INSTALL(8)              NetBSD System Manager's Manual              INSTALL(8)

NAME
    INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/amd64.

CONTENTS
     About this Document............................................2
     Quick install notes for the impatient..........................2
     What is NetBSD?................................................3
     Changes Between The NetBSD 5.0 and 6.0 Releases................3
     Features to be removed in a later release......................4
     The NetBSD Foundation..........................................4
     Sources of NetBSD..............................................4
     NetBSD 5.99.64 Release Contents................................4
        NetBSD/amd64 subdirectory structure.........................5
        Binary distribution sets....................................5
     NetBSD/amd64 System Requirements and Supported Devices.........6
     Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media...................6
     Preparing your System for NetBSD installation..................8
     Installing the NetBSD System...................................8
        Running the sysinst installation program....................8
           Introduction.............................................8
           Possible hardware problems...............................8
           General..................................................8
           Quick install............................................9
           Booting NetBSD...........................................9
           Network configuration...................................10
           Installation drive selection and parameters.............10
           Selecting which sets to install.........................10
           Partitioning the disk...................................10
           Preparing your hard disk................................11
           Getting the distribution sets...........................11
           Installation from CD-ROM................................11
           Installation using ftp..................................11
           Installation using NFS..................................12
           Installation from an unmounted file system..............12
           Installation from a local directory.....................12
           Extracting the distribution sets........................12
           Finalizing your installation............................12
     Post installation steps.......................................13
     Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................15
     Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............16
        Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases.......16
        Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases.......16
     Using online NetBSD documentation.............................17
     Administrivia.................................................17
     Thanks go to..................................................18
     We are........................................................19
     Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................24
     The End.......................................................29

DESCRIPTION
  About this Document
    This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 5.99.64 on
    the amd64 platform.  It is available in four different formats titled
    INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

          .ps     PostScript.

          .html   Standard Internet HTML.

          .more   The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the
                  more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs.  This is the
                  format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre-
                  sented.

          .txt    Plain old ASCII.

    You are reading the ASCII version.

  Quick install notes for the impatient
    This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to
    install NetBSD 5.99.64 on a machine of the amd64 architecture.

    o   Fetch files needed to install NetBSD.

        Option 1: bootable CD-ROM images containing the full distribution.

        These can be found on an FTP site near you, usually located in the
        /pub/NetBSD/iso/ directory.  Check the NetBSD website for details.

        Option 2: bootable CD-ROM images from amd64/installation/cdrom/.

        These images are bootable, but do not contain binary sets.  They are
        intended for network installs or system repair.  boot.iso is for VGA
        console installation, and boot-com.iso is for installation over
        serial console (com0, 9600 baud).

        Option 3: boot floppy images from amd64/installation/floppy/.

        boot1.fs and boot2.fs are floppy images for VGA console installation.
        boot-com1.fs and boot-com2.fs are for installation via serial console
        (com0, 9600 baud).

    o   The default kernel on CD-ROMs has ACPI enabled.  This is known to
        cause issues on a few machines which have buggy ACPI implementations.

        To boot with ACPI disabled, choose the "no ACPI" option from the boot
        menu, or interrupt the menu and enter the NetBSD boot prompt.  Type
        boot -2 to boot with ACPI disabled.

    o   The actual binary distribution is in the amd64/binary/sets/ direc-
        tory.  When you boot the install the installation program can fetch
        these files for you (using e.g. ftp) if you have a network connec-
        tion.  There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto
        your machine.

        You will at a minimum need one of the kernel sets, typically
        kern-GENERIC.tgz, as well as base.tgz and etc.tgz.  In a typical
        workstation installation you will probably want all the installation
        sets.

    o   Write the CD-ROM images or floppy images out.

        Many commercial and freeware programs are available to burn CD-ROMs.

        If you have problems writing a raw image to a floppy, the rawrite.exe
        MS-DOS program or the Rawrite32 Windows32 program (installed by
        rawr32.exe) in the i386/installation/misc/ directory may be of help.

        The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation
        kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD.

    o   For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis-
        tribution, you will want to explore the pkgsrc system with its many
        thousands of third party software applications.

  What is NetBSD?
    The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like
    operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net-
    working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.  NetBSD
    runs on 57 different system architectures (ports) across 15 distinct CPU
    families, and is being ported to more.  The NetBSD 5.99.64 release con-
    tains complete binary releases for many different system architectures.
    (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part
    of the binary distribution.  Please see the NetBSD web site at
    http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.)

    NetBSD is a completely integrated system.  In addition to its highly por-
    table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user
    utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall
    software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

    NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community.  Without
    the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's
    likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist.

  Changes Between The NetBSD 5.0 and 6.0 Releases
    The NetBSD 5.99.64 release provides numerous significant functional
    enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of hun-
    dreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land
    enhancements.  The result of these improvements is a stable operating
    system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available
    systems.

    It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that
    went into the NetBSD 5.99.64 release.  The complete list of changes can
    be found in the CHANGES:
          http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-6.0/CHANGES
    and CHANGES-6.0:
          http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-6.0/CHANGES-6.0
    files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 6.0 release tree.

  Features to be removed in a later release
    The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future:

    o

  The NetBSD Foundation
    The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora-
    tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the
    NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''.  It sup-
    ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide.  More
    information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can
    be found at:
          http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/

  Sources of NetBSD
    Refer to
          http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/

  NetBSD 5.99.64 Release Contents
    The root directory of the NetBSD 5.99.64 release is organized as follows:

    .../NetBSD-5.99.64/

    CHANGES       Changes between the 5.0 and 6.0 releases.

    CHANGES-6.0   Changes between the initial 6.0 branch and final release of
                  6.0.

    CHANGES.prev  Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

    LAST_MINUTE   Last minute changes and notes about the release.

    README.files  README describing the distribution's contents.

    source/       Source distribution sets; see below.

    In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one
    directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which
    NetBSD 5.99.64 has a binary distribution.

