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APPLE II DEVELOPMENT FORUM CONFERENCE LOG
September 12, 1989   10:00 pm Eastern Time
Topic:  BASIC Programming
Forum Leader:  Gary Jacobson (AFA Gary J)


AFA Gary J Welcome to the Apple II Development Forum.
AFA Gary J Tonight's topic is BASIC programming.  We'll be using Forum
          protocol starting
AFA Gary J NOW, so if you have a question, type a "?" on a line by itself,
          or if you have
AFA Gary J a comment on the current topic, type a "!" on a line by itself.
AFA Gary J So, does anyone have any questions to start the night out with?
AFA Gary J (We can get off the topic if there are no other questions, but
          lets let the
AFA Gary J people with BASIC programming questions take precidence)
AFA Gary J Ok, Danny, you're up first.  GA
AFA DannyH with all the other compiled languages, do you feel Basic has a
          future?
AFA Gary J GA, Coach.
Coach101   I think BASIC.SYSTEM is bad since it is 8-bit and denies a lot
          of
Coach101   things to the user.  But GS-Basic or some other 16-bit Basic
          probably
Coach101   has a futuer as a K-12 introdunction to programming language.
          GA
AFA Gary J Do you have something you want to add, Cornman?  GA
Cornman GS True, but BASIC.SYSTEM is also made for older 8-bit machines. If
Cornman GS Apple were to totally "drop" (they never will, I think) the old
          8
Cornman GS bitters, then I think they should develop a IIGS.BASIC.SYSTEM.
          GA
AFA DannyH wouldn't it be better to teach Pascal rather than Basic? Basic is
          kind of
AFA DannyH contorted to say nothing of limited
Coach101   There is an Apple GSBasic.  It is just not a supported product and
          has not
AFA Gary J Q = Danny (Coach), JDavies, Richard LT
Coach101   been updated since the days of ProDos-16.  I would just like to
          see
Cornman GS You mean GS/OS
Coach101   people learn the GS on a language that is appropriate to the power
          of
Coach101   the GS.  GSBasic is more powerful than BASIC.SYSTEM.   ga
AFA Gary J I think that BASIC won't die out for a while, at least, simply
          because
AFA Gary J there are still MANY machines that are shipped with BASIC with
          them (IBM's,
AFA DannyH what about Pacal instead of Basic? everyone I tallk to says get
          out of Basic
AFA DannyH and get into Pascal
AFA Gary J and IBM clones, even, as well as AppleSoft BASIC right in ROM on
          Apple II's)
Coach101   awk
Cornman GS No! Get into Assembly!
Cornman GS hehehe
AFA Gary J GA, Marty
AFL Marty  The recommendation of Pascal is probably because Pascal is a
          more
AFL Marty  structured language than traditional BASIC.  There are versions of
          BASIC
AFL Marty  however that come very close to this same kind of structure.
          ZBasic and
AFL Marty  Micol Advanced BASIC (both 8 and 16 bit versions) are very
          structured
AFL Marty  in comparison to AppleSoft.
AFL Marty  done
AFA Gary J GA, Cornman
Cornman GS One thing I would like to point out, even though this is not on
          the
Cornman GS subject, it's about how Programmers and Developers choose to use
Cornman GS high order language instead of Assembly which would GREATLY
Cornman GS increase speed & efficincy (I can't spell!).  For example,
Cornman GS If you have Rocket Ranger, type Control-Reset when it's loaded
Cornman GS and you'll see the Pascal.  You'll also notice Rocket Ranger
Cornman GS is SLOW in animation.  GA
AFA Gary J GA Doctor
Doctor Why Basic will always be around because it is...basic. It allows
          people who are not
Doctor Why interested in programming write simple programs. For those people
          who have
Cornman GS Hiya A2GS
Doctor Why an interest in programming, then languages like Pascal become
          attractive.
Doctor Why GA
AFA Gary J GA, Marty
AFL Marty  The implication in Cornman's statement is that the code produced
          by
AFL Marty  a compiled BASIC is inherently slow and inefficient.  This is not
          necessarily
A2GS       Hi Cornman GS!
