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\"     @(#)passwd.5     8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
\"
Dd September 1, 2019
Dt PASSWD 5
Os
Sh NAME
Nm passwd ,
Nm master.passwd
Nd format of the password file
Sh DESCRIPTION
The
Nm passwd
files are the local source of password information.
They can be used in conjunction with the Hesiod domain
Sq passwd
and the
Tn NIS
maps
Sq passwd.byname ,
Sq passwd.byuid ,
Sq master.passwd.byname ,
and
Sq master.passwd.byuid ,
as controlled by
Xr nsswitch.conf 5 .
Pp
The
Nm master.passwd
file is readable only by root, and consists of newline separated
Tn ASCII
records, one per user, containing ten colon
Pq Dq \&:
separated fields.
Pp
Each line has the form:
Dl name:password:uid:gid:class:change:expire:gecos:home_dir:shell
Pp
These fields are as follows:
Bl -tag -width password -offset indent -compact
It Em name
User's login name.
It Em password
User's
Em encrypted
password.
It Em uid
User's id.
It Em gid
User's login group id.
It Em class
User's login class.
It Em change
Password change time.
It Em expire
Account expiration time.
It Em gecos
General information about the user.
It Em home_dir
User's home directory.
It Em shell
User's login shell.
El
Pp
Be aware that each line is limited to 1024 characters; longer ones will be
ignored.
This limit can be queried through
Xr sysconf 3
by using the
Li _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
parameter.
Pp
The
Nm
file is generated from the
Nm master.passwd
file by
Xr pwd_mkdb 8 ,
has the
Em class ,
Em change ,
and
Em expire
fields removed, and the
Em password
field replaced by a
Dq \&* .
Pp
The
Em name
field is the login used to access the computer account, and the
Em uid
field is the number associated with it.
They should both be unique across the system (and often across a
group of systems) since they control file access.
Pp
While it is possible to have multiple entries with identical login names
and/or identical user id's, it is usually a mistake to do so.
Routines that manipulate these files will often return only one of
the multiple entries, and that one by random selection.
Pp
The login name must never begin with a hyphen
Pq Dq \&- ;
also, it is strongly suggested that neither upper-case characters nor dots
Pq Dq \&.
be part of the name, as this tends to confuse mailers.
No field may contain a colon
Pq Dq \&:
as this has been used historically to separate the fields in the user database.
Pp
The
Em password
field is the
Em encrypted
form of the password.
If the
Em password
field is empty, no password will be required to gain access to the
machine.
This is almost invariably a mistake.
Because these files contain the encrypted user passwords, they should
not be readable by anyone without appropriate privileges.
For the possible ciphers used in this field see
Xr passwd.conf 5 .
Pp
The
Em gid
field is the group that the user will be placed in upon login.
Since this system supports multiple groups (see
Xr groups 1 )
this field currently has little special meaning.
Pp
The
Em class
field is a key for a user's login class.
Login classes are defined in
Xr login.conf 5 ,
which is a
Xr capfile 5
style database of user attributes, accounting, resource and
environment settings.
Pp
The
Em change
field is the number of seconds from the epoch,
Dv UTC ,
until the
password for the account must be changed.
This field may be left empty to turn off the password aging feature.
If this is set to
Dq -1
then the user will be prompted to change their password at the next
login.
Pp
The
Em expire
field is the number of seconds from the epoch,
Dv UTC ,
until the
account expires.
This field may be left empty to turn off the account aging feature.
Pp
If either of the
Em change
or
Em expire
fields are set, the system will remind the user of the impending
change or expiry if they login within a configurable period
(defaulting to 14 days) before the event.
Pp
The
Em gecos
field normally contains comma
Pq Dq \&,
separated subfields as follows:
Pp
Bl -tag -width office -offset indent -compact
It Em name
user's full name
It Em office
user's office number
It Em wphone
user's work phone number
It Em hphone
user's home phone number
El
Pp
The full name may contain an ampersand
Pq Dq \&&
which will be replaced by
the capitalized login name when the gecos field is displayed or used
by various programs such as
Xr finger 1 ,
Xr sendmail 1 ,
etc.