    The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source
    subdirectory of the distribution tree.  They contain the complete sources
    to the system.  The source distribution sets are as follows:

    gnusrc    This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for
              the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in
              the binary distribution sets.

    sharesrc  This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the
              sources for the man pages not associated with any particular
              program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the
              dictionaries; and more.

    src       This set contains all of the base NetBSD 5.99.64 sources which
              are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc.

    syssrc    This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 5.99.64 kernel for
              all architectures as well as the config(1) utility.

    xsrc      This set contains the sources to the X Window System.

    All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of
    the distribution tree.

    The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.  Except for the
    pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets
    may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command:
          # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

    In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which
    contain the checksums of the files in the directory:

          MD5     MD5 digests in the format produced by the command:
                  cksum -a MD5 file.

          SHA512  SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command:
                  cksum -a SHA512 file.

    The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a
    wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release
    files.

    NetBSD/amd64 subdirectory structure

    The amd64-specific portion of the NetBSD 5.99.64 release is found in the
    amd64 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-5.99.64/amd64/.  It
    contains the following files and directories:

    INSTALL.html
    INSTALL.ps
    INSTALL.txt
    INSTALL.more  Installation notes in various file formats, including this
                  file.  The .more file contains underlined text using the
                  more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
    binary/
                  kernel/
                           netbsd-GENERIC.gz
                                      A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code
                                      for everything supported in this
                                      release.
                           netbsd-INSTALL.gz
                                      The installation kernel.
                           netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU.gz
                           netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz
                           netbsd-XEN3_DOMU.gz
                  sets/    amd64 binary distribution sets; see below.
    installation/
                  cdrom/     amd64 bootable cdrom images; see below.
                  floppy/    amd64 boot and installation floppies; see below.
                  misc/      Miscellaneous amd64 installation utilities; see
                             installation section below.

    Binary distribution sets

    The NetBSD amd64 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com-
    prise the NetBSD 5.99.64 release for amd64.  The binary distribution sets
    can be found in the amd64/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 5.99.64
    distribution tree, and are as follows:

    base     The NetBSD 5.99.64 amd64 base binary distribution.  You must
             install this distribution set.  It contains the base NetBSD
             utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini-
             mally functional.

    comp     Things needed for compiling programs.  This set includes the
             system include files (/usr/include) and the various system
             libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as
             part of the base set).  This set also includes the manual pages
             for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call
             and library manual pages.

    etc      This distribution set contains the system configuration files
             that reside in /etc and in several other places.  This set must
             be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but
             should not be used if you are upgrading.

    games    This set includes the games and their manual pages.

    kern-GENERIC
             This set contains a NetBSD/amd64 5.99.64 GENERIC kernel, named
             /netbsd.  You must install this distribution set.

    man      This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and
             other software contained in the base set.  Note that it does not
             include any of the manual pages that are included in the other
             sets.

    misc     This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc-
             ument set, and other files from /usr/share.

    text     This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including
             groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages.

    NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order
    to assure tight integration and compatibility.  These sources are based
    on X.Org.  Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with
    NetBSD.  The sets are:

    xbase    The basic files needed for a complete X client environment.
             This does not include the X servers.

    xcomp    The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source
             code.

    xfont    Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

    xetc     Configuration files for X which could be locally modified.

    xserver  The X server.  This includes the modular Xorg server.

    The amd64 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files
    named with the extension .tgz, e.g.  base.tgz.

    The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well
    for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method,
    the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are
    extracted below the current directory.  Therefore, if you want to extract
    the binaries into your system, i.e.  replace the system binaries with
    them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / )
    of your system.

    Note:  Each directory in the amd64 binary distribution also has its own
           checksum files, just as the source distribution does.

  NetBSD/amd64 System Requirements and Supported Devices
    NetBSD/amd64 supports CPUs that implement the 64bit AMD64 architecture.
    These currently include AMD Opteron, AMD Athlon64, and Intel CPUs that
    implement the EM64T extension.

  Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
    Installation is supported from several media types, including:

          o   CD-ROM / DVD
          o   FTP
          o   Remote NFS partition
          o   Tape
          o   Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade

    The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation
    depend upon which installation medium you choose.  The steps for the var-
    ious media are outlined below.

    CD-ROM / DVD  Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM
                  or DVD.  Likely locations are binary/sets and
                  amd64/binary/sets.

                  Proceed to the instructions on installation.

    FTP           The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are
                  easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP
                  site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution
                  when you're about to install or upgrade.  If you don't have
                  DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the
                  numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a net-
                  work directly connected to the machine on which you're
                  installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the
                  numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD
                  machine.  Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address
                  of the NetBSD machine itself.

                  Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next
                  step in the installation or upgrade process.  If you're
                  installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre-
                  paring your hard disk, below.  If you're upgrading an
                  existing installation, go directly to the section on
                  upgrading.

    NFS           Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into
                  a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory
                  mountable by the machine on which you are installing or
                  upgrading NetBSD.  This will probably require modifying the
                  /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount
                  daemon (mountd).  (Both of these actions will probably
                  require superuser privileges on the server.)

                  You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server,
                  and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and
                  the server is not on a network directly connected to the
                  machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you
                  need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest
                  to the NetBSD machine.  Finally, you need to know the
                  numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself.

                  Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the
                  information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next
                  step in the installation or upgrade process.  If you're
                  installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre-
                  paring your hard disk, below.  If you're upgrading an
                  existing installation, go directly to the section on
                  upgrading.

    Tape          To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that
                  contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format.

                  If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi-
                  est way to do so is probably something like:

                        # tar -cf tape_device dist_directories

                  where tape_device is the name of the tape device that
                  describes the tape drive you're using; possibly /dev/rst0,
                  or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys-
                  tem.  (If you can't figure it out, ask your system adminis-
                  trator.)  In the above example, dist_directories are the
                  distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets
                  you wish to place on the tape.  For instance, to put the
                  kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (in order
                  to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you
                  would do the following:

                        # cd .../NetBSD-5.99.64
                        # cd amd64/binary
                        # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC base etc

                  Note:  You still need to fill in tape_device in the
                         example.

                  Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the
                  next step in the installation or upgrade process.  If
                  you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on
                  preparing your hard disk, below.  If you're upgrading an
                  existing installation, go directly to the section on
                  upgrading.

  Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
    It is strongly recommended that as part of the installation procedure,
    you upgrade your system's BIOS to the latest version available from your
    system vendor.  Later BIOSes often contain workarounds for CPU and
    chipset bugs, workarounds that cannot be provided by the operating sys-
    tem.

    In the past, bugs fixed this way have been known to cause unpredictable
    behaviour and frequent system crashes with NetBSD and other UNIX-like
    operating systems on x86 hardware.

  Installing the NetBSD System
    Running the sysinst installation program

    1.   Introduction

         Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process.
         Still, you should read this document and have it in hand when doing
         the installation process.  This document tries to be a good guide to
         the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of
         completeness.  Do not let this discourage you; the install program
         is not hard to use.

    2.   Possible hardware problems

         Should you encounter hardware problems during installation, try
         rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for
         installation.  Non-removable devices can be disabled with userconf
         (use boot -c to enter it).

    3.   General

         The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while
         getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk.  sysinst is a menu
         driven installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the
         installation.  Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases
         the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the
         question.  If you wish to stop the installation, you may press
         CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the
         installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst pro-
         gram from the command prompt.  It is not necessary to reboot.

    4.   Quick install

         First, let's describe a quick install.  The other sections of this
         document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you
         may find that you do not need this.  If you want detailed instruc-
         tions, skip to the next section.  This section describes a basic
         installation, using a CD-ROM install as an example.

         o   What you need.

             -   The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD).

             -   A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), and a hard disk.

             -   The hard disk should have at least 200 + n megabytes of
                 space free, where n is the number of megabytes of main mem-
                 ory in your system.  If you wish to install the X Window
                 System as well, you will need at least 215 MB more.

         o   The Quick Installation

             -   Insert the CD into the drive and boot the computer.

                         .***********************************************.
                         * NetBSD-5.99.64 Install System                 *
                         *                                               *
                         *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk                *
                         * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk              *
                         * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
                         * d: Reboot the computer                        *
                         * e: Utility menu                               *
                         * x: Exit Install System                        *
                         .***********************************************.

             -   If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi-
                 ately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure
                 network.  It isn't actually required at this point, but it
                 may be more convenient.  Go back to the main menu.

             -   Choose install.

             -   You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of
                 your disk, and the selection of distributed components to
                 install.  When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document
                 for details.

             -   After your disk has been prepared, choose CD-ROM as the
                 medium.  The default values for the path and device should
                 be ok.

             -   After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main
                 menu and select reboot.

             -   NetBSD will now boot.  If you haven't already done so in
                 sysinst, you should log in as root and set a password for
                 that account.  You are also advised to edit /etc/rc.conf to
                 match your needs.

             -   Your installation is now complete.

    5.   Booting NetBSD

         Boot your machine.  The boot loader will start, and will print a
         countdown and begin booting.  The most important thing to know is
         that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second,
         etc.  sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc.

         Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will
         be presented with a welcome message and a main menu.  It will also
         include instructions for using the menus.

    6.   Network configuration

         If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but
         you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is
         installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the
         Configure network option.  If you only want to temporarily use net-
         working during the installation, you can specify these parameters
         later.  If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can
         give an empty response when asked to provide a server.

    7.   Installation drive selection and parameters

         To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from
         the main menu.

         The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install
         NetBSD.  sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you
         for your selection.  You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1.

    8.   Selecting which sets to install

         The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to
         install.  Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom instal-
         lations.  If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel
         must be selected.

    9.   Partitioning the disk

         o   Which portion of the disk to use.

             You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only
             part of the disk.  If you decide to use the entire disk for
             NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating
             systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to over-
             write these.

    10.  Editing the NetBSD disklabel

         The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a
         disklabel.  If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you
         can choose Use existing partition sizes.  Otherwise, select Set
         sizes of NetBSD partitions.

         After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you
         opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with
         the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to
         change it.  For each partition, you can set the type, offset and
         size, block and fragment size, and the mount point.  The type that
         NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD.  A swap parti-
         tion has a special type called swap.  You can also specify a parti-
         tion as type MSDOS.  This is useful if you share the disk with
         MS-DOS or Windows; NetBSD is able to access the files on these par-
         titions.  You can use the values from the MBR for the MS-DOS part of
         the disk to specify the partition of type MSDOS (you don't have to
         do this now, you can always re-edit the disklabel to add this once
         you have installed NetBSD, or use mbrlabel(8) to help you update
         your disklabel with data from the MBR).

         Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose.

               a       Root partition (/)

               b       Swap partition.

               c       The NetBSD portion of the disk.

               d       The entire disk.

               e-p     Available for other use.  Traditionally, e is the par-
                       tition mounted on /usr, but this is historical prac-
                       tice and not a fixed value.

         You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel.  The default
         response will be ok for most purposes.  If you choose to name it
         something different, make sure the name is a single word and con-
         tains no special characters.  You don't need to remember this name.

    11.  Preparing your hard disk

         You are now at the point of no return.  Nothing has been written to
         your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD,
         your hard drive will be modified.  If you are sure you want to pro-
         ceed, select yes.

         The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys-
         tems you specified.  The file systems will be initialized to contain
         NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files.  You will see
         messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation
         tools that are running.  There should be no errors in this section
         of the installation.  If there are, restart from the beginning of
         the installation process.  Otherwise, you can continue the installa-
         tion program after pressing the return key.

    12.  Getting the distribution sets

         The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in
         the form of gzipped tarfiles.  At this point, you will be presented
         with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following
         methods of installing the sets.  Some of these methods will first
         load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets
         directly.

         For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available
         for extraction, and then do the actual installation.  The sets can
         be made available in a few different ways.  The following sections
         describe each of those methods.  After reading the one about the
         method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled
         `Extracting the distribution sets'.

    13.  Installation from CD-ROM

         When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the
         device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0), and the directory
         name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are.

         sysinst will then check if the files are indeed available in the
         specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the
         sets.

    14.  Installation using ftp

         To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your
         network setup if you haven't already done so.  sysinst will do this
         for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP.  If you do not use
         DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself.  If you
         do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on,
         you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will
         not be used.

