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\"     @(#)time.1       8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
\"
Dd April 5, 2021
Dt TIME 1
Os
Sh NAME
Nm time
Nd time command execution
Sh SYNOPSIS
Nm
Op Fl clpt
Op Fl f Ar fmt
Ar command
Op Ar argument ...
Sh DESCRIPTION
The
Nm
utility
executes and
times
Ar command .
After the command finishes,
Nm
writes the total elapsed time (wall clock time),
Pq Dq real ,
the CPU time spent executing
Ar command
at user level
Pq Dq user ,
and the CPU time spent executing in the operating system kernel
Pq Dq sys ,
to the standard error stream.
Times are reported in seconds.
Pp
Available options:
Bl -tag -width Ds
It Fl c
Displays information in the format used by default the
Nm
builtin of
Xr csh 1
uses (%Uu %Ss %E %P %X+%Dk %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww).
It Fl f
Specify a time format using the
Xr csh 1
Nm
builtin syntax.
The following sequences may be used in the format string:
Pp
Bl -tag -width 4n -compact
It \&%U
The time the process spent in user mode in cpu seconds.
It \&%S
The time the process spent in kernel mode in cpu seconds.
It \&%E
The elapsed (wall clock) time in seconds.
It \&%P
The CPU percentage computed as (%U + %S) / %E.
It \&%W
Number of times the process was swapped.
It \&%X
The average amount in (shared) text space used in Kbytes.
It \&%D
The average amount in (unshared) data/stack space used in Kbytes.
It \&%K
The total space used (%X + %D) in Kbytes.
It \&%M
The maximum memory the process had in use at any time in Kbytes.
It \&%F
The number of major page faults (page needed to be brought from disk).
It \&%R
The number of minor page faults.
It \&%I
The number of input operations.
It \&%O
The number of output operations.
It \&%r
The number of socket messages received.
It \&%s
The number of socket messages sent.
It \&%k
The number of signals received.
It \&%w
The number of voluntary context switches (waits).
It \&%c
The number of involuntary context switches.
El
It Fl l
Lists resource utilization information.
The contents of the
Ar command
process's
Em rusage
structure are printed; see below.
It Fl p
The output is formatted as specified by
St -p1003.2-92 .
It Fl t
Displays information in the format used by default the
Nm
builtin of
Xr tcsh 1
uses (%Uu %Ss %E %P\\t%X+%Dk %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww) with
three decimal places for time values.
El
Pp
Some shells, such as
Xr csh 1
and
Xr ksh 1 ,
have their own and syntactically different built-in version of
Nm .
The utility described here
is available as
Pa /usr/bin/time
to users of these shells.
Ss Resource Utilization
If the
Fl l
option is given, the following resource usage
information is displayed
in addition to the timing information:
Bl -item -offset indent -compact
It
maximum resident set size
It
average shared memory size
It
average unshared data size
It
average unshared stack size
It
page reclaims
It
page faults
It
swaps
It
block input operations
It
block output operations
It
messages sent
It
messages received
It
signals received
It
voluntary context switches
It
involuntary context switches
El
Resource usage is the total for the execution of
Ar command
and any child processes it spawns, as per
Xr wait4 2 .
Sh FILES
Bl -tag -width Xsys/resource.hX -compact
It Aq sys/resource.h
El
Sh EXIT STATUS
The
Nm
utility exits with one of the following values:
Bl -tag -width indent
It 1-125
An error occurred in the
Nm
utility.
It 126
The
Ar command
was found but could not be invoked.
It 127
The
Ar command
could not be found.
El
Pp
Otherwise, the exit status of
Nm
will be that of
Ar command .
Sh SEE ALSO
Xr csh 1 ,
Xr ksh 1 ,
Xr clock_gettime 2 ,
Xr getrusage 2 ,
Xr wait4 2
Sh STANDARDS
The
Nm
utility conforms to
St -p1003.2-92 .
Sh BUGS
The granularity of seconds on microprocessors is crude and
can result in times being reported for CPU usage which are too large by
a second.

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