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\"      from: @(#)hexdump.1     8.2 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
\"
Dd June 24, 2012
Dt HEXDUMP 1
Os
Sh NAME
Nm hexdump
Nd ascii, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump
Sh SYNOPSIS
Nm
Op Fl bCcdovx
Op Fl e Ar format_string
Op Fl f Ar format_file
Op Fl n Ar length
Op Fl s Ar skip
Op Ar
Sh DESCRIPTION
The
Nm
utility is a filter which displays each specified
Ar file ,
or the standard input if no
Ar file
arguments are specified, in a user specified
format.
Pp
The options are as follows:
Bl -tag -width Fl
It Fl b
Em One-byte octal display .
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen
space-separated, three column, zero-filled, bytes of input data,
in octal, per line.
It Fl C
Em Canonical hex+ASCII display .
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen
space-separated, two column, hexadecimal bytes, followed by the
same sixteen bytes in %_p format enclosed in
Sq |
characters.
It Fl c
Em One-byte character display .
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen
space-separated, three column, space-filled, characters of input
data per line.
It Fl d
Em Two-byte decimal display .
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight
space-separated, five column, zero-filled, two-byte units
of input data, in unsigned decimal, per line.
It Fl e Ar format_string
Specify a format string to be used for displaying data.
It Fl f Ar format_file
Specify a file that contains one or more newline separated format strings.
Empty lines and lines whose first non-blank character is a hash mark
Pq Sq #
are ignored.
It Fl n Ar length
Interpret only
Ar length
bytes of input.
It Fl o
Em Two-byte octal display .
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight
space-separated, six column, zero-filled, two byte quantities of
input data, in octal, per line.
It Fl s Ar skip
Skip
Ar skip
bytes from the beginning of the input.
By default,
Ar skip
is interpreted as a decimal number.
With a leading
Cm 0x
or
Cm 0X ,
Ar skip
is interpreted as a hexadecimal number;
otherwise, with a leading
Cm 0 ,
Ar skip
is interpreted as an octal number.
Appending the character
Cm b ,
Cm k ,
or
Cm m
to
Ar skip
causes it to be interpreted as a multiple of
Li 512 ,
Li 1024 ,
or
Li 1048576 ,
respectively.
It Fl v
The
Fl v
option causes
Nm
to display all input data.
Without the
Fl v
option, any number of groups of output lines, which would be
identical to the immediately preceding group of output lines (except
for the input offsets), are replaced with a line containing a
single asterisk
Pq Sq \&* .
It Fl x
Em Two-byte hexadecimal display .
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight, space
separated, four column, zero-filled, two-byte quantities of input
data, in hexadecimal, per line.
El
Pp
For each input file,
Nm
sequentially copies the input to standard output, transforming the
data according to the format strings specified by the
Fl e
and
Fl f
options, in the order that they were specified.
Ss Formats
A format string contains any number of format units, separated by
whitespace.
A format unit contains up to three items: an iteration count, a byte
count, and a format.
Pp
The iteration count is an optional positive integer, which defaults to
one.
Each format is applied iteration count times.
Pp
The byte count is an optional positive integer.
If specified it defines the number of bytes to be interpreted by
each iteration of the format.
Pp
If an iteration count and/or a byte count is specified, a single slash
Pq Sq /
must be placed after the iteration count and/or before the byte count
to disambiguate them.
Any whitespace before or after the slash is ignored.
Pp
The format is required and must be surrounded by double quote
Pq Sq \&"
marks.
It is interpreted as a fprintf-style format string (see
Xr fprintf 3 ) ,
with the
following exceptions:
Bl -bullet -offset indent
It
An asterisk
Pq Sq \&*
may not be used as a field width or precision.
It
A byte count or field precision
Em is
required for each
Sq s
conversion
character (unlike the
Xr fprintf 3
default which prints the entire string if the precision is unspecified).
It
The conversion characters
Sq h ,
Sq l ,
Sq n ,
Sq p ,
and
Sq q
are
not supported.
It
The single character escape sequences
described in the C standard are supported:
Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
Bl -column Xalert_characterX
It NUL  \e0
It Aq alert character   \ea
It Aq backspace \eb
It Aq form-feed \ef
It Aq newline   \en
It Aq carriage return   \er
It Aq tab       \et
It Aq vertical tab      \ev
El
Ed
El
Pp
Nm
also supports the following additional conversion strings:
Bl -tag -width Fl
It Cm \&_a Ns Op Cm dox
Display the input offset, cumulative across input files, of the
next byte to be displayed.