AFL Marty  the case.
AFL Marty  I know that ZBasic, for instance, is capable of producing very
          fast
AFL Marty  code that is suitable for the production of commercial software.
          As a matter
AFL Marty  of fact, RepairWorks was written entirely in ZBasic.
AFL Marty  done
AFA Gary J GA with your rebuttle, Cornman  :)
Cornman GS Do ya remember Nucleus?  That was written in Assembly by the
Cornman GS french team.  Anyway, there would be NO WAY that that could
Cornman GS be written in anything other than assembly.  I'm just saddened
Cornman GS that a lot of programmers and publishers don't WANT to use
Cornman GS assembly and rather use esier languages.  Yea, high order
Cornman GS languages are great but for those tasks that need high speed
Cornman GS processing, you have to program in Assembly or it will be
Cornman GS UNBEARIBLY slow.  Unless apple gets out of the gutter and
Cornman GS produces a faster IIgs.  GA
AFA Gary J GA, Marty
AFA Gary J (Leave it to Danny to stir things up  :)
AFL Marty  The point I was trying to make was that a compiled language
          isn't...
Cornman GS hehehe
AFL Marty  necessarily slower or inefficient.  As for the programmers, it has
          been
AFL Marty  my experience that most of them prefer programming in assembly
AFL Marty  language (a task which I loathe).
AFL Marty  done
A2GS       ! (I'll put in my 2 cents)
AFA Gary J GA, JDavies
A GibberFC (Retract my comment please)
JDavies1   The high level languages get compiled to assembly anyways... It's
          just the
JDavies1   translation is slopy.. the complier has its' ways of doing
          things..and
JDavies1   you could surely write faster and more efficent code in
          assembly..if you have
JDavies1   the time.
JDavies1   but alot of people like to have it easy that's why the toolbox is
          big and
JDavies1   languages like pascal and c are so popular..so why not write in a
          high level
JDavies1   language and use assembly as a resource if it's too slow...ga
AFA Gary J GA Coach
Coach101   As a programmer, my job is to translate an algorithm into a
          sequence
Coach101   of bytes that the machine can execute to accomplish the
          algorith.
Coach101   A higher level leanguage lets me spend more time concentrating on
          the
Coach101   algorithm and less time being concerned about the translattion.
          This
Coach101   has the effect of DRAMATICALLY reducing the number of errors in
          the
Coach101   resulting code, since the number of translation errors is reduced.
           As to
Coach101   the speed situation, in 20+ years of programming I have learned
          that
Coach101   most of the code (in terms of lines of code) has little bearing on
          the
Coach101   actual speed of execution.  Consequently, if the speed of a
          program
Coach101   is not what it needs to be for the program's intended prupose, I
          will go
Coach101   back and find the hot spots to convert them to assembler.  A
          programmer
Coach101   gets more alogorithm per hour coded in high level languages so, if
          I am
Coach101   paid for algorithms coded, I get more money for using higher
          level
Coach101   languages...      done,   and out of breath  :)
AFA Gary J :)  GA, A2GS
A2GS       Basically JDavies took most of my words right out of my mouth...
A2GS       But I think we should look at this 2 ways...1 if the program is
          not in
A2GS       absolute need of speed (ex. text based programs (word processors))
          then I
A2GS       don't have any real problem with having it written in a High level
          langauge
A2GS       AS LONG AS the program is reasonably useful at the resulting
          speed.
A2GS       2 Personally, I think professionally written programs SHOULD be
          written in
A2GS       assembly language, we're going for quality! and if the public is
          supposed
A2GS       to use it make it useful, I believe we can see in some of the
          programs, a good
A2GS       example are some games, which are inexcusably slow, how can anyone
          enjoy them
A2GS       if you have to wait for the character to be redrawn on the screen
          before you
A2GS       can go on plaing the game, and then have to wait for the character
          to be
A2GS       drawn again! GA
AFA DannyH But Coach, you speak of C and Pascal, how about Basic itself, does
          it have
Cornman GS FINALLY!
AFA DannyH merit or is it passe?