         You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer
         the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and
         password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a
         proxy server to use.  If you did not set up DNS, you will need to
         specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server.

         sysinst will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the
         remote site to your hard disk.

    15.  Installation using NFS

         To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your
         network setup if you haven't already done so.  sysinst will do this
         for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP.  If you do not use
         DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself.  If you
         do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on,
         you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will
         not be used.

         You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer
         the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in.
         This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing
         on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine.

         If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address
         instead of a hostname for the NFS server.

    16.  Installation from an unmounted file system

         In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec-
         ify the device that the file system resides on (for example sd1e)
         the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file
         system where the sets are located.  sysinst will then check if it
         can indeed access the sets at that location.

    17.  Installation from a local directory

         This option assumes that you have already done some preparation
         yourself.  The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys-
         tem that is already accessible.  sysinst will ask you for the name
         of this directory.

    18.  Extracting the distribution sets

         A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are
         being extracted.

         After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will
         be created.  If you have already configured networking, you will be
         asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation.
         If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration
         files.  The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that
         you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC.
         Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm
         and can then set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the
         machine from coming up without access restrictions.

    19.  Finalizing your installation

         Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 5.99.64.
         You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk.

  Post installation steps
    Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you
    need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state.
    The most important steps are described below.

    1.   Configuring /etc/rc.conf

         If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration
         of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you
         into single user mode on first reboot with the message

               /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.

         and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only.  When the sys-
         tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a
         /bin/sh prompt.  If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with
         vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press
         RETURN.  You may need to type one of the following commands to get
         your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard:
               # stty erase '^h'
               # stty erase '^?'
         At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc
         directory.  You will need to mount your root file system read/write
         with:
               # /sbin/mount -u -w /
         Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf
         file.  Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set
         rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-
         user boot can proceed.  Default values for the various programs can
         be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation
         may be found.  More complete documentation can be found in
         rc.conf(5).

         When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt
         to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user
         boot.

         Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked
         environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute.  You may also
         need to add an ifconfig_int for your <int> network interface, along
         the lines of

               ifconfig_wm0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0"

         or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:

               ifconfig_wm0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"

         To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an
         /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur-
         ous) run named(8).  See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa-
         tion.  Instead of manually configuring network and naming service,
         DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

         Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up
         include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf.

    2.   Logging in

         After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt.  Unless
         you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password.  You
         should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and
         the ``root'' account with good passwords.  By default, root login
         from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)).  One way to become
         root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs
         to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

    3.   Adding accounts

         Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system.  Do not
         edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want
         to edit the password database.

    4.   The X Window System

         If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap-
         ter about X in the NetBSD Guide:
               http://netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html

    5.   Installing third party packages

         If you wish to install any of the software freely available for
         UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD
         package system, pkgsrc.  pkgsrc automatically handles any changes
         necessary to make the software run on NetBSD.  This includes the
         retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the soft-
         ware may depend.

         o   More information on the package system is available at
                   http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html

         o   A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at
                   ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html

         o   Precompiled binaries can be found at
                   ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/
             usually in the amd64/5.99.64/All subdir.  You can install them
             with the following commands under sh(1):

             # PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/amd64/5.99.64/All
             # export PKG_PATH
             # pkg_add -v tcsh
             # pkg_add -v bash
             # pkg_add -v perl
             # pkg_add -v apache
             # pkg_add -v kde
             # pkg_add -v firefox
             ...

             If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with
             the following:

             # setenv PKG_PATH ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/amd64/5.99.64/All

             Note:  Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory.
                    If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try
                    the
                    /pub/NetBSD/packages/current-packages/NetBSD/amd64/5.99.64/All
                    directory, which may have the same contents.

             The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again
             shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE
             desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all
             the packages they depend on.

             Note:  In some cases the pkg_add(1) command will complain about
                    a version mismatch of packages with a message like the
                    following:
                          Warning: package `foo' was built for a different
                          version of the OS:
                          NetBSD/i386 M.N (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 5.99.64 (this
                          host),
                    This warning is harmless if the formal major release num-
                    bers are the same between the pkg and your host.  Please
                    refer to the NetBSD release glossary and graphs at
                          http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/release-map.html
                    for more information about NetBSD's release numbering
                    scheme.

         o   The framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retriev-
             ing the file
                   ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc.tar.gz
             It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca-
             tions work fine) with the commands:

                   # cd /usr
                   # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz

             After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction
             directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa-
             tion.

    6.   Misc

         o   Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place.
             Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards.

         o   The /etc/postfix/main.cf file will almost definitely need to be
             adjusted.  If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using
             pkgsrc or by hand and adjust /etc/mailer.conf.

         o   Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use.

         o   Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man-
             ual; so just invoking

                   # man 5 filename

             is likely to give you more information on these files.

  Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
    The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 5.99.64 is with binaries, and that
    is the method documented here.

    To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media available.  You
    must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets avail-
    able.  Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install
    the new binaries.  Since files already installed on the system are over-
    written in place, you only need additional free space for files which
    weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between
    releases.  If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (/) and
    /usr partitions, you should have enough space.

    Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of
    the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss.  You are
    strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or
    on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the
    upgrade process.

    The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard
    disk partitioning.  sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in
    your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD.  Also, file systems
    are checked before unpacking the sets.  Fetching the binary sets is done
    in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installa-
    tion part of the document for help.

    After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a
    complete NetBSD 5.99.64 system.  However, that doesn't mean that you're
    finished with the upgrade process.  You will probably want to update the
    set of device nodes you have in /dev.  If you've changed the contents of
    /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can
    just cd into /dev, and run the command:

          # sh MAKEDEV all

    Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver-
    sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from
    the NetBSD distribution.

  Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
    Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the
    following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to
    NetBSD 5.99.64.

    Note that sysinst will automatically invoke

          postinstall fix
    and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default (see below)
    will be handled.

    Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases

    The pthread libraries from previous versions of NetBSD require that the
    sysctl(3) node kern.no_sa_support be set to 0.  This affects the follow-
    ing environments:

    o   Running a 5.0 kernel with an older userland.

    o   Running an older userland inside a chroot'ed environment on a 5.0
        system.

    o   Running older statically linked pthread applications.

    The 5.0 kernel defaults to 0 for kern.no_sa_support, which covers the
    first case.  However, please note that a full installation of 5.0 (either
    from scratch or through an upgrade) will set kern.no_sa_support to 1 dur-
    ing the boot process.  This means that for the last two cases, you will
    have to manually set kern.no_sa_support to 0, using either the sysctl(8)
    command or through sysctl.conf(5).

    Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases

    The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall
    with the etc set:

          postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check
          postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix

    Issues fixed by postinstall:

          o   Various files in /etc need upgrading.  These include:
                    -   /etc/defaults/*
                    -   /etc/mtree/*
                    -   /etc/daily
                    -   /etc/weekly
                    -   /etc/monthly
                    -   /etc/security
                    -   /etc/rc.subr
                    -   /etc/rc
                    -   /etc/rc.shutdown
                    -   /etc/rc.d/*
                    -   /etc/envsys.conf

    The following issues need to be resolved manually:

          o   The users `_httpd' and `_timedc' and the groups `_httpd' and
              `_timedc' need to be created.

          o   Unprivileged use of the mount(8) command now requires the
              nosuid and nodev options to be explicitly specified.  Previ-
              ously, these options were automatically enforced even if they
              were not explicitly specified.

          o   A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 5.99.64
              release.  See the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near
              the beginning of this document for a list.

  Using online NetBSD documentation
    Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set.
    Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by
    `name(section)'.  Some examples of this are

          o   intro(1),
          o   man(1),
          o   apropos(1),
          o   passwd(1), and
          o   passwd(5).

    The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three
    are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are
    in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.

    The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is
    started by entering man [section] topic.  The brackets [] around the sec-
    tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is
    optional.  If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the
    lowest numbered section name will be displayed.  For instance, after log-
    ging in, enter

          # man passwd

    to read the documentation for passwd(1).  To view the documentation for
    passwd(5), enter

          # man 5 passwd

    instead.

    If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter

          # apropos subject-word

    where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related
    man pages will be displayed.

  Administrivia
    If you've got something to say, do so!  We'd like your input.  There are
    various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at
    [email protected].  To get help on using the mailing list server, send
    mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc-
    tions.  See
          http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
    for a web interface.

    There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques-
    tions about this release.  Please send comments to:
    [email protected].

    To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill
    in as much information about the problem as you can.  Good bug reports
    include lots of details.

    Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
          http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html

    There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each
    port of NetBSD.  Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit
          http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/

    If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific
    port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed
    below).

    If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you
    could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: [email protected].

    As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing
    lists.  Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW
    somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather
    not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want
    it.

  Thanks go to
    o   The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ-
        ing (but not limited to):

              Keith Bostic
              Ralph Campbell
              Mike Karels
              Marshall Kirk McKusick

        for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.

    o   The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP,
        CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers.

    o   The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which
        runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree.

    o   The Lulea Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services
        server.

    o   The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the
        NYC build cluster.

    o   The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for
        running the WWU build cluster.

    o   The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

    o   Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats
        go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people
        who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.

    o   We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or
        loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and
        deserve credit for it at
              http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
        (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us!  We probably were
        not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be
        listed.)

    o   Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into
        developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993.  (Obviously,
        there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here.  If you're one
        of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!)

  We are...
    (in alphabetical order)

    The NetBSD core group:

           Alistair Crooks             [email protected]
           Matthew Green               [email protected]
           Matt Thomas                 [email protected]
           YAMAMOTO Takashi            [email protected]
           Christos Zoulas             [email protected]

    The portmasters (and their ports):
           Erik Berls                  [email protected]         cobalt
           Manuel Bouyer               [email protected]        xen
           Simon Burge                 [email protected]        evbmips
           Simon Burge                 [email protected]        pmax
           Simon Burge                 [email protected]        sbmips
           Julian Coleman              [email protected]           atari
           Andrew Doran                [email protected]            amd64
           Andrew Doran                [email protected]            i386
           Matthias Drochner           [email protected]      cesfic
           Gavan Fantom                [email protected]         iyonix
           Jaime A Fournier            [email protected]          zaurus
           Ben Harris                  [email protected]         acorn26
           Nick Hudson                 [email protected]         hp700
           Martin Husemann             [email protected]        sparc64
           Soren Jorvang               [email protected]         sgimips
           Takayoshi Kochi             [email protected]         ia64
           Michael Lorenz              [email protected]      macppc
           Anders Magnusson            [email protected]         vax
           Tohru Nishimura             [email protected]      luna68k
           Tohru Nishimura             [email protected]      sandpoint
           Scott Reynolds              [email protected]        mac68k
           Tim Rightnour               [email protected]       ofppc
           Tim Rightnour               [email protected]       prep
           Tim Rightnour               [email protected]       rs6000
           Noriyuki Soda               [email protected]          arc
           Ignatios Souvatzis          [email protected]            amiga
           Ignatios Souvatzis          [email protected]            amigappc
           NISHIMURA Takeshi           [email protected]       x68k
           Matt Thomas                 [email protected]          alpha
           Matt Thomas                 [email protected]          ibmnws
           Matt Thomas                 [email protected]          netwinder
           Jason Thorpe                [email protected]       algor
           Jason Thorpe                [email protected]       evbarm
           Jason Thorpe                [email protected]       shark
           IWAMOTO Toshihiro           [email protected]        hpcarm
           Izumi Tsutsui               [email protected]       ews4800mips
           Izumi Tsutsui               [email protected]       hp300
           Izumi Tsutsui               [email protected]       news68k
           Valeriy E. Ushakov          [email protected]           hpcsh
           Valeriy E. Ushakov          [email protected]           landisk
           Steve Woodford              [email protected]           evbppc
           Steve Woodford              [email protected]           mvme68k
           Steve Woodford              [email protected]           mvmeppc
           Reinoud Zandijk             [email protected]       acorn32