The appended characters
Cm d ,
Cm o ,
and
Cm x
specify the display base
as decimal, octal or hexadecimal respectively.
It Cm \&_A Ns Op Cm dox
Identical to the
Cm \&_a
conversion string except that it is only performed
once, when all of the input data has been processed.
It Cm \&_c
Output characters in the default character set.
Non-printing characters are displayed in three character, zero-padded
octal, except for those representable by standard escape notation
(see above),
which are displayed as two character strings.
It Cm _p
Output characters in the default character set.
Non-printing characters are displayed as a single
Sq Cm \&. .
It Cm _u
Output US ASCII characters, with the exception that control characters are
displayed using the following, lower-case, names.
Characters greater than 0xff, hexadecimal, are displayed as hexadecimal
strings.
Bl -column \&000_nu \&001_so \&002_st \&003_et \&004_eo
It \&000\ nul Ta 001\ soh Ta 002\ stx Ta 003\ etx Ta 004\ eot Ta 005\ enq
It \&006\ ack Ta 007\ bel Ta 008\ bs Ta 009\ ht Ta 00A\ lf Ta 00B\ vt
It \&00C\ ff Ta 00D\ cr Ta 00E\ so Ta 00F\ si Ta 010\ dle Ta 011\ dc1
It \&012\ dc2 Ta 013\ dc3 Ta 014\ dc4 Ta 015\ nak Ta 016\ syn Ta 017\ etb
It \&018\ can Ta 019\ em Ta 01A\ sub Ta 01B\ esc Ta 01C\ fs Ta 01D\ gs
It \&01E\ rs Ta 01F\ us Ta 07F\ del
El
El
Pp
The default and supported byte counts for the conversion characters
are as follows:
Bl -tag -width  "Xc,_Xc,_Xc,_Xc,_Xc,_Xc" -offset indent
It Li \&%_c , \&%_p , \&%_u , \&%c
One byte counts only.
It Li \&%d , \&%i , \&%o , \&%u , \&%X , \&%x
Four byte default, one, two, four and eight byte counts supported.
It Li \&%E , \&%e , \&%f , \&%G , \&%g
Eight byte default, four byte counts supported.
El
Pp
The amount of data interpreted by each format string is the sum of the
data required by each format unit, which is the iteration count times the
byte count, or the iteration count times the number of bytes required by
the format if the byte count is not specified.
Pp
The input is manipulated in
Dq blocks ,
where a block is defined as the
largest amount of data specified by any format string.
Format strings interpreting less than an input block's worth of data,
whose last format unit both interprets some number of bytes and does
not have a specified iteration count, have the iteration count
incremented until the entire input block has been processed or there
is not enough data remaining in the block to satisfy the format string.
Pp
If, either as a result of user specification or
Nm
modifying
the iteration count as described above, an iteration count is
greater than one, no trailing whitespace characters are output
during the last iteration.
Pp
It is an error to specify a byte count as well as multiple conversion
characters or strings unless all but one of the conversion characters
or strings is
Cm \&_a
or
Cm \&_A .
Pp
If, as a result of the specification of the
Fl n
option or end-of-file being reached, input data only partially
satisfies a format string, the input block is zero-padded sufficiently
to display all available data (i.e. any format units overlapping the
end of data will display some number of the zero bytes).
Pp
Further output by such format strings is replaced by an equivalent
number of spaces.
An equivalent number of spaces is defined as the number of spaces
output by an
Cm s
conversion character with the same field width
and precision as the original conversion character or conversion
string but with any
Sq Li \&+ ,
Sq \&\ \& ,
and
Sq Li \&#
conversion flag characters
removed, and referencing a
Dv NULL
string.
Pp
If no format strings are specified, the default display is equivalent
to specifying the
Fl x
option.
Sh EXIT STATUS
Ex -std
Sh EXAMPLES
Display the input in perusal format:
Bd -literal -offset indent
"%06.6_ao "  12/1 "%3_u "
"\et\et" "%_p "
"\en"
Ed
Pp
Implement the
Fl x
option:
Bd -literal -offset indent
"%07.7_Ax\en"
"%07.7_ax  " 8/2 "%04x " "\en"
Ed
Sh SEE ALSO
Xr od 1

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