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\"      from: @(#)join.1        8.3 (Berkeley) 4/28/95
\"
Dd April 28, 1995
Dt JOIN 1
Os
Sh NAME
Nm join
Nd relational database operator
Sh SYNOPSIS
Nm
Op Fl a Ar file_number | Fl v Ar file_number
Op Fl e Ar string
Op Fl j Ar file_number field
Op Fl o Ar list
Op Fl t Ar char
Op Fl \&1 Ar field
Op Fl \&2 Ar field
Ar file1 file2
Sh DESCRIPTION
The join utility performs an ``equality join'' on the specified files
and writes the result to the standard output.
The ``join field'' is the field in each file by which the files are compared.
The first field in each line is used by default.
There is one line in the output for each pair of lines in
Ar file1
and
Ar file2
which have identical join fields.
Each output line consists of the join field, the remaining fields from
Ar file1
and then the remaining fields from
Ar file2 .
Pp
The default field separators are tab and space characters.
In this case, multiple tabs and spaces count as a single field separator,
and leading tabs and spaces are ignored.
The default output field separator is a single space character.
Pp
Many of the options use file and field numbers.
Both file numbers and field numbers are 1 based, i.e. the first file on
the command line is file number 1 and the first field is field number 1.
The following options are available:
Bl -tag -width Fl
It Fl a Ar file_number
In addition to the default output, produce a line for each unpairable
line in file
Ar file_number .
(The argument to
Fl a
must not be preceded by a space; see the
Sx COMPATIBILITY
section.)
It Fl e Ar string
Replace empty output fields with
Ar string .
It Fl o Ar list
The
Fl o
option specifies the fields that will be output from each file for
each line with matching join fields.
Each element of
Ar list
has the form
Ql file_number.field ,
where
Ar file_number
is a file number and
Ar field
is a field number.
The elements of list must be either comma (``,'') or whitespace separated.
(The latter requires quoting to protect it from the shell, or, a simpler
approach is to use multiple
Fl o
options.)
It Fl t Ar char
Use character
Ar char
as a field delimiter for both input and output.
Every occurrence of
Ar char
in a line is significant.
It Fl v Ar file_number
Do not display the default output, but display a line for each unpairable
line in file
Ar file_number .
The options
Fl v Ar 1
and
Fl v Ar 2
may be specified at the same time.
It Fl 1 Ar field
Join on the
Ar field Ns 'th
field of file 1.
It Fl 2 Ar field
Join on the
Ar field Ns 'th
field of file 2.
El
Pp
When the default field delimiter characters are used, the files to be joined
should be ordered in the collating sequence of
Xr sort 1 ,
using the
Fl b
option, on the fields on which they are to be joined, otherwise
Nm
may not report all field matches.
When the field delimiter characters are specified by the
Fl t
option, the collating sequence should be the same as
Xr sort 1
without the
Fl b
option.
Pp
If one of the arguments
Ar file1
or
Ar file2
is ``-'', the standard input is used.
Sh EXIT STATUS
Ex -std join
Sh COMPATIBILITY
For compatibility with historic versions of
Nm ,
the following options are available:
Bl -tag -width Fl
It Fl a
In addition to the default output, produce a line for each unpairable line
in both file 1 and file 2.
(To distinguish between this and
Fl a Ar file_number ,
Nm
currently requires that the latter not include any white space.)
It Fl j1 Ar field
Join on the
Ar field Ns 'th
field of file 1.
It Fl j2 Ar field
Join on the
Ar field Ns 'th
field of file 2.
It Fl j Ar field
Join on the
Ar field Ns 'th
field of both file 1 and file 2.
It Fl o Ar list ...
Historical implementations of
Nm
permitted multiple arguments to the
Fl o
option.
These arguments were of the form ``file_number.field_number'' as described
for the current
Fl o
option.
This has obvious difficulties in the presence of files named ``1.2''.
El
Pp
These options are available only so historic shell scripts don't require
modification and should not be used.
Sh SEE ALSO
Xr awk 1 ,
Xr comm 1 ,
Xr paste 1 ,
Xr sort 1 ,
Xr uniq 1
Sh STANDARDS
The
Nm
command is expected to be
St -p1003.2
compatible.

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