Cornman GS (gasp!)
AFA Gary J (I don't think anyone will argue the point that Arcade style
          games should
AFA Gary J probably be written in assembly)
AFA Gary J GA, Cornman
A2GS       (gulping AIR!)
Cornman GS I totally agree with A2GS, just one comment
Cornman GS Programs that use the Toolbox and windows and such SHOULD
Cornman GS be written in C or Pascal (maybe Assemby but that's a
Cornman GS little too hard).  As for games, it should be law that games
Cornman GS should be written in assembly.  Most games do a fairly
A2GS       (I can't resist)
Cornman GS good job at game speed, some are super (Zany Golf, Alien Mind
Cornman GS Arkanoid, etc.) and a lot of WAY too slow (like Rocket
A2GS       ARRRGHHH! (the game)
Cornman GS Ranger, Chestmaster 2100, etc.)
Cornman GS GA
Coach101   Nurse, bring two more bottles of oxygen   :)
AFA Gary J GA, Coach (then let's move on after A2GS's comment)
Cornman GS :) coach
Coach101   As to quality, many studies have shown that higher level
          languages
Coach101   produce higher quality (less bugs, not more speed) programs.
          Parik,
Coach101   The future of BASIC (where this whole thing started).  I coached
          9-11
Coach101   year olds in tackle footbal for 8 years.  I think that we should
          start
Coach101   teaching our children programming in primary school and I think
          BASIC
Coach101   is the appropriate tool for that.  I like it over PASCAL because
          it is
Coach101   constrained enough to keep the inquisitive mind under control
          and
Cornman GS (Real Short one)
Cornman GS :)
Coach101   channeled to the task at hand.   ga
AFA Gary J (Sure, Cornman :)  GA, Scott
Cornman GS Just going to say that I remember taking that language...
AFL Scott  As to speed.  It is entirely possible to write very slow assembly
          code, too.
Cornman GS What's that called?  Oh yea!  LOGO!  Damn I hated that stupid
Cornman GS language.  What kind of useful purpose does that language
AFL Scott  Never mind.  Someone doesn't know what protocol is.
Cornman GS have for kids?  Beyond me.
AFL Scott  GA
AFA Gary J Ok, GA, Marty
AFL Marty  pass
AFA DannyH done
AFA Gary J It's up to you, A2GS  :)
Cornman GS :)
A2GS       Pass (let's drop the whole thing, I'm out of breath anyways) :)
Cornman GS :)
Cornman GS hehehe
Cornman GS Hey!
Cornman GS I got it!
Cornman GS Let's rag on Sculley...hehehe :)
AFA Gary J Ok... <whew>  :)
AFA Gary J JDavies has the next question.  GA J.
JDavies1   This one is real quick, Has anyone had trouble with athe toolbox
          tool Desktop?
AFA Gary J GA, Dave.
JDavies1   Mainly the  set desktop color, under 5.0. I get an error when
          there are no
Dave Lyons (Yes, *you* have.  Right? :-)  What's the trouble?  (Which
          sub-function?)
AFA Gary J (First time I had to say THAT tonight  :)
JDavies1   errors posiable.
Dave Lyons What error do you get?
JDavies1   I don't know, I don't check since there are no error possiable
Cornman GS Welp
Dave Lyons Well...*check*!  You could be setting up the call wrong, and
          getting error
Cornman GS Since this chat is comming to a halt, I'll be off...
JDavies1   Unless that's not true under the new system
AFL Marty  PROTOCOL
Dave Lyons  $0001 or $0002 from the Tool Dispatcher.
Cornman GS Goodbye all.
Dave Lyons If you pass a bad region to
Dave Lyons Desktop (on an operation that takes one), you might be able to
          get
AFA Gary J (thanks, Marty :)
Dave Lyons an error...don't have revised 5.0 docs here at home yet to check.
          ga
JDavies1   Also did I do something wrong If it takes me 30 seconds longer to
          boot under
AFL Marty  (kids :)
JDavies1   5.0 insted of 4.0.
Dave Lyons Boot *what*?  3.5"?  Hard disk?