    The NetBSD 5.99.64 Release Engineering team:

           Stephen Borrill             [email protected]
           Manuel Bouyer               [email protected]
           David Brownlee              [email protected]
           James Chacon                [email protected]
           Julian Coleman              [email protected]
           Alistair G. Crooks          [email protected]
           Havard Eidnes               [email protected]
           Jaime A Fournier            [email protected]
           Liam J. Foy                 [email protected]
           John Heasley                [email protected]
           Martin Husemann             [email protected]
           Soren Jacobsen              [email protected]
           Phil Nelson                 [email protected]
           Jeff Rizzo                  [email protected]
           SAITOH Masanobu             [email protected]

    NetBSD Developers:

           Nathan Ahlstrom             [email protected]
           Steve Allen                 [email protected]
           Jukka Andberg               [email protected]
           Julian Assange              [email protected]
           Lennart Augustsson          [email protected]
           Zafer Aydogan               [email protected]
           Christoph Badura            [email protected]
           Marc Balmer                 [email protected]
           Bang Jun-Young              [email protected]
           Dieter Baron                [email protected]
           Robert V. Baron             [email protected]
           Alan Barrett                [email protected]
           Grant Beattie               [email protected]
           Erik Berls                  [email protected]
           Hiroyuki Bessho             [email protected]
           John Birrell                [email protected]
           Rafal Boni                  [email protected]
           Stephen Borrill             [email protected]
           Sean Boudreau               [email protected]
           Manuel Bouyer               [email protected]
           Allen Briggs                [email protected]
           Mark Brinicombe             [email protected]
           Aaron Brown                 [email protected]
           Andrew Brown                [email protected]
           David Brownlee              [email protected]
           Jon Buller                  [email protected]
           Simon Burge                 [email protected]
           Robert Byrnes               [email protected]
           Pavel Cahyna                [email protected]
           D'Arcy J.M. Cain            [email protected]
           Taylor R. Campbell          [email protected]
           Daniel Carosone             [email protected]
           Dave Carrel                 [email protected]
           James Chacon                [email protected]
           Mihai Chelaru               [email protected]
           Aleksey Cheusov             [email protected]
           Bill Coldwell               [email protected]
           Julian Coleman              [email protected]
           Marcus Comstedt             [email protected]
           Jeremy Cooper               [email protected]
           Thomas Cort                 [email protected]
           Chuck Cranor                [email protected]
           Alistair Crooks             [email protected]
           Johan Danielsson            [email protected]
           John Darrow                 [email protected]
           Jed Davis                   [email protected]
           Matt DeBergalis             [email protected]
           Arnaud Degroote             [email protected]
           Rob Deker                   [email protected]
           Chris G. Demetriou          [email protected]
           Tracy Di Marco White        [email protected]
           Jaromir Dolecek             [email protected]
           Andy Doran                  [email protected]
           Roland Dowdeswell           [email protected]
           Steven Drake                [email protected]
           Emmanuel Dreyfus            [email protected]
           Matthias Drochner           [email protected]
           Jun Ebihara                 [email protected]
           Havard Eidnes               [email protected]
           Jaime A Fournier            [email protected]
           Stoned Elipot               [email protected]
           Michael van Elst            [email protected]
           Enami Tsugutomo             [email protected]
           Bernd Ernesti               [email protected]
           Erik Fair                   [email protected]
           Gavan Fantom                [email protected]
           Hauke Fath                  [email protected]
           Hubert Feyrer               [email protected]
           Jason R. Fink               [email protected]
           Matt J. Fleming             [email protected]
           Marty Fouts                 [email protected]
           Liam J. Foy                 [email protected]
           Matt Fredette               [email protected]
           Thorsten Frueauf            [email protected]
           Castor Fu                   [email protected]
           Makoto Fujiwara             [email protected]
           Ichiro Fukuhara             [email protected]
           Quentin Garnier             [email protected]
           Thomas Gerner               [email protected]
           Simon J. Gerraty            [email protected]
           Justin Gibbs                [email protected]
           Chris Gilbert               [email protected]
           Eric Gillespie              [email protected]
           Brian Ginsbach              [email protected]
           Oliver V. Gould             [email protected]
           Paul Goyette                [email protected]
           Michael Graff               [email protected]
           Matthew Green               [email protected]
           Andreas Gustafsson          [email protected]
           Ulrich Habel                [email protected]
           Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino    [email protected]
           HAMAJIMA Katsuomi           [email protected]
           Adam Hamsik                 [email protected]
           Juergen Hannken-Illjes      [email protected]
           Charles M. Hannum           [email protected]
           Yorick Hardy                [email protected]
           Ben Harris                  [email protected]
           Eric Haszlakiewicz          [email protected]
           John Hawkinson              [email protected]
           Emile Heitor                [email protected]
           John Heasley                [email protected]
           Lars Heidieker              [email protected]
           Geert Hendrickx             [email protected]
           Rene Hexel                  [email protected]
           Iain Hibbert                [email protected]
           Kouichirou Hiratsuka        [email protected]
           Michael L. Hitch            [email protected]
           Adam Hoka                   [email protected]
           Jachym Holecek              [email protected]
           David A. Holland            [email protected]
           Christian E. Hopps          [email protected]
           Daniel Horecki              [email protected]
           Ken Hornstein               [email protected]
           Marc Horowitz               [email protected]
           Eduardo Horvath             [email protected]
           Nick Hudson                 [email protected]
           Shell Hung                  [email protected]
           Darran Hunt                 [email protected]
           Martin Husemann             [email protected]
           Dean Huxley                 [email protected]
           Love Hoernquist Astrand     [email protected]
           Roland Illig                [email protected]
           Bernardo Innocenti          [email protected]
           Tetsuya Isaki               [email protected]
           ITOH Yasufumi               [email protected]
           IWAMOTO Toshihiro           [email protected]
           Matthew Jacob               [email protected]
           Soren Jacobsen              [email protected]
           Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj         [email protected]
           Darrin Jewell               [email protected]
           Nicolas Joly                [email protected]
           Soren Jorvang               [email protected]
           Takahiro Kambe              [email protected]
           Antti Kantee                [email protected]
           Frank Kardel                [email protected]
           KAWAMOTO Yosihisa           [email protected]
           Min Sik Kim                 [email protected]
           KIYOHARA Takashi            [email protected]
           Thomas Klausner             [email protected]
           Klaus Klein                 [email protected]
           John Klos                   [email protected]
           Wayne Knowles               [email protected]
           Takayoshi Kochi             [email protected]
           Jonathan A. Kollasch        [email protected]
