                    Electrical Engineering, pp. 18-21, Jan. 1944

   N. Nrunori and S. Torrisi

                 - "Ultra-High-Frequency Electromagnetic Vibrations,
                    Their Effects on Living Organisms,"
                    American Journal of Physical Therapy, Jun. 1930

   P. Liebesy

                 - "Athermic Short Wave Therapy,"
                    Archives of Physical Therapy, December, 1938







































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