JDavies1   Dave could you let me know, I can't get the new docs (or so I
          think)..No 20SC
JDavies1   hard drive
AFA Gary J Do you have some information on this, A2GS?
A2GS       Not off the top of my head, but you should, if anything be booting
          FASTER then
AFA DannyH goota run, bye all
A2GS       (slightly (at least)) 4.0!  Did you put all the drivers in the
          folder or
AFA Gary J Goodnight, Danny.
Dave Lyons JD, I'll check whether Desktop returns any errors, if you
A2GS       something?
Dave Lyons check to see what error you're getting. :)  Which operation did
          you say
Dave Lyons you were using?
JDavies1   the set desktopp color.
Dave Lyons Okay.  ga
A2GS       The toolbox more or less always returns some kind of error when it
          can't
A2GS       perform a tool call, do you have an error checker (check if carry
          is SET) on
A2GS       returning from the tool call.
JDavies1   The Drivers are as the the new versions of the same old
          tools..Installed with
A2GS       Did you use the Installer to install everything off the 2nd disk
          of GS/OS..
JDavies1   the installer..On the error when debugging I didn't notice a carry
          set, but I
JDavies1   will check.
A2GS       because there really shouldn't be any reason why 5.0 is booting so
          slowly,
A2GS       did you format your HD with a 2:1 or 1:1 interleave?
JDavies1   1 minute and 20 seconds not just to get the menu bar, not to get
          total control
JDavies1   2:1  interleave  I think.
JDavies1   the default
A2GS       Don't know. Can't think of anything else right now. Sorry :(
A2GS       GA
AFA Gary J Ok, did you have a question too, A2GS?
AFA Gary J (GA, if you do)
A2GS       Yep...
A2GS       about the System Input and Output hooks, I disassembled a ROM
          routine
A2GS        $FC58 (HOME) and all I found in the end is that it set a couple
          of hooks
A2GS       but never actually went to a routine to clear the screen (one does
          exist)
AFA Gary J GA, Dave
A2GS       are the hooks supposed to point to the routine in the end? What's
          up? (lost)
Dave Lyons You "found" wrong...a lot of those old Monitor ROM routines go
          through Major
Dave Lyons Acrobatics to get their job done, but they *do* get it done before
          they
Dave Lyons return.
Dave Lyons (Was there a question?  I guess that answers it.  ga)
A2GS       (could be I branched wrong while disassembling, but I don't think
          so) what are
Dave Lyons (Be sure to start looking in bank $FF, by the way...if you look in
          bank 0,
A2GS       the hooks for then?
Dave Lyons you'll see language card stuff.)
Dave Lyons What "hooks"...speak in Hex. :-)
A2GS       I looked in $FF
A2GS       Input/output hooks used by the monitor (as briefly described in
          Bond's Inside
A2GS       the GS)
Dave Lyons Zero page $36-$39, you mean?
A2GS       In certain cases that part of the Z-page is used.
A2GS       by certain ROM routines :)
Dave Lyons As far as I know, HOME doesn't use those locations at all.  I
          hypothesize you
Dave Lyons took a wrong turn once you got into the "bottleneck" routine that
          a bunch
A2GS       never said they did :)
Dave Lyons of Monitor ROM entries wind up going through.
A2GS       could be will check...and come back to haunt, if I come out with
          the same
A2GS       results :)  GA
Dave Lyons Are you trying to find out anything in
Dave Lyons particular, or just browsing around?
A2GS       For the moment I browsing around, assembling ROM so as to get
          familiar with
Dave Lyons (ga)
A2GS       it so I can eventually disassemble more complex stuff like the
          Floating
AFA Gary J Z-page locations $22, $23, $24, and $25 are used in HOME
A2GS       point routines as well as the disk I/O routines.
AFA Gary J GA, JDavies
A2GS       I believe that's true GARY (those seem to be the results I got)
JDavies1   The locations spoken of are for the text window locations..but as
          far as the
AFA Gary J Those are just the window top and window bottom storage
          addresses
A2GS       Don't have notes in front of me....I believe $29 was also
          used..possibly also
JDavies1   ROM routines, IF you can find the book Bell &Howell Reference
          Manual it
A2GS       $27, $28.