Pp
The office and phone number subfields are used by the
Xr finger 1
program, and possibly other applications.
Pp
The user's home directory is the full
Ux
path name where the user
will be placed on login.
Pp
The shell field is the command interpreter the user prefers.
If there is nothing in the
Em shell
field, the Bourne shell
Pq Pa /bin/sh
is assumed.
Sh HESIOD SUPPORT
If
Sq dns
is specified for the
Sq passwd
database in
Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
then
Nm
lookups occur from the
Sq passwd
Hesiod domain.
Sh NIS SUPPORT
If
Sq nis
is specified for the
Sq passwd
database in
Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
then
Nm
lookups occur from the
Sq passwd.byname ,
Sq passwd.byuid ,
Sq master.passwd.byname ,
and
Sq master.passwd.byuid
Tn NIS
maps.
Sh COMPAT SUPPORT
If
Sq compat
is specified for the
Sq passwd
database, and either
Sq dns
or
Sq nis
is specified for the
Sq passwd_compat
database in
Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
then the
Nm
file also supports standard
Sq +/-
exclusions and inclusions, based on user names and netgroups.
Pp
Lines beginning with a minus sign
Pq Dq \&-
are entries marked as being excluded from any following inclusions,
which are marked with a plus sign
Pq Dq \&+ .
Pp
If the second character of the line is an at sign
Pq Dq \&@ ,
the operation
involves the user fields of all entries in the netgroup specified by the
remaining characters of the
Em name
field.
Otherwise, the remainder of the
Em name
field is assumed to be a specific user name.
Pp
The
Dq \&+
token may also be alone in the
Em name
field, which causes all users from either the Hesiod domain
Nm
(with
Sq passwd_compat: dns )
or
Sq passwd.byname
and
Sq passwd.byuid
Tn NIS
maps (with
Sq passwd_compat: nis )
to be included.
Pp
If the entry contains non-empty
Em uid
or
Em gid
fields, the specified numbers will override the information retrieved
from the Hesiod domain or the
Tn NIS
maps.
As well, if the
Em gecos ,
Em home_dir
or
Em shell
entries contain text, it will override the information included via
Hesiod or
Tn NIS .
On some systems, the
Em passwd
field may also be overridden.
Sh COMPATIBILITY
The password file format has changed since
Bx 4.3 .
The following awk script can be used to convert your old-style password
file into a new style password file.
The additional fields
Dq class ,
Dq change
and
Dq expire
are added, but are turned off by default.
To set them,
use the current day in seconds from the epoch + whatever number of seconds
of offset you want.
Bd -literal -offset indent
BEGIN { FS = ":"}
{ print $1 ":" $2 ":" $3 ":" $4 "::0:0:" $5 ":" $6 ":" $7 }
Ed
Sh SEE ALSO
Xr chpass 1 ,
Xr login 1 ,
Xr newgrp 1 ,
Xr passwd 1 ,
Xr pwhash 1 ,
Xr getpwent 3 ,
Xr login_getclass 3 ,
Xr login.conf 5 ,
Xr netgroup 5 ,
Xr passwd.conf 5 ,
Xr pwd_mkdb 8 ,
Xr useradd 8 ,
Xr vipw 8 ,
Xr yp 8
Pp
%T "Managing NFS and NIS"
(O'Reilly & Associates)
Sh HISTORY
A
Nm
file format appeared in
At v1 .
Pp
The
Tn NIS
Nm
file format first appeared in SunOS.
Pp
The Hesiod support first appeared in
Nx 1.4 .
Pp
The
Xr login.conf 5
capability first appeared in
Nx 1.5 .
Sh BUGS
User information should (and eventually will) be stored elsewhere.
Pp
Placing
Sq compat
exclusions in the file after any inclusions will have
unexpected results.

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