           Radoslaw Kujawa             [email protected]
           Jochen Kunz                 [email protected]
           Martti Kuparinen            [email protected]
           Arnaud Lacombe              [email protected]
           Kevin Lahey                 [email protected]
           David Laight                [email protected]
           Johnny C. Lam               [email protected]
           Guillaume Lasmayous         [email protected]
           Martin J. Laubach           [email protected]
           Greg Lehey                  [email protected]
           Ted Lemon                   [email protected]
           Christian Limpach           [email protected]
           Frank van der Linden        [email protected]
           Joel Lindholm               [email protected]
           Tonnerre Lombard            [email protected]
           Mike Long                   [email protected]
           Michael Lorenz              [email protected]
           Warner Losh                 [email protected]
           Tomasz Luchowski            [email protected]
           Federico Lupi               [email protected]
           Brett Lymn                  [email protected]
           MAEKAWA Masahide            [email protected]
           Anders Magnusson            [email protected]
           John Marino                 [email protected]
           Roy Marples                 [email protected]
           Cherry G. Mathew            [email protected]
           David Maxwell               [email protected]
           Gregory McGarry             [email protected]
           Dan McMahill                [email protected]
           Jared D. McNeill            [email protected]
           Neil J. McRae               [email protected]
           Julio M. Merino Vidal       [email protected]
           Perry Metzger               [email protected]
           Luke Mewburn                [email protected]
           Jean-Yves Migeon            [email protected]
           Brook Milligan              [email protected]
           Minoura Makoto              [email protected]
           Simas Mockevicius           [email protected]
           der Mouse                   [email protected]
           Constantine A. Murenin      [email protected]
           Joseph Myers                [email protected]
           Tuomo Maekinen              [email protected]
           Zoltan Arnold NAGY          [email protected]
           Ken Nakata                  [email protected]
           Takeshi Nakayama            [email protected]
           Alexander Nasonov           [email protected]
           Phil Nelson                 [email protected]
           John Nemeth                 [email protected]
           NISHIMURA Takeshi           [email protected]
           Tohru Nishimura             [email protected]
           NONAKA Kimihiro             [email protected]
           Takehiko NOZAKI             [email protected]
           Tobias Nygren               [email protected]
           OBATA Akio                  [email protected]
           Jesse Off                   [email protected]
           Tatoku Ogaito               [email protected]
           OKANO Takayoshi             [email protected]
           Masaru Oki                  [email protected]
           Ryo ONODERA                 [email protected]
           Atsushi Onoe                [email protected]
           Greg Oster                  [email protected]
           Jonathan Perkin             [email protected]
           Fredrik Pettai              [email protected]
           Herb Peyerl                 [email protected]
           Matthias Pfaller            [email protected]
           Chris Pinnock               [email protected]
           Adrian Portelli             [email protected]
           Chris Provenzano            [email protected]
           Mindaugas Rasiukevicius     [email protected]
           Michael Rauch               [email protected]
           Marc Recht                  [email protected]
           Darren Reed                 [email protected]
           Jeremy C. Reed              [email protected]
           Jens Rehsack                [email protected]
           Antoine Reilles             [email protected]
           Tyler R. Retzlaff           [email protected]
           Scott Reynolds              [email protected]
           Tim Rightnour               [email protected]
           Jeff Rizzo                  [email protected]
           Hans Rosenfeld              [email protected]
           Steve Rumble                [email protected]
           Rumko                       [email protected]
           Jukka Ruohonen              [email protected]
           Blair J. Sadewitz           [email protected]
           David Sainty                [email protected]
           SAITOH Masanobu             [email protected]
           Kazuki Sakamoto             [email protected]
           Curt Sampson                [email protected]
           Wilfredo Sanchez            [email protected]
           Ty Sarna                    [email protected]
           SATO Kazumi                 [email protected]
           Jan Schaumann               [email protected]
           Matthias Scheler            [email protected]
           Silke Scheler               [email protected]
           Karl Schilke (rAT)          [email protected]
           Amitai Schlair              [email protected]
           Konrad Schroder             [email protected]
           Georg Schwarz               [email protected]
           Lubomir Sedlacik            [email protected]
           Christopher SEKIYA          [email protected]
           Reed Shadgett               [email protected]
           John Shannon                [email protected]
           Tim Shepard                 [email protected]
           Naoto Shimazaki             [email protected]
           Ryo Shimizu                 [email protected]
           Takao Shinohara             [email protected]
           Takuya SHIOZAKI             [email protected]
           Daniel Sieger               [email protected]
           Chuck Silvers               [email protected]
           Thor Lancelot Simon         [email protected]
           Jeff Smith                  [email protected]
           Noriyuki Soda               [email protected]
           Wolfgang Solfrank           [email protected]
           Joerg Sonnenberger          [email protected]
           Ignatios Souvatzis          [email protected]
           T K Spindler                [email protected]
           Matthew Sporleder           [email protected]
           Bill Squier                 [email protected]
           Adrian Steinmann            [email protected]
           Bill Studenmund             [email protected]
           Kevin Sullivan              [email protected]
           Kimmo Suominen              [email protected]
           Gregoire Sutre              [email protected]
           Sergey Svishchev            [email protected]
           Robert Swindells            [email protected]
           Shin Takemura               [email protected]
           TAMURA Kent                 [email protected]
           Shin'ichiro TAYA            [email protected]
           Hasso Tepper                [email protected]
           Matt Thomas                 [email protected]
           Jason Thorpe                [email protected]
           Christoph Toshok            [email protected]
           Greg Troxel                 [email protected]
           Tsubai Masanari             [email protected]
           Izumi Tsutsui               [email protected]
           UCHIYAMA Yasushi            [email protected]
           Masao Uebayashi             [email protected]
           Shuichiro URATA             [email protected]
           Valeriy E. Ushakov          [email protected]
           Todd Vierling               [email protected]
           Aymeric Vincent             [email protected]
           Paul Vixie                  [email protected]
           Mike M. Volokhov            [email protected]
           Krister Walfridsson         [email protected]
           Mark Weinem                 [email protected]
           Lex Wennmacher              [email protected]
           Leo Weppelman               [email protected]
           Assar Westerlund            [email protected]
           Frank Wille                 [email protected]
           Nathan Williams             [email protected]
           Rob Windsor                 [email protected]
           Jim Wise                    [email protected]
           Colin Wood                  [email protected]
           Steve Woodford              [email protected]
           YAMAMOTO Takashi            [email protected]
           Yuji Yamano                 [email protected]
           David Young                 [email protected]
           Arnaud Ysmal                [email protected]
           Reinoud Zandijk             [email protected]
           S.P.Zeidler                 [email protected]
           Tim Zingelman               [email protected]
           Christos Zoulas             [email protected]


  Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
    All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade-
    marks of their respective owners.

    The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the
    software that we have mentioned in this document:

    NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by the University of California,
    Berkeley and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation.
    This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
    and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project.  See
    http://www.netbsd.org/ for information about NetBSD.
    This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and its
    contributors.
    This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
    ([email protected])
    This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
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    This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson.
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    This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross
    This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg
    Wunsch
    This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute,
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    This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi
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    This product includes software developed by  Mika Kortelainen
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    This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the
    NetBSD project.
    This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M.
    Hannum.
    This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.
    This product includes software developed by Advanced Risc Machines Ltd.
    This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and Colin Wood
    for the NetBSD Projet.
    This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda.
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    This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design,
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    This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
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    substitute umlauted o for oe)
    This product includes software developed by Boris Popov.
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    This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simpson.
    This product includes software developed by Causality Limited.
    This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.
    This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum, by the
    University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A.
    Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California,
    Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum.
    This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra
    Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske.
    This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps.
    This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for
    the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.
    This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas.
    This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers.
    This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the NetBSD
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    This product includes software developed by Colin Wood.
    This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken.
    This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato
    This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and Michael
    L. Hitch.
    This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for the
    NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.
    This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.
    This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond
    This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@@min-
    com.oz.au)
    This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@crypt-
    soft.com)
    This product includes software developed by Eric Young ([email protected])
    This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi.
    This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H.
    Shimokawa.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and  by Kari Met-
    tinen.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen
    and by Bernd Ernesti.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen,
    Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen,
    and Michael Teske.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.
    This product includes software developed by Florian Stoehr.
    This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for the
    NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan.
    This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore.
    This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas.
    This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross
    This product includes software developed by Harvard University and its
    contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Harvard University.
    This product includes software developed by Henrik Vestergaard Draboel.
    This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.
    This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa.
    This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.
    This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the
    NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan
    Inc.
    This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III.
    This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright
    This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com-
    munications, http://www.and.com/
    This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes.
    This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD
    Project.
    This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch
    This product includes software developed by John Birrell.
    This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski.
    This product includes software developed by John Polstra.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the
    NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R.
    Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.
    This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.
    This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu.
    This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto.
    This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.
    This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara.
    This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd
    Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berke-
    ley and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its
    contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.
    This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg.
    This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya
    Harakawa.
    This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz.
    This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt.
    This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the
    NetBSD project.
    This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.
    This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe
    This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.
    This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh.
    This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki.
    This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette.
    This product includes software developed by Michael Smith.
    This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard.
    This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu-
    tors.
    This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto.
    This product includes software developed by Niels Provos.
    This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon
    Creighton and Job de Haas.
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    This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
    This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.
    This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom
    This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.
    This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.
    This product includes software developed by RiscBSD.
    This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes.
    This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.
    This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman
    This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann.
    This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD
    Project.
    This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey.
    This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
    This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
    This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
    This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University
    of California, Berkeley, and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
    This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin.
    This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada.
    This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
    This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD
    Project.
    This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert.
    This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
    This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd.
    This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib-
    utors.
    This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
    This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu
    Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/
    This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank.
    This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki.
    This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota
    State University.
    This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
    This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci-
    ence at the University of Utah.
    This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash-
    ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu-
    tors.
    This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi-
    neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff.
    This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and
    its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at
    Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use
    in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
    This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its
    contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team
    This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team.
    This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop-
    ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by the University of California,
    Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni-
    versity.
    This product includes software developed by the University of California,
    Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the University of California,
    Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at
    Urbana and their contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen-
    dent Media Center.
    This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and
    State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.
    This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and
    State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F.  Jolitz,
    and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora-
    tory, and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd
    Ernesti.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
    Christopher G. Demetriou.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
    Emmanuel Dreyfus.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank
    van der Linden
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna-
    tios Souvatzis.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason
    R. Thorpe.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John
    M. Vinopal.
    This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma
    Systems LLC.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
    Matthias Drochner.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry
    E. Metzger.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott
    Bartram and Frank van der Linden
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle-
    gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
    Genetec Corporation.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
    Jonathan Stone.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier-
    mont Information Systems Inc.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET,
    Swedish University Computer Network.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
    Shigeyuki Fukushima.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi
    Systems, Inc.
    This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom
    Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
    This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom.
    This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz,
    TeleMuse.
    This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with
    "386BSD" and similar operating systems.  "Similar operating systems"
    includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education,
    including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
    This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora-
    tory at the University of Utah.
    This product includes software developed by Computing Services at
    Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/).
    This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden.
    This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna-
    tional, Inc.
    The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group,
    have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.

    In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
    of the system documentation.

    Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in
    NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information
    Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group
    Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of
    Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.  In the
    event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and
    The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is
    the referee document.

    The original Standard can be obtained online at
    http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

    This notice shall appear on any product containing this material

  The End
NetBSD                          April 25, 2009                          NetBSD

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