JDavies1   gives the entire commented II ROM listing.
Dave Lyons Yes--those are the text window bounds, *not* the I/O
          hooks...although it would
AFA Gary J $27, $28 is the BASE address for screen memory...used in
Dave Lyons be easy to get misled by a table that didn't mark hex/decimal
          carefully:  $36-
AFA Gary J calculating the line to where the text will be "spaced out"
Dave Lyons $39 are I/O hooks, which look like $24-$27 if you read them as
          decimal and
Dave Lyons "convert" to hex!
AFA Gary J :)
JDavies1   What are hooks?
Coach101   Pointed, barbed curved objects  :)
JDavies1   ah a fisherman
AFA Gary J ...used mainly for fishing.
Dave Lyons A hook in this context is a place to store an address--for
          example, the
AFL Marty  You catch fish with them.
Dave Lyons "character output hook" at $36 and $37 is the address the 8-bit
          world calls
Dave Lyons to print a single character to the screen.  When you type PR#1 it
          gets
Dave Lyons changed to point to your printer card, and when you type PR#0 it
          goes back
Dave Lyons to pointing to a ROM routine to send the character to the
          screen.
Dave Lyons (With DOS 3.3 or BASIC.SYSTEM, Real Life is more complicated than
          that, but
Dave Lyons that's the idea of a hook.)
JDavies1   so they are more like pointers?
A2GS       Very often used in the form JMP (0036) by the monitor (Absolute
          Indirect
A2GS       addressing)
Dave Lyons A "hook" can be a pointer, as in this case.  Sometimes places to
          put
Dave Lyons JMP instructions are also called hooks.  "Vector" means the same
          thing as
Dave Lyons "hook" to me, although there's probably supposed to be a
          difference. (?)
AFA Gary J A2GS, if you can get a hold of a copy of the //c or IIe Technical
          Reference
JDavies1   gotcha
AFA Gary J manuals, you'll find that the monitor ROM is listed and
          commented, and is
Coach101   Hook ----> colloquial term for vector?
AFA Gary J very interesting to study.
JDavies1   gary didn't I jsut say that?
A2GS       does it cover the FP routines?
AFA Gary J Sorry, I must have missed that :)
JDavies1   It even gives addresses for the routines by name or address
A2GS       that's mainly what I'm looking for, would like to adapt them for
          16-bit code
Coach101   Why not use the SANE tools?
A2GS       GA
A2GS       PLEASE!
AFA Gary J (You said Bell & Howell, that would be much harder to find
          nowdays :)
A2GS       I'm looking for speed, not for a coffee break :)
A2GS       the IN-SANE tools are not the answer.
JDavies1   I'm sorry you'r right, Damn I was caught lying.
AFA Gary J If you're looking for documented AppleSoft stuff, you will need
          something
AFA Gary J else, though.  A good place to start looking for AppleSoft entry
          points is
AFL Scott  Night, all! Must go check my forum. Take care!
AFA Gary J right here on AppleLink in the Reference Library (keyword
          REFERENCE).
Coach101   Night Scott....
AFA Gary J Use the keyword "AppleSoft and Internals", and you'll find a
          wealth of
AFA Gary J knowledge
A2GS       I've got a whole list of entry points, that really isn't my
          problem, I wish it
A2GS       were JUST that.  :(
AFA Gary J What assembler do you own?
A2GS       I did already, basically got the same INFO I already had to start
          out with.
A2GS       ORCA/MERLIN
A2GS       Use mainly Merlin.
AFA Gary J Older versions of Merlin have an AppleSoft lable file to go along
          with
AFA Gary J SOURCEROR.
JDavies1   good night all
AFA Gary J (It'll let you disassemble AppleSoft with comments)
AFA Gary J Goodnight.
AFA Gary J (Thanks for coming)
AFA Gary J Are you using SOURCEROR?
A2GS       Yes, But unfortunately I can't Source(rer) the whole ROM. I got
          3.41 and now
A2GS       (version that is) and recently 16+.

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