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\"     @(#)tr.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
\"
Dd June 14, 2021
Dt TR 1
Os
Sh NAME
Nm tr
Nd translate characters
Sh SYNOPSIS
Nm
Op Fl cs
Ar string1 string2
Nm
Op Fl c
Fl d
Ar string1
Nm
Op Fl c
Fl s
Ar string1
Nm
Op Fl c
Fl ds
Ar string1 string2
Sh DESCRIPTION
The
Nm
utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution
or deletion of selected characters.
Pp
The following options are available:
Bl -tag -width Ds
It Fl c
Complements the set of characters in
Ar string1 ;
that is,
Fl c Ar \&ab
includes every character except for
Sq a
and
Sq b .
It Fl d
The
Fl d
option causes characters to be deleted from the input.
It Fl s
The
Fl s
option squeezes multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last
operand (either
Ar string1
or
Ar string2 )
in the input into a single instance of the character.
This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed.
El
Pp
In the first synopsis form, the characters in
Ar string1
are translated into the characters in
Ar string2 ,
where the first character in
Ar string1
is translated into the first character in
Ar string2 ,
and so on.
If
Ar string1
is longer than
Ar string2 ,
the last character found in
Ar string2
is duplicated until
Ar string1
is exhausted.
Pp
In the second synopsis form, the characters in
Ar string1
are deleted from the input.
Pp
In the third synopsis form, the characters in
Ar string1
are compressed as described for the
Fl s
option.
Pp
In the fourth synopsis form, the characters in
Ar string1
are deleted from the input, and the characters in
Ar string2
are compressed as described for the
Fl s
option.
Pp
The following conventions can be used in
Ar string1
and
Ar string2
to specify sets of characters:
Bl -tag -width [:equiv:]
It character
Any character not described by one of the following conventions
represents itself.
It \eoctal
A backslash followed by 1, 2, or 3 octal digits represents a character
with that encoded value.
To follow an octal sequence with a digit as a character, left zero-pad
the octal sequence to the full 3 octal digits.
It \echaracter
A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to special
values.
sp
Bl -column cc
It \ea  <alert character>
It \eb  <backspace>
It \ef  <form-feed>
It \en  <newline>
It \er  <carriage return>
It \et  <tab>
It \ev  <vertical tab>
El
sp
A backslash followed by any other character maps to that character.
It c-c
Represents the range of characters between the range endpoints, inclusively.
It [:class:]
Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class.
Class names are:
sp
Bl -column xdigit
It alnum        <alphanumeric characters>
It alpha        <alphabetic characters>
It blank        <blank characters>
It cntrl        <control characters>
It digit        <numeric characters>
It graph        <graphic characters>
It lower        <lower-case alphabetic characters>
It print        <printable characters>
It punct        <punctuation characters>
It space        <space characters>
It upper        <upper-case alphabetic characters>
It xdigit       <hexadecimal characters>
El
Pp
\" All classes may be used in
\" .Ar string1 ,
\" and in
\" .Ar string2
\" when both the
\" .Fl d
\" and
\" .Fl s
\" options are specified.
\" Otherwise, only the classes ``upper'' and ``lower'' may be used in
\" .Ar string2
\" and then only when the corresponding class (``upper'' for ``lower''
\" and vice-versa) is specified in the same relative position in
\" .Ar string1 .
\" .Pp
With the exception of the
Dq upper
and
Dq lower
classes, characters in the classes are in unspecified order.
In the
Dq upper
and
Dq lower
classes, characters are entered in ascending order.
Pp
For specific information as to which ASCII characters are included
in these classes, see
Xr ctype 3
and related manual pages.
It [=equiv=]
Represents all characters or collating (sorting) elements belonging to
the same equivalence class as
Ar equiv .
If there is a secondary ordering within the equivalence class, the
characters are ordered in ascending sequence.
Otherwise, they are ordered after their encoded values.
An example of an equivalence class might be
Dq \&c
and
Dq \&ch
in Spanish;
English has no equivalence classes.
It [#*n]
Represents
Ar n
repeated occurrences of the character represented by
Ar # .
This
expression is only valid when it occurs in
Ar string2 .
If
Ar n
is omitted or is zero, it is interpreted as large enough to extend the
Ar string2
sequence to the length of
Ar string1 .
If
Ar n
has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an octal value;
otherwise, it is interpreted as a decimal value.
El
Sh EXIT STATUS
Ex -std
Sh EXAMPLES
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
Pp
Create a list of the words in
Ar file1 ,
one per line, where a word is taken to be a maximal string of letters:
sp
D1 Li "tr -cs \*q[:alpha:]\*q \*q\en\*q < file1"
sp
Translate the contents of
Ar file1
to upper-case:
sp
D1 Li "tr \*q[:lower:]\*q \*q[:upper:]\*q < file1"
sp
Strip out non-printable characters from
Ar file1 :
sp
D1 Li "tr -cd \*q[:print:]\*q < file1"
Sh COMPATIBILITY
At V
has historically implemented character ranges using the syntax
Dq [c-c]
instead of the
Dq c-c
used by historic
Bx
implementations and standardized by POSIX.
At V
shell scripts should work under this implementation as long as
the range is intended to map in another range, i.e. the command
Pp
Ic "tr [a-z] [A-Z]"
Pp
will work as it will map the
Sq \&[
character in
Ar string1
to the
Sq \&[
character in
Ar string2 .
However, if the shell script is deleting or squeezing characters as in
the command
Pp
Ic "tr -d [a-z]"
Pp
the characters
Sq \&[
and
Sq \&]
will be included in the deletion or compression list which would
not have happened under an historic
At V
implementation.
Additionally, any scripts that depended on the sequence
Dq a-z
to represent the three characters
Sq \&a ,
Sq \&- ,
and
Sq \&z
will have to be rewritten as
Dq a\e-z .
Pp
The
Nm
utility has historically not permitted the manipulation of NUL bytes in
its input and, additionally, stripped NULs from its input stream.
This implementation has removed this behavior as a bug.
Pp
The
Nm
utility has historically been extremely forgiving of syntax errors,
for example, the
Fl c
and
Fl s
options were ignored unless two strings were specified.
This implementation will not permit illegal syntax.
Sh SEE ALSO
Xr dd 1 ,
Xr sed 1 ,
Xr ctype 3
Sh STANDARDS
The
Nm
utility is expected to be
St -p1003.2
compatible.
It should be noted that the feature wherein the last character of
Ar string2
is duplicated if
Ar string2
has less characters than
Ar string1
is permitted by POSIX but is not required.
Shell scripts attempting to be portable to other POSIX systems should use
the
Dq [#*n]
convention instead of relying on this behavior.
Sh BUGS
Nm
was originally designed to work with
Tn US-ASCII .
Its use with character sets that do not share all the properties of
Tn US-ASCII ,
e.g., a symmetric set of upper and lower case characters
that can be algorithmically converted one to the other,
may yield unpredictable results.
Pp
Nm
should be internationalized.

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